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Deyett E, Ashworth VETM, DiSalvo B, Vieira FCF, Roper MC, Rolshausen PE. Genome Sequence Data of Achromobacter vitis, an Endophytic Species with Biocontrol Properties Against Xylella fastidiosa. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:457-459. [PMID: 37578833 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-22-0169-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Deyett
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Vanessa E T M Ashworth
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Biagio DiSalvo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | | | - M Caroline Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Philippe E Rolshausen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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Lago C, Cornara D, Minutillo SA, Moreno A, Fereres A. Feeding behaviour and mortality of Philaenus spumarius exposed to insecticides and their impact on Xylella fastidiosa transmission. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4841-4849. [PMID: 35908181 PMCID: PMC9804339 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticides are essential, though controversial tools in modern pest management. Insecticides can slow the spread of key vector-borne plant pathogens, but often lead to inconsistent results given that insecticide use is generally focused on acute toxicity under no-choice conditions. Here, we analysed the lethal (survival) and sublethal (feeding behaviour) effects of six commercial products (acetamiprid, deltamethrin, spinosad, sulfoxaflor, pyrethrin and kaolin) on Philaenus spumarius, vector of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Furthermore, we assessed the impact of insecticides displaying different degrees of acute toxicity against spittlebugs (highest to lowest: acetamiprid, pyrethrin and kaolin) on the transmission of X. fastidiosa by P. spumarius under both free-choice and no-choice conditions. RESULTS Deltamethrin, acetamiprid and to a limited extent pyrethrin significantly altered the feeding behaviour of P. spumarius. Deltamethrin and acetamiprid were highly toxic against P. spumarius, but the mortality induced by exposure to pyrethrin was limited overall. By contrast, spinosad, sulfoxaflor and kaolin did not significantly impact P. spumarius feeding behaviour or survival. Under no-choice conditions, both pyrethrin and acetamiprid reduced the X. fastidiosa inoculation rate compared with kaolin and the control. On the other hand, pyrethrin reduced transmission, but acetamiprid failed to significantly affect bacterial inoculation under free-choice conditions. CONCLUSION Pyrethrin was the only compound able to reduce X. fastidiosa transmission under both free-choice and no-choice conditions. Xylella fastidiosa management strategy based exclusively on the evaluation of insecticide acute toxicity under no-choice conditions would most likely fail to prevent, or slow, bacterial spread. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lago
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Calle Serrano 115dpdoMadridSpain
- Departamento de Producción AgrariaEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)MadridSpain
| | - Daniele Cornara
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Calle Serrano 115dpdoMadridSpain
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food SciencesEntomological and Zoological Section, University of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies ‐ Institute of Bari (CIHEAM‐Bari)ValenzanoItaly
| | - Serena Anna Minutillo
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies ‐ Institute of Bari (CIHEAM‐Bari)ValenzanoItaly
| | - Aránzazu Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Calle Serrano 115dpdoMadridSpain
- Associate Unit IVAS (CSIC‐UPM)Control of Insect Vectors of Viruses in Horticultural Sustainable SystemsMadridSpain
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Calle Serrano 115dpdoMadridSpain
- Associate Unit IVAS (CSIC‐UPM)Control of Insect Vectors of Viruses in Horticultural Sustainable SystemsMadridSpain
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MacDonald SL, Schartel TE, Cooper ML. Exploring Grower-sourced Data to Understand Spatiotemporal Trends in the Occurrence of a Vector, Pseudococcus maritimus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Improve Grapevine Leafroll Disease Management. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1452-1461. [PMID: 34002772 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine leafroll disease is a significant concern in the wine grape industry, as it spreads rapidly and contributes to economically significant reductions in yield and grape quality. Our objective was to utilize 5 yr of grower-sourced data from Napa (California, USA) to improve local and regional disease management efforts. Specifically, we applied a spatially integrated multivariate clustering technique to improve understanding of spatiotemporal trends in Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) male populations-the primary vector in the region. We also implemented generalized linear mixed models to evaluate the effects of two key practices, insecticide sprays and roguing, on disease incidence. Results show P. maritimus has a biannual flight pattern in the study area, with the first flight peaking in early May and the second between early August and early September. Clusters of P. maritimus flight data fall largely within the vineyard footprints of individual growers, but also showed clear neighborhood effects. We found that when disease incidence within a block is <1%, consistent monitoring and removal of diseased vines is required to contain within-block spread. As within-block disease incidence grows to 1-20%, both insecticide applications and roguing are effective practices to reduce spread. At incidence levels >20%, roguing is a critical practice. Our results emphasize the importance of individual management efforts, but also the value of programs that engage the wider neighboring community and highlight the power of community data collection to guide decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L MacDonald
- UC Cooperative Extension, 1710 Soscol Ave, Suite 4, Napa, CA 94559, USA
| | - Tyler E Schartel
- University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign, Prairie Research Institute, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Monica L Cooper
- UC Cooperative Extension, 1710 Soscol Ave, Suite 4, Napa, CA 94559, USA
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Daugherty MP, Almeida RPP. Understanding How an Invasive Vector Drives Pierce's Disease Epidemics: Seasonality and Vine-to-Vine Spread. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:277-285. [PMID: 30451633 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-18-0217-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For vector-borne plant pathogens, disease epidemics may be attributable to multiple mechanisms, including introduction of a novel vector whose epidemiological role differs from that of native vectors. In such cases, understanding an exotic vector's ability to drive an epidemic is central to mitigating its impact. We studied how the invasive glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis Germar) can drive Pierce's disease outbreaks in vineyards, focusing on its potential to promote vine-to-vine (i.e., secondary) spread of Xylella fastidiosa relative to potential constraints stemming from seasonality in the pathosystem. First, we developed a general vector-borne disease model to understand the consequences for disease dynamics of (i) seasonal acquisition efficiency and (ii) seasonal host recovery from infection. Results of the modeling indicate that these two sources of seasonality could constrain disease incidence, particularly when working in concert. Next, we established a field cage experiment to determine whether H. vitripennis promotes vine-to-vine spread, and looked for evidence of seasonality in spread. Broadly, results from the experiment supported assumptions of the model; there was modest to significant increase in the frequency of pathogen spread over the first season, and those new infections that occurred later in the season were more likely to recover during winter. Ultimately, by the end of the second season, there was not evidence of significant secondary spread, likely due to a combination of seasonal constraints and low transmission efficiency by H. vitripennis. Collectively, these results suggest that, although H. vitripennis may be able to promote vine-to-vine spread in certain contexts, it may not be the key factor explaining its impact. Rather, the ability of H. vitripennis to drive epidemics is likely to be more directly related to its potential to reach higher population densities than native vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Daugherty
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521 and Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley 94720
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521 and Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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Jeger M, Bragard C. The Epidemiology of Xylella fastidiosa; A Perspective on Current Knowledge and Framework to Investigate Plant Host-Vector-Pathogen Interactions. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:200-209. [PMID: 30365394 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-18-0239-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insect-transmitted plant diseases caused by viruses, phytoplasmas, and bacteria share many features in common regardless of the causal agent. This perspective aims to show how a model framework, developed originally for plant virus diseases, can be modified for the case of diseases incited by Xylella fastidiosa. In particular, the model framework enables the specification of a simple but quite general invasion criterion defined in terms of key plant, pathogen, and vector parameters and, importantly, their interactions, which determine whether or not an incursion or isolated outbreak of a pathogen will lead to establishment, persistence, and subsequent epidemic development. Hence, this approach is applicable to the wide range of X. fastidiosa-incited diseases that have recently emerged in southern Europe, each with differing host plant, pathogen subspecies, and vector identities. Of particular importance are parameters relating to vector abundance and activity, transmission characteristics, and behavior in relation to preferences for host infection status. Some gaps in knowledge with regard to the developing situation in Europe are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jeger
- First author: Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL7 9LU, United Kingdom; and second author: Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claude Bragard
- First author: Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL7 9LU, United Kingdom; and second author: Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Deyett E, Rolshausen PE. Temporal Dynamics of the Sap Microbiome of Grapevine Under High Pierce's Disease Pressure. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1246. [PMID: 31681363 PMCID: PMC6805966 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine is a pillar of the California state economy and agricultural identity. This study provides a comprehensive culture-independent microbiome analysis from the sap of grapevine overtime and in a context of a vascular disease. The vascular system plays a key role by transporting nutrient, water and signals throughout the plant. The negative pressure in the xylem conduits, and low oxygen and nutrient content of its sap make it a unique and underexplored microbial environment. We hypothesized that grapevine hosts in its sap, microbes that have a beneficial impact on plant health by protecting against pathogen attack and supporting key biological processes. To address this hypothesis, we chose a vineyard under high Pierce's disease (PD). PD is caused by the xylem-dwelling pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. We selected ten grapevines within this vineyard with a range of disease phenotypes, and monitored them over 2 growing seasons. We sampled each vines at key phenological stages (bloom, veraison, and post-harvest) and used an amplicon metagenomics approach to profile the bacterial (16S -V4) and fungal (ITS) communities of the sap. We identified a core microbiome of the sap composed of seven bacterial (Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, Massilia, Acinetobacter and Bacillus) and five fungal (Cladosporium, Mycosphaerella, Alternaria, Aureobasidium, and Filobasidium) taxa that were present throughout the growing season. Overall, the sap microbial makeup collected from canes was more similar to the root microbial profile. Alpha diversity metrics indicated a microbial enrichment at bloom and in vines with moderate PD severity suggesting a host-driven microbial response to environmental cues. Beta diversity metrics demonstrated that disease condition and plant phenology impacted microbial community profiles. Our study identified several potential taxonomic targets with antimicrobial and plant growth promoting capabilities that inhabit the grapevine sap and that should be further tested as potential biological control or biofertilizer agents.
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Zeilinger AR, Turek D, Cornara D, Sicard A, Lindow SE, Almeida RPP. Bayesian vector transmission model detects conflicting interactions from transgenic disease‐resistant grapevines. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Zeilinger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California 130 Mulford Hall Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Daniel Turek
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics Williams College Williamstown Massachusetts 01267 USA
| | - Daniele Cornara
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas ICA‐CSIC Calle Serrano 115 dpdo Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Anne Sicard
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California 130 Mulford Hall Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Steven E. Lindow
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Rodrigo P. P. Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California 130 Mulford Hall Berkeley California 94720 USA
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Kyrkou I, Pusa T, Ellegaard-Jensen L, Sagot MF, Hansen LH. Pierce's Disease of Grapevines: A Review of Control Strategies and an Outline of an Epidemiological Model. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2141. [PMID: 30258423 PMCID: PMC6143690 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a notorious plant pathogenic bacterium that represents a threat to crops worldwide. Its subspecies, Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa is the causal agent of Pierce's disease of grapevines. Pierce's disease has presented a serious challenge for the grapevine industry in the United States and turned into an epidemic in Southern California due to the invasion of the insect vector Homalodisca vitripennis. In an attempt to minimize the effects of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa in vineyards, various studies have been developing and testing strategies to prevent the occurrence of Pierce's disease, i.e., prophylactic strategies. Research has also been undertaken to investigate therapeutic strategies to cure vines infected by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa. This report explicitly reviews all the strategies published to date and specifies their current status. Furthermore, an epidemiological model of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa is proposed and key parameters for the spread of Pierce's disease deciphered in a sensitivity analysis of all model parameters. Based on these results, it is concluded that future studies should prioritize therapeutic strategies, while investments should only be made in prophylactic strategies that have demonstrated promising results in vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifigeneia Kyrkou
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Taneli Pusa
- INRIA Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, Montbonnot-Saint-Martin, France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Computer, Automatic and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lea Ellegaard-Jensen
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Marie-France Sagot
- INRIA Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, Montbonnot-Saint-Martin, France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lars Hestbjerg Hansen
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
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Sicard A, Zeilinger AR, Vanhove M, Schartel TE, Beal DJ, Daugherty MP, Almeida RPP. Xylella fastidiosa: Insights into an Emerging Plant Pathogen. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:181-202. [PMID: 29889627 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa re-emerged as a plant pathogen of global importance in 2013 when it was first associated with an olive tree disease epidemic in Italy. The current threat to Europe and the Mediterranean basin, as well as other world regions, has increased as multiple X. fastidiosa genotypes have now been detected in Italy, France, and Spain. Although X. fastidiosa has been studied in the Americas for more than a century, there are no therapeutic solutions to suppress disease development in infected plants. Furthermore, because X. fastidiosa is an obligatory plant and insect vector colonizer, the epidemiology and dynamics of each pathosystem are distinct. They depend on the ecological interplay of plant, pathogen, and vector and on how interactions are affected by biotic and abiotic factors, including anthropogenic activities and policy decisions. Our goal with this review is to stimulate discussion and novel research by contextualizing available knowledge on X. fastidiosa and how it may be applicable to emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sicard
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
- Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plant-Parasite, UMR 0385, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Montpellier SupAgro, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier CEDEX 05, France
| | - Adam R Zeilinger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Mathieu Vanhove
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Tyler E Schartel
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Dylan J Beal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Matthew P Daugherty
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
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Cooper ML, Daugherty MP, Jeske DR, Almeida RPP, Daane KM. Incidence of Grapevine Leafroll Disease: Effects of Grape Mealybug (Pseudococcus maritimus) Abundance and Pathogen Supply. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:1542-1550. [PMID: 29726945 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies of spatiotemporal dynamics are central to efforts to characterize the epidemiology of infectious disease, such as mechanism of pathogen spread and pathogen or vector sources in the landscape, and are critical to the development of effective disease management programs. To that end, we conducted a multi-year study of 20 vineyard blocks in coastal northern California to relate the dynamics of a mealybug vector, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), to incidence of grapevine leafroll disease (GLD). In each vineyard block, a subset of vines were scored visually for relative mealybug abundance, disease was quantified by visual assessment, and virus presence was verified using standard laboratory molecular assays. GLD incidence was analyzed with a classification and regression tree, and with a hierarchical model that also captured variability among blocks and heterogeneity within blocks. Both analyses found strong interannual variability in incidence, with the hierarchical model also capturing substantial between- and within-block heterogeneity, but with significant contributions of vector abundance and pathogen supply (prior disease incidence) to the frequency of newly diseased vines. These results strengthen further the conclusion that mealybug vectors are causally related to pathogen spread in this system and are therefore an important target for management. Moreover, they are consistent with relatively efficient secondary spread of the pathogen, suggesting an important role for the removal of diseased vines as a tool to mitigate further damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Cooper
- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Cooperative Extension, Napa, CA
| | | | - Daniel R Jeske
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Kent M Daane
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA
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Rapicavoli J, Ingel B, Blanco‐Ulate B, Cantu D, Roper C. Xylella fastidiosa: an examination of a re-emerging plant pathogen. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:786-800. [PMID: 28742234 PMCID: PMC6637975 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Xylella fastidiosa is a Gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen with an extremely wide host range. This species has recently been resolved into subspecies that correlate with host specificity. This review focuses on the status of X. fastidiosa pathogenic associations in plant hosts in which the bacterium is either endemic or has been recently introduced. Plant diseases associated with X. fastidiosa have been documented for over a century, and much about what is known in the context of host-pathogen interactions is based on these hosts, such as grape and citrus, in which this pathogen has been well described. Recent attention has focused on newly emerging X. fastidiosa diseases, such as in olives. TAXONOMY Bacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; family Xanthomonadaceae; genus Xylella; species fastidiosa. MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Gram-negative rod (0.25-0.35 × 0.9-3.5 μm), non-flagellate, motile via Type IV pili-mediated twitching, fastidious. HOST RANGE Xylella fastidiosa has a broad host range that includes ornamental, ecological and agricultural plants belonging to over 300 different species in 63 different families. To date, X. fastidiosa has been found to be pathogenic in over 100 plant species. In addition, it can establish non-symptomatic associations with many plants as a commensal endophyte. Here, we list the four distinct subspecies of X. fastidiosa and some of the agriculturally relevant diseases caused by them: X. fastidiosa ssp. fastidiosa causes Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera); X. fastidiosa ssp. multiplex causes almond leaf scorch (ALS) and diseases on other nut and shade tree crops; X. fastidiosa ssp. pauca causes citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) (Citrus spp.), coffee leaf scorch and olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) (Olea europaea); X. fastidiosa ssp. sandyi causes oleander leaf scorch (OLS) (Nerium oleander). Significant host specificity seemingly exists for some of the subspecies, although this could be a result of technical biases based on the limited number of plants tested, whereas some subspecies are not as stringent in their host range and can infect several plant hosts. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Most X. fastidiosa-related diseases appear as marginal leaf necrosis and scorching of the leaves. In the case of PD, X. fastidiosa can also cause desiccation of berries (termed 'raisining'), irregular periderm development and abnormal abscission of petioles. In olive trees affected with OQDS, leaves exhibit marginal necrosis and defoliation, and overall tree decline occurs. Plants with ALS and OLS also exhibit the characteristic leaf scorch symptoms. Not all X. fastidiosa-related diseases exhibit the typical leaf scorch symptoms. These include CVC and Phony Peach disease, amongst others. In the case of CVC, symptoms include foliar wilt and interveinal chlorosis on the upper surfaces of the leaves (similar to zinc deficiency), which correspond to necrotic, gum-like regions on the undersides of the leaves. Additional symptoms of CVC include defoliation, dieback and hardening of fruits. Plants infected with Phony Peach disease exhibit a denser, more compact canopy (as a result of shortened internodes, darker green leaves and delayed leaf senescence), premature bloom and reduced fruit size. Some occlusions occur in the xylem vessels, but there are no foliar wilting, chlorosis or necrosis symptoms . USEFUL WEBSITES: http://www.piercesdisease.org/; https://pubmlst.org/xfastidiosa/; http://www.xylella.lncc.br/; https://nature.berkeley.edu/xylella/; https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/plant_health_biosecurity/legislation/emergency_measures/xylella-fastidiosa_en.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Rapicavoli
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA
| | - Brian Ingel
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA
| | | | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and EnologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616USA
| | - Caroline Roper
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA
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Hao L, Johnson K, Cursino L, Mowery P, Burr TJ. Characterization of the Xylella fastidiosa PD1311 gene mutant and its suppression of Pierce's disease on grapevines. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:684-694. [PMID: 27388152 PMCID: PMC6638296 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa causes Pierce's disease (PD) on grapevines, leading to significant economic losses in grape and wine production. To further our understanding of X. fastidiosa virulence on grapevines, we examined the PD1311 gene, which encodes a putative acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) synthetase, and is highly conserved across Xylella species. It was determined that PD1311 is required for virulence, as the deletion mutant, ΔPD1311, was unable to cause disease on grapevines. The ΔPD1311 strain was impaired in behaviours known to be associated with PD development, including motility, aggregation and biofilm formation. ΔPD1311 also expressed enhanced sensitivity to H2 O2 and polymyxin B, and showed reduced survival in grapevine sap, when compared with wild-type X. fastidiosa Temecula 1 (TM1). Following inoculation, ΔPD1311 could not be detected in grape shoots, which may be related to its altered growth and sensitivity phenotypes. Inoculation with ΔPD1311 2 weeks prior to TM1 prevented the development of PD in a significant fraction of vines and eliminated detectable levels of TM1. In contrast, vines inoculated simultaneously with TM1 and ΔPD1311 developed disease at the same level as TM1 alone. In these vines, TM1 populations were distributed similarly to populations in TM1-only inoculated plants. These findings suggest that, through an indirect mechanism, pretreatment of vines with ΔPD1311 suppresses pathogen population and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Hao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant–Microbe BiologyCornell University‐New York State Agricultural Experiment StationGenevaNY14456USA
| | - Kameka Johnson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant–Microbe BiologyCornell University‐New York State Agricultural Experiment StationGenevaNY14456USA
| | - Luciana Cursino
- Department of BiologyHobart and William Smith CollegesGenevaNY14456USA
- Present address:
Division of Natural SciencesKeuka CollegeKeuka ParkNY14478USA
| | - Patricia Mowery
- Department of BiologyHobart and William Smith CollegesGenevaNY14456USA
| | - Thomas J. Burr
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant–Microbe BiologyCornell University‐New York State Agricultural Experiment StationGenevaNY14456USA
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Wallingford AK, Fuchs MF, Martinson T, Hesler S, Loeb GM. Slowing the Spread of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses in Commercial Vineyards With Insecticide Control of the Vector, Pseudococcus maritimus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:112. [PMID: 26223949 PMCID: PMC4675723 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Vineyards were surveyed for grapevine leafroll-associated viruses and their insect vectors in New York State's Finger Lakes region in 2006-2008. Grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Erhorn) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), European Fruit Lecanium, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouche), and Cottony Maple Scale, Pulvinaria acericola (Walsh and Riley) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) were identified as vector species in this region. An increase in the incidence of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1) and GLRaV-3 was observed in 8 of the 20 vineyards surveyed, which implies transmission by these insect vectors. Two of the vineyards for which a temporal increase in disease incidence was documented were then used to evaluate the efficacy of foliar applications of horticultural oil and two classes of insecticides for control of P. maritimus and for slowing virus spread over 2 years of vine protection. Delayed dormant applications of horticultural oil contributed to control of early season crawlers; however, this was not the case for control of summer populations. Applications of acetamiprid and spirotetramat achieved control in summer populations; however, spirotetramat outperformed acetamiprid in percent reduction of treated compared with control vines and in a side-by-side trial. Vines treated with spirotetramat had a lower percentage of new vines testing positive for GLRaV-1 than control vines after 2 years, while no other spray program altered the increase in incidence of GLRaV-1 or -3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Wallingford
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - M F Fuchs
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - T Martinson
- Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Hedrick Hall, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - S Hesler
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - G M Loeb
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456 Corresponding author, e-mail:
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