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Stetsiuk LR, Klishch IM, Stetsiuk IO, Todurov BM, Todurov MB, Fedoniuk LY. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF ASSESSMENT OF MITRAL INSUFFICIENCY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION WITH REDUCED LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2023; 76:2502-2509. [PMID: 38112372 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202311126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim is to analyze patients with acute myocardial infarction with reduced ejection fraction in order to determine risk factors for mitral insufficiency. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The study included 149 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Among the patients, there were 113 males (75.8%) and 36 females (24.2%). The age of the patients ranged from 43 to 86 years. Echocardiography was performed using a Phillips Epiq 7 machine. Patients were examined three times: upon admission to the hospital, after revascularization, and six months after discharge. Patients received transthoracic echocardiography, which was used to determine the presence and degree of mitral regurgitation. RESULTS Results: According to the results of the study, it was found that the presence of concomitant somatic pathology worsens the course of an acute myocardial infarction, in turn increasing the likelihood of valvular pathology. An increase in left ventricular volume indicators, such as end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, end-diastolic index, and the index of contractile function (ejection fraction) contributes to the development of mitral valve insufficiency. CONCLUSION Conclusions: The presence of mitral regurgitation in patients with acute myocardial infarction and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction worsens the course of the disease and negatively affects the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov R Stetsiuk
- I. HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, TERNOPIL, UKRAINE
| | - Ivan M Klishch
- I. HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, TERNOPIL, UKRAINE
| | - Ihor O Stetsiuk
- KYIV HEART INSTITUTE OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE, KYIV, UKRAINE
| | - Borys M Todurov
- KYIV HEART INSTITUTE OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE, KYIV, UKRAINE
| | - Mykhailo B Todurov
- P.L. SHUPYK NATIONAL MEDICAL ACADEMY OF POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION, KYIV, UKRAINE
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Imbrie-Moore AM, Zhu Y, Bandy-Vizcaino T, Park MH, Wilkerson RJ, Woo YJ. Ex Vivo Model of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation and Analysis of Adjunctive Papillary Muscle Repair. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:3412-3424. [PMID: 34734363 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is particularly challenging to repair with lasting durability due to the complex valvular and subvalvular pathologies resulting from left ventricular dysfunction. Ex vivo simulation is uniquely suited to quantitatively analyze the repair biomechanics, but advancements are needed to model the nuanced IMR disease state. Here we present a novel IMR model featuring a dilation device with precise dilatation control that preserves annular elasticity to enable accurate ex vivo analysis of surgical repair. Coupled with augmented papillary muscle head positioning, the enhanced heart simulator system successfully modeled IMR pre- and post-surgical intervention and enabled the analysis of adjunctive subvalvular papillary muscle repair to alleviate regurgitation recurrence. The model resulted in an increase in regurgitant fraction: 11.6 ± 1.7% to 36.1 ± 4.4% (p < 0.001). Adjunctive papillary muscle head fusion was analyzed relative to a simple restrictive ring annuloplasty repair and, while both repairs successfully eliminated regurgitation initially, the addition of the adjunctive subvalvular repair reduced regurgitation recurrence: 30.4 ± 5.7% vs. 12.5 ± 2.6% (p = 0.002). Ultimately, this system demonstrates the success of adjunctive papillary muscle head fusion in repairing IMR as well as provides a platform to optimize surgical techniques for increased repair durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel M Imbrie-Moore
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Falk Cardiovascular Research Building CV-235, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5407, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuanjia Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Falk Cardiovascular Research Building CV-235, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5407, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew H Park
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Falk Cardiovascular Research Building CV-235, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5407, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Wilkerson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Falk Cardiovascular Research Building CV-235, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5407, USA
| | - Y Joseph Woo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Falk Cardiovascular Research Building CV-235, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5407, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Kimura T, Roger VL, Watanabe N, Barros-Gomes S, Topilsky Y, Nishino S, Shibata Y, Enriquez-Sarano M. The unique mechanism of functional mitral regurgitation in acute myocardial infarction: a prospective dynamic 4D quantitative echocardiographic study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 20:396-406. [PMID: 30517693 PMCID: PMC6429236 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Mechanisms of chronic ischaemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) are well-characterized by apically tethered leaflet caused by papillary muscles (PMs) displacement and adynamic mitral apparatus. We investigated the unique geometry and dynamics of the mitral apparatus in first acute myocardial infarction (MI) by using quantified 3D echocardiography. METHODS AND RESULTS We prospectively performed 3D echocardiography 2.3 ± 1.8 days after first MI, in 174 matched patients with (n = 87) and without IMR (n = 87). 3D echocardiography of left ventricular (LV) volumes and of mitral apparatus dynamics throughout cardiac cycle was quantified. Similar mitral quantification was obtained at chronic post-MI stage (n = 44). Mechanistically, acute IMR was associated with larger and flatter annulus (area 9.29 ± 1.74 cm2 vs. 8.57 ± 1.94 cm2, P = 0.002, saddle shape 12.7 ± 4.5% vs. 15.0 ± 4.6%, P = 0.001), and larger tenting (length 6.36 ± 1.78 mm vs. 5.60 ± 1.55 mm, P = 0.003) but vs. chronic MI, mitral apparatus displayed smaller alterations (all P < 0.01) and annular size, PM movement remained dynamic (all P < 0.01). Specific to acute IMR, without PM apical displacement (P > 0.70), greater separation (21.7 ± 4.9 mm vs. 20.0 ± 3.4 mm, P = 0.01), and widest angulation of PM (38.4 ± 6.2° for moderate vs. 33.5 ± 7.3° for mild vs. 31.4 ± 6.3° for no-IMR, P = 0.0009) wider vs. chronic MI (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS 3D echocardiography of patients with first MI provides insights into unique 4D dynamics of the mitral apparatus in acute IMR. Mitral apparatus remained dynamic in acute MI and distinct IMR mechanism in acute MI is not PM displacement seen in chronic IMR but separation and excess angulation of PM deforming the mitral valve, probably because of sudden-onset regional wall motion abnormality without apparent global LV remodelling. This specific mechanism should be considered in novel therapeutic strategies for IMR complicating acute MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Miyazaki Medical Association Hospital, Funado, Shinbeppu-chou, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Véronique L Roger
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nozomi Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Miyazaki Medical Association Hospital, Funado, Shinbeppu-chou, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Sergio Barros-Gomes
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yan Topilsky
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Tel Aviv Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shun Nishino
- Department of Cardiology, Miyazaki Medical Association Hospital, Funado, Shinbeppu-chou, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshisato Shibata
- Department of Cardiology, Miyazaki Medical Association Hospital, Funado, Shinbeppu-chou, Miyazaki city, Miyazaki, Japan
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Báez-Ferrer N, Izquierdo-Gómez MM, Marí-López B, Montoto-López J, Duque-Gómez A, García-Niebla J, Miranda-Bacallado J, de la Rosa Hernández A, Laynez-Cerdeña I, Lacalzada-Almeida J. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation: a review. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:6969-6986. [PMID: 30746243 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.10.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is a frequent complication after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) associated with a worse prognosis. The pathophysiological mechanisms of IMR are not fully understood, but it is known to be a complex process in which ventricular remodelling is the main causal factor. The various imaging techniques in cardiology and echocardiography fundamentally have contributed significantly to clarify the mechanisms that cause and progressively aggravate IMR. At present, different therapeutic options, the most important of which are cardio-surgical, address this problem. Nowadays the improvement in cardiac surgery and transcatheter therapies, have shown a therapeutic advance in IMR management. IMR is a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with heart failure and depressed left ventricular (LV) systolic function. However, it remains controversial whether mitral regurgitation (MR) in these patients is a consequence of dilation and dysfunction of the LV, or whether it contributes to worsening the prognosis of the ventricular dysfunction. Given that echocardiography has a fundamental reference role in the identification, graduation of severity and evaluation of the therapeutics used in the treatment of MR, we are going to focus on it over the rest of the imaging techniques. In contrast to primary MR the benefits of mitral surgery in patients with secondary MR are uncertain. Therefore, we will comment fundamentally on the role of mitral surgery in patients with IMR, with an update of the different surgical interventions available, without forgetting to mention the other therapeutic options currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Báez-Ferrer
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Belén Marí-López
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Javier Montoto-López
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Amelia Duque-Gómez
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Javier García-Niebla
- Servicios Sanitarios del Área de Salud de El Hierro, Valle del Golfo Health Center, El Hierro, Spain
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Characterization of 3-dimensional papillary muscle displacement in in vivo ovine models of ischemic/functional mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 157:1444-1449. [PMID: 30447965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Papillary muscle (PM) displacement contributes to ischemic/functional mitral regurgitation (IMR/FMR). The displaced PMs pull the mitral leaflets into the left ventricle (ie, toward the apex) thus hampering leaflet coaptation. Intuitively apical leaflet tethering results from apical PM displacement. The 3-dimensional directions of PM displacement are, however, incompletely characterized. METHODS Data from in vivo ovine models of IMR (6-8 weeks of posterolateral infarction, n = 12) and FMR (9-21 days of rapid left ventricular pacing, n = 11) were analyzed. All sheep had radiopaque markers implanted on the anterior and posterior PM (PPM) tips, around the mitral annulus, and on the left ventricular apex. To explore 3-dimensional PM displacement directions, differences in marker coordinates were calculated at end-systole before and during IMR/FMR using a right-handed coordinate system centered on the mitral annular "saddle horn" with the y-axis passing through the apical marker. RESULTS No apical PM displacement was observed during either IMR or FMR. The anterior PM displaced laterally during FMR. Posterolateral PPM displacement was observed during IMR and FMR. CONCLUSIONS Experimental in vivo ovine models suggest posterolateral PPM displacement as a predominant pathomechanism leading to apical leaflet tethering during IMR/FMR.
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Valve repair to avoid prosthetic valve pathology: Mid-term results in mitral valve repair. TURK GOGUS KALP DAMAR CERRAHISI DERGISI-TURKISH JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2018; 26:14-21. [PMID: 32082706 DOI: 10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2018.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background In this study, we aimed to present our results of mitral valve repair. Methods Between January 2007 and November 2016, a total of 128 patients (72 males, 56 females; mean age 51.8±17.2 years; range 16 to 84 years) who underwent mitral valve repair in our heart center were retrospectively analyzed. There were mitral regurgitation in 86.7% (n=111), mitral stenosis in 7.8% (n=10), and mixed type valve disease in 5.5% of the patients (n=7). Mitral ring annuloplasty was performed in 80.5% (n=103), implantation of the artificial chordae in 36.7% (n=47), open mitral commissurotomy in 13.3% (n=17), and Alfieri procedure in 6.3% (n=8) of the patients. Sixty-two patients (48.8%) underwent isolated mitral valve repair, while concomitant surgical procedures were performed in the remaining patients. Postoperative mean follow-up was 52 months. Results Early (30-day) mortality was observed in seven patients due to low cardiac output. There was no mid-term mortality. During follow-up, various degree of mitral regurgitation was detected in 4 patients (3.6%), regurgitation was severe in two of them and these two require reoperation with the replacement of the valve. Patients with a myxomatous valve pathology who underwent isolated valve repair most benefited from valve repair. Patients with isolated mitral stenosis were the most successful group among the patients with a rheumatic etiology. Postoperative echocardiography showed a significant decrease in the left atrial diameter and pulmonary artery systolic pressures (p<0.01). Conclusion Mitral valve repair can be applied as an effective and safe treatment method in patients in whom the mitral valve anatomy is sufficient for repair. We suggest that each patient with mitral valve pathology should be evaluated in terms of reparability.
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Santana O, Xydas S, Williams RF, Wittels SH, Yucel E, Mihos CG. Minimally invasive valve surgery in high-risk patients. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:S614-S623. [PMID: 28740715 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.03.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The use of minimally, or less invasive, approaches to cardiac valve surgery has increased over the past decade. Because of its less traumatic nature, early studies in lower risk patients demonstrated the approach to be associated with an enhanced recovery, increased patient satisfaction, and good operative outcomes. With time, despite a steep learning curve, surgeons expanded this approach to perform more complex procedures, and include patients with more co-morbidity. The aim of this publication is to review the current literature involving the use of minimally invasive valve surgery (MIVS) in higher-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Santana
- The Columbia University Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Steve Xydas
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Roy F Williams
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - S Howard Wittels
- Department of Anesthesia, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Evin Yucel
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos G Mihos
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Mihos CG, Xydas S, Yucel E, Capoulade R, Williams RF, Mawad M, Garcia G, Santana O. Mitral valve repair and subvalvular intervention for secondary mitral regurgitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled and propensity matched studies. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:S582-S594. [PMID: 28740711 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.05.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combining a ring annuloplasty (Ring) with a mitral subvalvular intervention (Ring + subvalvular) in patients with secondary mitral regurgitation (MR) may improve mitral valve (MV) repair durability. However, the outcomes of this strategy compared with a Ring only, have not been clearly defined. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed utilizing randomized controlled and propensity matched studies which compared a Ring + subvalvular versus Ring MV repair for the treatment of secondary MR. Risk ratio (RR), weighted mean difference (MD), and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by the Mantel-Haenszel and inverse-variance methods, for clinical outcomes and echocardiographic measures of follow-up MR, left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling, and MV apparatus geometry. RESULTS Five studies were identified, with a total of 397 patients. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups, and all patients had moderate to severe secondary MR, with the vast majority in the setting of ischemic cardiomyopathy. A Ring + subvalvular repair consisted of papillary muscle approximation (n=2), papillary muscle relocation (n=2), or secondary chordal cutting (n=1). Follow-up ranged from 10.1 (mean range =0.25-42) to 69 [interquartile range (IQR) =23-82] months. When compared with Ring only at last follow-up, a Ring + subvalvular MV repair was associated with: (I) a smaller MR grade (MD =-0.44, 95% CI -0.69 to -0.19; P=0.0005); (II) a reduced risk of moderate or greater recurrent MR (RR =0.43, 95% CI, 0.27-0.66; P=0.0002); (III) a smaller mean LV end-diastolic diameter (MD =-3.56 mm, 95% CI -5.40 to -1.73; P=0.0001) and a greater ejection fraction (MD =2.64%, 95% CI, 0.13-5.15; P=0.04); and, (IV) an improved MV apparatus geometry. There were no differences in operative mortality, post-operative morbidity, or follow-up survival between surgical approaches. CONCLUSIONS When compared with Ring only, a Ring + subvalvular MV repair is associated with greater LV reverse remodeling and systolic function, less recurrence of moderate or greater MR, and an improved geometry of the MV apparatus at short and mid-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos G Mihos
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve Xydas
- Columbia University Division of Cardiac Surgery, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Evin Yucel
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Romain Capoulade
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roy F Williams
- Columbia University Division of Cardiac Surgery, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Maurice Mawad
- Columbia University Division of Cardiac Surgery, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Guillermo Garcia
- Department of Anesthesia, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Orlando Santana
- Columbia University Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL, USA
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Capoulade R, Piriou N, Serfaty JM, Le Tourneau T. Multimodality imaging assessment of mitral valve anatomy in planning for mitral valve repair in secondary mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:S640-S660. [PMID: 28740719 PMCID: PMC5505945 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.06.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Secondary mitral regurgitation (MR) is frequent valvular heart disease and conveys worse prognostic. Therapeutic surgical or percutaneous options are available in the context of severe symptomatic secondary MR, but the best approach to treat these patients remains unclear, given the lack of clear clinical evidence of benefit. A comprehensive evaluation of the mitral valve apparatus and the left ventricle (LV) has the ability to clearly define and characterize the disease, and thus determine the best option for the patient to improve its clinical outcomes, as well as quality of life and symptoms. The current report reviews the mitral valve (MV) anatomy, the underlying mechanisms associated with secondary MR, the related therapeutic options available, and finally the usefulness of a multimodality imaging approach for the planning of surgical or percutaneous mitral valve intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Capoulade
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Piriou
- Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes, Nantes University, Nantes, France
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU Nantes, Nantes University, Nantes, France
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Mihos CG, Yucel E, Santana O. Left ventricle-mitral valve ring size mismatch: understanding the limitations of mitral valve repair for ischemic mitral regurgitation. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:19. [PMID: 28164104 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.12.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos G Mihos
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Evin Yucel
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Orlando Santana
- The Division of Cardiology at Columbia University, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL, USA
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