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Carmona R, López-Sánchez C, Garcia-Martinez V, Garcia-López V, Muñoz-Chápuli R, Lozano-Velasco E, Franco D. Novel Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms Governing Embryonic Epicardium Formation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:440. [PMID: 37998498 PMCID: PMC10672416 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic epicardium originates from the proepicardium, an extracardiac primordium constituted by a cluster of mesothelial cells. In early embryos, the embryonic epicardium is characterized by a squamous cell epithelium resting on the myocardium surface. Subsequently, it invades the subepicardial space and thereafter the embryonic myocardium by means of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Within the myocardium, epicardial-derived cells present multilineage potential, later differentiating into smooth muscle cells and contributing both to coronary vasculature and cardiac fibroblasts in the mature heart. Over the last decades, we have progressively increased our understanding of those cellular and molecular mechanisms driving proepicardial/embryonic epicardium formation. This study provides a state-of-the-art review of the transcriptional and emerging post-transcriptional mechanisms involved in the formation and differentiation of the embryonic epicardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carmona
- Department of Human Anatomy, Legal Medicine and History of Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Carmen López-Sánchez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.L.-S.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Virginio Garcia-Martinez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.L.-S.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Virginio Garcia-López
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Ramón Muñoz-Chápuli
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
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Nolze A, Matern S, Grossmann C. Calcineurin Is a Universal Regulator of Vessel Function-Focus on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2269. [PMID: 37759492 PMCID: PMC10528183 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin, a serine/threonine phosphatase regulating transcription factors like NFaT and CREB, is well known for its immune modulatory effects and role in cardiac hypertrophy. Results from experiments with calcineurin knockout animals and calcineurin inhibitors indicate that calcineurin also plays a crucial role in vascular function, especially in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In the aorta, calcineurin stimulates the proliferation and migration of VSMCs in response to vascular injury or angiotensin II administration, leading to pathological vessel wall thickening. In the heart, calcineurin mediates coronary artery formation and VSMC differentiation, which are crucial for proper heart development. In pulmonary VSMCs, calcineurin/NFaT signaling regulates the release of Ca2+, resulting in increased vascular tone followed by pulmonary arterial hypertension. In renal VSMCs, calcineurin regulates extracellular matrix secretion promoting fibrosis development. In the mesenteric and cerebral arteries, calcineurin mediates a phenotypic switch of VSMCs leading to altered cell function. Gaining deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms of calcineurin signaling will help researchers to understand developmental and pathogenetical aspects of the vasculature. In this review, we provide an overview of the physiological function and pathophysiology of calcineurin in the vascular system with a focus on vascular smooth muscle cells in different organs. Overall, there are indications that under certain pathological settings reduced calcineurin activity seems to be beneficial for cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Grossmann
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Han Y, Su Y, Han M, Liu Y, Shi Q, Li X, Wang P, Li W, Li W. Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates glomerular fibrosis by inhibiting CD36/TRPC6/NFAT2 signaling in type 2 diabetes mellitus mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 302:115923. [PMID: 36375645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) is one of the main active components in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng), which has been widely used to delay senescence or improve health conditions for more than 2000 years. Increasing studies have revealed that Rg1 could regulate cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, and might have protective effects on many chronic kidney diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most dangerous microvascular complications of diabetes and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. However, the role and mechanism of Rg1 against high-glucose and high-fat-induced glomerular fibrosis in DN are not clear. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Rg1 on DN and its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice models were established with a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Urine protein and serum biochemical indexes were detected by corresponding kits. The kidney was stained with H&E, PAS, and Masson to observe the pathological morphology, glycogen deposition, and fibrosis. The expression of CD36 and p-PLC in the kidney cortex was detected by IHC. The expressions of FN and COL4 were detected by IF. Western blot and PCR were performed to examine protein and mRNA expressions of kidney fibrosis and TRPC6/NFAT2-related pathways in DN mice. Calcium imaging was used to examine the effect of Rg1 on [Ca2+]i in PA + HG-induced human mesangial cells (HMCs). Visualization of the interaction between Rg1 and CD36 was detected by molecular docking. RESULTS Rg1 treatment for 8 weeks could prominently decrease urinary protein, serum creatinine, and urea nitrogen and downgrade blood lipid levels and renal lipid accumulation in T2DM mice. The pathological results indicated that Rg1 treatment attenuated renal pathological injury and glomerular fibrosis. The further results demonstrated that Rg1 treatment remarkably decreased the expressions of CD36, TRPC6, p-PLC, CN, NFAT2, TGF-β, p-Smad2/3, COL4, and FN in renal tissues from T2DM mice. Calcium imaging results found that Rg1 downgraded the base levels of [Ca2+]i and ΔRatioF340/F380 after BAPTA and CaCl2 treatment. Molecular docking results showed that Rg1 could interact with CD36 with a good affinity. CONCLUSION These results revealed that Rg1 could ameliorate renal lipid accumulation, pathological damage, and glomerular fibrosis in T2DM mice. The mechanism may be involved in reducing the overexpression of CD36 and inhibiting the TRPC6/NFAT2 signaling pathway in renal tissues of T2DM mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Yong Su
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Min Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Qifeng Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Xuewang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Penghui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Weizu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China.
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Role of calcineurin biosignaling in cell secretion and the possible regulatory mechanisms. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:116-124. [PMID: 33424288 PMCID: PMC7783665 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium ions (Ca2+) are two chemical molecules that play a central role in the stimulus-dependent secretion processes within cells. Ca2+ acts as the basal signaling molecule responsible to initiate cell secretion. cAMP primarily acts as an intracellular second messenger in a myriad of cellular processes by activating cAMP-dependent protein kinases through association with such kinases in order to mediate post-translational phosphorylation of those protein targets. Put succinctly, both Ca2+ and cAMP act by associating or activating other proteins to ensure successful secretion. Calcineurin is one such protein regulated by Ca2+; its action depends on the intracellular levels of Ca2+. Being a phosphatase, calcineurin dephosphorylate and other proteins, as is the case with most other phosphatases, such as protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), PP2C, and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), will likely be activated by phosphorylation. Via this process, calcineurin is able to affect different intracellular signaling with clinical importance, some of which has been the basis for development of different calcineurin inhibitors. In this review, the cAMP-dependent calcineurin bio-signaling, protein-protein interactions and their physiological implications as well as regulatory signaling within the context of cellular secretion are explored.
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Huang D, Li Z, Chen B, Fang G, Sun X, Li F, Xu H, Chen Y, Ding W. Naringin protects against steroid‑induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head through upregulation of PPARγ and activation of the Notch signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:3328-3335. [PMID: 29257271 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Naringin, a flavonoid, is the effective pharmaceutical ingredient of drynaria, with the effects of healing fractures, strengthening bones and promoting kidney function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effect of naringin on steroid‑induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head (SANFH). Treatment with naringin markedly protected against the steroid‑induced decrease in serum osteocalcin levels, and the rate of osteonecrosis in a model of SANFH. In addition, naringin decreased the total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein/high density lipoprotein ratio in the SANFH rabbit. It was observed that naringin markedly inhibited caspase‑3 activity, increased runt‑related transcription factor 2 and transcription factor sp7 mRNA expression, promoted alkaline phosphatase activity and upregulated collagen I, peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor (PPAR) γ2, neurogenic locus notch homolog protein (Notch), β‑catenin and phosphorylated‑Rac‑α serine/threonine protein kinase protein expression in the SANFH rabbit. The results of the present study demonstrated that naringin protects against SANFH through upregulation of PPARγ2 and activation of the Notch signaling pathway, and may be a useful addition to the treatment options for diseases of the femoral head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of TCM, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Zhanchun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of TCM, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Guizhen Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of TCM, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xitao Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of TCM, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of TCM, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Hairu Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of TCM, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of TCM, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Weihang Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of TCM, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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Lv L, Yao Y, Zhao G, Zhu G. Rutin inhibits coronary heart disease through ERK1/2 and Akt signaling in a porcine model. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:506-512. [PMID: 29250160 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rutin has a variety of pharmacological actions, including radical reactivity, and protective activity against lipid peroxidation, viruses and acute pancreatitis; thus, it may be used as a treatment for many diseases. The present study aimed to investigate whether rutin inhibits coronary heart disease through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and Akt signaling in a porcine model. Male Chinese miniature pigs were randomly divided into four groups: A sham group, a coronary heart disease (CHD) model group, a group receiving 15 mg/kg rutin for 8 weeks following CHD modeling and a group receiving 45 mg/kg rutin for 8 weeks following CHD modeling. The results suggested that treatment with rutin suppressed the reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction and increase in systolic internal diameter that occurred in CHD model pigs. Rutin administration reduced the infarct size of the myocardium, attenuated LVEF, increased LVID and inhibited urine protein concentration, BUN and Scr expression levels in CHD model pigs. Results from western blot analysis demonstrated that in CHD pigs treated with 45 mg/kg rutin, the CHD-associated increases in transforming growth factor β1 and SMAD2 expression and reductions in phosphorylated (p)-ERK1/2 and p-Akt expression were attenuated. The present study suggests that rutin inhibits coronary heart disease through ERK1/2 and Akt signaling pathways in a porcine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lv
- The First Clinical Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Yucai Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Guiyue Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Endothelin-1 supports clonal derivation and expansion of cardiovascular progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10774. [PMID: 26952167 PMCID: PMC4786749 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary arteriogenesis is a central step in cardiogenesis, requiring coordinated generation and integration of endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle cells. At present, it is unclear whether the cell fate programme of cardiac progenitors to generate complex muscular or vascular structures is entirely cell autonomous. Here we demonstrate the intrinsic ability of vascular progenitors to develop and self-organize into cardiac tissues by clonally isolating and expanding second heart field cardiovascular progenitors using WNT3A and endothelin-1 (EDN1) human recombinant proteins. Progenitor clones undergo long-term expansion and differentiate primarily into endothelial and smooth muscle cell lineages in vitro, and contribute extensively to coronary-like vessels in vivo, forming a functional human–mouse chimeric circulatory system. Our study identifies EDN1 as a key factor towards the generation and clonal derivation of ISL1+ vascular intermediates, and demonstrates the intrinsic cell-autonomous nature of these progenitors to differentiate and self-organize into functional vasculatures in vivo. Understanding coronary vessels development provides basis for regenerative strategies. Here, Soh et al. identify endothelin-1 as a key molecule driving long-term expansion of ISL1+ bipotent vascular progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells, and show that these cells can regenerate coronary vessels in mice.
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Brand T. NFAT signalling and the differentiation of coronary smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 101:4-6. [PMID: 24220640 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brand
- Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Harefield UB9 6JH, UK
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