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Josef R, Jitka P, Martina Z, Vlastimil K, Ivana S, Lucie DR, Vaclav V. Concentration of NK cells after β-glucan and vitamin D supplementation in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:755-761. [PMID: 32248405 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In our study, we focused on possible effects of supplementation with glucan and vitamin D on total numbers of NK cells in patients with diabetic retinopathy. We evaluated possible relations among nutritional state (BMI), leptin levels, and total numbers of NK cells in patients supplemented with (1) glucan and vitamin D, (2) vitamin D and placebo, and (3) vitamin D alone. Our results show that 3 months of supplementation with both glucan and vitamin D resulted in significant improvements of NK cell numbers. In addition, we found statistically significant correlation between NK cell numbers and leptin levels. Based on these results, we propose that the molecule responsible for these changes is glucan, as vitamin D alone or together with placebo caused no effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richter Josef
- Zdravotní ústav se sídlem v Ústí nad Labem, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Pohorska Jitka
- Zdravotní ústav se sídlem v Ústí nad Labem, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Závorková Martina
- Oční klinika UJEP Masarykova nemocnice, Krajská zdravotní, a.s., Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Král Vlastimil
- Zdravotní ústav se sídlem v Ústí nad Labem, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Stiborova Ivana
- Zdravotní ústav se sídlem v Ústí nad Labem, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vetvicka Vaclav
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, 511 S. Floyd St., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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2
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β-Glucan, a dietary fiber in effective prevention of lifestyle diseases – An insight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2019.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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3
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Yi W, Zhang P, Hou J, Chen W, Bai L, Yoo S, Khalid A, Hou X. Enhanced response of tamoxifen toward the cancer cells using a combination of chemotherapy and photothermal ablation induced by lentinan-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:1525-1532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhang P, Yi W, Hou J, Yoo S, Jin W, Yang Q. A carbon nanotube-gemcitabine-lentinan three-component composite for chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy of cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3069-3080. [PMID: 29872294 PMCID: PMC5975604 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s165232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gemcitabine's clinical application is limited due to its short plasma half-life and poor uptake by cells. To address this problem, a drug delivery three-component composite, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)/gemcitabine (Ge)/lentinan (Le; MWNTs-Ge-Le), was fabricated in our study. Moreover, the combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy was employed to enhance antitumor efficacy. METHODS In this study, we conjugated gemcitabine and lentinan with MWNTs via a covalent and noncovalent way to functionalize with MWNTs, and the chemical structure of MWNTs-Ge-Le was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Using the composite and an 808 nm laser, we treated tumors, both in vitro and in vivo, and investigated the photothermal responses and the anticancer efficacy. RESULTS The MWNTs-Ge-Le composite could efficiently cross cell membrane, having a higher antitumor activity than MWNTs, gemcitabine and MWNTs-Ge in vitro and in vivo. Our study on the MWNTs-Ge-Le composite with an 808 nm laser radiation showed the combination of drug therapy and near-infrared photothermal therapy possesses great synergistic antitumor efficacy. CONCLUSION The MWNTs-Ge-Le three-component anticancer composite can serve as a promising candidate for cancer therapy in the combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Information and Electronics Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Information Photonic Technology of Shaanxi Province, School of Information and Electronics Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Yi
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Information and Electronics Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Information Photonic Technology of Shaanxi Province, School of Information and Electronics Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sweejiang Yoo
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Information and Electronics Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Information Photonic Technology of Shaanxi Province, School of Information and Electronics Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiqiu Jin
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Information and Electronics Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Information Photonic Technology of Shaanxi Province, School of Information and Electronics Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qisheng Yang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Information and Electronics Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Information Photonic Technology of Shaanxi Province, School of Information and Electronics Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Takeda K, Nagamatsu K, Okumura K. A water-soluble derivative of propolis augments the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 218:51-58. [PMID: 29496576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Propolis, a resinous material collected from numerous plants by honeybees, has historically been used as a health-promoting food. Recently, due to its potential anti-tumor effects, use of propolis has been proposed as an adjuvant therapy to chemotherapy; however, the effects of propolis on immune responses remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we examined the effects of the oral ingestion of propolis on natural killer (NK) cell activity, which is important in immune surveillance against cancer and viral infections. In addition, we assessed the effects of the major components of the water-soluble powder derivative of propolis (WPP). MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 (B6) wild-type (WT) and RAG 2-deficient (RAG-/-) mice and BALB/c WT, interferon (IFN)-γ-deficient (IFN-γ-/-), IFN-γ receptor-deficient (IFN-γR-/-) and RAG-/- mice were orally administered WPP or its major components. NK cell populations and cytotoxic activity were then examined by flow cytometry and 51Cr release assay, respectively. RESULTS While the cytotoxic activity of NK cells was increased following administration of 100 mg/kg/day of WPP for 7 days or 200 or 500 mg/kg/day of WPP for 4 days in WT mice, the proportions of NK cell populations were unaltered. Similar activation of NK cell cytotoxicity was observed when RAG-/-, but not IFN-γ-/- or IFN-γR-/-, mice were orally administered 200 mg/kg/day of WPP for 4 days. Oral ingestion of artepillin C or p-coumaric acid, but not drupanin, augmented NK cell cytotoxicity in a manner similar to WPP and to the mixture of these three components. CONCLUSION These results suggest that oral ingestion of WPP enhances NK cell cytotoxic activity, but not proliferation, in a manner dependent on IFN-γ and without the contribution of acquired immune responses. Further, artepillin C or p-coumaric acid, but not drupanin, may be the components responsible for this augmentation of NK cell cytotoxicity. These findings suggest the possible utility of WPP as a therapeutic for prevention of cancer development and against viral infection through NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Division of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Katashi Nagamatsu
- Morikawa Kenkodo Co., Ltd., 2170 Taguchi, Kousa-machi, Kamimashiki-gun, Kumamoto 861-4616, Japan.
| | - Ko Okumura
- Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Maheshwari G, Sowrirajan S, Joseph B. Extraction and Isolation of β-Glucan from Grain Sources-A Review. J Food Sci 2017; 82:1535-1545. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Maheshwari
- Dept. of Research; Hindustan Inst. of Technology and Science; Padur Chennai 603103 India
| | - Sumathi Sowrirajan
- Dept. of Chemistry; Hindustan Inst. of Technology and Science; Padur Chennai 603103 India
| | - Baby Joseph
- Dept. of Research; Hindustan Inst. of Technology and Science; Padur Chennai 603103 India
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Takeda K, Sasaki K, Okumura K. Extract of metabolic products of
Bacillus subtilis AK
augments natural killer cell cytotoxic activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/tkm2.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Division of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine Juntendo University Tokyo Japan
- Department of Biofunctional Micribiota, Graduate School of Medicine Juntendo University Tokyo Japan
| | - Katsumi Sasaki
- Medical Corporation of Keikoh‐Kai Ohshiro Clinic Tokyo Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Department of Biofunctional Micribiota, Graduate School of Medicine Juntendo University Tokyo Japan
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine Juntendo University Tokyo Japan
- Department of Immunology Juntendo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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8
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Yang CH, Chang HY, Chen YC, Lu CC, Huang SS, Huang GJ, Lai HC. Ethanol extract of Phellinus merrillii protects against diethylnitrosamine- and 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Chin J Integr Med 2016; 23:117-124. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Interferon-γ-Mediated Natural Killer Cell Activation by an Aqueous Panax ginseng Extract. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:603198. [PMID: 26649061 PMCID: PMC4663324 DOI: 10.1155/2015/603198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng extracts are used in traditional herbal medicines, particularly in eastern Asia, but their effect on natural killer (NK) cell activity is not completely understood. This study aimed to examine the effects of P. ginseng extracts on the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. We orally administered P. ginseng extracts or ginsenosides to wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c mice and to B6 mice deficient in either recombination activating gene 2 (RAG-2) or interferon-γ (IFN-γ). We then tested the cytotoxic activity of NK cells (of spleen and liver mononuclear cells) against NK-sensitive YAC-1 cells. Oral administration of P. ginseng aqueous extract augmented the cytotoxicity of NK cells in WT B6 and BALB/c mice and in RAG-2-deficient B6 mice, but not in IFN-γ-deficient B6 mice. This effect was only observed with the aqueous extract of P. ginseng. Interestingly, the ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 did not augment NK cell cytotoxicity. These results demonstrated that the aqueous P. ginseng extract augmented NK cell activation in vivo via an IFN-γ-dependent pathway.
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Sun M, Zhao W, Xie Q, Zhan Y, Wu B. Lentinan reduces tumor progression by enhancing gemcitabine chemotherapy in urothelial bladder cancer. Surg Oncol 2014; 24:28-34. [PMID: 25434982 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that chemotherapy has limited antitumor activity against advanced urothelial bladder cancer (UBC). Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop effective therapeutic methods for patients with advanced UBC. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of lentinan alone, gemcitabine alone, or lentinan combined with gemcitabine on the proliferation of the UBC cell line, T24, were investigated. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, annexin V fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining, and flow cytometry were used to determine the proliferation and apoptosis of T24 cells in each treatment group. Survival-related protein expression was analyzed by western blotting. Increased concentrations of lentinan, or lentinan combined with gemcitabine, positively correlated with decreased T24 cell proliferation. Lentinan combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy significantly inhibited UBC cell proliferation. Gemcitabine has the ability to induce T24 cell apoptosis, and this effect is enhanced when it is combined with lentinan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Wenyan Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Qingpeng Xie
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yunhong Zhan
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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Dalla-Santa HS, Rubel R, Vitola FM, Buchi D, Di-Bernardi RP, Moreno AN, Lima-Filho JH, Dalla-Santa OR, Gern JC, Monteiro MC, Fernandes LC, Soccol CR. Agaricus brasiliensismycelium supplementation in Sarcoma 180tumour-bearing mice reverses the immune response induced by the tumour. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2012.665438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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12
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Hisamochi A, Kage M, Arinaga T, Ide T, Miyajima I, Ogata K, Kuwahara R, Koga Y, Kumashiro R, Sata M. Drug-induced liver injury associated with Agaricus blazei Murill which is very similar to autoimmune hepatitis. Clin J Gastroenterol 2013; 6:139-44. [PMID: 26181451 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-013-0359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) is one of the most popular complementary alternative medicines (CAM). We experienced a case of a 60-year-old woman with severe hepatitis associated with extract of ABM and extract of Ganoderma lucidum, and a case of a 75-year-old man with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) associated with extract of ABM and fucoidan. Their clinical courses from the start of CAM until the onset of DILI were observed unexpectedly, because they were under observation for stable malignant neoplasms: stage III malignant thymoma and stage IV lung cancer, respectively. However, they did not talk about taking CAM with their physicians. There were two common points between these two cases. First, they were diagnosed as compatible with DILI by using an international diagnostic scale, the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method. The second point was that histological findings of the liver were very similar to autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). In addition, serum immunoglobulin G and zinc sulfate turbidity tests gradually increased from the start of CAM to the onset of DILI. Their clinical course and liver histology suggested that the immunostimulating action of ABM caused liver injury which was very similar to that seen in AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hisamochi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan.
- Hisamochi Medical Office, 46 Maruyama-cho, Nakatsu, Oita, 871-0047, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Kage
- The Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Teruko Arinaga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ide
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ichiro Miyajima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kei Ogata
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Kuwahara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yuriko Koga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ryukichi Kumashiro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
- Office of Medical Education, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Michio Sata
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
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Ang JY, Lua JL, Mathur A, Thomas R, Asmar BI, Savasan S, Buck S, Long M, Shankaran S. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of massage therapy on the immune system of preterm infants. Pediatrics 2012; 130:e1549-58. [PMID: 23147978 PMCID: PMC3507248 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of massage therapy (MT) on the immune system of preterm infants. The primary hypothesis was that MT compared with sham therapy (control) will enhance the immune system of stable premature infants by increasing the proportion of their natural killer (NK) cell numbers. METHODS A randomized placebo-controlled trial of MT versus sham therapy (control) was conducted among stable premature infants in the NICU. Study intervention was provided 5 days per week until hospital discharge for a maximum of 4 weeks. Immunologic evaluations (absolute NK cells, T and B cells, T cell subsets, and NK cytotoxicity), weight, number of infections, and length of hospital stay were also evaluated. RESULTS The study enrolled 120 infants (58 massage; 62 control). At the end of the study, absolute NK cells were not different between the 2 groups; however, NK cytotoxicity was higher in the massage group, particularly among those who received ≥5 consecutive days of study intervention compared with control (13.79 vs 10 lytic units, respectively; P = .04). Infants in the massage group were heavier at end of study and had greater daily weight gain compared with those in the control group; other immunologic parameters, number of infections, and length of stay were not different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS In this study, MT administered to stable preterm infants was associated with higher NK cytotoxicity and more daily weight gain. MT may improve the overall outcome of these infants. Larger studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Y. Ang
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases,,Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jorge L. Lua
- Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, and,Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ambika Mathur
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ronald Thomas
- Children’s Research Center of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Basim I. Asmar
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases,,Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sureyya Savasan
- Hematology and Oncology, Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan;,Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Steven Buck
- Hematology and Oncology, Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Michael Long
- Department of Pathology/Immunology Section, Wayne State University/Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Seetha Shankaran
- Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, and,Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Lemieszek M, Rzeski W. Anticancer properties of polysaccharides isolated from fungi of the Basidiomycetes class. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2012; 16:285-9. [PMID: 23788896 PMCID: PMC3687424 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2012.30055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Basidiomycete mushrooms represent a valuable source of biologically active compounds with anticancer properties. This feature is primarily attributed to polysaccharides and their derivatives. The anticancer potential of polysaccharides is linked to their origin, composition and chemical structure, solubility and method of isolation. Moreover, their activity can be significantly increased by chemical modifications. Anticancer effects of polysaccharides can be expressed indirectly (immunostimulation) or directly (cell proliferation inhibition and/or apoptosis induction). Among the wide range of polysaccharides with documented anticancer properties, lentinan, polysaccharide-K (PSK) and schizophyllan deserve special attention. These polysaccharides for many years have been successfully applied in cancer treatment and their mechanism of action is the best known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lemieszek
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rzeski
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Virology and Immunology, UMCS Lublin, Poland
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15
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Ramachandran C, Wilk BJ, Hotchkiss A, Chau H, Eliaz I, Melnick SJ. Activation of human T-helper/inducer cell, T-cytotoxic cell, B-cell, and natural killer (NK)-cells and induction of natural killer cell activity against K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells with modified citrus pectin. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 11:59. [PMID: 21816083 PMCID: PMC3161912 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modified citrus pectin (MCP) is known for its anti-cancer effects and its ability to be absorbed and circulated in the human body. In this report we tested the ability of MCP to induce the activation of human blood lymphocyte subsets like T, B and NK-cells. METHODS MCP treated human blood samples were incubated with specific antibody combinations and analyzed in a flow cytometer using a 3-color protocol. To test functionality of the activated NK-cells, isolated normal lymphocytes were treated with increasing concentrations of MCP. Log-phase PKH26-labeled K562 leukemic cells were added to the lymphocytes and incubated for 4 h. The mixture was stained with FITC-labeled active form of caspase 3 antibody and analyzed by a 2-color flow cytometry protocol. The percentage of K562 cells positive for PKH26 and FITC were calculated as the dead cells induced by NK-cells. Monosaccharide analysis of the MCP was performed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulse amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). RESULTS MCP activated T-cytotoxic cells and B-cell in a dose-dependent manner, and induced significant dose-dependent activation of NK-cells. MCP-activated NK-cells demonstrated functionality in inducing cancer cell death. MCP consisted of oligogalacturonic acids with some containing 4,5-unsaturated non-reducing ends. CONCLUSIONS MCP has immunostimulatory properties in human blood samples, including the activation of functional NK cells against K562 leukemic cells in culture. Unsaturated oligogalacturonic acids appear to be the immunostimulatory carbohydrates in MCP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arland Hotchkiss
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, USA
- Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Hoa Chau
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, USA
| | - Isaac Eliaz
- Econugenics, Inc., Santa Rosa CA, 95407, USA
| | - Steven J Melnick
- Dharma Biomedical LLC, Miami, FL, 33156, USA
- Department of Pathology, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, FL 33155, USA
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Modarai M, Silva E, Suter A, Heinrich M, Kortenkamp A. Safety of Herbal Medicinal Products: Echinacea and Selected Alkylamides Do Not Induce CYP3A4 mRNA Expression. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2010; 2011:213021. [PMID: 19906827 PMCID: PMC3095427 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A major safety concern with the use of herbal medicinal products (HMP) is their interactions with conventional medicines, which are often mediated via the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. Echinacea is a widely used over-the-counter HMP, with proven immunomodulatory properties. Its increasing use makes research into its safety an urgent concern. Previously, we showed that Echinacea extracts and its alkylamides (thought to be important for Echinacea's immunomodulatory activity) mildly inhibit the enzymatic activity of the main drug metabolising CYP isoforms, but to this date, there is insufficient work on its ability to alter CYP expression levels. We now report for the first time the effect of a commercial Echinacea extract (Echinaforce) and four Echinacea alkylamides on the transcription of the major drug metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4. HepG2 cells were exposed for 96 h to clinically relevant concentrations of Echinaforce (22, 11.6 and 1.16 μg mL(-1)) or the alkylamides (1.62 and 44 nM). CYP3A4 mRNA levels were quantified using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Neither Echinaforce nor the alkylamides produced any significant changes in the steady-state CYP3A4 mRNA levels, under these conditions. In contrast, treatment with 50 μM rifampicin resulted in a 3.8-fold up-regulation over the vehicle control. We conclude that Echinaforce is unlikely to affect CYP3A4 transcriptional levels, even at concentrations which can inhibit the enzymatic activity of CYP3A4. Overall, our data provides further evidence for the lack of interactions between Echinacea and conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Modarai
- Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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Hernandez-Reif M, Shor-Posner G, Baez J, Soto S, Mendoza R, Castillo R, Quintero N, Perez E, Zhang G. Dominican Children with HIV not Receiving Antiretrovirals: Massage Therapy Influences their Behavior and Development. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2008; 5:345-54. [PMID: 18830444 PMCID: PMC2529379 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight children (M age = 4.8 years) infected with HIV/AIDS and living in the Dominican Republic were randomly assigned to a massage therapy or a play session control group. The children in the massage therapy group received two weekly 20-min massages for 12 weeks; the children in the control group participated in a play session (coloring, playing with blocks) for the same duration and length as the massage therapy group. Overall, the children in the massage therapy group improved in self-help abilities and communication, suggesting that massage therapy may enhance daily functioning for children with HIV/AIDS. Moreover, the HIV infected children who were six or older also showed a decrease in internalizing behaviors; specifically depressive/anxious behaviors and negative thoughts were reduced. Additionally, baseline assessments revealed IQ equivalence below normal functioning for 70% of the HIV infected children and very high incidences of mood problems (depression, withdrawn) for 40% of the children and anxiety problems for 20% of the children, suggesting the need for better monitoring and alternative interventions in countries with limited resources to improve cognition and the mental health status of children infected with HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hernandez-Reif
- Touch Research Institutes, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Disease Prevention, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, School of Medicine, USA, CENISMI/Robert Reid Cabral Children Hospital, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and Miami-Dade County Health Department/Florida Department of Health, USA
| | - Gail Shor-Posner
- Touch Research Institutes, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Disease Prevention, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, School of Medicine, USA, CENISMI/Robert Reid Cabral Children Hospital, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and Miami-Dade County Health Department/Florida Department of Health, USA
| | - Jeannette Baez
- Touch Research Institutes, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Disease Prevention, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, School of Medicine, USA, CENISMI/Robert Reid Cabral Children Hospital, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and Miami-Dade County Health Department/Florida Department of Health, USA
| | - Solange Soto
- Touch Research Institutes, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Disease Prevention, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, School of Medicine, USA, CENISMI/Robert Reid Cabral Children Hospital, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and Miami-Dade County Health Department/Florida Department of Health, USA
| | - Rosangela Mendoza
- Touch Research Institutes, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Disease Prevention, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, School of Medicine, USA, CENISMI/Robert Reid Cabral Children Hospital, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and Miami-Dade County Health Department/Florida Department of Health, USA
| | - Raquel Castillo
- Touch Research Institutes, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Disease Prevention, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, School of Medicine, USA, CENISMI/Robert Reid Cabral Children Hospital, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and Miami-Dade County Health Department/Florida Department of Health, USA
| | - Noaris Quintero
- Touch Research Institutes, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Disease Prevention, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, School of Medicine, USA, CENISMI/Robert Reid Cabral Children Hospital, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and Miami-Dade County Health Department/Florida Department of Health, USA
| | - Eddy Perez
- Touch Research Institutes, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Disease Prevention, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, School of Medicine, USA, CENISMI/Robert Reid Cabral Children Hospital, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and Miami-Dade County Health Department/Florida Department of Health, USA
| | - Guoyan Zhang
- Touch Research Institutes, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Disease Prevention, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, School of Medicine, USA, CENISMI/Robert Reid Cabral Children Hospital, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and Miami-Dade County Health Department/Florida Department of Health, USA
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Liu Y, Fukuwatari Y, Okumura K, Takeda K, Ishibashi KI, Furukawa M, Ohno N, Mori K, Gao M, Motoi M. Immunomodulating Activity of Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 in Mice and in Human Volunteers. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2008; 5:205-19. [PMID: 18604247 PMCID: PMC2396466 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We performed studies on murine models and human volunteers to examine the immunoenhancing effects of the naturally outdoor-cultivated fruit body of Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 (i.e. Agaricus blazei). Antitumor, leukocyte-enhancing, hepatopathy-alleviating and endotoxin shock-alleviating effects were found in mice. In the human study, percentage body fat, percentage visceral fat, blood cholesterol level and blood glucose level were decreased, and natural killer cell activity was increased. Taken together, the results strongly suggest that the A. brasiliensis fruit body is useful as a health-promoting food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Mibyou Medical Research Center, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Suzuka University of Medical Science and Mie, Japan, and Toei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fukuwatari
- Mibyou Medical Research Center, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Suzuka University of Medical Science and Mie, Japan, and Toei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Mibyou Medical Research Center, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Suzuka University of Medical Science and Mie, Japan, and Toei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Mibyou Medical Research Center, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Suzuka University of Medical Science and Mie, Japan, and Toei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Ishibashi
- Mibyou Medical Research Center, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Suzuka University of Medical Science and Mie, Japan, and Toei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Furukawa
- Mibyou Medical Research Center, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Suzuka University of Medical Science and Mie, Japan, and Toei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Mibyou Medical Research Center, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Suzuka University of Medical Science and Mie, Japan, and Toei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazu Mori
- Mibyou Medical Research Center, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Suzuka University of Medical Science and Mie, Japan, and Toei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ming Gao
- Mibyou Medical Research Center, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Suzuka University of Medical Science and Mie, Japan, and Toei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masuro Motoi
- Mibyou Medical Research Center, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Suzuka University of Medical Science and Mie, Japan, and Toei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Firenzuoli F, Gori L, Lombardo G. The Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill: Review of Literature and Pharmaco-Toxicological Problems. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2008; 5:3-15. [PMID: 18317543 PMCID: PMC2249742 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Agaricus blazei Murrill (ABM) popularly known as 'Cogumelo do Sol' in Brazil, or 'Himematsutake' in Japan, is a mushroom native to Brazil, and widely cultivated in Japan for its medicinal uses, so it is now considered as one of the most important edible and culinary-medicinal biotechnological species. It was traditionally used to treat many common diseases like atherosclerosis, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, dermatitis and cancer. In vitro and in vivo ABM has shown immunomodulatory and antimutagenic properties, although the biological pathways and chemical substances involved in its pharmacological activities are still not clear. The polysaccharides phytocomplex is thought to be responsible for its immunostimulant and antitumor properties, probably through an opsonizing biochemical pathway. Clinical studies are positive confirmations, but we are still at the beginning, and there are perplexing concerns especially relative to the content of agaritine. Argantine is a well-known carcinogenic and toxic substance in animals, that must be completely and fully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Firenzuoli
- Center of Natural Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Az USL 11, Empoli, Italy
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20
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Cooper EL. The immune system and complementary and alternative medicine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2007; 4:5-8. [PMID: 18227923 PMCID: PMC2206233 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin L Cooper
- Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles California 90095-1763, USA
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Kawakita K, Shichidou T, Inoue E, Nabeta T, Kitakoji H, Aizawa S, Nishida A, Yamaguchi N, Takahashi N, Sumiya E, Okada K, Umeda T, Yano T, Tanzawa S. Do Japanese style acupuncture and moxibustion reduce symptoms of the common cold? EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2007; 5:481-9. [PMID: 18955215 PMCID: PMC2586319 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We summarize the results from a series of investigations of Japanese style acupuncture and moxibustion therapies on symptoms of the common cold that have been conducted (FTLE 1999–03, supported by the Foundation for Training and Licensure Examination in Anma- Massage- Acupressure, Acupuncture and Moxibustion). We also discuss the various interventions and concerns that we faced during these investigations. The subjects were students and teachers. The pilot study (FTLE1999) of a two arm (real and non-treatment control) RCT at a Japanese acupuncture school showed that manual acupuncture to a specific needling point at the throat clearly reduced symptoms of the common cold. The first multi-center (five centers) RCT (FTLE 2000) revealed a significant reduction in cold symptoms, by general linear model analysis (between groups, P = 0.024). To reduce the technical variation, we employed indirect moxibustion to the neck points as a uniform intervention in the next project (FTLE 2001) without statistically significant results. Then we elongated the periods of treatment from 2 to a maximum of 12 weeks (FTLE 2002) with different interventions accompanied by 4 weeks follow-up. The results were still not statistically significant. As the final project, we tried to develop a new experimental design for individualized intervention by conducting n-of-1 trials using elderly subjects in a health care center but without detecting a clear effect. In conclusion, the safety of Japanese acupuncture or moxibustion was sufficiently demonstrated; however, a series of clinical trials could not offer convincing evidence to recommend the use of Japanese style acupuncture or moxibustion for preventing the common cold. Further studies are required as the present trials had several limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kawakita
- Research Department of JSAM, Department of Physiology, Meiji University of Oriental Medicine, Hiyoshi-cho, Nantan-City, Kyoto 629-0392, Japan. Tel & Fax: +81-(0)771-72-1289;
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22
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Yuminamochi E, Koike T, Takeda K, Horiuchi I, Okumura K. Interleukin-12- and interferon-gamma-mediated natural killer cell activation by Agaricus blazei Murill. Immunology 2007; 121:197-206. [PMID: 17346284 PMCID: PMC2265935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei Murill (A. blazei) and its extracts have generally used as complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs). Here, we report that the oral administration of A. blazei augmented cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6, C3H/HeJ, and BALB/c mice. Augmented cytotoxicity was demonstrated by purified NK cells from treated wild-type (WT) and RAG-2-deficient mice, but not from interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) deficient mice. NK cell activation and IFN-gamma production was also observed in vitro when dendritic cell (DC)-rich splenocytes of WT mice were coincubation with an extract of A. blazei. Both parameters were largely inhibited by neutralizing anti-interleukin-12 (IL-12) monoclonal antibody (mAb) and completely inhibited when anti-IL-12 mAb and anti-IL-18 mAb were used in combination. An aqueous extract of the hemicellulase-digested compound of A. blazei particle; (ABPC) induced IFN-gamma production more effectively, and this was completely inhibited by anti-IL-12 mAb alone. NK cell cytotoxicty was augmented with the same extracts, again in an IL-12 and IFN-gamma-dependent manner. These results clearly demonstrated that A. blazei and ABPC augmented NK cell activation through IL-12-mediated IFN-gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Yuminamochi
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
- Japan Applied Microbiology Research Institute LtdYamanashi, Japan
| | - Taisuke Koike
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
- Japan Applied Microbiology Research Institute LtdYamanashi, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Horiuchi
- Japan Applied Microbiology Research Institute LtdYamanashi, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
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Groom SN, Johns T, Oldfield PR. The Potency of Immunomodulatory Herbs May Be Primarily Dependent upon Macrophage Activation. J Med Food 2007; 10:73-9. [PMID: 17472470 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Standardized extracts of Echinacea, cat's claw, and saw palmetto were each evaluated for ability to activate macrophage and natural killer cells, in vitro, using two independent measures of activation for each immune cell population. A standard series of exposure concentrations were tested for each herbal extract in a panel of four assays that evaluated macrophage phagocytosis, macrophage synthesis of interleukin-12, natural killer (NK) cell cytocidal activity (synthesis of granzyme B), and NK cell synthesis of interferon-gamma. Macrophage phagocytosis was stimulated by all three herbs tested: saw palmetto (up to 2.3-fold, P < .05), Echinacea (up to 3.6-fold, P < .01), and cat's claw (up to 4.7-fold, P < .01). Additionally, NK cell synthesis of interferon-gamma was stimulated by saw palmetto (up to 6.3-fold, P < .01) and Echinacea (up to 8.1 fold, P < .01) but not by exposure to cat's claw. None of the three herbs stimulated macrophage synthesis of interleukin-12 or NK cell synthesis of granzyme B. Comparison of the in vitro data with our earlier observations that cat's claw and Echinacea (but not saw palmetto) were each effective in reducing B16/F10 lung tumor colony formation in C57BL/6J mice suggests macrophage activation is the primary means by which these herbs modulate the immune system. Thus, macrophage activation (phagocytosis) may provide a potentially higher throughput method to identify herbal extracts with in vivo stimulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Groom
- Department of Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Takeda K, Suzuki T, Shimada SI, Shida K, Nanno M, Okumura K. Interleukin-12 is involved in the enhancement of human natural killer cell activity by Lactobacillus casei Shirota. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 146:109-15. [PMID: 16968405 PMCID: PMC1809741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a placebo-controlled, cross-over trial to examine the effect of Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) on natural killer (NK) cell activity in humans. NK cell activity exhibited a declining trend during the period of placebo ingestion, but NK cell activity increased after intake for 3 weeks of fermented milk containing 4 x 10(10) live LcS. When human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured in the presence of heat-killed LcS, NK cell activity was enhanced. The ability of LcS to enhance NK cell activity and induce interleukin (IL)-12 production was correlated, and the addition of anti-IL-12 monoclonal antibody reduced the enhancement of NK cell activity triggered by LcS. In addition, separation of NK cells from LcS-stimulated monocytes with membrane filter reduced NK cell activity to the intermediate level and almost deprived monocytes of the ability to produce IL-12. These results demonstrate that LcS can enhance NK cell activity in vivo and in vitro in humans, and IL-12 may be responsible for enhancement of NK cell activity triggered by LcS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takeda
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Olalde Rangel JA, Magarici M, Amendola F, del Castillo O. The Systemic Theory of Living Systems. Part IV: Systemic Medicine--The Praxis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2005; 2:429-39. [PMID: 16322799 PMCID: PMC1297512 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This fourth lecture illustrates the praxis and results of Systemic Medicine (SM) in various therapeutic applications. SM's success has made it popular throughout Venezuela and Puerto Rico. The treatment of over 300,000 patients by 150 orthodox MD's, trained and qualified in SM, in 35 medical establishments with above average results corroborate its effectiveness as an eCAM in chronic degenerative diseases. Herein we provide a synopsis of results obtained in four such pathologies-the journal's necessary space restrictions somewhat limiting content-as well as clinical and photographic evidence. The validity of any medical theory is substantiated by its degree of effectivity and success. The workability of evidence-based SM corroborates Systemic Theory's transcendence.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Olalde Rangel
- Adaptogenic Medical Centers, Calle del Arenal c/c Luis de Camoes, La Trinidad, Caracas 1080, Venezuela.
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Haddad PS, Azar GA, Groom S, Boivin M. Natural health products, modulation of immune function and prevention of chronic diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2005; 2:513-20. [PMID: 16322809 PMCID: PMC1297498 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is increasingly found to be involved in the development of several chronic illnesses, for which allopathic medicine has provided limited tools for treatment and especially prevention. In that context, it appears worthwhile to target the immune system in order to modulate the risk of certain chronic illnesses. Meanwhile, natural health products (NHPs) are generating renewed interest, particularly in the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases. Over 20 scientists from fields related to immune function and NHPs were thus convened to establish the state of knowledge on these subjects and to explore future research directions. This review summarizes the result of discussions held during the symposium. It thus seeks to be thought provoking rather than to comprehensively cover such broad areas of research. Notably, a brief overview of the immune system is presented, including potentially useful targets and strategies to keep it in an equilibrated state, in order to prevent certain disorders. The pertinence and limitations of targeting the immune system to prevent chronic diseases is also discussed. The paper then discusses the usefulness and limitations of current experimental tools available to study the immune modulating effects of NHPs. Finally, a concise review of some of the most studied NHPs showing promising immunomodulatory activity is given, and avenues for future research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre S Haddad
- Fondation Lucie et André Chagnon, 2001 McGill College, Suite 1000, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Miller SC. Echinacea: a miracle herb against aging and cancer? Evidence in vivo in mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2005; 2:309-14. [PMID: 16136209 PMCID: PMC1193558 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Echinacea has been viewed as an immunoenhancing herb since it became commercially available several years ago. Indeed, its medicinal significance is responsible for billions of dollars in worldwide sales annually. Unfortunately, most of the 'evidence' for the purported medicinal efficacy of Echinacea has been anecdotal and, moreover, to this day, there is no formal proof on how to achieve the best results-whether it should be consumed daily throughout life as a prophylactic; consumed by either young or old; or consumed after diseases, such as cancer, have taken hold. Our work over the past 5 years has led to conclusive answers to some of these questions, at least in mice. Our results have shown that daily consumption of Echinacea is indeed prophylactic, extends the life span of aging mice, significantly abates leukemia and extends the life span of leukemic mice. Given that humans are 97% genetically common with mice and that virtually all our basic physiology is identical, it is neither unjustified to extrapolate these observations to humans nor would it be an arduous task to perform many of these studies in humans, thus establishing viable scientific evidence replacing the anecdotal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Cooper EL. CAM, eCAM, Bioprospecting: The 21st Century Pyramid. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2005; 2:125-127. [PMID: 15937551 PMCID: PMC1142206 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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29
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Olalde Rangel JA. The Systemic Theory of Living Systems and Relevance to CAM: The Theory (Part II). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2005; 2:129-137. [PMID: 15937552 PMCID: PMC1142205 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This theory stems from observing the universe's 'omniscient' nature, manifested in flows of energy and information of its life plethora. A notorious example is the living cell's intelligent nature, which guides its basic goal: to maximize survival. This last motivated me to address the living system's intelligence, which constitutes a vital and controversial topic, its relationship with 'incurable' disease in general, including cancer, and to propose golden rules for therapeutics, as well as a definition of ideal medicine. The scientific confirmation of these findings is embedded in discoveries in cybernetics, biological theory of information and modern thermodynamic concepts, concerning energy and information exchange, within a living system. This approach's practical application, denominated Systemic Medicine, has been substantiated by treatment and results obtained in >300 000 patients suffering from chronic degenerative diseases.
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Cooper EL. Commentary on CAM and NK Cells by Kazuyoshi Takeda and Ko Okumura. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2004; 1:29-34. [PMID: 15257323 PMCID: PMC442113 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin L. Cooper
- Professor and Editor-in-Chief, Tel: (310) 825–9567; Fax: (310) 825–2224. E-mail:
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