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Avila-Vanzzini N, Lancellotti P, Fernandez Calix LA, De León López W, Berrios-Bárcenas E, Aranda-Fraustro A, Jordan-Rios A, Herrera-Bello H, Rivera-Lara P, Arias-Godínez JA, Vannan MA. Histopathological maladaptive changes in the explanted human mitral leaflets correlate with changes in echocardiographic leaflet morphology and the severity of ischaemic mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 24:392-400. [PMID: 35348652 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Several changes of the mitral valve (MV) morphology have been previously documented in ischaemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) upon macro and microscopic examination. This study aimed to correlate echocardiographic MV thickening with IMR severity and to delineate the histopathological basis of valve thickening from the explanted leaflets. METHODS AND RESULTS Two hundred and fifty patients were included in the echo-group; of these, 48 patients (19.2%) underwent surgical mitral valve replacement (MVR), including them in the histology-group. By echocardiography, the thickness of the anterior and posterior leaflet was more extensive in moderate to severe IMR, P < 0.001. Histology-group: patients were divided into two groups based on the median thickness: those with cusp thickness <0.42 cm in Group 1, and ≥0.42 cm in Group 2. The thickness of the base and cusp was more significant in Group 2, P < 0.05 in both. Group 2 biopsies were characterized by involvement of the three leaflet segments, myxoid tissue, and fibrosis deposition. Thicker leaflets were associated with a greater degree of mitral regurgitation (MR), P < 0.0001. In the echo-group, a median leaflet thickness of 3.5 mm of the anterior and posterior MV was independently associated with moderate to severe ischaemic MR [odds ratio (OR) 2.88, P < 0.01] and (OR 10.8, P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION In ischaemic MR, the thicker the cusps, the worse the MR. Leaflet thickening was due to the myxoid and fibrosis deposition and was detected by echocardiography. Therefore, this method can be helpful in the evaluation of valve remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nydia Avila-Vanzzini
- Department of Out-Patient Care, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chavez, Juan Badiano No.1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Patrizio Lancellotti
- University of Liège Hospital, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium.,Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy.,Anthea Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Luis Alberto Fernandez Calix
- Department of Out-Patient Care, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chavez, Juan Badiano No.1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Wilman De León López
- Department of Out-Patient Care, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chavez, Juan Badiano No.1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Enrique Berrios-Bárcenas
- Department of Out-Patient Care, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chavez, Juan Badiano No.1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | | | - Antonio Jordan-Rios
- Department of Out-Patient Care, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chavez, Juan Badiano No.1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | | | - Pedro Rivera-Lara
- Coronary Unit department, Coronary Unit CMN siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Mani A Vannan
- Marcus Heart Valve Center, Piedmont Heart Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
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2
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Rego BV, Khalighi AH, Gorman JH, Gorman RC, Sacks MS. Simulation of Mitral Valve Plasticity in Response to Myocardial Infarction. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:71-87. [PMID: 36030332 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular myocardial infarction (MI) has broad and debilitating effects on cardiac function. In many cases, MI leads to ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), a condition characterized by incompetency of the mitral valve (MV). IMR has many deleterious effects as well as a high mortality rate. While various clinical treatments for IMR exist, success of these procedures remains limited, in large part because IMR dramatically alters the geometry and function of the MV in ways that are currently not well understood. Previous investigations of post-MI MV remodeling have elucidated that MV tissues have a significant ability to undergo a form of permanent inelastic deformations in the first phase of the post-MI period. These changes appear to be attributable to the altered loading and boundary conditions on the MV itself, as opposed to an independent pathophysiological process. Mechanistically, these results suggest that the MV mostly responds passively to MI during the first 8 weeks post-MI by undergoing a permanent deformation. In the present study, we developed the first computational model of this post-MI MV remodeling process, which we term "mitral valve plasticity." Integrating methodologies and insights from previous studies of in vivo ovine MV function, image-based patient-specific model development, and post-MI MV adaptation, we constructed a representative geometric model of a pre-MI MV. We then performed finite element simulations of the entire MV apparatus under time-dependent boundary conditions and accounting for changes to material properties equivalent to those observed 0-8 weeks post-MI. Our results suggest that during this initial period of adaptation, the MV response to MI can be accurately modeled using a soft tissue plasticity approach, similar to permanent set frameworks that have been applied previously in the context of exogenously crosslinked tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno V Rego
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Amir H Khalighi
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Joseph H Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert C Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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3
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Narang H, Rego BV, Khalighi AH, Aly A, Pouch AM, Gorman RC, Gorman Iii JH, Sacks MS. Pre-surgical Prediction of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation Recurrence Using In Vivo Mitral Valve Leaflet Strains. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:3711-3723. [PMID: 33837494 PMCID: PMC9134826 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is a prevalent cardiac disease associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Contemporary surgical treatments continue to have limited long-term success, in part due to the complex and multi-factorial nature of IMR. There is thus a need to better understand IMR etiology to guide optimal patient specific treatments. Herein, we applied our finite element-based shape-matching technique to non-invasively estimate peak systolic leaflet strains in human mitral valves (MVs) from in-vivo 3D echocardiographic images taken immediately prior to and post-annuloplasty repair. From a total of 21 MVs, we found statistically significant differences in pre-surgical MV size, shape, and deformation patterns between the with and without IMR recurrence patient groups at 6 months post-surgery. Recurrent MVs had significantly less compressive circumferential strains in the anterior commissure region compared to the recurrent MVs (p = 0.0223) and were significantly larger. A logistic regression analysis revealed that average pre-surgical circumferential leaflet strain in the Carpentier A1 region independently predicted 6-month recurrence of IMR (optimal cutoff value - 18%, p = 0.0362). Collectively, these results suggest greater disease progression in the recurrent group and underscore the highly patient-specific nature of IMR. Importantly, the ability to identify such factors pre-surgically could be used to guide optimal treatment methods to reduce post-surgical IMR recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Narang
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Bruno V Rego
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Amir H Khalighi
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed Aly
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alison M Pouch
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert C Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph H Gorman Iii
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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4
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Vinciguerra M, Grigioni F, Romiti S, Benfari G, Rose D, Spadaccio C, Cimino S, De Bellis A, Greco E. Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation: A Multifaceted Syndrome with Evolving Therapies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050447. [PMID: 33919263 PMCID: PMC8143318 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the left ventricle (LV) with impaired contractility following chronic ischemia or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the main cause of ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), leading to moderate and moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation (MR). The site of AMI exerts a specific influence determining different patterns of adverse LV remodeling. In general, inferior-posterior AMI is more frequently associated with regional structural changes than the anterolateral one, which is associated with global adverse LV remodeling, ultimately leading to different phenotypes of IMR. In this narrative review, starting from the aforementioned categorization, we proceed to describe current knowledge regarding surgical approaches in the management of IMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Vinciguerra
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (S.C.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Grigioni
- Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine Campus Bio-Medico, University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Silvia Romiti
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (S.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Giovanni Benfari
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37219 Verona, Italy;
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - David Rose
- Lancashire Cardiac Centre, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool FY3 8NP, UK; (D.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Cristiano Spadaccio
- Lancashire Cardiac Centre, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool FY3 8NP, UK; (D.R.); (C.S.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sara Cimino
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (S.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Antonio De Bellis
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Casa di Cura “S. Michele”, 81024 Maddaloni, Caserta, Italy;
| | - Ernesto Greco
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (S.C.); (E.G.)
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5
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Calafiore AM, Prapas S, Katsavrias K, Totaro A, Di Marco M, Guarracini S, Di Mauro M. Ischemic mitral regurgitation: Changing rationale of reparative surgical strategy. Hellenic J Cardiol 2021; 62:35-37. [PMID: 33421582 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sotirios Prapas
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Henry Durant Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Katsavrias
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Henry Durant Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonio Totaro
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Marco
- Department of Cardiology, "Santo Spirito" Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Michele Di Mauro
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Unit, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), The Netherlands
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6
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Bandera F, Barletta M, Fontana M, Boveri S, Ghizzardi G, Alfonzetti E, Ambrogi F, Guazzi M. Exercise-induced mitral regurgitation and right ventricle to pulmonary circulation uncoupling across the heart failure phenotypes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 320:H642-H653. [PMID: 33306448 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00507.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced mitral regurgitation (Ex-MR) is one of the mechanisms that contribute to reduced functional capacity in heart failure (HF). Its prevalence is not well defined across different HF subtypes. The aim of the present study was to describe functional phenotypes and cardiac response to exercise in HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF, according to Ex-MR prevalence. A total of 218 patients with HF [146 men, 68 (59-78) yr], 137 HFrEF, 41 HFmrEF, 40 HFpEF, and 23 controls were tested with cardiopulmonary exercise test combined with exercise echocardiography. Ex-MR was defined as development of at least moderate (≥2+/4+) regurgitation during exercise. Ex-MR was highly prevalent in the overall population (52%) although differed in the subgroups as follows: 82/137 (60%) in HFrEF, 17/41 (41%) in HFmrEF, and 14/40 (35%) in HFpEF (P < 0.05). Ex-MR was associated with a high rate of ventilation (VE) to carbon dioxide production (VCO2) in all HF subtypes [31.2 (26.6-35.6) vs. 33.4 (29.6-40.5), P = 0.004; 28.1 (24.5-31.9) vs. 34.4 (28.2-36.7), P = 0.01; 28.8 (26.6-32.4) vs. 32.2 (29.2-36.7), P = 0.01] and with lower peak VO2 in HFrEF and HFmrEF. Exercise right ventricle to pulmonary circulation (RV-PC) uncoupling was observed in HFrEF and HFpEF patients with Ex-MR [peak TAPSE/SPAP: HFrEF 0.40 (0.30-0.57) vs. 0.29 (0.23-0.39), P = 0.006; HFpEF 0.44 (0.28-0.62) vs. 0.31 (0.27-0.33), P = 0.05]. HFpEF with Ex-MR showed a distinct phenotype characterized by better chronotropic reserve and peripheral O2 extraction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ex-MR is a common mechanism across the spectrum of HF subtypes and combines with ventilatory inefficiency and RV-PC uncoupling. Interestingly, in HFpEF, Ex-MR emerged as unexpectedly prevalent and peculiarly associated with increased chronotropic response and peripheral O2 extraction as potential adaptive mechanisms to backward flow redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bandera
- Cardiology University Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy.,Department for Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Barletta
- Cardiology University Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Fontana
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Boveri
- Scientific Directorate, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Ghizzardi
- Cardiology University Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Alfonzetti
- Cardiology University Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Ambrogi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Guazzi
- Cardiology University Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy.,Department for Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
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7
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Narayan P, Angelini GD. Mitral valve-Innocent bystander or master of its own destiny? J Card Surg 2020; 36:244-246. [PMID: 33135189 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.15155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Narayan
- NH Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Gianni D Angelini
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol University, Bristol, UK
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8
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Calafiore AM, Totaro A, Testa N, Sacra C, Castellano G, Guarracini S, Di Marco M, Prapas S, Gaudino M, Lorusso R, Paparella D, Di Mauro M. The secret life of the mitral valve. J Card Surg 2020; 36:247-259. [PMID: 33135267 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.15151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In secondary mitral regurgitation, the concept that the mitral valve (MV) is an innocent bystander, has been challenged by many studies in the last decades. The MV is a living structure with intrinsic plasticity that reacts to changes in stretch or in mechanical stress activating biohumoral mechanisms that have, as purpose, the adaptation of the valve to the new environment. If the adaptation is balanced, the leaflets increase both surface and length and the chordae tendineae lengthen: the result is a valve with different characteristics, but able to avoid or to limit the regurgitation. However, if the adaptation is unbalanced, the leaflets and the chords do not change their size, but become stiffer and rigid, with moderate or severe regurgitation. These changes are mediated mainly by a cytokine, the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which is able to promote the changes that the MV needs to adapt to a new hemodynamic environment. In general, mild TGF-β activation facilitates leaflet growth, excessive TGF-β activation, as after myocardial infarction, results in profibrotic changes in the leaflets, with increased thickness and stiffness. The MV is then a plastic organism, that reacts to the external stimuli, trying to maintain its physiologic integrity. This review has the goal to unveil the secret life of the MV, to understand which stimuli can trigger its plasticity, and to explain why the equation "large heart = moderate/severe mitral regurgitation" and "small heart = no/mild mitral regurgitation" does not work into the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Totaro
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Nicola Testa
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sacra
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Gaetano Castellano
- Division of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Di Marco
- Department of Cardiology, "Santo Spirito" Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - Sotirios Prapas
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Henry Durant Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Roberto Lorusso
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Unit, Heart and Vascular Centre, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Domenico Paparella
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants, Santa Maria Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Di Mauro
- Department of Cardiology, "Pierangeli" Hospital, Pescara, Italy.,Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Unit, Heart and Vascular Centre, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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Calafiore AM, Totaro A, Paparella D, Gaudino M, Prapas S, Mick SL, Di Mauro M. Mimicking natural mitral adaptation to ischaemic regurgitation: a proposed change in the surgical paradigm. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2020; 58:35-39. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Totaro
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Domenico Paparella
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Santa Maria Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sotirios Prapas
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Henry Dunant Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stephanie L Mick
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michele Di Mauro
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Unit, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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10
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Howsmon DP, Rego BV, Castillero E, Ayoub S, Khalighi AH, Gorman RC, Gorman JH, Ferrari G, Sacks MS. Mitral valve leaflet response to ischaemic mitral regurgitation: from gene expression to tissue remodelling. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200098. [PMID: 32370692 PMCID: PMC7276554 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), a frequent complication following myocardial infarction (MI), leads to higher mortality and poor clinical prognosis if untreated. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitral valve (MV) leaflets actively remodel post MI, and this remodelling increases both the severity of IMR and the occurrence of MV repair failures. However, the mechanisms of extracellular matrix maintenance and modulation by MV interstitial cells (MVICs) and their impact on MV leaflet tissue integrity and repair failure remain largely unknown. Herein, we sought to elucidate the multiscale behaviour of IMR-induced MV remodelling using an established ovine model. Leaflet tissue at eight weeks post MI exhibited significant permanent plastic radial deformation, eliminating mechanical anisotropy, accompanied by altered leaflet composition. Interestingly, no changes in effective collagen fibre modulus were observed, with MVICs slightly rounder, at eight weeks post MI. RNA sequencing indicated that YAP-induced genes were elevated at four weeks post MI, indicating elevated mechanotransduction. Genes related to extracellular matrix organization were downregulated at four weeks post MI when IMR occurred. Transcriptomic changes returned to baseline by eight weeks post MI. This multiscale study suggests that IMR induces plastic deformation of the MV with no functional damage to the collagen fibres, providing crucial information for computational simulations of the MV in IMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Howsmon
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Bruno V. Rego
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Estibaliz Castillero
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Salma Ayoub
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Amir H. Khalighi
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Robert C. Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph H. Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Giovanni Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael S. Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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11
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Calafiore AM, Totaro A, De Amicis V, Pelini P, Pinna G, Testa N, Alfonso JJ, Mazzei V, Sacra C, Gaudino M, Di Mauro M. Surgical mitral plasticity for chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Card Surg 2020; 35:772-778. [PMID: 32126160 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.14487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY The outcome of mitral valve (MV) repair for chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is suboptimal, due to the high recurrence rate of moderate or severe mitral regurgitation (MR) during follow-up. The MV adapts to new MR increasing its area to cover the enlarged annular area (mitral plasticity). As this process is often incomplete, we aimed to evaluate if augmenting the anterior leaflet (AL) and cutting the second-order chords (CC) together with restrictive mitral annuloplasty, a strategy we call "surgical mitral plasticity," could improve the midterm results of MV repair for IMR. MATERIALS AND METHODS From November 2017 to October 2019, 22 patients with chronic IMR underwent surgical mitral plasticity. Mean age was 73 ± 7 years and six were female. Mean ejection fraction was 32% ± 11%, IMR grade was moderate in 10 and severe in 12. Mean clinical and echocardiographic follow-up was 12 ± 6 months. RESULTS There was no early death, and one patient died 6 months after surgery. Ejection fraction improved from 32% ± 15% to 40% ± 6% (P = .031). IMR was absent or mild in all patients, and none showed recurrent moderate or more IMR. Tenting area decreased significantly from 2.5 ± 0.5 to 0.5 ± 0.3 cm² and coaptation length increased from 1.9 ± 0.7 to 7.8 ± 1.6 mm. All patients were in New York Heart Association class I or II. CONCLUSIONS Mitral plasticity, if uncomplete, is ineffective in preventing IMR to become significant. Surgical mitral plasticity, by completing incomplete process of MV adaptation, has a strong rationale, which however needs to be validated with longer follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Totaro
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Piero Pelini
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pinna
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Testa
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Juan J Alfonso
- Department of Research, Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valerio Mazzei
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sacra
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Michele Di Mauro
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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12
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Calafiore AM, Kofidis T, Gaudino M. Commentary: Surgical mitral plasticity: Another brick in the wall? JTCVS OPEN 2020; 1:17-19. [PMID: 36003195 PMCID: PMC9390659 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M. Calafiore
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Fondazione “Papa Giovanni Paolo II,” Campobasso, Italy
| | - Theodoros Kofidis
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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13
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Calafiore AM, Totaro A, Testa N, Sacra C, Calvo E, Di Mauro M. Association of tethering of the second-order chords and prolapse of the first-order chords of the anterior leaflet: A risk factor for early and late repair failure. J Card Surg 2020; 35:916-919. [PMID: 32073685 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Second-order chord tethering of the anterior leaflet is a risk factor for failure of posterior leaflet prolapse repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS We describe two cases of second-order chord tethering of the anterior leaflet associated with severe mitral regurgitation due to prolapse or chordal rupture of the anterior leaflet, causing early and late failure of repair. RESULTS We described two cases where this phenomenon happened. CONCLUSIONS Our cases demonstrate that the second-order chords of the prolapsing AL can be tethered and that this aspect should be carefully evaluated before surgery, as it can progress over time, affecting the results of surgical repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Totaro
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Nicola Testa
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sacra
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Eugenio Calvo
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Michele Di Mauro
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Gabriele d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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14
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Edvardsen T, Haugaa KH, Petersen SE, Gimelli A, Donal E, Maurer G, Popescu BA, Cosyns B. The year 2018 in the European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging: Part I. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 20:858-865. [PMID: 31211353 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jez133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging has become one of the leading multimodality cardiovascular imaging journal, since it was launched in 2012. The impact factor is an impressive 8.366 and it is now established as one of the top 10 cardiovascular journals. The journal is the most important cardiovascular imaging journal in Europe. The most important studies from 2018 will be highlighted in two reports. Part I of the review will focus on studies about myocardial function and risk prediction, myocardial ischaemia, and emerging techniques in cardiovascular imaging, while Part II will focus on valvular heart disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathies, and congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor Edvardsen
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Cardiological Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0424Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristina H Haugaa
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Cardiological Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0424Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steffen E Petersen
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, UK.,William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Alessia Gimelli
- Fondazione Toscana/CNR G. Monasterio, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Erwan Donal
- Cardiology Department and CIC-IT1414, CHU Rennes, 6 Rue H Le Guillou, Rennes, France.,LTSI INSERM 1099, University Rennes-1, Rue H Le Guillou, Rennes, France
| | - Gerald Maurer
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Wien, Austria
| | - Bogdan A Popescu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila"-Euroecolab, Department of Cardiology, Emergency Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases "Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu", Sos. Fundeni 258, Sector 2, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bernard Cosyns
- Department of Cardiology, CHVZ (Centrum voor Hart en Vaatziekten), ICMI (In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging) Laboratory, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 109 Laarbeeklaan, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Topilsky Y. Mitral plasticity: possible target for intervention in patients with ischaemic mitral regurgitation? Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Topilsky
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, The Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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