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Wang C, Liu S, Yang Y, Kamronbek R, Ni S, Cheng Y, Zhou C, Yan H, Li L, Liu H, Wang Y, Qin Y, Yin C, Zhang M. Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-17 are associated with coronary artery disease. Clin Cardiol 2024; 47:e24188. [PMID: 38146141 PMCID: PMC10823557 DOI: 10.1002/clc.24188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study aimed to examine the correlation between serum cytokine levels and the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD), a leading cause of mortality globally, which is known to have a strong association with inflammatory factors. The study further sought to determine the predictors of CAD to distinguish patients with coronary artery lesions from those suspected of having CAD. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, 487 patients who underwent coronary angiography as a result of suspected CAD but without acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were recruited. The serum levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon (IFN)-α, and IFN-γ were measured using a multiplexed particle-based flow cytometric assay technique. The results of the study revealed that the levels of IL-4, IL-12p70, IL-17, IFN-α, and IFN-γ in the CAD group were significantly lower compared to those in the non-CAD group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that two serum cytokines (IL-4 and IL-17), one protective factor (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]), and three risk factors (sex, smoking, and diabetes) were independently predictive of CAD. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the combined use of these predictors in a multivariate model demonstrated good predictive performance for CAD, as evidenced by an area under the curve value of 0.826. CONCLUSION The results of the study indicated that serum IL-4 and IL-17 levels serve as independent predictors of CAD. The risk prediction model established in the research, which integrates these serum cytokines (IL-4 and IL-17) with relevant clinical risk factors (gender, smoking, and diabetes) and the protective factor HDL-C, holds the potential to differentiate patients with CAD from those suspected of having CAD but without AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Sheng Liu
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yunxiao Yang
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Raimov Kamronbek
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Siyao Ni
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yunjiu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Can Zhou
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Huiyuan Yan
- Department of CardiologyHangjinqi People's HospitalInner MongoliaChina
| | - Li Li
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction‐Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel DiseaseCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yanwen Qin
- Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction‐Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel DiseaseCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chengqian Yin
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ming Zhang
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Shang D, Liu H, Tu Z. Pro-inflammatory cytokines mediating senescence of vascular endothelial cells in atherosclerosis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023; 37:928-936. [PMID: 37154136 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease, and aging is a major risk factor. The accumulation of senescent vascular endothelial cells (VECs) often leads to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress and induces endothelial dysfunction, contributing to the occurrence and development of AS. Senescent cells can secrete a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines to induce the senescence of adjacent cells in a paracrine manner, leading to the transmission of signaling of cellular senescence to neighboring cells and the accumulation of senescent cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, can induce the senescence of VECs. This review summarizes and focuses on the pro-inflammatory cytokines that often induce the senescence of VECs and the molecular mechanisms of these pro-inflammatory cytokines inducing senescence of VECs. Targeting the senescence of VECs induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines may provide a potential and novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hanqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhigang Tu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Dolade N, Rayego-Mateos S, Garcia-Carrasco A, Guerin M, Martín-Ventura JL, Ruiz-Ortega M, Tharaux PL, Valdivielso JM. B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator could be a new player in accelerated atherosclerosis associated with chronic kidney disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1409-1429. [PMID: 37655751 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular morbi-mortality is higher than in general population. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is accelerated in CKD, but specific CKD-related risk factors for atherosclerosis are unknown. METHODS CKD patients from the NEFRONA study were used. We performed mRNA array from blood of patients free from atheroma plaque at baseline, with (n=10) and without (n=10) de novo atherosclerotic plaque development 2 years later. Selected mRNA candidates were validated in a bigger sample (n=148). Validated candidates were investigated in vivo in an experimental model of CKD-accelerated atherosclerosis, and in vitro in murine macrophages. RESULTS mRNA array analysis showed 92 up-regulated and 67 down-regulated mRNAs in samples from CKD patients with de novo plaque development. The functional analysis pointed to a paramount role of the immune response. The validation in a bigger sample confirmed that B- and T-lymphocyte co-inhibitory molecule (BTLA) down-regulation was associated with de novo plaque presence after 2 years. However, BTLA down-regulation was not found to be associated with atherosclerotic progression in patients with plaque already present at baseline. In a model of CKD-accelerated atherosclerosis, mRNA and protein expression levels of BTLA were significantly decreased in blood samples and atheroma plaques. Plaques from animals with CKD were bigger, had more infiltration of inflammatory cells, higher expression of IL6 and IL17 and less presence of collagen than plaques from control animals. Incubation of macrophages with rat uremic serum decreased BTLA expression. CONCLUSIONS BTLA could be a potential biomarker or therapeutic target for atherosclerosis incidence in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Dolade
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Ricords2040, Spain
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida IRBLleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Ricords2040, Spain
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida IRBLleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Alicia Garcia-Carrasco
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Ricords2040, Spain
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida IRBLleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Maryse Guerin
- INSERM UMR_S 1166 - ICAN. Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière: 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jose-Luis Martín-Ventura
- Vascular Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma, Avda Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular research Centre (PARCC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jose Manuel Valdivielso
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Ricords2040, Spain
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida IRBLleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
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Meng Q, Liu H, Liu J, Pang Y, Liu Q. Advances in immunotherapy modalities for atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1079185. [PMID: 36703734 PMCID: PMC9871313 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1079185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the pathological basis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis is now understood to be a long-term immune-mediated inflammatory condition brought on by a complicated chain of factors, including endothelial dysfunction, lipid deposits in the artery wall, and monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration, in which both innate immunity and adaptive immunity play an indispensable role. Recent studies have shown that atherosclerosis can be alleviated by inducing a protective immune response through certain auto-antigens or exogenous antigens. Some clinical trials have also demonstrated that atherosclerotic is associated with the presence of immune cells and immune factors in the body. Therefore, immunotherapy is expected to be a new preventive and curative measure for atherosclerosis. In this review, we provide a summary overview of recent progress in the research of immune mechanisms of atherosclerosis and targeted therapeutic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,Deparment of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Brain Research and Transformation, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Huajiang Liu
- Deparment of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jinteng Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yangyang Pang
- School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qibing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,*Correspondence: Qibing Liu,
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5
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Yu W, Ilyas I, Hu X, Xu S, Yu H. Therapeutic potential of paeoniflorin in atherosclerosis: A cellular action and mechanism-based perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1072007. [PMID: 36618414 PMCID: PMC9811007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1072007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that the incidence, prevalence and mortality of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) are increasing globally. Atherosclerosis is characterized as a chronic inflammatory disease which involves inflammation and immune dysfunction. P. lactiflora Pall. is a plant origin traditional medicine that has been widely used for the treatment of various diseases for more than a millennium in China, Japan and Korean. Paeoniflorin is a bioactive monomer extracted from P. lactiflora Pall. with anti-atherosclerosis effects. In this article, we comprehensively reviewed the potential therapeutic effects and molecular mechanism whereby paeoniflorin protects against atherosclerosis from the unique angle of inflammation and immune-related pathway dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, monocytes, macrophages, platelets and mast cells. Paeoniflorin, with multiple protective effects in atherosclerosis, has the potential to be used as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of atherosclerosis and its complications. We conclude with a detailed discussion of the challenges and future perspective of paeoniflorin in translational cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China,Center for Drug Research and Development, Anhui Renovo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Center for Drug Research and Development, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Iqra Ilyas
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuerui Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interfacial Controlling Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Hui Yu,
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Wang Y, Zang J, Liu C, Yan Z, Shi D. Interleukin-17 Links Inflammatory Cross-Talks Between Comorbid Psoriasis and Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835671. [PMID: 35514987 PMCID: PMC9063001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, systemic, immune-mediated inflammatory disorder that is associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies have shown that psoriasis often coexists with atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized arteries, which is a major cause of CVD. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying this comorbidity are not fully understood, clinical studies have shown that when interleukin (IL)-17A inhibitors effectively improve psoriatic lesions, atherosclerotic symptoms are also ameliorated in patients with both psoriasis and atherosclerosis. Also, IL-17A levels are highly expressed in the psoriatic lesions and atherosclerotic plaques. These clinical observations implicit that IL-17A could be a crucial link for psoriasis and atherosclerosis and IL-17A-induced inflammatory responses are the major contribution to the pathogenesis of comorbid psoriasis and atherosclerosis. In this review, the current literature related to epidemiology, genetic predisposition, and inflammatory mechanisms of comorbidity of psoriasis and atherosclerosis is summarized. We focus on the immunopathological effects of IL-17A in both diseases. The goal of this review is to provide the theoretical base for future preventing or treating psoriasis patients with atherosclerosis comorbidity. The current evidence support the notion that treatments targeting IL-17 seem to be hold some promise to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jinxin Zang
- Department of Neurology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Zhongrui Yan
- Department of Neurology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China.,Department of Dermatology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
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7
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Gil-Pulido J, Amézaga N, Jorgacevic I, Manthey HD, Rösch M, Brand T, Cidlinsky P, Schäfer S, Beilhack A, Saliba AE, Lorenz K, Boon L, Prinz I, Waisman A, Korn T, Cochain C, Zernecke A. Interleukin-23 receptor expressing γδ T cells locally promote early atherosclerotic lesion formation and plaque necrosis in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2932-2945. [PMID: 34897380 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall controlled by local and systemic immune responses. The role of interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R), expressed in adaptive immune cells (mainly T helper 17 cells) and γδ T cells, in atherosclerosis is only incompletely understood. Here we investigated the vascular cell types expressing IL-23R and addressed the function of IL-23R and γδ T cells in atherosclerosis. METHOD AND RESULTS IL-23R+ cells were frequently found in the aortic root in contrast to the aorta in low density lipoprotein receptor deficient IL-23R reporter mice (Ldlr-/-Il23rgfp/+), and mostly identified as γδ T cells that express IL-17 and GM-CSF. scRNA-seq confirmed γδ T cells as the main cell type expressing Il23r and Il17a in the aorta. Ldlr-/-Il23rgfp/gfp mice deficient in IL-23R showed a loss of IL-23R+ cells in the vasculature, and had reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation in the aortic root compared to Ldlr-/- controls after 6 weeks of high fat diet feeding. In contrast, Ldlr-/-Tcrδ-/- mice lacking all γδ T cells displayed unaltered early atherosclerotic lesion formation compared to Ldlr-/- mice. In both HFD-fed Ldlr-/-Il23rgfp/gfp and Ldlr-/-Tcrδ-/- mice a reduction in the plaque necrotic core area was noted as well as an expansion of splenic regulatory T cells. In vitro, exposure of bone marrow-derived macrophages to both IL-17A and GM-CSF induced cell necrosis, and necroptotic RIP3K and MLKL expression, as well as inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS IL-23R+ γδ T cells are predominantly found in the aortic root rather than the aorta and promote early atherosclerotic lesion formation, plaque necrosis and inflammation at this site. Targeting IL-23R may thus be explored as a therapeutic approach to mitigate atherosclerotic lesion development. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE The mechanisms and cell types contributing to early inflammation and lesion formation are incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that the aortic root harbors a population of IL23R-dependent γδ T cells that can release IL-17 and GM-CSF, and both cytokines together induce macrophage inflammation and necroptosis. IL-23R+ γδ T cells locally promote early lesion formation in the aortic root and contribute to the expansion of the necrotic core, a hallmark of vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions. Targeting IL-23R or IL-23 itself could thus be further explored as a therapeutic option in early atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Gil-Pulido
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine,University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Núria Amézaga
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine,University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ivana Jorgacevic
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine,University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helga D Manthey
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine,University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Rösch
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine,University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Brand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology,University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97078 Germany
| | - Peter Cidlinsky
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine,University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Schäfer
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine,University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology,University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97078 Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, 44139 Germany
| | - Louis Boon
- Polpharma Biologics, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Systems Immunology,University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Korn
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Clément Cochain
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine,University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine,University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Talepoor AG, Rastegari B, Kalani M, Doroudchi M. Decrease in the inflammatory cytokines of LPS-stimulated PBMCs of patients with atherosclerosis by a TLR-4 antagonist in the co-culture with HUVECs. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108295. [PMID: 34735917 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are among the players of inflammation during atherosclerosis. We assessed the effects of Eritoran, a TLR-4 antagonist, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokines production by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) of patients with high-stenosis (HS) (n = 6) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 6) co-cultured with Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). LPS stimulation significantly increased the levels of IL-6 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.005), TNF-α (P = 0.006 and P = 0.005), IL-2 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.002), IFN-γ (P = 0.006 and P = 0.003), IL-17A (P = 0.004 and P = 0.003), IL-17F (P = 0.005 and P = 0.003), IL-5 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.005), IL-13 (P = 0.006 and P = 0.005), IL-9 (P = 0.005 and P = 0.005) and IL-21 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.005) in HUVECs co-cultured with HC and HS PBMCs as compared with un-stimulated co-culture condition, respectively. Eritoran treatment (50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL) significantly reduced the levels of LPS-induced IL-6 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.006; P = 0.007 and P = 0.007), TNF-α (P = 0.005 and P = 0.003; P = 0.007 and P = 0.005), IL-2 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.005; P = 0.005 and P = 0.004), IFN-γ (P = 0.007 and P = 0.005; P = 0.005 and P = 0.004), IL-17A (P = 0.005 and P = 0.002; P = 0.005 and P = 0.002), IL-17F (P = 0.006 and P = 0.006; P = 0.005 and P = 0.005), IL-5 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.006; P = 0.007 and P = 0.007), IL-9 (P = 0.005 and P = 0.005; P = 0.005 and P = 0.005) and IL-21 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.007; P = 0.005 and P = 0.005) in stimulated HUVECs co-cultured with HC and HS PBMCs, compared to un-treated condition, respectively. Our results demonstrate that attenuating effect of Eritoran on the inflammatory responses to LPS is higher in PBMCs of patients with high stenosis, suggesting its potential role in ameliorating inflammatory conditions in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefe Ghamar Talepoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Rastegari
- Diagnostic Laboratory of Sciences and Technology Research Center, Paramedical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kalani
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Montanaro M, Scimeca M, Toschi N, Bonanno E, Giacobbi E, Servadei F, Ippoliti A, Santeusanio G, Mauriello A, Anemona L. Effects of Risk Factors on In Situ Expression of Proinflammatory Markers Correlated to Carotid Plaque Instability. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:741-749. [PMID: 34039839 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several studies demonstrated a role of active chronic inflammatory infiltrate in carotid plaques progression suggesting a possible link between cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation-related plaque instability. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the possible effects of cardiovascular risk factors on in situ expression of proinflammatory markers associated with carotid plaque instability. METHODS AND RESULTS A tissue microarray containing carotid plaques from 36 symptomatic (major stroke or transient ischemic attack) and 37 asymptomatic patients was built. Serial sections were employed to evaluate the expression of some inflammatory markers by immunohistochemistry [CD3, CD4a, CD8, CD20, CD86, CD163, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-17]. Immunohistochemical data were analyzed to study the possible associations between in situ expression of inflammatory biomarker and the main cardiovascular risk factors. Our data demonstrated that plaque instability is associated with the high in situ expression of some cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-6, IL-17. Besides the female sex, none of the risk factors analyzed showed a significant association between the in situ expression of these markers and unstable plaques. A significant increase of IL-6-positive and IL-17-positive cells was observed in unstable atheromatous plaques of female patients, as compared with unstable plaques of male patients. CONCLUSIONS Plaque destabilization is certainly correlated with the presence of the major cardiovascular risk factors, however, our results showed that, with the exception of sex, their action in the evolutive process of plaque instability seems rather nonspecific, favoring a general release of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Scimeca
- Departments of Experimental Medicine
- University of San Raffaele
- Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata"
- Imaging Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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Biological Aspects of Inflamm-Aging in Childhood Cancer Survivors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194933. [PMID: 34638416 PMCID: PMC8508005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer treatments improve survival in children with cancer. A total of 80% of children treated for childhood cancer achieve 5-year survival, becoming long-term survivors. However, they undergo several chronic late effects related to treatments. In childhood cancer survivors a chronic low-grade inflammation, known as inflamm-aging, is responsible for frailty, a condition characterized by vital organ failure and by premature aging processes. Inflamm-aging is closely related to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which induce inflammation, accumulation of senescent cells, DNA mutations, and the production of reactive oxygen species. All these conditions are responsible for the onset of secondary diseases, such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and infertility. Considering that the pathobiology of frailty among childhood cancer survivors is still unknown, investigations are needed to better understand frailty's biological and molecular processes and to identify inflamm-aging key biomarkers in order to facilitate the screening of comorbidities and to clarify whether treatments, normally used to modulate inflamm-aging, may be beneficial. This review offers an overview of the possible biological mechanisms involved in the development of inflamm-aging, focusing our attention on immune system alteration, oxidative stress, cellular senescence, and therapeutic strategies.
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Atzeni F, Gerratana E, Francesco Masala I, Bongiovanni S, Sarzi-Puttini P, Rodríguez-Carrio J. Psoriatic Arthritis and Metabolic Syndrome: Is There a Role for Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs? Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:735150. [PMID: 34527685 PMCID: PMC8435605 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.735150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although psoriatic arthritis (PsA) primarily leads to joint and skin damage, it is associated with higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and type II diabetes. Additionally, chronic inflammation is known to aggravate these cardiometabolic factors, thus explaining the enhanced cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in RA. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggest that some risk factors can fuel inflammation, thus pointing to a bidirectional crosstalk between inflammation and cardiometabolic factors. Therefore, dampening inflammation by disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) may be thought to ameliorate MetS burden and thus, CV risk and disease severity. In fact, recommendations for PsA management emphasize the need of considering comorbidities to guide the treatment decision process. However, the existing evidence on the impact of approved DMARDs in PsA on MetS and MetS components is far from being optimal, thus representing a major challenge for the clinical setting. Although a beneficial effect of some DMARDs such as methotrexate, TNF inhibitors and some small molecules is clear, no head-to-head studies are published and no evidence is available for other therapeutic approaches such as IL-23 or IL-17 inhibitors. This narrative review summarizes the main evidence related to the effect of DMARDs on MetS outcomes in PsA patients and identify the main limitations, research needs and future perspectives in this scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy,*Correspondence: Fabiola Atzeni
| | - Elisabetta Gerratana
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Sara Bongiovanni
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST)-Fatebenefratelli L. Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Piercarlo Sarzi-Puttini
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST)-Fatebenefratelli L. Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Carrio
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain,Area of Metabolism, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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Su W, Zhao Y, Wei Y, Zhang X, Ji J, Yang S. Exploring the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis Complicated With Atherosclerosis via Microarray Data Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667690. [PMID: 34122426 PMCID: PMC8190392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although more and more evidence has supported psoriasis is prone to atherosclerosis, the common mechanism of its occurrence is still not fully elucidated. The purpose of this study is to further explore the molecular mechanism of the occurrence of this complication. Methods The gene expression profiles of psoriasis (GSE30999) and atherosclerosis (GSE28829) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. After identifying the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of psoriasis and atherosclerosis, three kinds of analyses were performed, namely functional annotation, protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network and module construction, and hub gene identification and co-expression analysis. Results A total of 94 common DEGs (24 downregulated genes and 70 upregulated genes) was selected for subsequent analyses. Functional analysis emphasizes the important role of chemokines and cytokines in these two diseases. In addition, lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway is closely related to both. Finally, 16 important hub genes were identified using cytoHubba, including LYN, CSF2RB, IL1RN, RAC2, CCL5, IRF8, C1QB, MMP9, PLEK, PTPRC, FYB, BCL2A1, LCP2, CD53, NCF2 and TLR2. Conclusions Our study reveals the common pathogenesis of psoriasis and atherosclerosis. These common pathways and hub genes may provide new ideas for further mechanism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Su
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuqian Wei
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiang Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Delicate Role of PD-L1/PD-1 Axis in Blood Vessel Inflammatory Diseases: Current Insight and Future Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218159. [PMID: 33142805 PMCID: PMC7663405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules are the antigen-independent generator of secondary signals that aid in maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system. The programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)/PD-1 axis is one among the most extensively studied immune-inhibitory checkpoint molecules, which delivers a negative signal for T cell activation by binding to the PD-1 receptor. The general attributes of PD-L1's immune-suppressive qualities and novel mechanisms on the barrier functions of vascular endothelium to regulate blood vessel-related inflammatory diseases are concisely reviewed. Though targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has received immense recognition-the Nobel Prize in clinical oncology was awarded in the year 2018 for this discovery-the use of therapeutic modulating strategies for the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway in chronic inflammatory blood vessel diseases is still limited to experimental models. However, studies using clinical specimens that support the role of PD-1 and PD-L1 in patients with underlying atherosclerosis are also detailed. Of note, delicate balances in the expression levels of PD-L1 that are needed to preserve T cell immunity and to curtail acute as well as chronic infections in underlying blood vessel diseases are discussed. A significant link exists between altered lipid and glucose metabolism in different cells and the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 molecules, and its possible implications on vascular inflammation are justified. This review summarizes the most recent insights concerning the role of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis in vascular inflammation and, in addition, provides an overview exploring the novel therapeutic approaches and challenges of manipulating these immune checkpoint proteins, PD-1 and PD-L1, for suppressing blood vessel inflammation.
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Xu L, Yan J, Zhang F, Zhou C, Fan T, Chen X, Cui X, Zhou H, Liang Y. Use of Inflammatory Biomarkers and Real-Time Cardiac Catheterisation to Evaluate the Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Patients With Diastolic Heart Failure. Heart Lung Circ 2020; 30:396-403. [PMID: 32736962 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-17 and its related cytokines have been shown to be involved in myocardial fibrosis and irreversible ventricular remodelling, which have predictive values in the development of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD). This study aimed to assess the correlation between IL-17 and LVDD, and investigate the prognostic value of IL-17 among patients with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). METHODS A total of 120 patients with normal LVEF underwent left ventricular (LV) catheterisation for LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) measurement and routine echocardiography. The follow-up period was 30 (18, 35) months. RESULTS The levels of IL-17 and IL-6 from the systemic blood were significantly increased in non-heart failure (HF) patients with LVDD (p<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) revealed that the combination of IL-17 and IL-6 showed the highest diagnostic accuracy in predicting LVDD (AUC, 0.890; 95% CI, 0.835-0.945; p<0.001), and the cut-off value was 41.5 pg/mL. On logistic regression analysis, the increment of the combination of IL-17 and IL-6 was an independent predictor for the prognosis of LVDD (odds ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01-1.12; p<0.05). According to the cut-off value of the combination of IL-17 and IL-6, the patients with lower levels of IL-17 and IL-6 (<41.5 pg/mL group) had a better prognosis. The increased levels of IL17 and IL-6 were significantly correlated with the levels of fibrotic parameters. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of LVDD by measuring the combination of IL-17 and IL-6 might provide valuable prognostic significance for non-HF patients with LVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinchuan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cuicui Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tingpan Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinggang Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
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15
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Xu L, Geng T, Zang G, Bo L, Liang Y, Zhou H, Yan J. Exosome derived from CD137-modified endothelial cells regulates the Th17 responses in atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4659-4667. [PMID: 32149463 PMCID: PMC7176883 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of exosomes derived from endothelial cells (ECs) in the progression of atherosclerosis (AS) and inflammation remains largely unexplored. We aimed to investigate whether exosome derived from CD137‐modified ECs (CD137‐Exo) played a major role in AS and to elucidate the potential mechanism underlying the inflammatory effect. Exosomes derived from mouse brain microvascular ECs treated with agonist anti‐CD137 antibody were used to explore the effect of CD137 signalling in AS and inflammation in vitro and vivo. CD137‐Exo efficiently induced the progression of AS in ApoE−/− mice. CD137‐Exo increased the proportion of Th17 cells both in vitro and vivo. The IL‐6 contained in CD137‐Exo which is regulated by Akt and NF‐КB pathway was verified to activate Th17 cell differentiation. IL‐17 increased apoptosis, inhibited cell viability and improved lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in ECs subjected to inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The expression of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule1 (sICAM‐1), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and E‐selectin in the supernatants of ECs after IL‐17 treatment was dramatically increased. CD137‐Exo promoted the progression of AS and Th17 cell differentiation via NF‐КB pathway mediated IL‐6 expression. This finding provided a potential method to prevent local and peripheral inflammation in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tianxin Geng
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Bo
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jinchuan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Marovt M, Marko PB, Pirnat M, Ekart R. Effect of biologics targeting interleukin-23/-17 axis on subclinical atherosclerosis: results of a pilot study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 45:560-564. [PMID: 31961453 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is associated with an increased risk of developing atherosclerotic vascular disease. The hypothesis that treatment of the skin inflammation may decrease the risk of developing atherosclerosis and consequently, cardiovascular disease, is currently a focus of significant attention. AIM To assess the effect of biologic drugs targeting the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis on selected subclinical atherosclerosis parameters in patients with psoriatic disease. METHODS In a series of patients with moderate to severe psoriasis who were eligible for biologic therapy, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and intima-media thickness (IMT) were determined before therapy and after 6 months of treatment with biologics (ustekinumab, secukinumab, ixekizumab). RESULTS After 6 months of treatment, a marked clinical improvement of skin lesions was observed in all patients. No significant changes in PWV or IMT values were observed before (8.59 ± 1.96 mm and 0.54 ± 0.9 mm, respectively) and after 6 months (8.89 ± 2.02 mm and 0.53 ± 0.9 mm) of therapy (P = 0.16 and P = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS Systemic treatment of patients with a psoriatic disease with biologics targeting the IL-23/IL-17 axis has a possibly neutral effect on atherosclerosis. Additional studies are needed to assess the impact of newer biologic treatments on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marovt
- Department of Dermatovenerology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Slovenia
| | - P B Marko
- Department of Dermatovenerology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Slovenia
| | - M Pirnat
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Slovenia
| | - R Ekart
- Department of Dialysis, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Slovenia
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Szentpetery A, Haroon M, FitzGerald O. Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Psoriatic Disease. Rheumatol Ther 2020; 7:5-17. [PMID: 31813119 PMCID: PMC7021890 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-019-00185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic disease (PsD) is a multisystem inflammatory disorder with a high prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors contributing to accelerated atherosclerosis and its sequelae. Imaging studies, notably with ultrasound, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning have confirmed significant atherosclerotic change with plaque formation and vessel stenosis. Atherosclerosis is likely driven by a combination of traditional risk factors which occur more frequently in PsD and by systemic inflammation with associated pro-inflammatory cytokine production. While the mechanisms driving atherosclerosis in PsD are incompletely understood, it is now best practice to try to minimize the impact of CV risk factors by regular assessment, prevention, and treatment and also by ensuring that inflammatory musculoskeletal and cutaneous disease is adequately suppressed. Future studies need to focus on improving our understanding of the mechanisms driving atherosclerosis and, as a consequence, developing more rationale approaches to prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Szentpetery
- Department of Rheumatology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Haroon
- Department of Rheumatology, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Oliver FitzGerald
- Conway Institute for Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Albany CJ, Trevelin SC, Giganti G, Lombardi G, Scottà C. Getting to the Heart of the Matter: The Role of Regulatory T-Cells (Tregs) in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2795. [PMID: 31849973 PMCID: PMC6894511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is directly associated with CVD and is characterized by slow progressing inflammation which results in the deposition and accumulation of lipids beneath the endothelial layer in conductance and resistance arteries. Both chronic inflammation and disease progression have been associated with several risk factors, including but not limited to smoking, obesity, diabetes, genetic predisposition, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Currently, despite increasing incidence and significant expense on the healthcare system in both western and developing countries, there is no curative therapy for atherosclerosis. Instead patients rely on surgical intervention to avoid or revert vessel occlusion, and pharmacological management of the aforementioned risk factors. However, neither of these approaches completely resolve the underlying inflammatory environment which perpetuates the disease, nor do they result in plaque regression. As such, immunomodulation could provide a novel therapeutic option for atherosclerosis; shifting the balance from proatherogenic to athero-protective. Indeed, regulatory T-cells (Tregs), which constitute 5-10% of all CD4+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, have been shown to be athero-protective and could function as new targets in both CVD and atherosclerosis. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview about the roles of Tregs in CVD, focusing on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caraugh J Albany
- British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia C Trevelin
- British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulio Giganti
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristiano Scottà
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Herrero-Fernandez B, Gomez-Bris R, Somovilla-Crespo B, Gonzalez-Granado JM. Immunobiology of Atherosclerosis: A Complex Net of Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5293. [PMID: 31653058 PMCID: PMC6862594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and atherosclerosis the principal factor underlying cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction, intimal lipid deposition, smooth muscle cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and necrosis, and local and systemic inflammation, involving key contributions to from innate and adaptive immunity. The balance between proatherogenic inflammatory and atheroprotective anti-inflammatory responses is modulated by a complex network of interactions among vascular components and immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T, B, and foam cells; these interactions modulate the further progression and stability of the atherosclerotic lesion. In this review, we take a global perspective on existing knowledge about the pathogenesis of immune responses in the atherosclerotic microenvironment and the interplay between the major innate and adaptive immune factors in atherosclerosis. Studies such as this are the basis for the development of new therapies against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Herrero-Fernandez
- LamImSys Lab. Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Gomez-Bris
- LamImSys Lab. Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Jose Maria Gonzalez-Granado
- LamImSys Lab. Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Patel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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Raddatz MA, Madhur MS, Merryman WD. Adaptive immune cells in calcific aortic valve disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H141-H155. [PMID: 31050556 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00100.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is highly prevalent and has no pharmaceutical treatment. Surgical replacement of the aortic valve has proved effective in advanced disease but is costly, time limited, and in many cases not optimal for elderly patients. This has driven an increasing interest in noninvasive therapies for patients with CAVD. Adaptive immune cell signaling in the aortic valve has shown potential as a target for such a therapy. Up to 15% of cells in the healthy aortic valve are hematopoietic in origin, and these cells, which include macrophages, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, are increased further in calcified specimens. Additionally, cytokine signaling has been shown to play a causative role in aortic valve calcification both in vitro and in vivo. This review summarizes the physiological presence of hematopoietic cells in the valve, innate and adaptive immune cell infiltration in disease states, and the cytokine signaling pathways that play a significant role in CAVD pathophysiology and may prove to be pharmaceutical targets for this disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Raddatz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Meena S Madhur
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
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Roohi A, Tabrizi M, Yaseri M, Mohammadrezaei FM, Nikbin B. Healthy Adult LDL-C Bears Reverse Association with Serum IL-17A Levels. Curr Chem Genom Transl Med 2018; 12:1-8. [PMID: 30069429 PMCID: PMC6047196 DOI: 10.2174/2213988501812010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a modifiable risk factor in atherosclerosis with a complex association with inflammation. Objective: In the present study, the association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and interleukin 17A (IL-17A), as an inflammatory cytokine, was investigated. In addition to IL-17A, serum levels of interleukin 23 (IL-23) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), as effective cytokines in T helper 17 cell (Th17) development, were also determined. Method: Cytokine levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in healthy subjects with LDL-C<130 versus LDL-C=>130 mg/dL. Results: Although IL-17A is an inflammatory cytokine and a positive association between its levels and LDL-C is expected, the data obtained in this study provide support for a reverse association (p<0.05). Conclusion: Inflammation plays a major role in atherosclerosis development; however, various inflammatory components involved in atherosclerosis assert their own unique association with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Roohi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
| | - Mina Tabrizi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
| | | | - Behrouz Nikbin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
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23
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Allam G, Abdel-Moneim A, Gaber AM. The pleiotropic role of interleukin-17 in atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1412-1418. [PMID: 30119214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which considers the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition of arterials' wall in which the development and the destabilization of plaque occur. Both innate and adaptive immunity play a significant role in modifying lipoproteins in arterials' wall. Recent investigations have demonstrated the opposing roles of CD4+ T cells subtypes in atherosclerosis. T helper-1 (Th1) response and pro-inflammatory cytokines possess proatherogenic effects, whereas T regulatory (Treg) cells have an atheroprotective role. Th17 cells have emerged as a new CD4+ T-cell subtype, which produce IL-17 that plays a crucial role in numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Recently, several studies have investigated the potential role of IL-17 in atherosclerosis. Some investigations have suggested a proatherogenic effect, however the others proposed an atheroprotective role. Hence, the exact role of IL-17 in the disease development and plaque stability is still debatable. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on both atherogenesis and atheroprotective roles of IL-17. In addition, the synergistic and antagonistic effects of IL-17 with other cytokines in atherosclerosis will be discussed. On the basis of the current understanding of these roles, the possibility of developing novel therapeutic strategies against atherosclerosis may be evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Allam
- Immunology Section, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Immunology Section, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Physiology Section, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Gaber
- Physiology Section, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Quadri JA, Sarwar S, Pinky, Kar P, Singh S, Mallick SR, Arava S, Nag TC, Roy TS, Shariff A. Fluoride induced tissue hypercalcemia, IL-17 mediated inflammation and apoptosis lead to cardiomyopathy: Ultrastructural and biochemical findings. Toxicology 2018; 406-407:44-57. [PMID: 29800585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
An increased prevalence of cardiac complications has been observed in residents of fluorosis endemic areas chronically exposed to fluoride. Fluoride induces soft tissue injury due to oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and mitochondriopathy. It was hypothesized that chronic fluoride exposure induces apoptosis in cardiomyocytes due to inflammation, lysis of extra cellular matrix and altered calcium metabolism. This study was planned to evaluate the effects of chronic fluoride exposure and the mechanism of action in the cardiac muscle. Fifteen week old male Wistar rats were administered a human equivalent dose of fluoride (50 and 100 ppm ad-libitum, HED = 5 & 10 ppm in human) for 75-days. After 75-days of fluoride exposure, the animals were euthanized and fluoride, oxidative stress (SOD, GPX, Catalase activities) and LPO were measured. Histopathological and ultrastructural pathological examinations were conducted on the cardiac tissues using light, atomic force and electron microscopies. The cardiac tissues were also assessed for apoptosis (TUNEL/Caspase assays), and tissue calcium levels (Alizarin-assay and SEM-EDX). Tissue inflammation and expression of IL-17, MMP-9, Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 were evaluated. In the fluoride exposed groups, a significant (≤0.05) increase in levels of oxidative stress, LPO and apoptosis were observed. The IL-17, MMP-9 and Caspase-3 were significantly (≤0.05) higher in the cardiac muscle after chronic fluoride exposure. The fluoride seems to have induced inflammation in the cardiac tissues, as well as an increase in tissue calcium (≤0.05). There was significant damage to cardiac muscle fibres including, thinning, distortion and neo-vasculogenesis following chronic fluoride exposure. Mitochondriopathy, lysis of ground substance, oedema, and hyper-vacuolation was seen in fluoride treated groups. Remarkable levels of distortion and bending in Z band were observed under the AFM. Many of these observed changes mimic those occurring in cardiomegaly, cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saba Sarwar
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Pinky
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Parmita Kar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | - A Shariff
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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