1
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Xu X, Yuan Q, Xu L, Hu M, Xu J, Wang Y, Song Y. Preparation and performance evaluation of a novel orthodontic adhesive incorporating composite dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate-Polycaprolactone fibers. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304143. [PMID: 38781281 PMCID: PMC11115245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study addressed enamel demineralization, a common complication in fixed orthodontic treatment, by evaluating a novel orthodontic adhesive with DMAHDM-PCL composite fibers. These fibers, produced through electrospinning, were incorporated into orthodontic adhesive to create experimental formulations at different concentrations and a control group. The study assessed antimicrobial properties, biosafety, and mechanical characteristics. New orthodontic adhesive exhibited significant bacteriostatic effects, reducing bacterial biofilm activity and concentrations. Incorporating 1% and 3% DMAHDM-PCL did not affect cytocompatibility. Animal tests confirmed no inflammatory irritation. Shear bond strength and adhesive residual index results indicated that antimicrobial fibers didn't impact bonding ability. In conclusion, orthodontic adhesives with 3% DMAHDM-PCL fibers are potential antimicrobial bonding materials, offering a comprehensive solution to enamel demineralization in orthodontic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Xu
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qihan Yuan
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Linlin Xu
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingchang Hu
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jidong Xu
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Orthodontics, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Boudrot M, François P, Abdel-Gawad S, Attal JP, Dantagnan CA. Shear bond strength of a RMGIC for orthodontic bracket bonding to enamel. BDJ Open 2024; 10:1. [PMID: 38167700 PMCID: PMC10762087 DOI: 10.1038/s41405-023-00181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of a restorative resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) for orthodontic bracket bonding. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred twenty-one human teeth were randomly divided into 11 groups (n = 11) according to the surface treatment applied (H3PO4 ± Transbond Plus (TSEP) or Scotchbond Universal (SU)), and the adhesive used (Riva LC HV (RIVA), Fuji Ortho (FUJI), and Transbond XT (TXT)). For each sample, a metal button was bonded. SBS tests were performed at 1 week and debonded specimens were observed for failure modes determination. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test was used to compare SBS differences and Fisher's exact test to analyze the failure modes (p < 0.05). RESULTS TSEP + FUJI and H3PO4 + SU + TXT showed the highest SBS values while H3PO4 + TSEP + RIVA showed the lowest value. Cohesive failure and mixed failure were found in the groups with SU and TXT and adhesive failure in the other groups. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS The bonding of orthodontic attachments to enamel could be performed with any of the three materials studied. The use of a universal adhesive in the bonding protocol could optimize the adhesion values. Clinical studies would be needed to confirm the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Boudrot
- Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Philippe François
- Innovative Dental Materials and Interfaces Research Unit (URB2i), UR 4462, 1 Rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120, Montrouge, France
- Bretonneau Hospital, 23 Rue Joseph de Maistre, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Abdel-Gawad
- Innovative Dental Materials and Interfaces Research Unit (URB2i), UR 4462, 1 Rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120, Montrouge, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Attal
- Innovative Dental Materials and Interfaces Research Unit (URB2i), UR 4462, 1 Rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120, Montrouge, France
- Charles Foix Hospital, 7 Avenue de la République, 94200, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Claire-Adeline Dantagnan
- Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
- Innovative Dental Materials and Interfaces Research Unit (URB2i), UR 4462, 1 Rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120, Montrouge, France.
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Khalifa OM, Badawi MF, Soliman TA. Bonding durability and remineralizing efficiency of orthodontic adhesive containing titanium tetrafluoride: an invitro study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:340. [PMID: 37254210 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Titanium tetrafluoride has been shown to protect tooth enamel from demineralization. This study investigated the effect of incorporating different concentrations of TiF4 (1, 2 and 3 Wt.%) into an orthodontic primer on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets and the enamel microhardness after cariogenic challenges. METHODS Three different TiF4 concentrations (1, 2 and 3 Wt.%) were prepared and added to the etch and rinse orthodontic primer. Ninety freshly extracted premolars were randomly divided into five groups according to the experimental primers and ageing conditions: TF0, TF0C, TF1C, TF2C, and TF3C. The TF0C group had no TiF4 in the primer, while TF1C, TF2C, and TF3C had 1, 2 and 3 Wt.% TiF4 in the primer, respectively. In the TF0 group, specimens were immersed in deionized water for 24 h as a control group, while all other groups were immersed in a demineralizing solution for 28 days. Each of the five groups was divided into two subgroups: The first group was subjected to shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index testing (N = 50 teeth, 10/group), while the second group was subjected to enamel surface microhardness testing (N = 25 teeth, 50 tooth halves, 10 tooth halves/group). Fifteen teeth (N = 15 teeth, n = 3/group) representing the five groups were subjected to SEM and microelemental analysis (EDX). SBS, ARI, microhardness, and Ca/P ratio were measured, and the data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's tests. RESULTS The TF2C group had the highest SBS value (9.93 ± 1.23), while the TF0C (5.24 ± 0.65) and TF3C (5.13 ± 0.55) had the lowest SBS values. The enamel microhardness in the TF0C group was significantly reduced (p < .001). Enamel microhardness values were significantly (p < .001) higher in groups TF1C, TF2C, and TF3C than in TF0C. The highest Ca/P ratio was significantly recorded for the TF2C group (2.65 ± 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of 1 and 2 Wt.% TiF4 into the orthodontic primers showed adequate bond strength and better remineralization effect. However, 1 Wt.% TiF4 showed lower ARI values than 2 Wt.% TiF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Mahmoud Khalifa
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Manal Farouk Badawi
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Tarek Ahmed Soliman
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
- Prosthetic Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, New Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Yuan Q, Zhang Q, Xu X, Du Y, Xu J, Song Y, Wang Y. Development and Characterization of Novel Orthodontic Adhesive Containing PCL-Gelatin-AgNPs Fibers. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:303. [PMID: 36547563 PMCID: PMC9783259 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel demineralization around brackets is a relatively common complication of fixed orthodontic treatment, which seriously affects the aesthetics of teeth. In this study, a novel orthodontic adhesive containing polycaprolactone−gelatin−silver nanoparticles (PCL−gelatin−AgNPs) composite fibers was prepared to prevent enamel demineralization of orthodontic treatment. First, PCL−gelatin−AgNPs fibers film prepared by electrospinning was made into short fibers and added to traditional orthodontic adhesives (Transbond XT, 3M Unitek) in three different ratios to design a series of composite adhesives containing antibacterial materials. The antimicrobial performance of the control product and the three samples were then evaluated by bacterial live/dead staining, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, tensile bond strength (TBS), and adhesive residue index (ARI) scores. The composite adhesives’ antimicrobial properties increased with the increasing content of PCL−gelatin−AgNPs short fibers. The addition of complex antimicrobial fibers to 3M Transbond XT adhesive can significantly reduce the CFU of bacterial biofilms (p < 0.05). The bacterial survival rate on the surface of the specimen decreased with the increase of PCL−gelatin−AgNPs short fibers (p < 0.05). The TBS and ARI values (n = 10) indicated that adding PCL−gelatin−AgNPs short fibers had no significant adverse effect on adhesion. Therefore, adding PCL−gelatin−AgNPs short fibers makes it possible to fabricate orthodontic adhesives with strong antibacterial properties without compromising the bonding ability, which is essential for preventing enamel demineralization around the brackets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihan Yuan
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China
| | - Xuecheng Xu
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuqing Du
- Department of Orthodontics, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China
| | - Jidong Xu
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Orthodontics, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China
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Doddavarapu S, K B, Singaraju GS, Yamini Priyanka JS, Vivek Reddy G, Mandava P. A Comparative Evaluation of Enamel Surface Roughness of Two Different Bonding Adhesives After Debonding With Atomic Force Microscopy. Cureus 2022; 14:e31661. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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6
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Zheng BW, Cao S, Al-Somairi MAA, He J, Liu Y. Effect of enamel-surface modifications on shear bond strength using different adhesive materials. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:224. [PMID: 35672818 PMCID: PMC9175421 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effect of enamel-surface modifications on the shear bond strength between ceramic brackets bonded using different adhesive materials and the enamel surface and to identify the most suitable clinical adhesive and bonding method. Whether the non-acid-etching treatment met the clinical bond strength was also determined. METHODS A total of 108 extracted premolars were divided into nine groups (n = 12) based on the different enamel-surface modification techniques (acid etching, deproteinization, and wetting). Group 1 was bonded with Transbond™ XT adhesive, whereas groups 2-9 were bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). The treatment methods for each group were as follows: groups 1 and 2, acid etching; group 3, acid etching and wetting; group 4, acid etching and deproteinization; group 5, acid etching, deproteinization, and wetting; group 6, deproteinization; group 7, deproteinization and wetting; group 8, without treatment; and group 9, wetting. The samples' shear bond strength was measured using an universal testing machine. Adhesive remnant index (ARI) was examined using a stereomicroscope. The enamel-surface morphology was observed with a scanning electron microscope. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis, and p < 0.05 and α = 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS The ARIs of groups 1-5 and 6-9 were statistically significant (p = 0.000). The enamel surface of groups 1-5 was demineralized, and only a tiny amount of protein remained in groups 7 and 8, whereas a thick layer of protein remained in groups 8 and 9. CONCLUSIONS RMGIC adhesive did not damage the enamel surface and achieved the required clinical bond strength. The enamel surface was better treated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite preferably under non-acid-etching conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Shan Cao
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Majedh Abdo Ali Al-Somairi
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, Republic of Yemen
| | - Jia He
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China.
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7
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Park S, Wang X, Wang B, Xu HHK, Zhang N, Bai Y. The long observation in vitro of prevention effect of novel self-etching orthodontic adhesive modified with 2-methacryloxyethyl phosphorylcholine in enamel demineralization. Dent Mater J 2021; 40:631-640. [PMID: 33518689 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The enamel demineralization is common in fixed orthodontics. Plaque accumulation around the bracket plays a critical role and could cause various degrees of white spot lesions (WSLs) on the surface of teeth. The 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer is a biological polymer with protein repellent and an anti-bacterial adhesion effects. In this study, the enamel shear bond strength (SBS) and protein repellent property in vitro of self-etching orthodontic adhesive with MPC were evaluated. It was found that the self-etching adhesive with 0-7.5%MPC met the orthodontic clinical requirement on the SBS values at three different points of time. The incorporation of 7.5%MPC significantly reduced the bacterial adhesion and total microorganism of the yield biofilm. Moreover, the MTT assay showed that the amount of plaque metabolism in 7.5%MPC was the lowest among the groups. To conclude, the novel protein repellent self-etching adhesive was able to inhibit biofilm formation efficiently and minimize enamel demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- SooRo Park
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University.,Department of Stomatology, Children's Hospital of Shanghai
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University.,Department of Orthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University
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8
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Yi J, Dai Q, Weir MD, Melo MA, Lynch CD, Oates TW, Zhang K, Zhao Z, Xu HH. A nano-CaF2-containing orthodontic cement with antibacterial and remineralization capabilities to combat enamel white spot lesions. J Dent 2019; 89:103172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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9
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Xie X, Wang L, Xing D, Qi M, Li X, Sun J, Melo MAS, Weir MD, Oates TW, Bai Y, Xu HHK. Novel rechargeable calcium phosphate nanoparticle-filled dental cement. Dent Mater J 2018; 38:1-10. [PMID: 30504692 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2017-420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to develop a novel rechargeable cement containing amorphous calcium-phosphate nanoparticles (nanoACP) to suppress tooth decay. Five cements were made with: (1) 60% glass particles (experimental control); (2) 40% glass+20% nanoACP; (3) 30% glass+30% nanoACP; (4) 20% glass+40% nanoACP; (5) 10% glass+50% nanoACP. Groups 1-4 had enamel bond strengths similar to Transbond XT (3M) and Vitremer (3M) (p>0.1). The nanoACP cement had calcium and phosphate ion release which increased with increasing nanoACP fillers. The recharged cement had substantial ion re-release continuously for 14 days after a single recharge. Ion re-release did not decrease with increasing recharge/re-release cycles. Groups 3-5 maintained a safe pH of medium (>5.5); however, control cements had cariogenic pH of medium (<4.5) due to biofilm acid. Therefore, nanoACP cement (1) had good bond strength to enamel, (2) possessed calcium and phosphate ion recharge/re-release capability, and (3) raised biofilm pH to a safe level to inhibit caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianju Xie
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University.,Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School.,VIP Integrated Department, Stomatological Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Dan Xing
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School.,Department of Dentistry, China Rehabilitation Research Center
| | - Manlin Qi
- VIP Integrated Department, Stomatological Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University
| | - Jirun Sun
- Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, National Institute of Standards & Technology
| | - Mary Anne S Melo
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School
| | - Thomas W Oates
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School.,Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine
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10
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Latić Hodžić L, Ionescu AC, Brambilla E, Basso M, Gabrić D, Meštrović S. Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets Luted with RMGIC After Er:YAG Laser Etching with Two Pulse Modes Using a Digitally Controlled "X-Runner" Handpiece. Photomed Laser Surg 2018; 36:608-613. [PMID: 30227107 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2018.4461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the shear bond strength (SBS) values of orthodontic brackets luted using a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) on enamel surfaces etched using either an Er:YAG laser in two different working modes, or a conventional etching protocol, including phosphoric acid. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty healthy human premolars were randomly allocated to three experimental groups (n = 20) and etched with: Group 1: Er:YAG laser in super-short pulse (SSP) mode (100 mJ, 20 Hz, 2 W); Group 2: Er:YAG laser in quantum square pulse mode (120 mJ, 10 Hz, 1.2 W) using a digitally controlled handpiece ("X-Runner"); Group 3 (control): 5.25% sodium hypochlorite pretreatment, then 37% phosphoric acid for 15 sec. Stainless steel brackets were bonded using light-curing RMGIC for orthodontic bonding. After term cycling (1800 cycles), SBS testing was performed using a universal testing machine. After debonding, both enamel and bracket surfaces were examined to determine the amount of RMGIC still present on the surfaces. RESULTS Group 3 surfaces gave the lowest mean SBS (10.6104 ± 2.66196 MPa), whereas Group 1 provided the highest 1 (13.1795 ± 3.37904 MPa), which was significantly different from the control (Group 3, p = 0.0226). Group 2 provided intermediate values (11.8486 ± 0.59832 MPa) nonsignificantly different from the control or from SSP (p = 0.4215 and p = 0.3082, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Er:YAG laser treatment in SSP mode of enamel surfaces for orthodontic bonding provided higher SBS and a shear behavior of the luting material similar to the conventional acid-etching procedures, making it a viable alternative to acid etching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Latić Hodžić
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb , Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrei C Ionescu
- 2 Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Brambilla
- 2 Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Basso
- 2 Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Dragana Gabrić
- 3 Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb , Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Meštrović
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb , Zagreb, Croatia
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11
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WANG X, ZHANG N, WANG B, PARK SR, WEIR MD, XU HHK, BAI Y. Novel self-etching and antibacterial orthodontic adhesive containing dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate to inhibit enamel demineralization. Dent Mater J 2018; 37:555-561. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2017-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng WANG
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University
| | - Ning ZHANG
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University
| | - Bo WANG
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
| | - Soo Ro PARK
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University
| | - Michael D. WEIR
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School
| | - Hockin H. K. XU
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland
| | - Yuxing BAI
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University
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12
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Liu Y, Zhang L, Niu LN, Yu T, Xu HH, Weir MD, Oates TW, Tay FR, Chen JH. Antibacterial and remineralizing orthodontic adhesive containing quaternary ammonium resin monomer and amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles. J Dent 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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13
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Effet du microsablage et de la déprotéinisation sur la résistance d’adhésion au cisaillement du ciment verre ionomère renforce à la résine. Int Orthod 2017; 15:600-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Hamdane N, Kmeid R, Khoury E, Ghoubril J. Effect of sandblasting and enamel deproteinization on shear bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer. Int Orthod 2017; 15:600-609. [PMID: 29111130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to compare, in vitro, the shear bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) bonded to an enamel surface prepared by either sandblasting with 50μm of aluminium oxide particles, deproteinization with 5.25% NaOCl, or by combining both techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and fifty human premolars were cleaned and randomly divided into five groups. In group 1, the teeth were etched using 37% phosphoric acid and bonded with Transbond XT. In group 2, the teeth were etched using 37% phosphoric acid and bonded with Fuji Ortho LC. In group 3, the teeth were deproteinized with 5.25% NaOCl for one minute then etched with 37% phosphoric acid and bonded with Fuji Ortho LC. In group 4, the enamel was sandblasted with 50μm of aluminium oxide particles for 5seconds prior to etching and bonding with Fuji Ortho LC. In group 5, the teeth were both sandblasted with 50μm of aluminium oxide particles for 5seconds and deproteinized with 5.25% NaOCl for one minute prior to etching using 37% phosphoric acid and bonding with Fuji Ortho LC. The shear bond strength was tested using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1.0mm/min. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) index was also determined for each group. RESULTS The mean shear bond strengths were as follows: group 1: 11.33±2.60MPa, group 2: 8.14±2.09, group 3: 9.57±3.25MPa, group 4: 9.49±1.99MPa and group 5: 9.76±2.29MPa (P=0.0001). CONCLUSION The results show that pre-treating the enamel with either sandblasting, NaOCl, or both, could give a significantly higher shear bond strength than using RMGI with acid etch alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roland Kmeid
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elie Khoury
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Joseph Ghoubril
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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15
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES White spot lesions due to biofilm acid-induced enamel demineralization are prevalent in orthodontic treatments. The aim of this study was to develop a novel bioactive multifunctional cement with protein-repellent, antibacterial and remineralizing capabilities, and investigate the effects on enamel hardness and lesion depth in vitro for the first time. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM), and nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) were incorporated into a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI). Extracted human premolars had brackets bonded via four groups: (1) Transbond XT (TB), (2) RMGI (GC Ortho LC), (3) RMGI+MPC+DMAHDM, (4) RMGI+MPC+DMAHDM+NACP. Demineralization was induced via a dental plaque microcosm biofilm model. Samples were tested using polarized light microscopy (PLM) for lesion depth. Enamel hardness was tested for different groups. RESULTS Incorporating MPC, DMAHDM and NACP did not affect enamel bond strength. "RMGI+MPC+DMAHDM+NACP" group had the least lesion depth in enamel (p<0.05). Groups with NACP had the highest enamel hardness (p<0.05). Mineral loss (ΔS) in enamel for NACP group was about one third that for RMGI control. "RMGI+MPC+DMAHDM" had greater effect on demineralization-inhibition, compared to RMGI and TB controls. "RMGI+MPC+DMAHDM+NACP" was more effective in protecting enamel prisms from dissolution by biofilm acids, compared to RMGI and TB control groups. CONCLUSION The Novel "RMGI+MPC+DMAHDM+NACP" cement substantially reduced enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets, yielding much less lesion depth and greater enamel hardness under biofilm acid attacks than commercial controls. The clinical significance is that the novel multi-agent (RMGI+MPC+DMAHDM+NACP) method is promising for a wide range of preventive and restorative applications to combat caries.
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The effect of the teeth bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide on the tensile bond strength of metal brackets. Sci Rep 2017; 7:798. [PMID: 28400596 PMCID: PMC5429781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of teeth bleaching on the tensile bond strength of metal brackets bonded with light-curing adhesive system to the human enamel. 40 recently extracted human permanent molars were used for the study. The mesial buccal surface of each tooth was used as a control group and the distal buccal surface was used as an experimental group. Control group surfaces were not submitted to bleaching, while experimental group surfaces were bleached with in-office bleaching material containing 35% hydrogen peroxide. 30 days after the bleaching, identical premolar metal brackets were bonded to each surface using light-curing adhesive. Both groups were submitted to a tension test, using a universal machine. The tensile bond strength of brackets bonded to the bleached enamel was 15% lower than that of brackets bonded to the unbleached enamel. After debonding, more adhesive was left on the bracket base in experimental group than in the control group. The conclusion of this study was that bleaching with an in-office bleaching material containing 35% hydrogen peroxide reduced the tensile bond strength of orthodontic bracket adhesive to the enamel surface.
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Novel rechargeable calcium phosphate nanoparticle-containing orthodontic cement. Int J Oral Sci 2016; 9:24-32. [PMID: 27811847 PMCID: PMC5379158 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot lesions (WSLs), due to enamel demineralization, occur frequently in orthodontic treatment. We recently developed a novel rechargeable dental composite containing nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) with long-term calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion release and caries-inhibiting capability. The objectives of this study were to develop the first NACP-rechargeable orthodontic cement and investigate the effects of recharge duration and frequency on the efficacy of ion re-release. The rechargeable cement consisted of pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDM) and ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA). NACP was mixed into the resin at 40% by mass. Specimens were tested for orthodontic bracket shear bond strength (SBS) to enamel, Ca and P ion initial release, recharge and re-release. The new orthodontic cement exhibited an SBS similar to commercial orthodontic cement without CaP release (P>0.1). Specimens after one recharge treatment (e.g., 1 min immersion in recharge solution repeating three times in one day, referred to as “1 min 3 times”) exhibited a substantial and continuous re-release of Ca and P ions for 14 days without further recharge. The ion re-release did not decrease with increasing the number of recharge/re-release cycles (P>0.1). The ion re-release concentrations at 14 days versus various recharge treatments were as follows: 1 min 3 times>3 min 2 times>1 min 2 times>6 min 1 time>3 min 1 time>1 min 1 time. In conclusion, although previous studies have shown that NACP nanocomposite remineralized tooth lesions and inhibited caries, the present study developed the first orthodontic cement with Ca and P ion recharge and long-term release capability. This NACP-rechargeable orthodontic cement is a promising therapy to inhibit enamel demineralization and WSLs around orthodontic brackets.
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Orthodontic cement with protein-repellent and antibacterial properties and the release of calcium and phosphate ions. J Dent 2016; 50:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Zhang N, Melo MAS, Antonucci JM, Lin NJ, Lin-Gibson S, Bai Y, Xu HHK. Novel Dental Cement to Combat Biofilms and Reduce Acids for Orthodontic Applications to Avoid Enamel Demineralization. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9060413. [PMID: 28773534 PMCID: PMC5456814 DOI: 10.3390/ma9060413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic treatments often lead to biofilm buildup and white spot lesions due to enamel demineralization. The objectives of this study were to develop a novel bioactive orthodontic cement to prevent white spot lesions, and to determine the effects of cement compositions on biofilm growth and acid production. 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), nanoparticles of silver (NAg), and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) were incorporated into a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGI). Enamel shear bond strength (SBS) was determined. Protein adsorption was determined using a micro bicinchoninic acid method. A dental plaque microcosm biofilm model with human saliva as inoculum was used to investigate metabolic activity, colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production. Incorporating 3% of MPC, 1.5% of DMAHDM, and 0.1% of NAg into RMGI, and immersing in distilled water at 37 °C for 30 days, did not decrease the SBS, compared to control (p > 0.1). RMGI with 3% MPC + 1.5% DMAHDM + 0.1% NAg had protein amount that was 1/10 that of control. RMGI with triple agents (MPC + DMAHDM + NAg) had much stronger antibacterial property than using a single agent or double agents (p < 0.05). Biofilm CFU on RMGI with triple agents was reduced by more than 3 orders of magnitude, compared to commercial control. Biofilm metabolic activity and acid production were also greatly reduced. In conclusion, adding MPC + DMAHDM + NAg in RMGI substantially inhibited biofilm viability and acid production, without compromising the orthodontic bracket bond strength to enamel. The novel bioactive cement is promising for orthodontic applications to hinder biofilms and plaque buildup and enamel demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Mary Anne S Melo
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Joseph M Antonucci
- Biomaterials Group, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Nancy J Lin
- Biomaterials Group, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Sheng Lin-Gibson
- Biomaterials Group, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA.
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Zhang N, Chen C, Weir MD, Bai Y, Xu HHK. Antibacterial and protein-repellent orthodontic cement to combat biofilms and white spot lesions. J Dent 2015; 43:1529-38. [PMID: 26427311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES White spot lesions are the most undesired side-effect of fixed orthodontic treatments. The objectives of this study were to combine nanoparticles of silver (NAg) with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) to develop a modified resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGI) as orthodontic cement with double benefits of antibacterial and protein-repellent capabilities for the first time. METHODS NAg and MPC were incorporated into a commercial RMGI. Another commercial orthodontic adhesive also served as control. Enamel shear bond strengths (SBS) were determined. Protein adsorption was measured via a micro bicinchoninic acid method. A dental plaque microcosm biofilm model with human saliva as inoculum was tested. Biofilms adherent on the cement samples and planktonic bacteria in the culture medium away from the cement surfaces were both evaluated for bacterial metabolic activity, colony-forming units (CFU), and lactic acid production. RESULTS Adding 0.1% NAg and 3% MPC to RMGI, and water-aging for 30 days, did not adversely affect the SBS, compared to the unmodified RMGI control (p>0.1). The modified RMGI containing 0.1% NAg and 3% MPC achieved the greatest reduction in protein adsorption, bacterial adhesion, CFU, metabolic activity and lactic acid production. The RMGI containing 0.1% NAg and 3% MPC inhibited not only the bacteria on its surface, but also the bacteria away from the surface in the culture medium. CONCLUSIONS The incorporation of double agents (antibacterial NAg+protein-repellent MPC) into RMGI achieved much stronger inhibition of biofilms than using each agent alone. The novel antibacterial and protein-repellent RMGI with substantially-reduced biofilm acids is promising as an orthodontic cement to combat white spot lesions in enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael D Weir
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA.
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Zhang N, Zhang K, Melo MAS, Chen C, Fouad AF, Bai Y, Xu HHK. Novel protein-repellent and biofilm-repellent orthodontic cement containing 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:949-59. [PMID: 25970092 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to develop the first protein-repellent resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGI) by incorporating 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) for orthodontic applications, and to investigate the MPC effects on protein adsorption, biofilm growth, and enamel bond strength. MPC was incorporated into RMGI at 0% (control), 1.5%, 3%, and 5% by mass. Specimens were stored in water at 37°C for 1 and 30 days. Enamel shear bond strength (SBS) was measured, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were assessed. Protein adsorption onto the specimens was determined by a micro bicinchoninic acid method. A dental plaque microcosm biofilm model with human saliva as inoculum was used. The results showed that adding 3% of MPC into RMGI did not significantly reduce the SBS (p > 0.1). There was no significant loss in SBS for RMGI containing 3% MPC after water-aging for 30 days, as compared to 1 day (p > 0.1). RMGI with 3% MPC had protein adsorption that was 1/10 that of control. RMGI with 3% MPC greatly reduced the bacterial adhesion, and lactic acid production and colony-forming units of biofilms, while substantially increasing the medium solution pH containing biofilms. The protein-repellent and biofilm-repellent effects were not decreased after water-aging for 30 days. In conclusion, the MPC-containing RMGI is promising to reduce biofilms and white spot lesions without compromising orthodontic bracket-enamel bond strength. The novel protein-repellent method may have applicability to other orthodontic cements, dental composites, adhesives, sealants, and cements to repel proteins and biofilms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 949-959, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mary Anne S Melo
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Chen Chen
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ashraf F Fouad
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.,Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Maryland, 21250
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Prevention and treatment of demineralisation during fixed appliance therapy: a review of current methods and future applications. Br Dent J 2013; 215:505-11. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zanarini M, Gracco A, Lattuca M, Marchionni S, Gatto MR, Bonetti GA. Bracket base remnants after orthodontic debonding. Angle Orthod 2013; 83:885-891. [PMID: 23530544 PMCID: PMC8744527 DOI: 10.2319/121112-930.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the debonding procedure leads to restitutio ad integrum of the enamel surface by investigating the presence of enamel within the bracket base remnants after debonding. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty patients who completed orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances were included. A total of 1068 brackets were microphotographed; the brackets presenting some remnants on the base (n = 818) were selected and analyzed with ImageJ software to measure the remnant area. From this population a statistically significant sample (n = 100) was observed under a scanning electron microscope to check for the presence of enamel within the remnants. Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry was also performed to obtain quantitative data. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in the remnant percentage between arches were observed for incisor and canine brackets (P < .0001 and P = .022, respectively). From a morphologic analysis of the scanning electron micrographs the bracket bases were categorized in 3 groups: group A, bases presenting a thin enamel coat (83%); group B, bases showing sizable enamel fragments (7%); group C, bases with no morphologic evidence of enamel presence (10%). Calcium presence was noted on all evaluated brackets under energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. No significant difference was observed in the Ca/Si ratio between group A (16.21%) and group B (18.77%), whereas the Ca/Si ratio in group C (5.40%) was significantly lower than that of the other groups (P < .323 and P = .0001, respectively). CONCLUSION The objective of an atraumatic debonding is not achieved yet; in some cases the damage could be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zanarini
- Visiting Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Gracco
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Lattuca
- Postgraduate student, Department of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchionni
- Manager of Research, Laboratory of Microscopy, Department of Oral Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Gatto
- Assistant Professor, Medical Statistics, Department of Orthodontics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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