Static magnetic field therapy: a critical review of treatment parameters

The Use of Magnets, Magnetic Fields, and Copper Devices in a Veteran Population

Background

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is increasing in the US and throughout the world. The use of magnets, magnetic fields, and copper devices (MMFC) for health care are CAM therapies. Available information suggests significant consumer spending on MMFC therapy, but minimal information exists on usage patterns.

Methods

We created a brief questionnaire and distributed it to veteran patients at the Carl T. Hayden Veterans Affairs Medical Center infusion center in Phoenix, Arizona. The questionnaire categorized respondents by age groups, diagnostic groups by specialty (endocrinology, gastroenterology, hematology/oncology, neurology, rheumatology, and other), and whether MMFCs were being used and for what purpose. The questionnaire also asked whether the respondent would consider participating in a clinical study using MMFCs.

Results

Analyzing the 206 evaluable surveys, we found an overall use rate of about 1 in 4 respondents. The majority used copper devices, and the endocrinology group showed the highest percentage use. Many veterans reported that they would consider participating in MMFC clinical studies. For interest in clinical trial participation, the age groups with the highest response for magnets in clinical trials was 31 to 50 years (64%), and for magnetic fields 51 to 65 years (52%).

Conclusions

About 25% of surveyed veterans reported the use of MMFCs. Veterans reported that they are likely to participate in clinical studies using these CAM therapies.

Effect of static magnetic field therapy on diabetic neuropathy and quality of life: a double-blind, randomized trial

BACKGROUND

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that can cause annoying symptoms. To address this condition, several treatment approaches have been proposed, including static magnetic field (SMF) therapy, which has shown promise in treating neurological conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of SMF therapy on symptomatic DPN and the quality of life (QoL) in patients with type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted from April to October 2021. Sixty-four DPN patients (20 males, 44 females) were recruited for the study via invitation. The participants were divided into two groups: the magnet group, which used magnetic ankle bracelets (155 mT) for 12 weeks, and the sham group, which used non-magnetic ankle bracelets for the same duration. Neuropathy Symptom Score (NSS), Neuropathic Disability Score (NDS), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were used to assess neuropathy symptoms and pain. In addition, the Neuropathy Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (Neuro-QoL) tool was used to measure the patients' quality of life.

RESULTS

Before treatment, there were no significant differences between the magnet and sham groups in terms of the NSS scores (P = 0.50), NDS scores (P = 0.74), VAS scores (P = 0.17), and Neuro-QoL scores (P = 0.82). However, after 12 weeks of treatment, the SMF exposure group showed a significant reduction in NSS scores (P < 0.001), NDS scores (P < 0.001), VAS scores (P < 0.001), and Neuro-QoL scores (P < 0.001) compared to the baseline. The changes in the sham group, on the other hand, were not significant.

CONCLUSION

According to obtained data, SMF therapy is recommended as an easy-to-use and drug-free method for reducing DPN symptoms and improving QoL in diabetic type-2 patients. Trial registration Registered at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials: IRCT20210315050706N1, 2021/03/16.

Novel Magnetic Composite Materials for Dental Structure Restoration Application

In general, magnetic nanoparticles are not often used in dental applications due to some limitations of these materials, such as aggregation problems and low mechanical and chemical resistance but also esthetic problems due to their black color. Our research presents the synthesis of novel magnetic dental composite materials based on magnetic nanoparticles, functionalized and properly coated to overcome the limitations of using magnetic nanoparticles in dental applications. The composites were prepared using a preparation flow containing several integrated reaction steps used previously sequentially. An adequate and deep characterization of dental magnetic composites has been carried out in order to demonstrate that each limitation has been successfully overcome. It was proved that each component brings particular benefits in dental interventions: Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles have biocompatible, non-toxic properties and also antimicrobial effects; the SiO₂ layer significantly increases the mechanical strength of the material; and the Ca(OH)₂ layer initiates local calcification and significantly improves the color of the dental composite material. Due to magnetic properties, an innovative application approach on the tooth surface can be achieved under an external magnetic field, which, compared to conventional methods, has a major impact on reducing the occurrence of dental caries under filling materials as well as on reducing microfractures.

Static magnetic fields from earphones: Detailed measurements plus some open questions

Earphones (EP) are a worldwide, massively adopted product, assumed to be innocuous provided the recommendations on sound doses limits are followed. Nevertheless, sound is not the only physical stimulus that derives from EP use, since they include a built-in permanent magnet from which a static magnetic field (SMF) originates. We performed 2D maps of the SMF at several distances from 6 models of in-ear EP, showing that they produce an exposure that spans from ca. 20 mT on their surface down to tens of μT in the inner ear. The numerous reports of bioeffects elicited by SMF in that range of intensities (applied both acutely and chronically), together with the fact that there is no scientific consensus over the possible mechanisms of interaction with living tissues, suggest that caution could be recommendable. In addition, more research is warranted on the possible effects of the combination of SMF with extremely low frequency and radiofrequency fields, which has so far been scarcely studied. Overall, while several open questions about bioeffects of SMF remain to be addressed by the scientific community, we find sensible to suggest that the use of air-tube earphones is probably the more conservative, cautious choice.

Molecular Evaluation of the Impact of Nd:YAG Laser and Static Magnetic Field on Genomic DNA of Some Bacterial Isolates using RAPD-PCR

Antimicrobial therapy is frequently associated with the emergence of resistant bacteria with a high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The present study was aimed at investigating the impact of a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum (Nd:YAG) laser, and a static magnetic field (SMF) on cellular growth and DNA alteration in some clinical bacterial isolates. Samples from cutaneous wounds were collected by sterile cotton swabs from three elderly women admitted to Tikrit Teaching Hospital, Tikrit City, Iraq. Isolation and identification of Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were carried out using cultural characteristics, microscopy, and biochemical tests. Three broth cultures were prepared for each of the test isolates. The first broth culture served as untreated control, the second was exposed to an Nd:YAG laser and the third was exposed to SMF. Colony counting was done on all the samples. DNA was extracted from the test bacteria and used to perform the RAPD-PCR assay. In contrast to the untreated control, the results showed that Nd:YAG laser radiation was more effective than SMF at inhibiting the cellular growth of the test isolates. Also, the radiation caused DNA alteration, which was established by decreased microbial growth, as well as the development of new bands and the loss of original bands. According to the findings of this study, the Nd:YAG laser is a promising technique for influencing the healing of infected cutaneous wounds. RAPD-PCR is also a useful biomarker assay for assessing the biological impact of laser radiation and SMF on bacteria.

Distinct fatty acid redistribution and textural changes in the brain tissue upon the static magnetic field exposure

We observed different outcomes upon the subacute exposure to the 128 mT highly homogeneous static magnetic field (SMF) when its orientation was (i) aligned with the vertical component of the geomagnetic field; (ii) in the opposite direction. We employed the fatty acids (FA) composition and digital image analyses (DIA) to provide insights into the underlying processes and examine the possible weak SMF effects. Swiss-Webster male mice were whole-body exposed for 1 h/day over five days. Brain tissue's thin liquid chromatography resulted in brain FA composition, indicating a possible sequence of changes due to the SMF exposure. Quantitative DIA accurately assessed different image parameters. Delicate textural changes were revealed in the group where pathohistological or biochemical alterations have not been detected. DIA-based biological markers seem to be very promising for studying delicate tissue changes, which results from the high sensitivity and wide availability of DIA.

Influence of dental magnets on human brain activity: A quantitative EEG analysis

PURPOSE

The magnetic field is known to attenuate mental depression, but it is not clear on the effect of dental magnets on human brain activity. Therefore, this study was to determine the influence of magnetic field from intraoral magnets on the human brain activity by analyzing the changes in alpha waves.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty complete denture male patients aged between 50 and 60 years were included after their consent. The neodymium-iron-boron sintered magnet was incorporated into the existing mandibular denture bilaterally in canine region. The participants were subjected to electroencephalogram (EEG) and the output measured alpha waves at three phases: (i) without placement of magnets (WM0), (ii) 30 days post-magnet placement in the mandibular denture (WM), and (iii) after 6 months post-removal of magnets (WM6). The data obtained was skewed (non-parametric), and hence multivariate analysis using Friedman test, and bivariate analysis using Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann-Whitney test were done to assess the significant difference among the groups.

RESULTS

The comparison of alpha waves between different phases showed a significant difference in all the pairs (p < .05) except WM-WM6. Comparison of alpha waves between right and left hemisphere showed no statistically significant difference (p > .05).

CONCLUSION

We concluded that dental magnets had an influential effect on the alpha waves in the brain on both the left and right hemispheres. The removal of dental magnets retained the changes in brain activity even after 6 months of removal, denoting the alternative therapy to management of mental depression.

Response to Static Magnetic Field-Induced Stress in Scenedesmus obliquus and Nannochloropsis gaditana

Magnetic fields in biological systems is a promising research field; however, their application for microalgae has not been fully exploited. This work aims to measure the enzymatic activity and non-enzymatic activity of two microalgae species in terms of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and carotenoids, respectively, in response to static magnetic fields-induced stress. Two magnet configurations (north and south) and two exposure modes (continuous and pulse) were applied. Two microalgae species were considered, the Scenedesmus obliquus and Nannochloropsis gaditana. The SOD activity increased by up to 60% in S. obliquus under continuous exposure. This trend was also found for CAT in the continuous mode. Conversely, under the pulse mode, its response was hampered as the SOD and CAT were reduced. For N. gaditana, SOD increased by up to 62% with the south configuration under continuous exposure. In terms of CAT, there was a higher activity of up to 19%. Under the pulsed exposure, SOD activity was up to 115%. The CAT in this microalga was increased by up to 29%. For N. gaditana, a significant increase of over 40% in violaxanthin production was obtained compared to the control, when the microalgae were exposed to SMF as a pulse. Depending on the exposure mode and species, this methodology can be used to produce oxidative stress and obtain an inhibitory or enhanced response in addition to the significant increase in the production of antioxidant pigments.

Study the effect of static magnetic field intensity on drug delivery by magnetic nanoparticles

Employing the magnets in therapy has a long history of treating diseases, and currently new applications such as drug delivery by magnetic nanoparticles are gaining more attention. This research tried to study the effect of static magnetic field intensity on drug delivery by magnetic nanoparticles carrying thrombolytic agents. In this research, Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ nanoparticles carrying streptokinase were applied. The efficiency of thrombolysis and micro-CT-scan images are utilized to study the effect of different magnetic fields (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 T) on thrombolysis. The results confirm that increasing the static magnetic field intensity accelerated the thrombolysis. Increasing the intensity of the magnetic field from 0.1 to 0.3 T leads to an increase in clot dissolution rate from 55 to 89%, respectively. Moreover, micro-CT-scan images revealed that magnetic nanoparticles carrying a thrombolytic agent penetrated deeper into the mesh-like structure of clot as the magnetic field intensities increased, which could lead to further dissolution of the clot.

Moderate SMFs attenuate bone loss in mice by promoting directional osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs

Background

Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease without effective treatment. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have the potential to differentiate into multiple cell types. Increased adipogenic differentiation or reduced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs might lead to osteoporosis. Whether static magnetic fields (SMFs) might influence the adipo-osteogenic differentiation balance of BMSCs remains unknown.

Methods

The effects of SMFs on lineage differentiation of BMSCs and development of osteoporosis were determined by various biochemical (RT-PCR and Western blot), morphological (staining and optical microscopy), and micro-CT assays. Bioinformatics analysis was also used to explore the signaling pathways.

Results

In this study, we found that SMFs (0.2–0.6 T) inhibited the adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs but promoted their osteoblastic differentiation in an intensity-dependent manner. Whole genomic RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis revealed that SMF (0.6 T) decreased the PPARγ-mediated gene expression but increased the RUNX2-mediated gene transcription in BMSCs. Moreover, SMFs markedly alleviated bone mass loss induced by either dexamethasone or all-trans retinoic acid in mice.

Conclusions

Taken together, our results suggested that SMF-based magnetotherapy might serve as an adjunctive therapeutic option for patients with osteoporosis.

Supplementary information

Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s13287-020-02004-y.

Static Magnetic Field Induced Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Early Differentiation and Promotes Maturation

The potential impacts of magnetic field exposures on brain development have raised public concern. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the biophysical effects of moderate-intensity (0.5 T, Tesla) static magnetic field (SMF) on mice neural progenitor cells (mNPCs). Our results showed that the SMF exposure increased the number of neurosphere formation and enhanced proliferative activity in mNPCs. In addition, our flow cytometry data demonstrated that the proportions of S phase and G2/M phase mNPCs were remarkably increased following 5 days of SMF exposure. Moreover, the level of a mitotic regulatory protein, cyclin B, was upregulated after SMF exposure. Furthermore, the mNPCs exposed to SMF exhibited a significant increase in Sox2 expression. When mNPCs were induced to differentiation, our immunofluorescence assay revealed that the percentage of neurons (Tuj-1-positive cells) but not astrocyte (s100β-positive cells) was significantly higher and displayed morphological complexity in the SMF group. Finally, our electrophysiological results demonstrated the mNPC-derived neurons from the SMF group showing a significantly increased in input resistance, which indicated more functional maturation. Based on these findings, it appears reasonable to suggest that SMF exposure could affect normal neurogenesis and promote neural lineage differentiation as well as neuronal maturation.

The use of neodymium magnets in healthcare and their effects on health

The strong magnetic field properties of magnets have led to their use in many modern technologies, as well as in the fields of medicine and dentistry. Neodymium magnets are a powerful type of magnet that has been the subject of recent research. This review provides a brief explanation of the definition, history, and characteristics of rare earth magnets. In addition, a broad overview of results obtained in studies performed to date on the effects of magnets, and neodymium magnets in particular, on body systems, tissues, organs, diseases, and treatment is provided. Though they are used in the health sector in various diagnostic devices and as therapeutic tools, there is some potential for harmful effects, as well as the risk of accident. The research is still insufficient; however, neodymium magnets appear to hold great promise for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

A static magnetic field inhibits the expression of platelet-derived growth factor-AA in human oral squamous cell carcinoma

Magnetic attachments are commonly used for overdentures. The deleterious effects of exposure to magnetic flux on human health have not been substantiated so far; nevertheless, there is a need to understand the extent of magnetic field exposure in the oral area resulting from the use of magnetic attachments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a magnetic field on oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tumor cells cultured on a magnetic plate were compared with those not cultured on a magnetic plate (controls). The cells were seeded at a density of 1 × 10⁵ cells/well and cultured for 6 days. The influence of the magnetic field on cytokine production was examined by cytokine array analysis. Secretion of platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. The expression of PDGF-AA messenger RNA was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction, whereas nuclear factor-kappa B activity was measured by luciferase assay. The results indicated that the magnetic field inhibited the secretion of PDGF-AA, thereby inhibiting PDGF-AA-induced expression, thus reducing the risk of cancer recurrence.

Regulation of Osteoblast Differentiation and Iron Content in MC3T3-E1 Cells by Static Magnetic Field with Different Intensities

Many studies have indicated that static magnetic fields (SMFs) have positive effects on bone tissue, including bone formation and bone healing process. Evaluating the effects of SMFs on bone cell (especially osteoblast) function and exploring the mechanism, which is critical for understanding the possible risks or benefits from SMFs to the balance of bone remodeling. Iron and magnetic fields have the natural relationship, and iron is an essential element for normal bone metabolism. Iron overload or deficiency can cause severe bone disorders including osteoporosis. However, there are few reports regarding the role of iron in the regulation of bone formation under SMFs. In this study, hypomagnetic field (HyMF) of 500 nT, moderate SMF (MMF) of 0.2 T, and high SMF (HiMF) of 16 T were used to investigate how osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) responses to SMFs and iron metabolism of osteoblast under SMFs. The results showed that SMFs did not pose severe toxic effects on osteoblast growth. During cell proliferation, iron content of osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells was decreased in HyMF, but was increased in MMF and HiMF after exposure for 48 h. Compared to untreated control (i.e., geomagnetic field, GMF), HyMF and MMF exerted deleterious effects on osteoblast differentiation by simultaneously retarding alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization and calcium deposition. However, when exposed to HiMF of 16 T, the differentiation potential showed the opposite tendency with enhanced mineralization. Iron level was increased in HyMF, constant in MMF and decreased in HiMF during cell differentiation. In addition, the mRNA expression of transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) was promoted by HyMF but was inhibited by HiMF. At the same time, HiMF of 16 T and MMF of 0.2 T increased the expression of ferroportin 1 (FPN1). In conclusion, these results indicated that osteoblast differentiation can be regulated by altering the strength of the SMF, and iron is possibly involved in this process.

Advanced Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy with magnetic compressive anastomats in obstructive jaundice dog models

BACKGROUND

Although commonly used procedure, Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (RYHJ) remains to be complicated, time consuming, and has a relatively poor prognosis. We designed the magnetic compressive anastomats (MCAs) to perform RYHJ more efficiently and safely.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

36 dogs were divided into two groups randomly. After obstructive jaundice model construction, RYHJ was performed with MCAs in study group or by hand-sewn in control group. Both groups were followed for 1, 3, and 6 months after RYHJ. The liver function and postoperative complications were recorded throughout the follow-up. At the end of each time point, dogs were sent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and sacrificed. Anastomotic samples were taken for anastomotic narrowing rate calculation, histological analyses, tensile strength testing, and hydroxyproline content testing.

RESULTS

The anastomotic construction times were 44.20 ± 23.02 min in study group, compared of 60.53 ± 11.89 min in control group (p < 0.05). The liver function recovered gradually after RYHJ in both groups (p > 0.05). All anastomats were expelled out of the body in 8.81 ± 2.01 days. The gross incidence of morbidity and mortality was 33.3% (6/18) and 16.7% (3/18) in study group compared with 38.9% (7/18) and 22.2% (4/18) in control group (p > 0.05), and there is no single case of anastomotic-specific complications happened in study group. The narrowing rates of anastomosis were 14.6, 18.5, and 18.7% in study group compared with 35.4, 36.9, and 34% in control group at 1st, 3rd, and 6th month after RYHJ (p < 0.05). In study group, preciser alignment of tissue layers and milder inflammatory reaction contributed to the fast and better wound healing process.

CONCLUSION

Perform RYHJ with MCAs is safer, more efficient than by hand-sewn method in obstructive jaundice dog models.

Moderate-intensity 4mT static magnetic fields prevent bone architectural deterioration and strength reduction by stimulating bone formation in streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been associated with deterioration of bone microarchitecture and strength, resulting in increased fracture risk. Substantial studies have revealed the capacity of moderate-intensity static magnetic fields (SMF) on promoting osteoblastogenesis in vitro and stimulating bone growth and bone regeneration in vivo, whereas it is unknown whether SMF can resist T1DM-associated osteopenia/osteoporosis. We herein investigated the potential effects of whole-body SMF exposure with 4mT on bone loss in streptozotocin-induced T1DM rats. We found that SMF exposure for 16weeks inhibited architectural deterioration of trabecular bone and cortical bone and mechanical strength reduction in T1DM rats, as evidenced by the MicroCT and 3-point bending findings. Our serum biochemical, bone histomorphometric and PCR results revealed that SMF induced higher serum osteocalcin, mineral apposition rate and osteoblast number of trabecular bone, and higher skeletal osteocalcin, BMP2 and Runx2 gene expression in T1DM rats, whereas SMF showed no significant alteration in serum CTX, skeletal osteoclast number, or osteoclastogenesis-related RANKL-RANK signaling gene expression. Together, our findings suggest that moderate SMF prevented bone architectural deterioration and strength reduction by inhibiting the reduction of bone formation in T1DM rats, and indicate that SMF might become a promising biophysical countermeasure for T1DM-related osteopenia/osteoporosis.

Magnetic transcutaneous fixation: an experimental study in pigs

BACKGROUND

Magnetic subdermal implants have never been studied in the context of magnetic fixation of an external device to the body's surface. Excessive attractive force between the implant and the external device may compromise local circulation due to mechanical compression, leading to necrosis.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility of transcutaneous magnetic fixation and assess secondary skin changes when subjected to a continuous static magnetic field.

METHODS

Using the pig as an animal model, 72 implants were introduced in 12 animals. After wound healing, ultrasonography was performed to measure implant depths. Computer simulations were applied to allow magnetic attachment between implants and external devices without impairing local blood flow. External devices of different magnetic strengths were applied over the skin for 7 days. Local skin was examined and collected for analysis. A senior dermatopathologist blindly examined skin specimens and controls for abnormal findings, measuring dermal and epidermal thickness. Statistical analysis (P <0.05) was performed over the data.

RESULTS

Nineteen implants presented extrusion. The remaining 53 skin sites underwent magnetic compression, of which 43 (81%) evolved uneventfully. Implant depth varied between 4.6 mm and 8.3 mm (5.8 mm; ± 8.6 mm) with estimated pressure levels between 13.28 mmHg and 37.04 mmHg (27.6 mmHg; ±6.0 mmHg). Stronger magnets were associated with an increase in dermal thickness (P = 0.011) and neovascularization (P = 0.045).

CONCLUSIONS

Transcutaneous magnetic fixation is compatible with skin viability in vivo, under experimental conditions. Skin interposition between two permanent magnets resulted in a continuous static magnetic field stimulation, which showed similar effects to pulsed electromagnetic fields reported on scientific literature.

No modulatory effects by transcranial static magnetic field stimulation of human motor and somatosensory cortex

BACKGROUND

Recently, it was reported that the application of a static magnetic field by placing a strong permanent magnet over the scalp for 10 min led to an inhibition of motor cortex excitability for at least 6 min after removing the magnet. When placing the magnet over the somatosensory cortex, a similar inhibitory after effect could be observed as well.

OBJECTIVE

Our aim was to replicate the inhibitory effects of transcranial static magnetic field stimulation in the motor and somatosensory system.

METHODS

The modulatory effect of static magnetic field stimulation was investigated in three experiments. In two experiments motor cortex excitability was measured before and after 10 or 15 min of magnet application, respectively. The second experiment included a sham condition and was designed in a double-blinded manner. In a third experiment, paired-pulse SSEPs were measured pre and four times post positioning the magnet over the somatosensory cortex for 10 min on both hemispheres, respectively. The SSEPs of the non stimulated hemisphere served as control condition.

RESULTS

We did not observe any systematic effect of the static magnetic field neither on motor cortex excitability nor on SSEPs. Moreover, no SSEP paired-pulse suppression was found.

CONCLUSION

We provide a detailed analysis of possible confounding factors and differences to previous studies on tSMS. After all, our results could not confirm the static magnetic field effect.

Static or dynamic low-frequency magnetic field? A review of literature

The therapeutic application of magnetic fi elds has experienced signifi cant growth in recent years. A small number of contraindications, as well as the lack of side effects makes both permanent magnets and alternating magnetic fi elds frequently used in physical therapy practice. In a signifi cant number of clinical studies the effi cacy of this physical factor as both an independent method, as well as supporting treatment programs has been confi rmed. In the last few years, a lot of emphasis is put on the fact that all therapeutic methods should have a scientifi c basis and their usage should meet the evidence based medicine criteria (EBM). Therefore, this work will focus on comparison of the use of permanent magnets and alternating low-frequency magnetic fi eld on the basis of the available literature, including mainly, a randomized double-blind trial. Analysis of the available literature on permanent magnet usage has shown clinical effi cacy in many diseases, however, placebo-controlled studies confi rm mainly the analgesic effect in patients after liposuction surgery, with diabetic neuropathy and with chronic pelvic pain. The use of the alternating low-frequency magnetic fi eld also leaves many questions to which scientists have still not found the answer. Randomized double-blind trial proved its therapeutic effi cacy in patients after knee arthroscopy, fractures and delayed bone unions, knee and cervical spine osteoarthritis as well as in case of leg ulceration. Alternating magnetic fi eld application has a wider therapeutic range in comparison to permanent magnets and its effectiveness is much better documented, both in clinical studies as well as randomized double-blind trials. Cite this article as: Głąb G., Dudek J., Klimek K., Skalska-Dulińska B., Chrabota U., Chojak-Fijałka K., Ridan T., Glodzik J. Static or dynamic low-frequency magnetic field? A review of literature. Med Rehabil 2016; 20(2): 31-35.

Regulation of osteoclast differentiation by static magnetic fields

Static magnetic field (SMF) modulates bone metabolism, but little research is concerned with the effects of SMF on osteoclast. Our previous studies show that osteogenic differentiation is strongly correlated with magnetic strength from hypo (500 nT), weak (geomagnetic field, GMF), moderate (0.2 T) to high (16 T) SMFs. We speculated that the intensity that had positive (16 T) or negative (500 nT and 0.2 T) effects on osteoblast differentiation would inversely influence osteoclast differentiation. To answer this question, we examined the profound effects of SMFs on osteoclast differentiation from pre-osteoclast Raw264.7 cells. Here, we demonstrated that 500 nT and 0.2 T SMFs promoted osteoclast differentiation, formation and resorption, while 16 T had an inhibitory effect. Almost all the osteoclastogenic genes were highly expressed under 500 nT and 0.2 T, including RANK, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), V-ATPase, carbonic anhydrase II (Car2) and cathepsin K (CTSK), whereas they were decreased under 16 T. In addition, 16 T disrupted actin formation with remarkably decreased integrin β3 expression. Collectively, these results indicate that osteoclast differentiation could be regulated by altering the intensity of SMF, which is just contrary to that on osteoblast differentiation. Therefore, studies of SMF effects could reveal some parameters that could be used as a physical therapy for various bone disorders.

Subchronic exposure to static magnetic field differently affects zinc and copper content in murine organs

PURPOSE

Static magnetic fields (SMF) have been widely used in research, medicine and industry. Since zinc and copper play an important role in biological systems, we studied the effects of the subchronic continuous SMF exposure on their distribution in murine tissues.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For 30 days, mice were exposed to inhomogeneous, vertical, downward or upward oriented SMF of 1 mT averaged intensity with spatial gradient in vertical direction.

RESULTS

SMF decreased the amount of copper and zinc in liver. In brain, zinc levels were increased and copper levels were decreased. In spleen, zinc content was reduced, while copper amount remained unchanged.

CONCLUSIONS

Subchronic exposure to SMF differently affected copper and zinc content in examined organs, and the changes were more pronounced for the downward oriented field. The outcome could be attributed to the protective, rather than the harmful effect of SMF.

Homogeneous static magnetic field of different orientation induces biological changes in subacutely exposed mice

It has been shown that static magnetic field (SMF) of moderate intensity produces considerable impact on biological systems. SMF can be homogeneous or inhomogeneous. In many studies, inhomogeneous SMF was employed. Aware that inhomogeneous SMF could result in experimental variability, we investigated the influence of a vertical homogeneous SMF of different orientation. Male Swiss-Webster 9- to 10-week-old mice were subacutely exposed to upward- and downward-oriented SMF of 128 mT generated by a cyclotron for 1 h/day during a 5-day period. We found that SMF affected various organs and that these effects were, to some degree, dependent on SMF orientation. Both upward- and downward-oriented SMF caused a reduction in the amount of total white blood cells (WBC) and lymphocytes in serum, a decrease of granulocytes in the spleen, kidney inflammation, and an increase in the amount of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In addition, upward-oriented SMF caused brain edema and increased spleen cellularity. In contrast, downward-oriented SMF induced liver inflammation and a decrease in the amount of serum granulocytes. These effects might represent a specific redistribution of pro-inflammatory cells in blood and among various organs. It appears that homogeneous SMF of 128 mT affected specific organs in the body, rather than simultaneously and equally influencing the entire body system.

An Overview of Biofield Devices

Advances in biophysics, biology, functional genomics, neuroscience, psychology, psychoneuroimmunology, and other fields suggest the existence of a subtle system of "biofield" interactions that organize biological processes from the subatomic, atomic, molecular, cellular, and organismic to the interpersonal and cosmic levels. Biofield interactions may bring about regulation of biochemical, cellular, and neurological processes through means related to electromagnetism, quantum fields, and perhaps other means of modulating biological activity and information flow. The biofield paradigm, in contrast to a reductionist, chemistry-centered viewpoint, emphasizes the informational content of biological processes; biofield interactions are thought to operate in part via low-energy or "subtle" processes such as weak, nonthermal electromagnetic fields (EMFs) or processes potentially related to consciousness and nonlocality. Biofield interactions may also operate through or be reflected in more well-understood informational processes found in electroencephalographic (EEG) and electrocardiographic (ECG) data. Recent advances have led to the development of a wide variety of therapeutic and diagnostic biofield devices, defined as physical instruments best understood from the viewpoint of a biofield paradigm. Here, we provide a broad overview of biofield devices, with emphasis on those devices for which solid, peer-reviewed evidence exists. A subset of these devices, such as those based upon EEG- and ECG-based heart rate variability, function via mechanisms that are well understood and are widely employed in clinical settings. Other device modalities, such a gas discharge visualization and biophoton emission, appear to operate through incompletely understood mechanisms and have unclear clinical significance. Device modes of operation include EMF-light, EMF-heat, EMF-nonthermal, electrical current, vibration and sound, physical and mechanical, intentionality and nonlocality, gas and plasma, and other (mode of operation not well-understood). Methodological issues in device development and interfaces for future interdisciplinary research are discussed. Devices play prominent cultural and scientific roles in our society, and it is likely that device technologies will be one of the most influential access points for the furthering of biofield research and the dissemination of biofield concepts. This developing field of study presents new areas of research that have many important implications for both basic science and clinical medicine.

Static magnetic field enhances synthesis and secretion of membrane-derived microvesicles (MVs) rich in VEGF and BMP-2 in equine adipose-derived stromal cells (EqASCs)-a new approach in veterinary regenerative medicine

The aim of this work study was to evaluate the cytophysiological activity of equine adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) cultured under conditions of static magnetic field. Investigated cells were exposed to a static magnetic field (MF) with the intensity of 0.5 T. In order to investigate the effects of magnetic field on stem cell signaling, the localization and density and content of microvesicles (MVs) as well as morphology, ultrastructure, and proliferation rate of equine ASCs were evaluated. Results showed that potential of equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells was accelerated when magnetic field was applied. Resazurin-based assay indicated that the cells cultured in the magnetic field reached the population doubling time earlier and colony-forming potential of equine ASCs was higher when cells were cultured under magnetic field conditions. Morphological and ultrastructural examination of equine ASCs showed that the exposure to magnetic field did not cause any significant changes in cell morphology whereas the polarity of the cells was observed under the magnetic field conditions in ultrastructural examinations. Exposition to MF resulted in a considerable increase in the number of secreted MVs—we have clearly observed the differences between the numbers of MVs shed from the cells cultured under MF in comparison to the control culture and were rich in growth factors. Microvesicles derived from ASCs cultured in the MF condition might be utilized in the stem cell-based treatment of equine musculoskeletal disorders and tendon injuries.

Influence of inhomogeneous static magnetic field-exposure on patients with erosive gastritis: a randomized, self- and placebo-controlled, double-blind, single centre, pilot study

This pilot study was devoted to the effect of static magnetic field (SMF)-exposure on erosive gastritis. The randomized, self- and placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot study included 16 patients of the 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University diagnosed with erosive gastritis. The instrumental analysis followed a qualitative (pre-intervention) assessment of the symptoms by the patient: lower heartburn (in the ventricle), upper heartburn (in the oesophagus), epigastric pain, regurgitation, bloating and dry cough. Medical diagnosis included a double-line upper panendoscopy followed by 30 min local inhomogeneous SMF-exposure intervention at the lower sternal region over the stomach with peak-to-peak magnetic induction of 3 mT and 30 mT m(-1) gradient at the target site. A qualitative (post-intervention) assessment of the same symptoms closed the examination. Sham- or SMF-exposure was used in a double-blind manner. The authors succeeded in justifying the clinically and statistically significant beneficial effect of the SMF- over sham-exposure on the symptoms of erosive gastritis, the average effect of inhibition was 56% by p = 0.001, n = 42 + 96. This pilot study was aimed to encourage gastroenterologists to test local, inhomogeneous SMF-exposure on erosive gastritis patients, so this intervention may become an evidence-based alternative or complementary method in the clinical use especially in cases when conventional therapy options are contraindicated.

Exposure to inhomogeneous static magnetic field beneficially affects allergic inflammation in a murine model

Previous observations suggest that static magnetic field (SMF)-exposure acts on living organisms partly through reactive oxygen species (ROS) reactions. In this study, we aimed to define the impact of SMF-exposure on ragweed pollen extract (RWPE)-induced allergic inflammation closely associated with oxidative stress. Inhomogeneous SMF was generated with an apparatus validated previously providing a peak-to-peak magnetic induction of the dominant SMF component 389 mT by 39 T m(-1) lateral gradient in the in vivo and in vitro experiments, and 192 mT by 19 T m(-1) in the human study at the 3 mm target distance. Effects of SMF-exposure were studied in a murine model of allergic inflammation and also in human provoked skin allergy. We found that even a single 30-min exposure of mice to SMF immediately following intranasal RWPE challenge significantly lowered the increase in the total antioxidant capacity of the airways and decreased allergic inflammation. Repeated (on 3 consecutive days) or prolonged (60 min) exposure to SMF after RWPE challenge decreased the severity of allergic responses more efficiently than a single 30-min treatment. SMF-exposure did not alter ROS production by RWPE under cell-free conditions, while diminished RWPE-induced increase in the ROS levels in A549 epithelial cells. Results of the human skin prick tests indicated that SMF-exposure had no significant direct effect on provoked mast cell degranulation. The observed beneficial effects of SMF are likely owing to the mobilization of cellular ROS-eliminating mechanisms rather than direct modulation of ROS production by pollen NAD(P)H oxidases.

The effects of static magnetic fields on bone

All the living beings live and evolve under geomagnetic field (25-65 μT). Besides, opportunities for human exposed to different intensities of static magnetic fields (SMF) in the workplace have increased progressively, such SMF range from weak magnetic field (<1 mT), moderate SMF (1 mT-1 T) to high SMF (>1 T). Given this, numerous scientific studies focus on the health effects and have demonstrated that certain magnetic fields have positive influence on our skeleton systems. Therefore, SMF is considered as a potential physical therapy to improve bone healing and keep bones healthy nowadays. Here, we review the mechanisms of effects of SMF on bone tissue, ranging from physical interactions, animal studies to cellular studies.

Modifying bone scaffold architecture in vivo with permanent magnets to facilitate fixation of magnetic scaffolds

The fundamental elements of tissue regeneration are cells, biochemical signals and the three-dimensional microenvironment. In the described approach, biomineralized-collagen biomaterial functions as a scaffold and provides biochemical stimuli for tissue regeneration. In addition superparamagnetic nanoparticles were used to magnetize the biomaterials with direct nucleation on collagen fibres or impregnation techniques. Minimally invasive surgery was performed on 12 rabbits to implant cylindrical NdFeB magnets in close proximity to magnetic scaffolds within the lateral condyles of the distal femoral epiphyses. Under this static magnetic field we demonstrated, for the first time in vivo, that the ability to modify the scaffold architecture could influence tissue regeneration obtaining a well-ordered tissue. Moreover, the association between NdFeB magnet and magnetic scaffolds represents a potential technique to ensure scaffold fixation avoiding micromotion at the tissue/biomaterial interface.

Copper bracelets and magnetic wrist straps for rheumatoid arthritis--analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects: a randomised double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial

BACKGROUND

Folklore remedies for pain and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis include the application of magnets and copper to the skin. Despite the popular use of devices containing magnets or copper for this purpose, little research has been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of such treatments.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether the practice of wearing magnetic wrists straps, or copper bracelets, offers any specific therapeutic benefit for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

DESIGN

Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial.

METHODS

70 patients, aged 33 to 79 years and predominantly female (n = 52), with painful rheumatoid arthritis were recruited from general practices within Yorkshire. Participants were randomly allocated to wear four devices in a different order. Devices tested were: a standard (1502 to 2365 gauss) magnetic wrist strap, a demagnetised (<20 gauss) wrist strap, an attenuated (250 to 350 gauss) magnetic wrist strap, and a copper bracelet. Devices were each worn for five weeks, with treatment phases being separated by one week wash-out periods. The primary outcome measured was pain using a 100 mm visual analogue scale. Secondary pain measures were the McGill Pain Questionnaire and tender joint count. Inflammation was assessed using C-reactive protein and plasma viscosity blood tests and by swollen joint count. Physical function was assessed using the Health Assessment Questionnaire (Disability Index). Disease activity and medication use was also measured.

RESULTS

65 participants provided complete self-report outcome data for all devices, four participants provided partial data. Analysis of treatment outcomes did not reveal any statistically significant differences (P>0.05) between the four devices in terms of their effects on pain, inflammation, physical function, disease activity, or medication use.

CONCLUSIONS

Wearing a magnetic wrist strap or a copper bracelet did not appear to have any meaningful therapeutic effect, beyond that of a placebo, for alleviating symptoms and combating disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN51459023 ISRCTN51459023.

Evaluation of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in the management of patients with discogenic lumbar radiculopathy

AIM

This randomized clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effect of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) in the management of patients with discogenic lumbar radiculopathy.

METHODS

Forty patients suffering from lumbar radiculopathy due to lumbar disc prolapse were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a study group that included 20 patients who received PEMF therapy and a control group that included 20 patients who received placebo treatment. Both groups were evaluated at bases line and after 3 weeks by using a visual analogue scale (VAS) (0-10), somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) for selected dermatomes and Modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (OSW), and findings were compared before and after treatment.

RESULTS

Significant differences were observed between both groups before and after application of PEMF therapy relative to VAS (P=0.024), total OSW (P<0.001), and other domains of OSW score (pain intensity [P=0.009], personal care [P=0.01], lifting [P<0.001], walking [P<0.001], sitting [P<0.001], standing [P<0.001], sleeping [P<0.001], social life [P<0.001] and employment [P=0.003]). Other significant differences were observed between both groups relative to SSEP latency and amplitude of the evaluated dermatomes on the right side (P=0.022 and P=0.001, respectively), and left side latency and amplitude (P=0.016 and P=0.002, respectively).

CONCLUSION

PEMF therapy is an effective method for the conservative treatment of lumbar radiculopathy caused by lumbar disc prolapse. In addition to improvement of clinically observed radicular symptoms, PEMF also seems effective in reducing nerve root compression as evidenced by improvement of SSEP parameters after treatment.

Lateral gradients significantly enhance static magnetic field-induced inhibition of pain responses in mice--a double blind experimental study

Recent research demonstrated that exposure of mice to both inhomogeneous (3-477 mT) and homogeneous (145 mT) static magnetic fields (SMF) generated an analgesic effect toward visceral pain elicited by the intraperitoneal injection of 0.6% acetic acid. In the present work, we investigated behavioral responses such as writhing, entry avoidance, and site preference with the help of a specially designed cage that partially protruded into either the homogeneous (ho) or inhomogeneous (inh) SMF. Aversive effects, cognitive recognition of analgesia, and social behavior governed mice in their free locomotion between SMF and sham sides. The inhibition of pain response (I) for the 0-5, 6-20, and 21-30 min periods following the challenge was calculated by the formula I = 100 (1 - x/y) in %, where x and y represent the number of writhings in the SMF and sham sides, respectively. In accordance with previous measurements, an analgesic effect was induced in exposed mice (Iho  = 64%, P < 0.0002 and Iinh  = 62%, P < 0.002). No significant difference was found in the site preference (SMFho, inh vs. sham) indicating that SMF is neither aversive nor favorable. Comparison of writhings observed in the sham versus SMF side of the cage revealed that SMF exposure resulted in significantly fewer writhings than sham (Iho  = 64%, P < 0.004 and Iinh  = 81%, P < 0.03). Deeper statistical analysis clarified that the lateral SMF gradient between SMF and sham sides could be responsible for most of the analgesic effect (Iho  = 91%, P < 0.02 and Iinh  = 54%, P < 0.02).

Pelvic static magnetic stimulation to control urinary incontinence in older women: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVES

To determine the efficacy of non-invasive static magnetic stimulation (SMS) of the pelvic floor compared to placebo in the treatment of women aged 60 years and over with urinary incontinence for 6 months or more.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A single-blinded randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Subjects were excluded if they had an implanted electronic device, had experienced a symptomatic urinary tract infection, or had commenced pharmacotherapy for the same in the previous 4 weeks, or if they were booked for pelvic floor or gynecological surgery within the next 3 months. Once written consent was obtained, subjects were randomly assigned to the active SMS group (n=50) or the placebo group (n=51). Treatment was an undergarment incorporating 15 static magnets of 800-1200 Gauss anterior, posterior, and inferior to the pelvis for at least 12 hours a day for 3 months. Placebo was the same protocol with inert metal disks replacing the magnets. Primary outcome measure was cessation of incontinence as measured by a 24-hour pad test. Secondary outcomes were frequency and severity of symptoms as measured by the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms questionnaire (BFLUTS-SF), the Incontinence Severity Index, a Bothersomeness Visual Analog scale, and a 24-hour bladder diary. Data were collected at baseline and 12 weeks later.

RESULTS

There were no statistically significant differences between groups in any of the outcome measures from baseline to 12 weeks. Initial evidence of subjective improvement in the treatment group compared to the placebo group was not sustained with sensitivity analysis.

CONCLUSION

This study found no evidence that static magnets cure or decrease the symptoms of urinary incontinence. Additional work into the basic physics of the product and garment design is recommended prior to further clinical trials research.

Exposure to static magnetic field delays induced preterm birth occurrence in mice

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that daily 40-minute whole body exposure to an inhomogeneous static magnetic field (SMF) prolongs induced preterm birth (PTB) in mice.

STUDY DESIGN

The murine model for PTB induction was performed by the administration of 25 μg/animal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally. The applied SMF was an inhomogeneous gradient field with 2.8-476.7 millitesla peak-to-peak magnetic induction range by 10 mm lateral periodicity. During SMF exposure, mice were free to move in their cage.

RESULTS

The fetal development and the delivery were normal in animals that were exposed to SMF but not treated with LPS. SMF in these cases did not influence the term of delivery. In LPS-challenged animals, SMF exposure prolonged the time of PTB occurrence from 17.43 h (n = 7) to 21.93 h (n = 15) after the challenge (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

Exposure to inhomogeneous SMF may have a valuable effect in the prevention of PTB and may have clinical relevance to humans.

Effects of 180 mT static magnetic fields on diabetic wound healing in rats

Diabetic wound (DW) problems are becoming a formidable clinical challenge due to the sharp increase in the diabetic population and the high incidence of DW. Static magnetic field (SMF) therapy, an inexpensive and accessible noninvasive method, has been proven to be effective on various tissue repairs. However, the issue of the therapeutic effect of SMF on DW healing has never been investigated. The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the effect of a 180 mT moderate-intensity gradient SMF on DW healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty-eight 3-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (32 diabetic and 16 non-diabetic rats) were assigned to three equal groups: normal wound, DW, and DW + SMF groups. An open circular wound with 1.5 cm diameter was created in the dorsum. The wound was covered with a dressing and the magnet was fixed on top of the dressing. On days 5, 12, and 19, four rats of each group were euthanized and gross wound area, histology and tensile strength were evaluated. The wound area determination suggested that SMF significantly increased the healing rate and reduced the gross healing time. This result was further confirmed by histological observations. The wound tensile strength, reflecting the amount and quality of collagen deposition, increased to a larger extent in the DW + SMF group on days 12 and 19 compared with the DW group. The results indicated that 180 mT SMF presented a beneficial effect on DW healing, and implied the clinical potential of SMF therapy in accelerating DW repair and releasing the psychological and physical burdens of diabetic patients.

Static magnetic field exposure reproduces cellular effects of the Parkinson's disease drug candidate ZM241385

Background

This study was inspired by coalescing evidence that magnetic therapy may be a viable treatment option for certain diseases. This premise is based on the ability of moderate strength fields (i.e., 0.1 to 1 Tesla) to alter the biophysical properties of lipid bilayers and in turn modulate cellular signaling pathways. In particular, previous results from our laboratory (Wang et al., BMC Genomics, 10, 356 (2009)) established that moderate strength static magnetic field (SMF) exposure altered cellular endpoints associated with neuronal function and differentiation. Building on this background, the current paper investigated SMF by focusing on the adenosine A_2A receptor (A_2AR) in the PC12 rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line that displays metabolic features of Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methodology and Principal Findings

SMF reproduced several responses elicited by ZM241385, a selective A_2AR antagonist, in PC12 cells including altered calcium flux, increased ATP levels, reduced cAMP levels, reduced nitric oxide production, reduced p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation, inhibited proliferation, and reduced iron uptake. SMF also counteracted several PD-relevant endpoints exacerbated by A_2AR agonist CGS21680 in a manner similar to ZM241385; these include reduction of increased expression of A_2AR, reversal of altered calcium efflux, dampening of increased adenosine production, reduction of enhanced proliferation and associated p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation, and inhibition of neurite outgrowth.

Conclusions and Significance

When measured against multiple endpoints, SMF elicited qualitatively similar responses as ZM241385, a PD drug candidate. Provided that the in vitro results presented in this paper apply in vivo, SMF holds promise as an intriguing non-invasive approach to treat PD and potentially other neurological disorders.

Reduction of the Earth's magnetic field inhibits growth rates of model cancer cell lines

Small alterations in static magnetic fields have been shown to affect certain chemical reaction rates ex vivo. In this manuscript, we present data demonstrating that similar small changes in static magnetic fields between individual cell culture incubators results in significantly altered cell cycle rates for multiple cancer-derived cell lines. This change as assessed by cell number is not a result of apoptosis, necrosis, or cell cycle alterations. While the underlying mechanism is unclear, the implications for all cell culture experiments are clear; static magnetic field conditions within incubators must be considered and/or controlled just as one does for temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration.

Strontium hexaferrite nanomagnets suspended in a cosmetic preparation: a convenient tool to evaluate the biological effects of surface magnetism on human skin

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

Magnetic therapy has been popular for ages, but its therapeutic abilities remain to be demonstrated. We aimed to develop a homogeneous, stable dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles in a skin-care preparation, as a tool to analyze the biological and physiological effects of superficial magnetism in skin.

METHODS

SrFe(12)O(19) nanoparticles were generated by ultrasound, dispersed in glycerol, stabilized in Dermud cream and permanently magnetized. The magnetic cream was applied on the epidermis of human skin organ cultures. The effects on UV-induced cell toxicity, apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine expression were analyzed. A clinical test was performed to check skin moisturization.

RESULTS

Nanomagnets were found to be homogenously and stably dispersed. After magnetization, the preparation generated a magnetic field of 1-2 G. Upon cream application, no cytotoxicity and no impairment of cellular vitality were found after 24 and 48 h, respectively. The anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties of Dermud were not modified, but its long-term effect on moisturization in vivo was slightly increased.

CONCLUSION

Nanomagnetic Dermud cream can be used as a tool to analyze the biological effects of nanomagnets dispersed on the skin surface at the cellular and molecular levels, thus allowing to explore the possible therapeutic uses of superficial magnetism for skin care.

Novel insights on diagnosis, cause and treatment of diabetic neuropathy: focus on painful diabetic neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy is common, under or misdiagnosed, and causes substantial morbidity with increased mortality. Defining and developing sensitive diagnostic tests for diabetic neuropathy is not only key to implementing earlier interventions but also to ensure that the most appropriate endpoints are employed in clinical intervention trials. This is critical as many potentially effective therapies may never progress to the clinic, not due to a lack of therapeutic effect, but because the endpoints were not sufficiently sensitive or robust to identify benefit. Apart from improving glycaemic control, there is no licensed treatment for diabetic neuropathy, however, a number of pathogenetic pathways remain under active study. Painful diabetic neuropathy is a cause of considerable morbidity and whilst many pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions are currently used, only two are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. We address the important issue of the 'placebo effect' and also consider potential new pharmacological therapies as well as nonpharmacological interventions in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy.