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Berretta AA, Silveira MAD, Cóndor Capcha JM, De Jong D. Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and COVID-19 disease: Running title: Propolis against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110622. [PMID: 32890967 PMCID: PMC7430291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis, a resinous material produced by honey bees from plant exudates, has long been used in traditional herbal medicine and is widely consumed as a health aid and immune system booster. The COVID-19 pandemic has renewed interest in propolis products worldwide; fortunately, various aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanism are potential targets for propolis compounds. SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is characterized by viral spike protein interaction with cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and serine protease TMPRSS2. This mechanism involves PAK1 overexpression, which is a kinase that mediates coronavirus-induced lung inflammation, fibrosis, and immune system suppression. Propolis components have inhibitory effects on the ACE2, TMPRSS2 and PAK1 signaling pathways; in addition, antiviral activity has been proven in vitro and in vivo. In pre-clinical studies, propolis promoted immunoregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including reduction in IL-6, IL-1 beta and TNF-α. This immunoregulation involves monocytes and macrophages, as well as Jak2/STAT3, NF-kB, and inflammasome pathways, reducing the risk of cytokine storm syndrome, a major mortality factor in advanced COVID-19 disease. Propolis has also shown promise as an aid in the treatment of various of the comorbidities that are particularly dangerous in COVID-19 patients, including respiratory diseases, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. Standardized propolis products with consistent bioactive properties are now available. Given the current emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and limited therapeutic options, propolis is presented as a promising and relevant therapeutic option that is safe, easy to administrate orally and is readily available as a natural supplement and functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andresa Aparecida Berretta
- Research, Development and Innovation Department, Apis Flora Indl. Coml. Ltda, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - José Manuel Cóndor Capcha
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute at Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States.
| | - David De Jong
- Genetics Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Cusinato DAC, Martinez EZ, Cintra MTC, Filgueira GCO, Berretta AA, Lanchote VL, Coelho EB. Evaluation of potential herbal-drug interactions of a standardized propolis extract (EPP-AF®) using an in vivo cocktail approach. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:112174. [PMID: 31442620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Propolis has been employed extensively in many cultures since ancient times as antiseptic, wound healing, anti-pyretic and others due to its biological and pharmacological properties, such as immunomodulatory, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasite activities. But despite its broad and traditional use, there is little knowledge about its potential interaction with prescription drugs. AIM OF THE STUDY The main objective of this work was to study the potential herbal-drug interactions (HDIs) of EPP-AF® using an in vivo assay with a cocktail approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subtherapeutic doses of caffeine, losartan, omeprazole, metoprolol, midazolam and fexofenadine were used. Sixteen healthy adult volunteers were investigated before and after exposure to orally administered 125 mg/8 h (375 mg/day) EPP-AF® for 15 days. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on plasma concentration versus time (AUC) curves. RESULTS After exposure to EPP-AF®, it was observed decrease in the AUC0-∞ of fexofenadine, caffeine and losartan of approximately 18% (62.20 × 51.00 h.ng/mL), 8% (1085 × 999 h.ng/mL) and 13% (9.01 × 7.86 h.ng/mL), respectively, with all 90% CIs within the equivalence range of 0.80-1.25. On the other hand, omeprazole and midazolam exhibited an increase in AUC0-∞ of, respectively, approximately 18% (18.90 × 22.30 h.ng/mL) and 14% (1.25 × 1.43 h.ng/mL), with the upper bounds of 90% CIs slightly above 1.25. Changes in pharmacokinetics of metoprolol or its metabolite α-hydroxymetoprolol were not statistically significant and their 90% CIs were within the equivalence range of 0.80-1.25. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study shows that EPP-AF® does not clinically change CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities, once, despite statistical significant, the magnitude of the changes in AUC values after EPP-AF® were all below 20% and therefore may be considered safe regarding potential interactions involving these enzymes. Besides, to the best of our knowledge this is the first study to assess potential HDIs with propolis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A C Cusinato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Z Martinez
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Social Medicine, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mônica T C Cintra
- General Clinical Research Center, Teaching Hospital Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriela C O Filgueira
- Medical School, University of São Paulo Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andresa A Berretta
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento & Inovação, Apis Flora Indl. Coml. Ltda., Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera L Lanchote
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Coelho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Propolis and Its Potential to Treat Gastrointestinal Disorders. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:2035820. [PMID: 29736177 PMCID: PMC5875067 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2035820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There are a number of disorders that affect the gastrointestinal tract. Such disorders have become a global emerging disease with a high incidence and prevalence rates worldwide. Inflammatory and ulcerative processes of the stomach or intestines, such as gastritis, ulcers, colitis, and mucositis, afflict a significant proportion of people throughout the world. The role of herbal-derived medicines has been extensively explored in order to develop new effective and safe strategies to improve the available gastrointestinal therapies that are currently used in the clinical practice. Studies on the efficacy of propolis (a unique resinous aromatic substance produced by honeybees from different types of species of plants) are promising and propolis has been effective in the treatment of several pathological conditions. This review, therefore, summarizes and critiques the contents of some relevant published scientific papers (including those related to clinical trials) in order to demonstrate the therapeutic value of propolis and its active compounds in the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Efficacy of Propolis on the Denture Stomatitis Treatment in Older Adults: A Multicentric Randomized Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:8971746. [PMID: 28396692 PMCID: PMC5371226 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8971746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our hypothesis tested the efficacy and safety of a mucoadhesive oral gel formulation of Brazilian propolis extract compared to miconazole oral gel for the treatment of denture stomatitis due to Candida spp. infection in older adults. Forty patients were randomly allocated in a noninferiority clinical trial into two groups. The control group (MIC) received 20 mg/g miconazole oral gel and the study group (PROP) received mucoadhesive formulation containing standardized extract of 2% (20 mg/g) propolis (EPP-AF®) during 14 days. Patients were examined on days 1, 7, and 14. The Newton's score was used to classify the severity of denture stomatitis. The colony forming unity count (CFU/mL) was quantified and identified (CHROMagar Candida®) before and after the treatment. Baseline characteristics did not differ between groups. Both treatments reduced Newton's score (P < 0.0001), indicating a clinical improvement of the symptoms of candidiasis with a clinical cure rate of 70%. The microbiological cure with significant reduction in fungal burden on T14 was 70% in the miconazole group and 25% in the EPP-AF group. The EPP-AF appears to be noninferior to miconazole considering the clinical cure rate and could be recommended as an alternative treatment in older patients.
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Sung SH, Choi GH, Lee NW, Shin BC. External Use of Propolis for Oral, Skin, and Genital Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:8025752. [PMID: 28265293 PMCID: PMC5317107 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8025752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The aim of this review is to provide the available evidence on the external use of propolis (EUP) for oral, skin, and genital diseases. Method. We searched twelve electronic databases for relevant studies up to June 2016. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included and analysed. Results. Of the 286 articles identified, twelve potentially relevant studies met our inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis of two studies on recurrent oral aphthae (ROA) indicated that there were no significant differences in total effective rate (TER) for pain disappearance between EUP and placebo groups (RR = 1.96, 95% CI = 0.97-3.98, and P = 0.06). In two studies on skin diseases, the combined treatment of EUP with other interventions revealed significant effects on the duration of treatment or TER. In one study on genital diseases, EUP showed significant differences in genital herpes outcome measures compared to placebo. Conclusions. Our results on the effectiveness of EUP for treating oral, skin, and genital diseases are not conclusive because of the low methodological qualities and small sample sizes. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials, with high quality and large samples for specific disorders, must be conducted to obtain firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyun Sung
- Department of Policy Development, National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Seoul 04554, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Ho Choi
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Woo Lee
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Cheul Shin
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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Ethanol-Extracted Brazilian Propolis Exerts Protective Effects on Tumorigenesis in Wistar Hannover Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158654. [PMID: 27391589 PMCID: PMC4938237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted over a course of 104 weeks to estimate the carcinogenicity of ethanol-extracted Brazilian green propolis (EEP). Groups of 50 male and 50 female Wistar Hannover rats, 6-week-old at commencement were exposed to EEP at doses of 0, 0.5 or 2.5% in the diet. Survival rates of 0.5% and 2.5% EEP-treated male and female rats, respectively, were significantly higher than those of respective control groups. Overall histopathological evaluation of neoplasms in rat tissues after 2 years showed no significant increase of tumors or preneoplastic lesions in any organ of animals administered EEP. Significantly lower incidences of pituitary tumors in 0.5% EEP male and 2.5% EEP female groups, malignant lymphoma/leukemia in both 2.5% EEP-treated males and females and total thyroid tumors in 0.5% EEP male group were found. Administration of EEP caused significant decreases of lymphoid hyperplasia of the thymus and lymph nodes in 2.5% EEP-treated rats, tubular cell hyperplasia of kidneys in all EEP groups, and cortical hyperplasia of adrenals in EEP-treated females. In the blood, significant reduction of neutrophils in all EEP-treated males and band neutrophils in 2.5% EEP-treated females was found indicating lower levels of inflammation. Total cholesterol and triglicerides levels were significantly lower in the blood of 2.5% EEP-treated female rats. In conclusion, under the conditions of the 2-year feeding experiment, EEP was not carcinogenic, did not induce significant histopathological changes in any organ, and further exerted anti-inflammatory and antitumorigenic effects resulting in increase of survival of Wistar Hannover rats.
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Alday E, Valencia D, Carreño AL, Picerno P, Piccinelli AL, Rastrelli L, Robles-Zepeda R, Hernandez J, Velazquez C. Apoptotic induction by pinobanksin and some of its ester derivatives from Sonoran propolis in a B-cell lymphoma cell line. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 242:35-44. [PMID: 26367700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Propolis is a resinous substance produced by honeybees (Apis mellifera) from the selective collection of exudates and bud secretions from several plants. In previous works, we reported the antiproliferative activity of Sonoran propolis (SP) on cancer cells; in addition we suggested the induction of apoptosis after treatment with SP due to the presence of morphological changes and a characteristic DNA fragmentation pattern. Herein, in this study we demonstrated that the antiproliferative effect of SP is induced through apoptosis in a B-cell lymphoma cancer cell line, M12.C3.F6, by an annexin V-FITC/Propidium iodide double labeling. This apoptotic effect of SP resulted to be mediated by modulations in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and through activation of caspases signaling pathway (3, 8 and 9). Afterward, in order to characterize the chemical constituents of SP that induce apoptosis in cancer cells, an HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS method followed by a preparative isolation procedure and NMR spectroscopy analysis have been used. Eighteen flavonoids, commonly described in propolis from temperate regions, were characterized. Chrysin, pinocembrin, pinobanksin and its ester derivatives are the main constituents of SP and some of them have never been reported in SP. In addition, two esters of pinobanksin (8 and 13) are described by first time in propolis samples in general. The antiproliferative activity on M12.C3.F6 cells through apoptosis induction was exhibited by pinobanksin (4), pinobanksin-3-O-propanoate (14), pinobanksin-3-O-butyrate (16), pinobanksin-3-O-pentanoate (17), and the already reported galangin (11), chrysin (9) and CAPE. To our knowledge this is the first report of bioactivity of pinobanksin and some of its ester derivatives as apoptosis inducers. Further studies are needed to advance in the understanding of the molecular basis of apoptosis induction by SP and its constituents, as well as the structure-activity relationship of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain Alday
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, 83000 Hermosillo, Son., Mexico
| | - Dora Valencia
- Department of Chemical Biological and Agropecuary Sciences, University of Sonora, Av. Universidad e Irigoyen, 83600 Caborca, Son., Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Carreño
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, 83000 Hermosillo, Son., Mexico
| | - Patrizia Picerno
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Piccinelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Luca Rastrelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Ramon Robles-Zepeda
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, 83000 Hermosillo, Son., Mexico
| | - Javier Hernandez
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, 575 Xalapa, Ver., Mexico
| | - Carlos Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, 83000 Hermosillo, Son., Mexico.
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Rocha BA, Bueno PCP, Vaz MMDOLL, Nascimento AP, Ferreira NU, Moreno GDP, Rodrigues MR, Costa-Machado ARDM, Barizon EA, Campos JCL, de Oliveira PF, Acésio NDO, Martins SDPL, Tavares DC, Berretta AA. Evaluation of a Propolis Water Extract Using a Reliable RP-HPLC Methodology and In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy and Safety Characterisation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:670451. [PMID: 23710228 PMCID: PMC3655582 DOI: 10.1155/2013/670451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of propolis research, several groups have studied its antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. However, most of these studies have only employed propolis ethanolic extract (PEE) leading to little knowledge about the biological activities of propolis water extract (PWE). Based on this, in a previous study, we demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of PWE. In order to better understand the equilibrium between effectiveness and toxicity, which is essential for a new medicine, the characteristics of PWE were analyzed. We developed and validated an RP-HPLC method to chemically characterize PWE and PEE and evaluated the in vitro antioxidant/antimicrobial activity for both extracts and the safety of PWE via determining genotoxic potential using in vitro and in vivo mammalian micronucleus assays. We have concluded that the proposed analytical methodology was reliable, and both extracts showed similar chemical composition. The extracts presented antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, while PWE demonstrated higher antioxidant activity and more efficacious for the most of the microorganisms tested than PEE. Finally, PWE was shown to be safe using micronucleus assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Alves Rocha
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (P, D & I)-Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial LTDA, Rua Triunfo, 945, 14020-670 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Carolina Pires Bueno
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (P, D & I)-Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial LTDA, Rua Triunfo, 945, 14020-670 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Francisco Degni, 55, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirela Mara de Oliveira Lima Leite Vaz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (P, D & I)-Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial LTDA, Rua Triunfo, 945, 14020-670 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Andresa Piacezzi Nascimento
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (P, D & I)-Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial LTDA, Rua Triunfo, 945, 14020-670 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathália Ursoli Ferreira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (P, D & I)-Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial LTDA, Rua Triunfo, 945, 14020-670 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Padua Moreno
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (P, D & I)-Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial LTDA, Rua Triunfo, 945, 14020-670 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Rezende Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (P, D & I)-Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial LTDA, Rua Triunfo, 945, 14020-670 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita de Mello Costa-Machado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (P, D & I)-Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial LTDA, Rua Triunfo, 945, 14020-670 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Edna Aparecida Barizon
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Costa Lima Campos
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201-Parque Universitário, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nathália de Oliveira Acésio
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201-Parque Universitário, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabrina de Paula Lima Martins
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201-Parque Universitário, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Crispim Tavares
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201-Parque Universitário, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Andresa Aparecida Berretta
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (P, D & I)-Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial LTDA, Rua Triunfo, 945, 14020-670 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Release of Propolis Phenolic Acids from Semisolid Formulations and Their Penetration into the Human SkinIn Vitro. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:958717. [PMID: 23762175 PMCID: PMC3676913 DOI: 10.1155/2013/958717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects are attributed to phenolic compounds present in propolis, and when delivered to the skin surface and following penetration into epidermis and dermis, they can contribute to skin protection from damaging action of free radicals that are formed under UV and premature skin aging. This study was designed to determine the penetration of phenolic acids and vanillin into the human skinin vitrofrom experimentally designed vehicles. Results of the study demonstrated the ability of propolis phenolic acids (vanillic, coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids) and vanillin to penetrate into skin epidermis and dermis. The rate of penetration and distribution is affected both by physicochemical characteristics of active substances and physical structure and chemical composition of semisolid vehicle. Vanillin and vanillic acid demonstrated relatively high penetration through epidermis into dermis where these compounds were concentrated, coumaric and ferulic acids were uniformly distributed between epidermis and dermis, and caffeic acid slowly penetrated into epidermis and was not determined in dermis. Further studies are deemed relevant for the development of semisolid topically applied systems designed for efficient delivery of propolis antioxidants into the skin.
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Berretta AA, Nascimento AP, Bueno PCP, Vaz MMDOLL, Marchetti JM. Propolis standardized extract (EPP-AF®), an innovative chemically and biologically reproducible pharmaceutical compound for treating wounds. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:512-21. [PMID: 22457606 PMCID: PMC3314192 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a formulation, containing the propolis standardized extract (EPP-AF(®)), which can assist in the healing of skin lesions. To achieve this objective the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the propolis extract was determined. The final product was subjected to in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical evaluation. The broth macrodilution method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the extracts and formulations against the microorganisms most commonly found in burns, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Wistar rats with puncture wounded skin were used to evaluate the wound healing properties of propolis. The results of chemical and biological characterization demonstrated the batch-to-batch reproducibility of the standardized extract which is an unprecedented result. The antimicrobial and wound healing activity of the pharmaceutical studied showed the best results when samples contain 3.6% propolis, suggesting that this is the most promising composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andresa Aparecida Berretta
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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