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Abshire J, Harman R, Bruce A, Gillette S, Maille JM, Ranabhat S, Scully ED, Zhu KY, Gerken AR, Morrison WR. Flight capacity and behavior of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in response to kairomonal and pheromonal stimuli. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024:nvae039. [PMID: 38704359 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvae039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Flight behavior is an important component to understand in the context of pest management. However, because of their small size, little is known about the flight capacity of most stored-product insects, and when a flight has been assessed, it usually consists of a propensity for initiating flight. Despite a priori expectations of the importance of flight for moths, there are no data about the flight capacity and little on the flight behavior of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). As a result, the objective of the current study was to (i) characterize the baseline flight capacity of E. kuehniella and (ii) determine how flight capacity is affected by the presence of kairomonal, pheromonal, or no stimuli. We found adult E. kuehniella flew a mean of 24-34 km in a 24-h period, and the distance flown per bout increased from 91 to 207 m in the presence of pheromones but decreased to 41 m when food was nearby compared to a negative control. The total number of flight bouts was 1.6-fold higher in the presence of pheromone compared to the negative control, but E. kuehniella flew significantly slower with pheromone and food cues present, suggesting they may be exhibiting an optimal foraging strategy. Our data on flight capacity results in qualitatively and quantitatively different conclusions about flight than those conclusions formed if only flight initiation is considered. Overall, this novel information is useful for understanding the spread within facilities and in the landscape (between facilities), as well as parameterizing ecological modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Abshire
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Rachel Harman
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Alexander Bruce
- Plant Biotechnology Building, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Samantha Gillette
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, 2900 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Maille
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, 1603 Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sabita Ranabhat
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, 1603 Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Erin D Scully
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, 1603 Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Alison R Gerken
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - William R Morrison
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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Gerken AR, Dryer D, Campbell JF. Distance-based Decision-making in Oviposition by Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on Low- and No-gluten Flours. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:605-614. [PMID: 36691836 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The increasing popularity of low- and no-gluten flours as wheat flour alternatives has driven the need to understand risks of insect pest infestation in these products. Previous research using no-choice bioassays found that the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst can oviposit and develop on a range of alternative flours; here we test T. castaneum preference by assessing attraction in a wind tunnel assay and oviposition preference in both small- and large-scale choice assays between alternative and wheat flour. Some flours such as buckwheat, teff, millet, rice, and rye elicit similar responses as wheat flour for both attraction and oviposition. Other flours such as cassava and oat were not preferred for either oviposition or attraction behaviors. Flours like sorghum and amaranth, had mixed preferences for oviposition, with decreased oviposition in the small arena but not the large arena. Comparisons to published developmental success rates of T. castnaeum on these dietsindicate that females can choose diets on which they have high developmental success, such as buckwheat or teff, and avoid flours like cassava where developmental success is low. However, mismatch of oviposition preference and developmental success also occurs, in flours such as rice and amaranth. These results suggest the red flour beetle has limited ability to make adaptive food selections for egg laying. Further analysis of the chemical and physical properties associated with preferred and nonpreferred flours can provide information on cues associated with egg laying as well as how these cues could be exploited in pest management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Gerken
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Danielle Dryer
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - James F Campbell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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Ponce MA, Sierra P, Maille JM, Kim TN, Scully ED, Morrison WR. Attraction, mobility, and preference by Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Ptinidae) to microbially-mediated volatile emissions by two species of fungi in stored grain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6176. [PMID: 37061590 PMCID: PMC10105710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects and microbes are known to interact in a variety of ways at food facilities, compounding damage. However, little research has explicated how specific common fungal species affect the behavior of the cosmopolitan secondary stored product pest, Lasioderma serricorne. Enhanced knowledge about attraction to microbially-produced volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) may be used to manipulate insect behavior. Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides are two common, widespread pre- and postharvest fungi on small cereals that produce aflatoxins and fumonisins, respectively, while directly competing with each other for nutrients. Our goals were to (1) characterize the volatile emissions from grain inoculated by A. flavus or F. verticillioides derived from the cuticle of L. serricorne compared to uninoculated and sanitized grain, and (2) understand how MVOCs from each fungal species affects mobility, attraction, and preference by L. serricorne. Headspace collection revealed that the F. verticillioides- and A. flavus-inoculated grain produced significantly different volatiles compared to sanitized grain or the positive control. Changes in MVOC emissions affected close-range foraging during an Ethovision movement assay, with a greater frequency of entering and spending time in a small zone with kernels inoculated with A. flavus compared to other treatments. In the release-recapture assay, MVOCs were found to be attractive to L. serricorne at longer distances in commercial pitfall traps. There was no preference shown among semiochemical stimuli in a still-air, four-way olfactometer. Overall, our study suggests that MVOCs are important for close- and long-range orientation of L. serricorne during foraging, and that MVOCs may have the potential for inclusion in behaviorally-based tactics for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Ponce
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 W. Waters Hall, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Petra Sierra
- Biology Department, Kalamazoo College, 1200 Academy St., Kalamazoo, MI, 49006, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Maille
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 W. Waters Hall, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Tania N Kim
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 W. Waters Hall, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Erin D Scully
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - William R Morrison
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
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Campbell JF, Athanassiou CG, Hagstrum DW, Zhu KY. Tribolium castaneum: A Model Insect for Fundamental and Applied Research. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 67:347-365. [PMID: 34614365 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-080921-075157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tribolium castaneum has a long history as a model species in many distinct subject areas, but improved connections among the genetics, genomics, behavioral, ecological, and pest management fields are needed to fully realize this species' potential as a model. Tribolium castaneum was the first beetle whose genome was sequenced, and a new genome assembly and enhanced annotation, combined with readily available genomic research tools, have facilitated its increased use in a wide range of functional genomics research. Research into T. castaneum's sensory systems, response to pheromones and kairomones, and patterns of movement and landscape utilization has improved our understanding of behavioral and ecological processes. Tribolium castaneum has also been a model in the development of pest monitoring and management tactics, including evaluation of insecticide resistance mechanisms. Application of functional genomics approaches to behavioral, ecological, and pest management research is in its infancy but offers a powerful tool that can link mechanism with function and facilitate exploitation of these relationships to better manage this important food pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Campbell
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA;
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos 382 21, Greece;
| | - David W Hagstrum
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA; ,
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA; ,
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Đukić N, Andrić G, Glinwood R, Ninkovic V, Andjelković B, Radonjić A. The effect of 1-pentadecene on Tribolium castaneum behaviour: Repellent or attractant? PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4034-4039. [PMID: 33896101 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Movement of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), in stored products is mediated by food volatiles and other semiochemicals. RESULTS In two-way olfactometer assays, T. castaneum was more attracted to wheat bran previously infested with conspecifics than to uninfested bran. Chemical analysis showed that 1-pentadecene was present in the headspace of T. castaneum-infested wheat bran, but not detectable in the headspace of uninfested bran. An olfactometer was used to test the effect on T. castaneum behaviour of 1-pentadecene, and of volatiles from wheat bran with and without 1-pentadecene. The lowest concentration of 1-pentadecene exhibited an attractive effect, compared to the control (n-hexane). Slightly higher concentrations showed a neutral effect, while the highest concentrations repelled T. castaneum. Wheat bran with a low 1-pentadecene concentration was more attractive than wheat bran alone, whereas higher concentrations of 1-pentadecene were repellent. CONCLUSION The results provide important information on intraspecific, semiochemical-mediated behaviour in T. castaneum, which could potentially be used to develop new methods to monitor the flour beetles in stored products. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Đukić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Andrić
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Robert Glinwood
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Velemir Ninkovic
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Andja Radonjić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Morrison WR, Scully ED, Campbell JF. Towards developing areawide semiochemical-mediated, behaviorally-based integrated pest management programs for stored product insects. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2667-2682. [PMID: 33481331 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With less emphasis on fumigation after harvest, due to the phase-out of methyl bromide and increasing phosphine resistance, diversified postharvest integrated pest management (IPM) programs are needed. Here, we synthesize knowledge on semiochemical-mediated, behaviorally-based tactics, wherein semiochemicals are deployed to manipulate pest behavior to protect commodities. We note that beyond monitoring, commercial use is limited to mating disruption targeting mostly moths. In total, behaviorally-based tactics have been attempted for eight species of stored product insects from two orders and six families. Eighteen challenges were identified that may have prevented robust implementation of semiochemicals for behaviorally-based management in stored products, including direct competition with ubiquitous food cues, and the diverse insect assemblages that colonize food facilities. Further, we discuss the scientific data and methods required to support stakeholder acceptance of semiochemicals at food facilities, including demonstrating that pests are not attracted from the landscape and minimal spillover around pheromones. We sketch a robust areawide behaviorally-based IPM program after harvest, and clarify properties for improving semiochemicals, including incorporating those that are broad spectrum, competitive with food cues, potent at low concentration, and exhibit dose-dependent attraction. The research gaps and testable hypotheses described here will speed developing behaviorally-based tactics at food facilities. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Morrison
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Erin D Scully
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - James F Campbell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Ponce MA, Kim TN, Morrison III WR. A Systematic Review of the Behavioral Responses by Stored-Product Arthropods to Individual or Blends of Microbially Produced Volatile Cues. INSECTS 2021; 12:391. [PMID: 33925242 PMCID: PMC8145595 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microbes are ubiquitous and play important ecological roles in a variety of habitats. While research has been largely focused on arthropods and microbes separately in the post-harvest supply chain, less attention has been paid to their interactions with each other. Up to this point, there has been no attempt to systematically describe the patterns of behavioral responses by stored-product insects to microbially produced volatile organic compounds (MVOCs). Thus, our aims were to evaluate whether stored-product arthropods were primarily and significantly attracted, repelled, or had a net neutral effect (e.g., unaffected or mixed) by MVOCs presented as (1) complex headspace blends or (2) single constituents and known mixtures. In total, we found 43 articles that contained 384 sets of tests with different combinations of methodology and/or qualitative findings, describing the behavioral responses of 24 stored-product arthropod species from two classes, four orders, and 14 families to 58 individual microbial compounds and the complex headspace blends from at least 78 microbial taxa. A total of five and four stored-product arthropod species were significantly attracted and repelled by MVOCs across odor sources, respectively, while 13 were unaffected or exhibited mixed effects. We summarize the biases in the literature, including that the majority of tests have occurred in the laboratory with a limited subset of methodology and has largely only assessed the preference of adult arthropods. Finally, we identify foundational hypotheses for the roles that MVOCs play for stored-product arthropods as well as gaps in research and future directions, while highlighting that the behavioral responses to MVOCs are complex, context-, and taxon-dependent, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Ponce
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 W. Waters Hall, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Tania N. Kim
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 W. Waters Hall, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - William R. Morrison III
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
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Doud CW, Phillips TW. Responses of Red Flour Beetle Adults, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Other Stored Product Beetles to Different Pheromone Trap Designs. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110733. [PMID: 33120887 PMCID: PMC7692291 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Traps are used to monitor insect pests in stored food product habitats, and information on insects trapped can be used for making control decisions in pest control programs. A special trap is used for adults of the red flour beetle, one of the most serious pests of flourmills worldwide. The red flour beetle trap is a “pitfall” design wherein a walking beetle orients to the trap, it climbs up the inclined side of the trap to the top of a cup, it then slips or walks over the edge of the cup. The beetle falls into the bottom of the cup, where it is retained and killed inside the food oil placed in the bottom of the cup. However, dusty environments can result in the pitfall trap operating poorly and not capturing beetles at an optimum level. This research showed that a dust cover can be applied to the top of a baited pitfall trap and significantly improve capture of beetles in dusty environments of a flourmill. The dust cover was incorporated into the commercial pitfall trap product and now is known as the Dome trap, which is widely used for pest management of flour beetles and other stored product insects throughout the grain and food industries in many countries. Abstract A series of laboratory and field experiments were performed to assess the responses of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and other stored-product beetles to pheromone-baited traps and trap components. A commercial Tribolium pitfall trap called the Flit-Trak M2, the predecessor to the Dome trap, was superior in both laboratory and field experiments over the other floor trap designs assessed at capturing walking T. castaneum. In field experiments, Typhaea stercorea (L.) and Ahasverus advena (Stephens) both preferred a sticky trap to the pitfall trap. Although the covered trap is effective at capturing several other species of stored product beetles, the synthetic Tribolium aggregation pheromone lure is critical for the pitfall trap’s efficacy for T. castaneum. Although the food-based trapping oil used in the pitfall trap was not found to be attractive to T. castaneum when assayed alone, it had value as an enhancer of the pheromone bait when the two were used together in the trap. A dust cover modification made to go over the pitfall trap was effective in protecting the trap from dust, although the trap was still vulnerable to dust contamination from sanitation techniques that used compressed air to blow down the mill floors. Capture of T. castaneum in the modified trap performed as well as the standard trap design in a non-dusty area of a flour mill, and was significantly superior over the standard trap in a dusty area. T. castaneum responded in flight outside a flourmill preferentially to multiple funnel traps with pheromone lures compared to traps without pheromone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl W. Doud
- Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
- Mosquito Control Midland County, 2180 N Meridian Road, Sanford, MI 48657, USA
| | - Thomas W. Phillips
- Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Kavallieratos NG, Andrić G, Pražić Golić M, Nika EP, Skourti A, Kljajić P, Papanikolaou NE. Biological Features and Population Growth of Two Southeastern European Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Strains. INSECTS 2020; 11:E218. [PMID: 32252265 PMCID: PMC7240364 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A study of the biological features and the potential population growth between two laboratory strains of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from Greece and Serbia is conducted on cracked barley and cracked white rice. The results show that, at a species level, T. confusum is able to complete development on cracked barley but not on cracked white rice. Therefore, cracked white rice proves to be an unsuitable commodity for T. confusum. Larval development on cracked barley is significantly shorter for the Serbian compared to the Greek strain (37.7 and 49.7 days, respectively), but pupal development does not differ between the two strains (6.2 days for both strains). Additionally, male longevity does not differ between the Greek and Serbian strains (144.4 and 151.4 days, respectively), while female longevity is significantly shorter for the Serbian (151.7 days) compared to the Greek strain (186.6 days). Fecundity does not differ between the two strains (11.3 and 17.7 eggs/female for the Greek and the Serbian strain, respectively), whilst survival is higher for the Serbian strain on both tested commodities. The values of the net reproductive rate, the intrinsic rate of increase and the finite rate of increase on cracked barley are significantly higher for the Serbian (7.27 females/female, 0.025 female/female/day and 1.026, respectively) compared to the Greek strain (2.91 females/female, 0.014 females/female/day and 1.014, respectively). It therefore is expected that different strains of T. confusum may exhibit variable phenology as well as potential population growth. Additionally, we expect our results to have bearing on the management of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Attica, Greece; (N.G.K.); (G.A.); (M.P.G.); (E.P.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Goran Andrić
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Attica, Greece; (N.G.K.); (G.A.); (M.P.G.); (E.P.N.); (A.S.)
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Marijana Pražić Golić
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Attica, Greece; (N.G.K.); (G.A.); (M.P.G.); (E.P.N.); (A.S.)
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Erifili P. Nika
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Attica, Greece; (N.G.K.); (G.A.); (M.P.G.); (E.P.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Skourti
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Attica, Greece; (N.G.K.); (G.A.); (M.P.G.); (E.P.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Petar Kljajić
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Nikos E. Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Attica, Greece; (N.G.K.); (G.A.); (M.P.G.); (E.P.N.); (A.S.)
- Directorate of Plant Produce Protection, Greek Ministry of Rural Development and Food, 150 Sygrou Ave., 17671 Athens, Attica, Greece
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