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She H, Liu Z, Xu Z, Zhang H, Wu J, Cheng F, Wang X, Qian W. Pan-genome analysis of 13 Spinacia accessions reveals structural variations associated with sex chromosome evolution and domestication traits in spinach. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 39095952 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Structural variations (SVs) are major genetic variants that can be involved in the origin, adaptation and domestication of species. However, the identification and characterization of SVs in Spinacia species are rare due to the lack of a pan-genome. Here, we report eight chromosome-scale assemblies of cultivated spinach and its two wild species. After integration with five existing assemblies, we constructed a comprehensive Spinacia pan-genome and identified 193 661 pan-SVs, which were genotyped in 452 Spinacia accessions. Our pan-SVs enabled genome-wide association study identified signals associated with sex and clarified the evolutionary direction of spinach. Most sex-linked SVs (86%) were biased to occur on the Y chromosome during the evolution of the sex-linked region, resulting in reduced Y-linked gene expression. The frequency of pan-SVs among Spinacia accessions further illustrated the contribution of these SVs to domestication, such as bolting time and seed dormancy. Furthermore, compared with SNPs, pan-SVs act as efficient variants in genomic selection (GS) because of their ability to capture missing heritability information and higher prediction accuracy. Overall, this study provides a valuable resource for spinach genomics and highlights the potential utility of pan-SV in crop improvement and breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing She
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaosheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Helong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China
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2
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Nguyen-Hoang A, Sandell FL, Himmelbauer H, Dohm JC. Spinach genomes reveal migration history and candidate genes for important crop traits. NAR Genom Bioinform 2024; 6:lqae034. [PMID: 38633427 PMCID: PMC11023180 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is an important leafy crop possessing notable economic value and health benefits. Current genomic resources include reference genomes and genome-wide association studies. However, the worldwide genetic relationships and the migration history of the crop remained uncertain, and genome-wide association studies have produced extensive gene lists related to agronomic traits. Here, we re-analysed the sequenced genomes of 305 cultivated and wild spinach accessions to unveil the phylogeny and history of cultivated spinach and to explore genetic variation in relation to phenotypes. In contrast to previous studies, we employed machine learning methods (based on Extreme Gradient Boosting, XGBoost) to detect variants that are collectively associated with agronomic traits. Variant-based cluster analyses revealed three primary spinach groups in the Middle East, Asia and Europe/US. Combining admixture analysis and allele-sharing statistics, migration routes of spinach from the Middle East to Europe and Asia are presented. Using XGBoost machine learning models we predict genomic variants influencing bolting time, flowering time, petiole color, and leaf surface texture and propose candidate genes for each trait. This study enhances our understanding of the history and phylogeny of domesticated spinach and provides valuable information on candidate genes for future genetic improvement of the crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Nguyen-Hoang
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix L Sandell
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Himmelbauer
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane C Dohm
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Yamano K, Haseda A, Iwabuchi K, Osabe T, Sudo Y, Pachakkil B, Tanaka K, Suzuki Y, Toyoda A, Hirakawa H, Onodera Y. QTL analysis of femaleness in monoecious spinach and fine mapping of a major QTL using an updated version of chromosome-scale pseudomolecules. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296675. [PMID: 38394294 PMCID: PMC10890751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although spinach is predominantly dioecious, monoecious plants with varying proportions of female and male flowers are also present. Recently, monoecious inbred lines with highly female and male conditions have been preferentially used as parents for F1-hybrids, rather than dioecious lines. Accordingly, identifying the loci for monoecism is an important issue for spinach breeding. We here used long-read sequencing and Hi-C technology to construct SOL_r2.0_pseudomolecule, a set of six pseudomolecules of spinach chromosomes (total length: 879.2 Mb; BUSCO complete 97.0%) that are longer and more genetically complete than our previous version of pseudomolecules (688.0 Mb; 81.5%). Three QTLs, qFem2.1, qFem3.1, and qFem6.1, responsible for monoecism were mapped to SOL_r2.0_pseudomolecule. qFem3.1 had the highest LOD score and corresponded to the M locus, which was previously identified as a determinant of monoecious expression, by genetic analysis of progeny from female and monoecious plants. The other QTLs were shown to modulate the ratio of female to male flowers in monoecious plants harboring a dominant allele of the M gene. Our findings will enable breeders to efficiently produce highly female- and male-monoecious parental lines for F1-hybrids by pyramiding the three QTLs. Through fine-mapping, we narrowed the candidate region for the M locus to a 19.5 kb interval containing three protein-coding genes and one long non-coding RNA gene. Among them, only RADIALIS-like-2a showed a higher expression in the reproductive organs, suggesting that it might play a role in reproductive organogenesis. However, there is no evidence that it is involved in the regulation of stamen and pistil initiation, which are directly related to the floral sex differentiation system in spinach. Given that auxin is involved in reproductive organ formation in many plant species, genes related to auxin transport/response, in addition to floral organ formation, were identified as candidates for regulators of floral sex-differentiation from qFem2.1 and qFem6.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yamano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akane Haseda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Iwabuchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Osabe
- School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Babil Pachakkil
- Department of International Agricultural Development, Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tanaka
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Informatics, Tokyo University of Information Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- The Department of Technology Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Onodera
- The Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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4
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Rai A, Hirakawa H, Rai M, Shimizu Y, Shirasawa K, Kikuchi S, Seki H, Yamazaki M, Toyoda A, Isobe S, Muranaka T, Saito K. Chromosome-scale genome assembly of Glycyrrhiza uralensis revealed metabolic gene cluster centred specialized metabolites biosynthesis. DNA Res 2022; 29:6916896. [PMID: 36535891 PMCID: PMC9763095 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-quality genome assembly is imperative to explore the evolutionary basis of characteristic attributes that define chemotype and provide essential resources for a molecular breeding strategy for enhanced production of medicinal metabolites. Here, using single-molecule high-fidelity (HiFi) sequencing reads, we report chromosome-scale genome assembly for Chinese licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), a widely used herbal and natural medicine. The entire genome assembly was achieved in eight chromosomes, with contig and scaffold N50 as 36.02 and 60.2 Mb, respectively. With only 17 assembly gaps and half of the chromosomes having no or one assembly gap, the presented genome assembly is among the best plant genomes to date. Our results showed an advantage of using highly accurate long-read HiFi sequencing data for assembling a highly heterozygous genome including its complexed repeat content. Additionally, our analysis revealed that G. uralensis experienced a recent whole-genome duplication at approximately 59.02 million years ago post a gamma (γ) whole-genome triplication event, which contributed to its present chemotype features. The metabolic gene cluster analysis identified 355 gene clusters, which included the entire biosynthesis pathway of glycyrrhizin. The genome assembly and its annotations provide an essential resource for licorice improvement through molecular breeding and the discovery of valuable genes for engineering bioactive components and understanding the evolution of specialized metabolites biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rai
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel. +81 045 503 9489; Fax: +81-(0)45-503-9489. ;
| | | | - Megha Rai
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,Institute of Advance Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Kikuchi
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mami Yamazaki
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Isobe
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan,Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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5
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Li N, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang W, Meng Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li S, Gao W, Deng C. Identification of Sex Differentiation-Related microRNAs in Spinach Female and Male Flower. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4090. [PMID: 35456907 PMCID: PMC9029227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex determination and differentiation is an important biological process for unisexual flower development. Spinach is a model plant to study the mechanism of sex determination and differentiation of dioecious plant. Till now, little is known about spinach sex determination and differentiation mechanism. MicroRNAs are key factors in flower development. Herein, small RNA sequencing was performed to explore the roles of microRNAs in spinach sex determination and differentiation. As a result, 92 known and 3402 novel microRNAs were identified in 18 spinach female and male flower samples. 74 differentially expressed microRNAs were identified between female and male flowers, including 20 female-biased and 48 male-biased expression microRNAs. Target prediction identified 22 sex-biased microRNA-target pairs, which may be involved in spinach sex determination or differentiation. Among the differentially expressed microRNAs between FNS and M03, 55 microRNAs were found to reside in sex chromosome; one of them, sol-miR2550n, was functionally studied via genetic transformation. Silencing of sol-miR2550n resulted in abnormal anther while overexpression of sol-miR2550n induced early flowering, indicating sol-miR2550n was a male-promoting factor and validating the reliability of our small RNA sequencing data. Conclusively, this work can supply valuable information for exploring spinach sex determination and differentiation and provide a new insight in studying unisexual flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chuanliang Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (N.L.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (W.Z.); (Z.M.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (W.G.)
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6
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Meng Q, Liu Z, Feng C, Zhang H, Xu Z, Wang X, Wu J, She H, Qian W. Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping and Identification of Candidate Genes Controlling Bolting in Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:850810. [PMID: 35432424 PMCID: PMC9006512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.850810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spinach is a typical light-sensitive plant. Long days can induce early bolting, thereby influencing the regional adaptation, quality, and vegetative yield of spinach. However, the genes and genetic mechanisms underlying this trait in spinach remain unclear. In this study, a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) qBT1.1, was mapped on chromosome 1 using a BC1 population (BC1a) derived from 12S3 (late-bolting recurrent lines) and 12S4 (early bolting lines) with specific-locus amplified fragment (SLAF) markers and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers. The qBT1.1 locus was further confirmed and narrowed down to 0.56 Mb by using a large BC1 (BC1b) population and an F2 population using the above KASP markers and the other 20 KASP markers. Within this region, two putative genes, namely, SpFLC and SpCOL14, were of interest due to their relationship with flower regulatory pathways. For SpCOL14, we found multiple variations in the promoter, and the expression pattern was consistent with bolting stages. SpCOL14 was therefore assumed to the best candidate gene for bolting. Overall, our results provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of bolting in spinach and contribute to the breeding of diverse spinach germplasms for adaptation to different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Meng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunda Feng
- Ilera Healthcare LLC, Waterfall, PA, United States
| | - Helong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaosheng Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing She
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Shi A, Bhattarai G, Xiong H, Avila CA, Feng C, Liu B, Joshi V, Stein L, Mou B, du Toit LJ, Correll JC. Genome-wide association study and genomic prediction of white rust resistance in USDA GRIN spinach germplasm. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac069. [PMID: 35669703 PMCID: PMC9157682 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
White rust, caused by Albugo occidentalis, is one of the major yield-limiting diseases of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in some major commercial production areas, particularly in southern Texas in the United States. The use of host resistance is the most economical and environment-friendly approach to managing white rust in spinach production. The objectives of this study were to conduct a genome-wide associating study (GWAS), to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with white rust resistance in spinach, and to perform genomic prediction (GP) to estimate the prediction accuracy (PA). A GWAS panel of 346 USDA (US Dept. of Agriculture) germplasm accessions was phenotyped for white rust resistance under field conditions and GWAS was performed using 13 235 whole-genome resequencing (WGR) generated SNPs. Nine SNPs, chr2_53 049 132, chr3_58 479 501, chr3_95 114 909, chr4_9 176 069, chr4_17 807 168, chr4_83 938 338, chr4_87 601 768, chr6_1 877 096, and chr6_31 287 118, located on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, and 6 were associated with white rust resistance in this GWAS panel. Four scenarios were tested for PA using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) between the genomic estimation breeding value (GEBV) and the observed values: (1) different ratios between the training set and testing set (fold), (2) different GP models, (3) different SNP numbers in three different SNP sets, and (4) the use of GWAS-derived significant SNP markers. The results indicated that a 2- to 10-fold difference in the various GP models had similar, although not identical, averaged r values in each SNP set; using GWAS-derived significant SNP markers would increase PA with a high r-value up to 0.84. The SNP markers and the high PA can provide valuable information for breeders to improve spinach by marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainong Shi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Gehendra Bhattarai
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Haizheng Xiong
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Carlos A Avila
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA
| | - Chunda Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Vijay Joshi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX 77801, USA
| | - Larry Stein
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX 77801, USA
| | - Beiquan Mou
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA 93905, USA
| | | | - James C Correll
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Cai X, Sun X, Xu C, Sun H, Wang X, Ge C, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Fei Z, Jiao C, Wang Q. Genomic analyses provide insights into spinach domestication and the genetic basis of agronomic traits. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7246. [PMID: 34903739 PMCID: PMC8668906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinach is a nutritious leafy vegetable belonging to the family Chenopodiaceae. Here we report a high-quality chromosome-scale reference genome assembly of spinach and genome resequencing of 305 cultivated and wild spinach accessions. Reconstruction of ancestral Chenopodiaceae karyotype indicates substantial genome rearrangements in spinach after its divergence from ancestral Chenopodiaceae, coinciding with high repeat content in the spinach genome. Population genomic analyses provide insights into spinach genetic diversity and population differentiation. Genome-wide association studies of 20 agronomical traits identify numerous significantly associated regions and candidate genes for these traits. Domestication sweeps in the spinach genome are identified, some of which are associated with important traits (e.g., leaf phenotype, bolting and flowering), demonstrating the role of artificial selection in shaping spinach phenotypic evolution. This study provides not only insights into the spinach evolution and domestication but also valuable resources for facilitating spinach breeding. Spinach is a nutritious leafy vegetable growing worldwide. Here, the authors report a high-quality chromosome-scale reference genome assembly of spinach and genome resequencing of 305 accessions, and provide insights into spinach domestication and the genetic basis of agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Cai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China.,Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Qinghai University, 810016, Xining, China
| | - Xuepeng Sun
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China
| | - Honghe Sun
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhui Ge
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, Qingdao, China
| | - Quanxi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, 150025, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, 18, USA.
| | - Chen Jiao
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Quanhua Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China.
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