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Maeda J, Chailapakul P, Kato TA. ATM and ATR gene editing mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 in Chinese Hamster cells. Mutat Res 2024; 829:111871. [PMID: 39024734 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2024.111871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Chinese hamster-derived cell lines including Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79) have been used as model somatic cell lines in radiation biology and toxicology research for decades and have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms. Whereas many mutant lines deficient in DDR genes have been generated more than over decades, several key DDR genes such as ATM and ATR have not been established in the Chinese hamster system. Here, we transfected CRISPR/Cas9 vectors targeting Chinese hamster ATM or ATR into V79 cells and investigated whether the isolated clones had the characteristics reported in human and mouse studies. We obtained two clones of ATM knockout cells containing an insertion or deletions in the targeted locus. The ATM knockouts with no detectable ATM protein expression exhibited increased sensitivity to radiation and DNA double strand break inducing agents, cell cycle checkpoint defects and defective chromatid break repair. These are all characteristics of defective ATM function. Among the obtained ATR cells, which contained mutations in both ATR alleles while maintaining normal levels of ATR protein expression, one clone exhibited hypersensitivity to UV and replication stress agents. In the present study, we successfully established CRISPR-Cas9 derived ATM knockout cells. We couldn't knock out the ATR gene but obtained ATR mutant cells. Our results showed that Chinese hamster origin ATM knockout cells and ATR mutant cells could be useful tools for further research to reveal oncogenic functions and effects of developing anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Maeda
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Piyawan Chailapakul
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Takamitsu A Kato
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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2
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Luong NC, Kawamura H, Ikeda H, Roppongi RT, Shibata A, Hu J, Jiang JG, Yu DS, Held KD. ATR signaling controls the bystander responses of human chondrosarcoma cells by promoting RAD51-dependent DNA repair. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:724-735. [PMID: 38442236 PMCID: PMC11060906 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2324479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) frequently is seen as DNA damage in unirradiated bystander cells, but the repair processes initiated in response to that DNA damage are not well understood. RIBE-mediated formation of micronuclei (MN), a biomarker of persistent DNA damage, was previously observed in bystander normal fibroblast (AG01522) cells, but not in bystander human chondrosarcoma (HTB94) cells. The molecular mechanisms causing this disparity are not clear. Herein, we investigate the role of DNA repair in the bystander responses of the two cell lines. METHODS Cells were irradiated with X-rays and immediately co-cultured with un-irradiated cells using a trans-well insert system in which they share the same medium. The activation of DNA damage response (DDR) proteins was detected by immunofluorescence staining or Western blotting. MN formation was examined by the cytokinesis-block MN assay, which is a robust method to detect persistent DNA damage. RESULTS Immunofluorescent foci of γH2AX and 53BP1, biomarkers of DNA damage and repair, revealed a greater capacity for DNA repair in HTB94 cells than in AG01522 cells in both irradiated and bystander populations. Autophosphorylation of ATR at the threonine 1989 site was expressed at a greater level in HTB94 cells compared to AG01522 cells at the baseline and in response to hydroxyurea treatment or exposure to 1 Gy of X-rays. An inhibitor of ATR, but not of ATM, promoted MN formation in bystander HTB94 cells. In contrast, no effect of either inhibitor was observed in bystander AG01522 cells, indicating that ATR signaling might be a pivotal pathway to preventing the MN formation in bystander HTB94 cells. Supporting this idea, we found an ATR-dependent increase in the fractions of bystander HTB94 cells with pRPA2 S33 and RAD51 foci. A blocker of RAD51 facilitated MN formation in bystander HTB94 cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that HTB94 cells were likely more efficient in DNA repair than AG01522 cells, specifically via ATR signaling, which inhibited the bystander signal-induced MN formation. This study highlights the significance of DNA repair efficiency in bystander cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nho Cong Luong
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hidemasa Kawamura
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Reiko T Roppongi
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiaxuan Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jinmeng G Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David S Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathryn D Held
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Nadal N, Auger N, Bidet A, Nguyen-Khac F. Cytogenetics in the management of clonal chromosomal abnormalities of undetermined significance and persistent polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis: Guidelines from the Groupe Francophone de Cytogénétique Hématologique (GFCH). Curr Res Transl Med 2023; 71:103426. [PMID: 38016423 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2023.103426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Acquired clonal chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) are usually considered to be disease-related. However, when a CA of this type is the only abnormality present (and especially in small clones), the clinical significance is unclear. Here, we review the literature on recurrent CAs whose significance is regularly subject to debate. Our objective was to help with their interpretation and develop guidelines for sex chromosome loss, trisomy 15, trisomy 8, deletion 20q and other isolated non-myelodysplastic neoplasm (MDS)-defining CAs. We suggest that non-MDS-defining CAs correspond to clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) in the absence of cytopenia and clonal cytopenia of undetermined significance (CCUS) in the presence of cytopenia. Lastly, we review the literature on persistent polyclonal binucleated B-cell lymphocytosis; although usually benign, this condition may correspond to a premalignant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nadal
- Service de génétique chromosomique et moléculaire, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France.
| | - N Auger
- Génétique des tumeurs, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - A Bidet
- Laboratoire d'hématologie, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Nguyen-Khac
- Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMRS 1138, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
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4
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Fan JR, Chang SN, Chu CT, Chen HC. AKT2-mediated nuclear deformation leads to genome instability during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. iScience 2023; 26:106992. [PMID: 37378334 PMCID: PMC10291577 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear deformation has been observed in some cancer cells for decades, but its underlying mechanism and biological significance remain elusive. To address these questions, we employed human lung cancer A549 cell line as a model in context with transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Here, we report that nuclear deformation induced by TGFβ is concomitant with increased phosphorylation of lamin A at Ser390, defective nuclear lamina and genome instability. AKT2 and Smad3 serve as the downstream effectors for TGFβ to induce nuclear deformation. AKT2 directly phosphorylates lamin A at Ser390, whereas Smad3 is required for AKT2 activation upon TGFβ stimulation. Expression of the lamin A mutant with a substitution of Ser390 to Ala or suppression of AKT2 or Smad3 prevents nuclear deformation and genome instability induced by TGFβ. These findings reveal a molecular mechanism for TGFβ-induced nuclear deformation and establish a role of nuclear deformation in genome instability during epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Fan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Nian Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tung Chu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chen Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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Luo D, Mladenov E, Soni A, Stuschke M, Iliakis G. The p38/MK2 Pathway Functions as Chk1-Backup Downstream of ATM/ATR in G 2-Checkpoint Activation in Cells Exposed to Ionizing Radiation. Cells 2023; 12:1387. [PMID: 37408221 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that in G2-phase cells (but not S-phase cells) sustaining low loads of DNA double-strand break (DSBs), ATM and ATR regulate the G2-checkpoint epistatically, with ATR at the output-node, interfacing with the cell cycle through Chk1. However, although inhibition of ATR nearly completely abrogated the checkpoint, inhibition of Chk1 using UCN-01 generated only partial responses. This suggested that additional kinases downstream of ATR were involved in the transmission of the signal to the cell cycle engine. Additionally, the broad spectrum of kinases inhibited by UCN-01 pointed to uncertainties in the interpretation that warranted further investigations. Here, we show that more specific Chk1 inhibitors exert an even weaker effect on G2-checkpoint, as compared to ATR inhibitors and UCN-01, and identify the MAPK p38α and its downstream target MK2 as checkpoint effectors operating as backup to Chk1. These observations further expand the spectrum of p38/MK2 signaling to G2-checkpoint activation, extend similar studies in cells exposed to other DNA damaging agents and consolidate a role of p38/MK2 as a backup kinase module, adding to similar backup functions exerted in p53 deficient cells. The results extend the spectrum of actionable strategies and targets in current efforts to enhance the radiosensitivity in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxian Luo
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Emil Mladenov
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Aashish Soni
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Stuschke
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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6
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Targeting the DNA damage response for cancer therapy. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:207-221. [PMID: 36606678 PMCID: PMC9988002 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is an elegant system, coordinating DNA repair with cell cycle checkpoints, that evolved to protect living organisms from the otherwise fatal levels of DNA damage inflicted by endogenous and environmental sources. Since many agents used to treat cancer; radiotherapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy, work by damaging DNA the DDR represents a mechanism of resistance. The original rational for the development of drugs to inhibit the DDR was to overcome this mechanism of resistance but clinical studies using this approach have not led to improvements in the therapeutic index. A more exciting approach is to exploit cancer-specific defects in the DDR, that represent vulnerabilities in the tumour and an opportunity to selectively target the tumour. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) selectively kill homologous recombination repair defective (HRD, e.g. through BRCA mutation) cells. This approach has proven successful clinically and there are now six PARPi approved for cancer therapy. Drugs targeting other aspects of the DDR are under pre-clinical and clinical evaluation as monotherapy agents and in combination studies. For this promising approach to cancer therapy to be fully realised reliable biomarkers are needed to identify tumours with the exploitable defect for monotherapy applications. The possibility that some combinations may result in toxicity to normal tissues also needs to be considered. A brief overview of the DDR, the development of inhibitors targeting the DDR and the current clinical status of such drugs is described here.
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7
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Priya B, Dubey G, Kirubakaran S. Exploring SPK98 for the Selective Sensitization of ATM- or P53-Deficient Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:4954-4962. [PMID: 36777575 PMCID: PMC9909806 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Frequent mutation in the ATM/P53 signaling pathway has been documented in many human cancers. Reportedly, cancer cells with deficient P53/ATM pathways depend on functional Ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) protein for survival. This has prompted research in developing ATR inhibitors for the selective sensitization of cancer cells that are P53/ATM-deficient, but no clinical success has been attained thus far. This study explores the therapeutic potential of SPK98, an analogue of Torin2 in P53- and ATM-deficient cancer cells. Furthermore, the prospect of improving the therapeutic outcome of the genotoxic agent was also explored. SPK98 was shown to inhibit full-length human ATR protein purified from HEK293T cells. Cellular investigation using SPK98 demonstrated that it selectively sensitizes P53- and ATM-deficient cells at low concentrations compared to P53-/ATM-proficient cells. Furthermore, SPK98 drives the cancer cells toward cell death by promoting the formation of DNA double-strand breaks. Taken together, our findings suggest that SPK98 is a promising therapeutic molecule for P53- or ATM-deficient malignancy that merits additional preclinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Priya
- Discipline
of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Gurudutt Dubey
- Discipline
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Sivapriya Kirubakaran
- Discipline
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
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8
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Groelly FJ, Fawkes M, Dagg RA, Blackford AN, Tarsounas M. Targeting DNA damage response pathways in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:78-94. [PMID: 36471053 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 192.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells have evolved a complex network of biochemical pathways, collectively known as the DNA damage response (DDR), to prevent detrimental mutations from being passed on to their progeny. The DDR coordinates DNA repair with cell-cycle checkpoint activation and other global cellular responses. Genes encoding DDR factors are frequently mutated in cancer, causing genomic instability, an intrinsic feature of many tumours that underlies their ability to grow, metastasize and respond to treatments that inflict DNA damage (such as radiotherapy). One instance where we have greater insight into how genetic DDR abrogation impacts on therapy responses is in tumours with mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2. Due to compromised homologous recombination DNA repair, these tumours rely on alternative repair mechanisms and are susceptible to chemical inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which specifically kill homologous recombination-deficient cancer cells, and have become a paradigm for targeted cancer therapy. It is now clear that many other synthetic-lethal relationships exist between DDR genes. Crucially, some of these interactions could be exploited in the clinic to target tumours that become resistant to PARP inhibition. In this Review, we discuss state-of-the-art strategies for DDR inactivation using small-molecule inhibitors and highlight those compounds currently being evaluated in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J Groelly
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Fawkes
- Department of Oncology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca A Dagg
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew N Blackford
- Department of Oncology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - Madalena Tarsounas
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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9
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Ahmed S, Alam W, Aschner M, Alsharif KF, Albrakati A, Saso L, Khan H. Natural products targeting the ATR-CHK1 signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113797. [PMID: 36271573 PMCID: PMC9590097 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most severe medical conditions in the world, causing millions of deaths each year. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are critical for treatment approaches, but both have numerous adverse health effects. Furthermore, the resistance of cancerous cells to anticancer medication leads to treatment failure. The rising burden of cancer requires novel efficacious treatment modalities. Natural remedies offer feasible alternative options against malignancy in contrast to available synthetic medication. Selective killing of cancer cells is privileged mainstream in cancer treatment, and targeted therapy represents the new tool with the potential to pursue this aim. The discovery of innovative therapies targeting essential components of DNA damage signaling and repair pathways such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related Checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR-CHK1)has offered a possibility of significant therapeutic improvement in oncology. The activation and inhibition of this pathway account for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity, respectively. Targeting this pathway can also aid to overcome the resistance of conventional chemo- or radiotherapy. This review enlightens the anticancer role of natural products by ATR-CHK1 activation and inhibition. Additionally, these compounds have been shown to have chemotherapeutic synergistic potential when used in combination with other anticancer drugs. Ideally, this review will trigger interest in natural products targeting ATR-CHK1 and their potential efficacy and safety as cancer lessening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer"Sapienza University, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
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Xun K, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Wen N, Wang Z, Qiu L, Tan W. Aptamer-Based Analysis and Manipulation of the Protein Activity in Living Cells. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4352-4358. [PMID: 35230816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Directly analyzing and precisely manipulating the activity of target proteins without altering their natural structure and expression would be essential to decoding many protein-dominant cellular processes. To meet this goal, we used streptavidin as the carrier to develop an aptamer-based nanoplatform for monitoring the activation process of specific proteins in living cells. Our results showed that this nanoplatform could efficiently enter the cellular cytoplasm and specifically report the presence of RelA in the activated state. Meanwhile, with incorporation of a photoresponsive module, this aptamer-based nanoplatform was able to manipulate the nuclear translocation behavior of active RelA, enabling control over related downstream signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyu Xun
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Nachuan Wen
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Liping Qiu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
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11
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Bukhari AB, Chan GK, Gamper AM. Targeting the DNA Damage Response for Cancer Therapy by Inhibiting the Kinase Wee1. Front Oncol 2022; 12:828684. [PMID: 35251998 PMCID: PMC8891215 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.828684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells typically heavily rely on the G2/M checkpoint to survive endogenous and exogenous DNA damage, such as genotoxic stress due to genome instability or radiation and chemotherapy. The key regulator of the G2/M checkpoint, the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), is tightly controlled, including by its phosphorylation state. This posttranslational modification, which is determined by the opposing activities of the phosphatase cdc25 and the kinase Wee1, allows for a more rapid response to cellular stress than via the synthesis or degradation of modulatory interacting proteins, such as p21 or cyclin B. Reducing Wee1 activity results in ectopic activation of CDK1 activity and drives premature entry into mitosis with unrepaired or under-replicated DNA and causing mitotic catastrophe. Here, we review efforts to use small molecule inhibitors of Wee1 for therapeutic purposes, including strategies to combine Wee1 inhibition with genotoxic agents, such as radiation therapy or drugs inducing replication stress, or inhibitors of pathways that show synthetic lethality with Wee1. Furthermore, it become increasingly clear that Wee1 inhibition can also modulate therapeutic immune responses. We will discuss the mechanisms underlying combination treatments identifying both cell intrinsic and systemic anti-tumor activities.
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12
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Choi W, Lee ES. Therapeutic Targeting of DNA Damage Response in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031701. [PMID: 35163621 PMCID: PMC8836062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) is critical to ensure genome stability, and defects in this signaling pathway are highly associated with carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Nevertheless, this also provides therapeutic opportunities, as cells with defective DDR signaling are directed to rely on compensatory survival pathways, and these vulnerabilities have been exploited for anticancer treatments. Following the impressive success of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of BRCA-mutated breast and ovarian cancers, extensive research has been conducted toward the development of pharmacologic inhibitors of the key components of the DDR signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the key elements of the DDR pathway and how these molecular components may serve as anticancer treatment targets. We also summarize the recent promising developments in the field of DDR pathway inhibitors, focusing on novel agents beyond PARP inhibitors. Furthermore, we discuss biomarker studies to identify target patients expected to derive maximal clinical benefits as well as combination strategies with other classes of anticancer agents to synergize and optimize the clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyoung Choi
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
- Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
- Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-920-1633
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Siddiqui A, Tumiati M, Joko A, Sandholm J, Roering P, Aakko S, Vainionpää R, Kaipio K, Huhtinen K, Kauppi L, Tuomela J, Hietanen S. Targeting DNA Homologous Repair Proficiency With Concomitant Topoisomerase II and c-Abl Inhibition. Front Oncol 2021; 11:733700. [PMID: 34616682 PMCID: PMC8488401 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.733700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical DNA repair pathways become deranged during cancer development. This vulnerability may be exploited with DNA-targeting chemotherapy. Topoisomerase II inhibitors induce double-strand breaks which, if not repaired, are detrimental to the cell. This repair process requires high-fidelity functional homologous recombination (HR) or error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). If either of these pathways is defective, a compensatory pathway may rescue the cells and induce treatment resistance. Consistently, HR proficiency, either inherent or acquired during the course of the disease, enables tumor cells competent to repair the DNA damage, which is a major problem for chemotherapy in general. In this context, c-Abl is a protein tyrosine kinase that is involved in DNA damage-induced stress. We used a low-dose topoisomerase II inhibitor mitoxantrone to induce DNA damage which caused a transient cell cycle delay but allowed eventual passage through this checkpoint in most cells. We show that the percentage of HR and NHEJ efficient HeLa cells decreased more than 50% by combining c-Abl inhibitor imatinib with mitoxantrone. This inhibition of DNA repair caused more than 87% of cells in G2/M arrest and a significant increase in apoptosis. To validate the effect of the combination treatment, we tested it on commercial and patient-derived cell lines in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), where chemotherapy resistance correlates with HR proficiency and is a major clinical problem. Results obtained with HR-proficient and deficient HGSOC cell lines show a 50–85% increase of sensitivity by the combination treatment. Our data raise the possibility of successful targeting of treatment-resistant HR-proficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafat Siddiqui
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Manuela Tumiati
- ONCOSYS, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alia Joko
- Department of Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jouko Sandholm
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Roering
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sofia Aakko
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Reetta Vainionpää
- Laboratory of Genetics, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Kaipio
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Huhtinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Kauppi
- ONCOSYS, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Tuomela
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sakari Hietanen
- Turku University Hospital, FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland
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14
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Hauge S, Eek Mariampillai A, Rødland GE, Bay LTE, Landsverk HB, Syljuåsen RG. Expanding roles of cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors in radiation oncology. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 99:941-950. [PMID: 33877959 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1913529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced activation of cell cycle checkpoints have been of long-standing interest. The WEE1, CHK1 and ATR kinases are key factors in cell cycle checkpoint regulation and are essential for the S and G2 checkpoints. Here, we review the rationale for why inhibitors of WEE1, CHK1 and ATR could be beneficial in combination with radiation. CONCLUSIONS Combined treatment with radiation and inhibitors of these kinases results in checkpoint abrogation and subsequent mitotic catastrophe. This might selectively radiosensitize tumor cells, as they often lack the p53-dependent G1 checkpoint and therefore rely more on the G2 checkpoint to repair DNA damage. Further affecting the repair of radiation damage, inhibition of WEE1, CHK1 or ATR also specifically suppresses the homologous recombination repair pathway. Moreover, inhibition of these kinases can induce massive replication stress during S phase of the cell cycle, likely contributing to eliminate radioresistant S phase cells. Intriguingly, recent findings suggest that cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors in combination with radiation can also enhance anti-tumor immune effects. Altogether, the expanding knowledge about the functional roles of WEE1, CHK1 and ATR inhibitors support that they are promising candidates for use in combination with radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissel Hauge
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrian Eek Mariampillai
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Elise Rødland
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lilli T E Bay
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helga B Landsverk
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Randi G Syljuåsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Feng W, Dean DC, Hornicek FJ, Wang J, Jia Y, Duan Z, Shi H. ATR and p-ATR are emerging prognostic biomarkers and DNA damage response targets in ovarian cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920982853. [PMID: 33854565 PMCID: PMC8013598 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920982853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR) has an established role in the DNA damage response of various cancers, its clinical and prognostic significance in ovarian cancer remains largely unknown. The aims of this study were to assess the expression, function, and clinical prognostic relationship of ATR and phospho-ATR ser428 (p-ATR) in ovarian cancer. Methods: We confirmed ATR and p-ATR expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a unique ovarian cancer tissue microarray constructed of paired primary, recurrent, and metastatic tumor tissues from 26 individual patients. ATR-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) and ATR inhibitor VE-822 were applied to determine the effects of ATR inhibition on ovarian cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage. ATR expression and the associated proteins of the ATR/Chk1 pathway in ovarian cancer cell lines were evaluated by Western blotting. The clonogenicity was also examined using clonogenic assays. A three dimensional (3D) cell culture model was performed to mimic the in vivo ovarian cancer environment to further validate the effects of ATR inhibition on ovarian cancer cells. Results: We show recurrent ovarian cancer tissues express higher levels of ATR and p-ATR than their patient-matched primary tumor counterparts. Additionally, higher expression of p-ATR correlates with decreased survival in ovarian cancer patients. Treatment of ovarian cancer cells with ATR specific siRNA or ATR inhibitor VE-822 led to significant apoptosis and inhibition of cellular proliferation, with reduced phosphorylation of Chk1 (p-Chk1), Cdc25c (p-Cdc25c), Cdc2 (p-Cdc2), and increased expression of cleaved PARP and γH2AX. Inhibition of ATR also suppressed clonogenicity and spheroid growth of ovarian cancer cells. Conclusion: Our results support the ATR and p-ATR pathway as a prognostic biomarker, and targeting the ATR machinery is an emerging therapeutic approach in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dylan C Dean
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jinglu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young. Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Huirong Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
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16
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Weyburne E, Bosco G. Cancer-associated mutations in the condensin II subunit CAPH2 cause genomic instability through telomere dysfunction and anaphase chromosome bridges. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3579-3598. [PMID: 33078399 PMCID: PMC7983937 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Genome instability in cancer drives tumor heterogeneity, undermines the success of therapies, and leads to metastasis and recurrence. Condensins are conserved chromatin‐binding proteins that promote genomic stability, mainly by ensuring proper condensation of chromatin and mitotic chromosome segregation. Condensin mutations are found in human tumors, but it is not known how or even if such mutations promote cancer progression. In this study, we focus on condensin II subunit CAPH2 and specific CAPH2 mutations reported to be enriched in human cancer patients, and we test how CAPH2 cancer‐specific mutations may lead to condensin II complex dysfunction and contribute to genome instability. We find that R551P, R551S, and S556F mutations in CAPH2 cause genomic instability by causing DNA damage, anaphase defects, micronuclei, and chromosomal instability. DNA damage and anaphase defects are caused primarily by ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3‐related‐dependent telomere dysfunction, as anaphase bridges are enriched for telomeric repeat sequences. We also show that these mutations decrease the binding of CAPH2 to the ATPase subunit SMC4 as well as the rest of the condensin II complex, and decrease the amount of CAPH2 protein bound to chromatin. Thus, in vivo the R551P, R551S, and S556F cancer‐specific CAPH2 mutant proteins are likely to impair condensin II complex formation, impede condensin II activity during mitosis and interphase, and promote genetic heterogeneity in cell populations that can lead to clonal outgrowth of cancer cells with highly diverse genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Weyburne
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Giovanni Bosco
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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17
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The Importance of ATM and ATR in Physcomitrella patens DNA Damage Repair, Development, and Gene Targeting. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070752. [PMID: 32640722 PMCID: PMC7397299 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated by ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), two highly conserved kinases, DNA damage repair ensures genome integrity and survival in all organisms. The Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) orthologues are well characterized and exhibit typical mammalian characteristics. We mutated the Physcomitrellapatens (P. patens) PpATM and PpATR genes by deleting functionally important domains using gene targeting. Both mutants showed growth abnormalities, indicating that these genes, particularly PpATR, are important for normal vegetative development. ATR was also required for repair of both direct and replication-coupled double-strand breaks (DSBs) and dominated the transcriptional response to direct DSBs, whereas ATM was far less important, as shown by assays assessing resistance to DSB induction and SuperSAGE-based transcriptomics focused on DNA damage repair genes. These characteristics differed significantly from the A. thaliana genes but resembled those in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). PpATR was not important for gene targeting, pointing to differences in the regulation of gene targeting and direct DSB repair. Our analysis suggests that ATM and ATR functions can be substantially diverged between plants. The differences in ATM and ATR reflect the differences in DSB repair pathway choices between A. thaliana and P. patens, suggesting that they represent adaptations to different demands for the maintenance of genome stability.
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18
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Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) pathway prevents high level endogenous and environmental DNA damage being replicated and passed on to the next generation of cells via an orchestrated and integrated network of cell cycle checkpoint signalling and DNA repair pathways. Depending on the type of damage, and where in the cell cycle it occurs different pathways are involved, with the ATM-CHK2-p53 pathway controlling the G1 checkpoint or ATR-CHK1-Wee1 pathway controlling the S and G2/M checkpoints. Loss of G1 checkpoint control is common in cancer through TP53, ATM mutations, Rb loss or cyclin E overexpression, providing a stronger rationale for targeting the S/G2 checkpoints. This review will focus on the ATM-CHK2-p53-p21 pathway and the ATR-CHK1-WEE1 pathway and ongoing efforts to target these pathways for patient benefit.
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19
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Targeting ATR as Cancer Therapy: A new era for synthetic lethality and synergistic combinations? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 207:107450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Cussiol JRR, Soares BL, Oliveira FMBD. From yeast to humans: Understanding the biology of DNA Damage Response (DDR) kinases. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 43:e20190071. [PMID: 31930279 PMCID: PMC7198005 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA Damage Response (DDR) is a complex network of biological processes that protect cells from accumulating aberrant DNA structures, thereby maintaining genomic stability and, as a consequence, preventing the development of cancer and other diseases. The DDR pathway is coordinated by a signaling cascade mediated by the PI3K-like kinases (PIKK) ATM and ATR and by their downstream kinases CHK2 and CHK1, respectively. Together, these kinases regulate several aspects of the cellular program in response to genomic stress. Much of our understanding of these kinases came from studies performed in the 1990s using yeast as a model organism. The purpose of this review is to present a historical perspective on the discovery of the DDR kinases in yeast and the importance of this model for the identification and functional understanding of their mammalian orthologues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bárbara Luísa Soares
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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21
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Lemmens B, Lindqvist A. DNA replication and mitotic entry: A brake model for cell cycle progression. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3892-3902. [PMID: 31712253 PMCID: PMC6891093 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lemmens and Lindqvist discuss how DNA replication and mitosis are coordinated and propose a cell cycle model controlled by brakes. The core function of the cell cycle is to duplicate the genome and divide the duplicated DNA into two daughter cells. These processes need to be carefully coordinated, as cell division before DNA replication is complete leads to genome instability and cell death. Recent observations show that DNA replication, far from being only a consequence of cell cycle progression, plays a key role in coordinating cell cycle activities. DNA replication, through checkpoint kinase signaling, restricts the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that promote cell division. The S/G2 transition is therefore emerging as a crucial regulatory step to determine the timing of mitosis. Here we discuss recent observations that redefine the coupling between DNA replication and cell division and incorporate these insights into an updated cell cycle model for human cells. We propose a cell cycle model based on a single trigger and sequential releases of three molecular brakes that determine the kinetics of CDK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennie Lemmens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet and Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Shaj K, Hutcherson RJ, Kemp MG. ATR Kinase Activity Limits Mutagenesis and Promotes the Clonogenic Survival of Quiescent Human Keratinocytes Exposed to UVB Radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:105-112. [PMID: 31554014 DOI: 10.1111/php.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ATR protein kinase has well-described roles in maintaining genomic integrity during the DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle. However, ATR function in cells that are not actively replicating DNA remains largely unexplored. Using HaCaT and telomerase-immortalized human keratinocytes maintained in a confluent, nonreplicating state in vitro, ATR was found to be robustly activated in response to UVB radiation in a manner dependent on the nucleotide excision repair factor and DNA translocase XPB. Inhibition of ATR kinase activity under these conditions negatively impacted acute cell survival and cytotoxicity and severely inhibited the ability of UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes to proliferate upon stimulation with growth factors. Furthermore, ATR kinase inhibition in quiescent HaCaT keratinocytes potentiated UVB mutagenesis at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase locus. Though ATR inhibition did not impact the rate of removal of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from genomic DNA, elevated levels of PCNA mono-ubiquitination and chromatin-associated PCNA and RPA indicate that excision gap-filling synthesis was altered in the absence of ATR signaling. These results indicate that the ATR kinase plays important roles in preventing mutagenesis and in promoting the proliferative potential of quiescent keratinocytes exposed to UVB radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Shaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
| | - Rebekah J Hutcherson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
| | - Michael G Kemp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
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23
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Mladenov E, Fan X, Paul-Konietzko K, Soni A, Iliakis G. DNA-PKcs and ATM epistatically suppress DNA end resection and hyperactivation of ATR-dependent G 2-checkpoint in S-phase irradiated cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14597. [PMID: 31601897 PMCID: PMC6787047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that cells exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) in the G2-phase of the cell cycle activate a checkpoint that is epistatically regulated by ATM and ATR operating as an integrated module. In this module, ATR interphases exclusively with the cell cycle to implement the checkpoint, mainly using CHK1. The ATM/ATR module similarly regulates DNA end-resection at low IR-doses. Strikingly, at high IR-doses, the ATM/ATR coupling relaxes and each kinase exerts independent contributions to resection and the G2-checkpoint. DNA-PKcs links to the ATM/ATR module and defects cause hyper-resection and hyperactivation of G2-checkpoint at all doses examined. Surprisingly, our present report reveals that cells irradiated in S-phase utilize a different form of wiring between DNA-PKcs/ATM/ATR: The checkpoint activated in G2-phase is regulated exclusively by ATR/CHK1; similarly at high and low IR-doses. DNA end-resection supports ATR-activation, but inhibition of ATR leaves resection unchanged. DNA-PKcs and ATM link now epistatically to resection and their inhibition causes hyper-resection and ATR-dependent G2-checkpoint hyperactivation at all IR-doses. We propose that DNA-PKcs, ATM and ATR form a modular unit to regulate DSB processing with their crosstalk distinctly organized in S- and G2- phase, with strong dependence on DSB load only in G2-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Mladenov
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany.
| | - Xiaoxiang Fan
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Katja Paul-Konietzko
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Aashish Soni
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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24
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Murai J, Thomas A, Miettinen M, Pommier Y. Schlafen 11 (SLFN11), a restriction factor for replicative stress induced by DNA-targeting anti-cancer therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:94-102. [PMID: 31128155 PMCID: PMC6708787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schlafen 11 (SLFN11) sensitizes cells to a broad range of anti-cancer drugs including platinum derivatives (cisplatin and carboplatin), inhibitors of topoisomerases (irinotecan, topotecan, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, mitoxantrone and etoposide), DNA synthesis inhibitors (gemcitabine, cytarabine, hydroxyurea and nucleoside analogues), and poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib and talazoparib). In spite of their different primary mechanisms of action, all these drugs damage DNA during S-phase, activate the intra-S-phase checkpoint and induce replication fork slowing and stalling with single-stranded DNA segments coated with replication protein A. Such situation with abnormal replication forks is known as replication stress. SLFN11 irreversibly blocks replication in cells under replication stress, explaining why SLFN11-positive cells are markedly more efficiently killed by DNA-targeting drugs than SLFN11-negative cells. SLFN11 is inactivated in ~50% of cancer cell lines and in a large fraction of tumors, and is linked with the native immune, interferon and T-cells responses, implying the translational relevance of measuring SLFN11 expression as a predictive biomarker of response and resistance in patients. SLFN11 is also a plausible epigenetic target for reactivation by inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC), DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) and EZH2 histone methyltransferase and for combination of these epigenetic inhibitors with DNA-targeting drugs in cells lacking SLFN11 expression. In addition, resistance due to lack of SLFN11 expression in tumors is a potential indication for cell-cycle checkpoint inhibitors in combination with DNA-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Anish Thomas
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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25
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Rozpędek W, Pytel D, Nowak-Zduńczyk A, Lewko D, Wojtczak R, Diehl JA, Majsterek I. Breaking the DNA Damage Response via Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitors to Improve Cancer Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1425-1445. [PMID: 29345572 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180117102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple, both endogenous and exogenous, sources may induce DNA damage and DNA replication stress. Cells have developed DNA damage response (DDR) signaling pathways to maintain genomic stability and effectively detect and repair DNA lesions. Serine/ threonine kinases such as Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-Related (ATR) are the major regulators of DDR, since after sensing stalled DNA replication forks, DNA double- or single-strand breaks, may directly phosphorylate and activate their downstream targets, that play a key role in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, key components of DDR signaling networks may constitute an attractive target for anti-cancer therapy through two distinct potential approaches: as chemoand radiosensitizers to enhance the effectiveness of currently used genotoxic treatment or as single agents to exploit defects in DDR in cancer cells via synthetic lethal approach. Moreover, the newest data reported that serine/threonine protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) is also closely associated with cancer development and progression. Thereby, utilization of small-molecule, serine/threonine kinase inhibitors may provide a novel, groundbreaking, anti-cancer treatment strategy. Currently, a range of potent, highlyselective toward ATM, ATR and PERK inhibitors has been discovered, but after foregoing study, additional investigations are necessary for their future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Rozpędek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Pytel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
| | - Alicja Nowak-Zduńczyk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dawid Lewko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Wojtczak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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26
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Mladenov E, Fan X, Dueva R, Soni A, Iliakis G. Radiation-dose-dependent functional synergisms between ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs in checkpoint control and resection in G 2-phase. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8255. [PMID: 31164689 PMCID: PMC6547644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Using data generated with cells exposed to ionizing-radiation (IR) in G2-phase of the cell cycle, we describe dose-dependent interactions between ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs revealing unknown mechanistic underpinnings for two key facets of the DNA damage response: DSB end-resection and G2-checkpoint activation. At low IR-doses that induce low DSB-numbers in the genome, ATM and ATR regulate epistatically the G2-checkpoint, with ATR at the output-node, interfacing with the cell-cycle predominantly through Chk1. Strikingly, at low IR-doses, ATM and ATR epistatically regulate also resection, and inhibition of either activity fully suppresses resection. At high IR-doses that induce high DSB-numbers in the genome, the tight ATM/ATR coupling relaxes and independent outputs to G2-checkpoint and resection occur. Consequently, both kinases must be inhibited to fully suppress checkpoint activation and resection. DNA-PKcs integrates to the ATM/ATR module by regulating resection at all IR-doses, with defects in DNA-PKcs causing hyper-resection and G2-checkpoint hyper-activation. Notably, hyper-resection is absent from other c-NHEJ mutants. Thus, DNA-PKcs specifically regulates resection and adjusts the activation of the ATM/ATR module. We propose that selected DSBs are shepherd by DNA-PKcs from c-NHEJ to resection-dependent pathways for processing under the regulatory supervision of the ATM/ATR module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Mladenov
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaoxiang Fan
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Rositsa Dueva
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Aashish Soni
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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Murai J, Pommier Y. PARP Trapping Beyond Homologous Recombination and Platinum Sensitivity in Cancers. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) have recently been approved for the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers with BRCA mutations, as well as for maintenance therapies regardless of BRCA mutation for ovarian and primary peritoneal cancers that previously responded to platinum-based chemotherapy. The rationale of these indications is derived from the facts that cancer cells with BRCA mutations are defective in homologous recombination (HR), which confers synthetic lethality with PARPis, and that some of the sensitivity-determining factors for PARPis are shared with platinums. Although BRCA1 and BRCA2 are central for HR, more players within and beyond HR are emerging as response determinants to PARPis. Furthermore, there are similarities as well as differences in the DNA lesions and repair pathways induced by PARPis, platinums, and camptothecin topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) inhibitors. Here we review the sensitivity-determining factors for PARPis and the rationale for using PARPis as single agents and in combination therapy for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;,
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;,
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Kinase-dead ATR differs from ATR loss by limiting the dynamic exchange of ATR and RPA. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5351. [PMID: 30559436 PMCID: PMC6297235 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ATR kinase is activated by RPA-coated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to orchestrate DNA damage responses. Here we show that ATR inhibition differs from ATR loss. Mouse model expressing kinase-dead ATR (Atr+/KD), but not loss of ATR (Atr+/−), displays ssDNA-dependent defects at the non-homologous region of X-Y chromosomes during male meiosis leading to sterility, and at telomeres, rDNA, and fragile sites during mitosis leading to lymphocytopenia. Mechanistically, we find that ATR kinase activity is necessary for the rapid exchange of ATR at DNA-damage-sites, which in turn promotes CHK1-phosphorylation. ATR-KD, but not loss of ATR, traps a subset of ATR and RPA on chromatin, where RPA is hyper-phosphorylated by ATM/DNA-PKcs and prevents downstream repair. Consequently, Atr+/KD cells have shorter inter-origin distances and are vulnerable to induced fork collapses, genome instability and mitotic catastrophe. These results reveal mechanistic differences between ATR inhibition and ATR loss, with implications for ATR signaling and cancer therapy. ATR kinase is a key regulator of chromosome integrity. Here the authors by analysing the phenotype of a mouse model expressing a kinase-dead ATR, reveal the effect of ATR inhibition compared to ATR loss and its consequences for meiosis, DNA replication, checkpoint activation and genome instability .
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Chen M, Liu P, Chen Y, Chen Z, Shen M, Liu X, Li X, Li A, Lin Y, Yang R, Ni W, Zhou X, Zhang L, Tian Y, Li J, Chen J. Long Noncoding RNA FAM201A Mediates the Radiosensitivity of Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer by Regulating ATM and mTOR Expression via miR-101. Front Genet 2018; 9:611. [PMID: 30574162 PMCID: PMC6292217 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study was to identify the potential long non-coding (lnc.)-RNA and its associated molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the radiosensitivity of esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) in order to assess whether it could be a biomarker for the prediction of the response to radiotherapy and prognosis in patients with ESCC. Methods: Microarrays and bioinformatics analysis were utilized to screen the potential lncRNAs associated with radiosensitivity in radiosensitive (n = 3) and radioresistant (n = 3) ESCC tumor tissues. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed in 35 ESCC tumor tissues (20 radiosensitive and 15 radioresistant tissues, respectively) to validate the lncRNA that contributed the most to the radiosensitivity of ESCC (named the candidate lncRNA). MTT, flow cytometry, and western blot assays were conducted to assess the effect of the candidate lncRNA on radiosensitivity in vitro in ECA109/ECA109R ESCC cells. A mouse xenograft model was established to confirm the function of the candidate lncRNA in the radiosensitivity of ESCC in vivo. The putative downstream target genes regulated by the candidate lncRNA were predicted using Starbase 2.0 software and the TargetScan database. The interactions between the candidate lncRNA and the putative downstream target genes were examined by Luciferase reporter assay, and were confirmed by PCR. Results: A total of 113 aberrantly expressed lncRNAs were identified by microarray analysis, of which family with sequence similarity 201-member A (FAM201A) was identified as the lncRNA that contributed the most to the radiosensitivity of ESCC. FAM201A was upregulated in radioresistant ESCC tumor tissues and had a poorer short-term response to radiotherapy resulting in inferior overall survival. FAM201A knockdown enhanced the radiosensitivity of ECA109/ECA109R cells by upregulating ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression via the negative regulation of miR-101 expression. The mouse xenograft model demonstrated that FAM201A knockdown improved the radiosensitivity of ESCC. Conclusion: The lncRNA FAM201A, which mediated the radiosensitivity of ESCC by regulating ATM and mTOR expression via miR-101 in the present study, may be a potential biomarker for predicting radiosensitivity and patient prognosis, and may be a therapeutic target for enhancing cancer radiosensitivity in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiu Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital and Fujian Provincial Platform for Medical Laboratory Research of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuangui Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Fuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minmin Shen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiqing Li
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Anchuan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongqiang Yang
- Cancer and Genetics Research Complex, Department Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wei Ni
- Cancer and Genetics Research Complex, Department Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Xin Zhou
- Cancer and Genetics Research Complex, Department Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lurong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junqiang Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Bhakuni R, Shaik A, Kirubakaran S. Evaluation of Maltose Binding Protein-Tagged hATR Kinase Domain Catalytic Activity with p53 Ser-15 Phosphorylation. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6592-6603. [PMID: 30380295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) pathways form an integral part of the body's repair machinery, and ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase) protein is one of the key mediators in the DDR pathway that helps in maintaining genomic integrity. A growing body of evidence suggests that inhibition of ATR can help sensitize tumor cells to combinatorial treatment. However, specific ATR kinase inhibitors have largely remained elusive until now. Despite much interest in the protein for more than a decade, there has been little characterization of only the kinase domain, an essential target site for a variety of ATR inhibitors. Here, we report our findings for the bacterial expression, purification, and biological characterization of this potentially important recombinant kinase domain, which could further be considered for structure elucidation studies. Introduction of a solubility partner, i.e., maltose binding protein (MBP), at the N-terminus of the ATR kinase domain generated a soluble form of the protein, i.e., MBP-tagged hATR kinase domain (MBP-ATR-6X His), which was found to be catalytically active, as assessed by substrate p53 Ser-15 phosphorylation (EPPLSQEAFADLWKK). Our results also highlight the prospect of utilization of the overexpressed recombinant ATR kinase domain in characterization of kinase domain specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Bhakuni
- Discipline of Biological Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar , Gandhinagar - 382355 , Gujarat , India
| | - Althaf Shaik
- Discipline of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar , Gandhinagar - 382355 , Gujarat , India
| | - Sivapriya Kirubakaran
- Discipline of Biological Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar , Gandhinagar - 382355 , Gujarat , India.,Discipline of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar , Gandhinagar - 382355 , Gujarat , India
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32
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Jarrett SG, Carter KM, Bautista RM, He D, Wang C, D'Orazio JA. Sirtuin 1-mediated deacetylation of XPA DNA repair protein enhances its interaction with ATR protein and promotes cAMP-induced DNA repair of UV damage. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19025-19037. [PMID: 30327428 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blunted melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) signaling promotes melanocyte genomic instability in part by attenuating cAMP-mediated DNA repair responses, particularly nucleotide excision repair (NER), which recognizes and clears mutagenic photodamage. cAMP-enhanced NER is mediated by interactions between the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) and xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XPA) proteins. We now report a critical role for sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in regulating ATR-mediated phosphorylation of XPA. SIRT1 deacetylates XPA at residues Lys-63, Lys-67, and Lys-215 to promote interactions with ATR. Mutant XPA containing acetylation mimetics at residues Lys-63, Lys-67, and Lys-215 exhibit blunted UV-dependent ATR-XPA interactions even in the presence of cAMP signals. ATR-mediated phosphorylation of XPA on Ser-196 enhances cAMP-mediated optimization of NER and is promoted by SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of XPA on Lys-63, Lys-67, and Lys-215. Interference with ATR-mediated XPA phosphorylation at Ser-196 by persistent acetylation of XPA at Lys-63, Lys-67, and Lys-215 delays repair of UV-induced DNA damage and attenuates cAMP-enhanced NER. Our study identifies a regulatory ATR-SIRT1-XPA axis in cAMP-mediated regulation melanocyte genomic stability, involving SIRT1-mediated deacetylation (Lys-63, Lys-67, and Lys-215) and ATR-dependent phosphorylation (Ser-196) post-translational modifications of the core NER factor XPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Jarrett
- From the Markey Cancer Center and .,the Departments of Toxicology and Cancer Biology
| | | | | | - Daheng He
- From the Markey Cancer Center and.,Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
| | - Chi Wang
- From the Markey Cancer Center and.,Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
| | - John A D'Orazio
- From the Markey Cancer Center and .,the Departments of Toxicology and Cancer Biology.,Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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Krüger K, Geist K, Stuhldreier F, Schumacher L, Blümel L, Remke M, Wesselborg S, Stork B, Klöcker N, Bormann S, Roos WP, Honnen S, Fritz G. Multiple DNA damage-dependent and DNA damage-independent stress responses define the outcome of ATR/Chk1 targeting in medulloblastoma cells. Cancer Lett 2018; 430:34-46. [PMID: 29753759 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of oncogene-driven replicative stress as therapeutic option for high-risk medullobastoma was assessed using a panel of medulloblastoma cells differing in their c-Myc expression [i.e. group SHH (c-Myc low) vs. group 3 (c-Myc high)]. High c-Myc levels were associated with hypersensitivity to pharmacological Chk1 and ATR inhibition but not to CDK inhibition nor to conventional (genotoxic) anticancer therapeutics. The enhanced sensitivity of group 3 medulloblastoma cells to Chk1 inhibitors likely results from enhanced damage to intracellular organelles, elevated replicative stress and DNA damage and activation of apoptosis/necrosis. Furthermore, Chk1 inhibition differentially affected c-Myc expression and functions. In c-Myc high cells, Chk1 blockage decreased c-Myc and p-GSK3α protein and increased p21 and GADD45A mRNA expression. By contrast, c-Myc low cells revealed increased p-GSK3β protein and CHOP and DUSP1 mRNA levels. Inhibition of Chk1 sensitized medulloblastoma cells to additional replication stress evoked by cisplatin independent of c-Myc. Importantly, Chk1 inhibition only caused minor toxicity in primary rat neurons in vitro. Collectively, targeting of ATR/Chk1 effectively triggers death in high-risk medulloblastoma, potentiates the anticancer efficacy of cisplatin and is well tolerated in non-cancerous neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Krüger
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Geist
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Stuhldreier
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lena Schumacher
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lena Blümel
- Clinic of Pediatric Oncology/Neuro-Oncology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Remke
- Clinic of Pediatric Oncology/Neuro-Oncology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wesselborg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn Stork
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicolaj Klöcker
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bormann
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wynand P Roos
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Honnen
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Yang C, Fan P, Zhu S, Yang H, Jin X, Wu H. 3F-Box protein 32 degrades ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related and regulates DNA damage response induced by gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8878-8884. [PMID: 29805624 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) activates checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) following replication fork stalling, leading to cell cycle arrest. ATR-CHK1 pathway components are considered to be promising therapeutic targets to enhance the effectiveness of replication inhibitors. The present study revealed that F-Box protein 32 (FBXO32) regulated ATR expression in pancreatic cancer PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells. Additionally, FBXO32 interacts with ATR in PANC-1 cells and ATR is a degradation substrate of E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXO32. Furthermore, FBXO32 regulated the DNA damage response induced by gemcitabine in PANC-1 cells. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that FBXO32, as an E3 ubiquitin ligase of ATR, regulates the DNA damage response induced by gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yang
- Organ Transplantation Center, Hospital of The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Ping Fan
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Shikai Zhu
- Organ Transplantation Center, Hospital of The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Hongji Yang
- Organ Transplantation Center, Hospital of The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Heshui Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Murai J, Feng Y, Yu GK, Ru Y, Tang SW, Shen Y, Pommier Y. Resistance to PARP inhibitors by SLFN11 inactivation can be overcome by ATR inhibition. Oncotarget 2018; 7:76534-76550. [PMID: 27708213 PMCID: PMC5340226 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPIs) kill cancer cells by trapping PARP1 and PARP2. Talazoparib, the most potent PARPI inhibitor (PARPI), exhibits remarkable selectivity among the NCI-60 cancer cell lines beyond BRCA inactivation. Our genomic analyses reveal high correlation between response to talazoparib and Schlafen 11 (SLFN11) expression. Causality was established in four isogenic SLFN11-positive and -negative cell lines and extended to olaparib. Response to the talazoparib-temozolomide combination was also driven by SLFN11 and validated in 36 small cell lung cancer cell lines, and in xenograft models. Resistance in SLFN11-deficient cells was caused neither by impaired drug penetration nor by activation of homologous recombination. Rather, SLFN11 induced irreversible and lethal replication inhibition, which was independent of ATR-mediated S-phase checkpoint. The resistance to PARPIs by SLFN11 inactivation was overcome by ATR inhibition, mechanistically because SLFN11-deficient cells solely rely on ATR activation for their survival under PARPI treatment. Our study reveals that SLFN11 inactivation, which is common (~45%) in cancer cells, is a novel and dominant resistance determinant to PARPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ying Feng
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA
| | | | - Yuanbin Ru
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA
| | - Sai-Wen Tang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Current affiliation: Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stranford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuqiao Shen
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Echinacoside Alleviates UVB Irradiation-Mediated Skin Damage via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6851464. [PMID: 29213352 PMCID: PMC5682084 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6851464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation has been known to cause skin damage, which is associated with oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Echinacoside is a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from Herba Cistanches, which exhibits strong antioxidant activity. In this study, we evaluate the photoprotective effect of echinacoside on UVB-induced skin damage and explore the potential molecular mechanism. BALB/c mice and HaCaT cells were treated with echinacoside before UVB exposure. Histopathological examination was used to evaluate the skin damage. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, DNA damage, and apoptosis were measured as well. Western blot was used to measure the expression of related proteins. The results revealed that pretreatment of echinacoside ameliorated the skin injury; attenuated oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis caused by UVB exposure; and normalized the protein levels of ATR, p53, PIAS3, hnRNP K, PARP, and XPA. To summarize, echinacoside is beneficial in the prevention of UVB-induced DNA damage and apoptosis of the skin in vivo and in vitro.
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37
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Scroggins BT, Burkeen J, White AO, Chung EJ, Wei D, Chung SI, Valle LF, Patil SS, McKay-Corkum G, Hudak KE, Linehan WM, Citrin DE. Mithramycin A Enhances Tumor Sensitivity to Mitotic Catastrophe Resulting From DNA Damage. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017; 100:344-352. [PMID: 29157749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Specificity protein 1 (SP1) is involved in the transcription of several genes implicated in tumor maintenance. We investigated the effects of mithramycin A (MTA), an inhibitor of SP1 DNA binding, on radiation response. METHODS AND MATERIALS Clonogenic survival after irradiation was assessed in 2 tumor cell lines (A549, UM-UC-3) and 1 human fibroblast line (BJ) after SP1 knockdown or MTA treatment. DNA damage repair was evaluated using γH2AX foci formation, and mitotic catastrophe was assessed using nuclear morphology. Gene expression was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction arrays. In vivo tumor growth delay was used to evaluate the effects of MTA on radiosensitivity. RESULTS Targeting of SP1 with small interfering RNA or MTA sensitized A549 and UM-UC-3 to irradiation, with no effect on the BJ radiation response. MTA did not alter γH2AX foci formation after irradiation in tumor cells but did enhance mitotic catastrophe. Treatment with MTA suppressed transcription of genes involved in cell death. MTA administration to mice bearing A549 and UM-UC-3 xenografts enhanced radiation-induced tumor growth delay. CONCLUSIONS These results support SP1 as a target for radiation sensitization and confirm MTA as a radiation sensitizer in human tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley T Scroggins
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey Burkeen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ayla O White
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eun Joo Chung
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Darmood Wei
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Su I Chung
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Luca F Valle
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shilpa S Patil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Grace McKay-Corkum
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathryn E Hudak
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deborah E Citrin
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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38
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Saldivar JC, Cortez D, Cimprich KA. The essential kinase ATR: ensuring faithful duplication of a challenging genome. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 18:622-636. [PMID: 28811666 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One way to preserve a rare book is to lock it away from all potential sources of damage. Of course, an inaccessible book is also of little use, and the paper and ink will continue to degrade with age in any case. Like a book, the information stored in our DNA needs to be read, but it is also subject to continuous assault and therefore needs to be protected. In this Review, we examine how the replication stress response that is controlled by the kinase ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) senses and resolves threats to DNA integrity so that the DNA remains available to read in all of our cells. We discuss the multiple data that have revealed an elegant yet increasingly complex mechanism of ATR activation. This involves a core set of components that recruit ATR to stressed replication forks, stimulate kinase activity and amplify ATR signalling. We focus on the activities of ATR in the control of cell cycle checkpoints, origin firing and replication fork stability, and on how proper regulation of these processes is crucial to ensure faithful duplication of a challenging genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Saldivar
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5441, USA
| | - David Cortez
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Karlene A Cimprich
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5441, USA
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39
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Blackford AN, Jackson SP. ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK: The Trinity at the Heart of the DNA Damage Response. Mol Cell 2017; 66:801-817. [PMID: 28622525 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1167] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrate cells, the DNA damage response is controlled by three related kinases: ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK. It has been 20 years since the cloning of ATR, the last of the three to be identified. During this time, our understanding of how these kinases regulate DNA repair and associated events has grown profoundly, although major questions remain unanswered. Here, we provide a historical perspective of their discovery and discuss their established functions in sensing and responding to genotoxic stress. We also highlight what is known regarding their structural similarities and common mechanisms of regulation, as well as emerging non-canonical roles and how our knowledge of ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK is being translated to benefit human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Blackford
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
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40
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Abstract
Nanoparticle drug formulations have been extensively investigated, developed, and in some cases, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Synergistic combinations of drugs having distinct tumor-inhibiting mechanisms and non-overlapping toxicity can circumvent the issue of treatment resistance and may be essential for effective anti-cancer therapy. At the same time, co-delivery of a combined regimen by a single nanocarrier presents a challenge due to differences in solubility, molecular weight, functional groups and encapsulation conditions between the two drugs. This review discusses cellular and microenvironment mechanisms behind treatment resistance and nanotechnology-based solutions for effective anti-cancer therapy. Co-loading or cascade delivery of multiple drugs using of polymeric nanoparticles, polymer-drug conjugates and lipid nanoparticles will be discussed along with lipid-coated drug nanoparticles developed by our lab and perspectives on combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Miao
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shutao Guo
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - C Michael Lin
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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41
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Kiesel BF, Shogan JC, Rachid M, Parise RA, Vendetti FP, Bakkenist CJ, Beumer JH. LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous quantitation of the ATM inhibitor AZ31 and the ATR inhibitor AZD6738 in mouse plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 138:158-165. [PMID: 28213176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ATM kinase inhibitor AZ31 and ATR kinase inhibitor AZD6738 are in various phases of preclinical and clinical evaluation for their ability to potentiate chemoradiation. To support the preclinical evaluation of their pharmacokinetics, we developed and validated an LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous quantification of AZ31 and AZD6738 in mouse plasma. A "dilute and shoot" method was used to precipitate proteins from a sample volume of 50μL. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Phenomenex Polar-RP column and a gradient mobile phase consisting of methanol-water with 0.1% formic acid. Detection was accomplished using a Waters Quattro Micro mass spectrometer in positive ionization mode. The assay utilizing 50μL sample was linear from 10 to 5000ng/mL and determined to be both accurate (-8.2 to 8.6%) and precise (<5.4% CV) and achieved the criteria for U.S. FDA guidance for bioanalytical method validation. Quantification was achieved in mouse tissue homogenate using a separate 200μL sample preparation. This LC-MS/MS assay will be essential for determining the tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics in future mouse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Kiesel
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Shogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madani Rachid
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert A Parise
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Frank P Vendetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jan H Beumer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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42
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Jarrett SG, Carter KM, D'Orazio JA. Paracrine regulation of melanocyte genomic stability: a focus on nucleotide excision repair. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:284-293. [PMID: 28192636 PMCID: PMC5411317 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UV radiation is a major environmental risk factor for the development of melanoma by causing DNA damage and mutations. Resistance to UV damage is largely determined by the capacity of melanocytes to respond to UV injury by repairing mutagenic photolesions. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is the major mechanism by which cells correct UV photodamage. This multistep process involves the basic steps of damage recognition, isolation, localized strand unwinding, assembly of a repair complex, excision of the damage-containing strand 3' and 5' to the photolesion, synthesis of a sequence-appropriate replacement strand, and finally ligation to restore continuity of genomic DNA. In melanocytes, the efficiency of NER is regulated by several hormonal pathways including the melanocortin and endothelin signaling pathways. Elucidating molecular mechanisms by which melanocyte DNA repair is regulated offers the possibility of developing novel melanoma-preventive strategies to reduce UV mutagenesis, especially in UV-sensitive melanoma-prone individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Gordon Jarrett
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - John August D'Orazio
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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43
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Targeting the ATR-CHK1 Axis in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9050041. [PMID: 28448462 PMCID: PMC5447951 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9050041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) is a new therapeutic approach in cancer that shows great promise for tumour selectivity. Key components of the DDR are the ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related (ATR) and checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) kinases. This review article describes the role of ATR and its major downstream target, CHK1, in the DDR and why cancer cells are particularly reliant on the ATR-CHK1 pathway, providing the rationale for targeting these kinases, and validation of this hypothesis by genetic manipulation. The recent development of specific inhibitors and preclinical data using these inhibitors not only as chemosensitisers and radiosensitisers but also as single agents to exploit specific pathologies of tumour cells is described. These potent and specific inhibitors have now entered clinical trial and early results are presented.
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44
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Impact of Age and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 on DNA Damage Responses in UV-Irradiated Human Skin. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030356. [PMID: 28245638 PMCID: PMC5432641 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) necessitates a thorough understanding of its primary risk factors, which include exposure to ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths of sunlight and age. Whereas UV radiation (UVR) has long been known to generate photoproducts in genomic DNA that promote genetic mutations that drive skin carcinogenesis, the mechanism by which age contributes to disease pathogenesis is less understood and has not been sufficiently studied. In this review, we highlight studies that have considered age as a variable in examining DNA damage responses in UV-irradiated skin and then discuss emerging evidence that the reduced production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) by senescent fibroblasts in the dermis of geriatric skin creates an environment that negatively impacts how epidermal keratinocytes respond to UVR-induced DNA damage. In particular, recent data suggest that two principle components of the cellular response to DNA damage, including nucleotide excision repair and DNA damage checkpoint signaling, are both partially defective in keratinocytes with inactive IGF-1 receptors. Overcoming these tumor-promoting conditions in aged skin may therefore provide a way to lower aging-associated skin cancer risk, and thus we will consider how dermal wounding and related clinical interventions may work to rejuvenate the skin, re-activate IGF-1 signaling, and prevent the initiation of NMSC.
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45
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Kim HS, Lee HJ, Kim YJ, Jang WH, Seo YR. A toxicogenomic study for the investigation of genotoxicity-related signaling networks in long-term and low dose lead exposed rat kidney. Mol Cell Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-016-0048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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46
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Jarrett SG, D'Orazio JA. Hormonal Regulation of the Repair of UV Photoproducts in Melanocytes by the Melanocortin Signaling Axis. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 93:245-258. [PMID: 27645605 DOI: 10.1111/php.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer because of its propensity to spread beyond the primary site of disease and because it resists many forms of treatment. Incidence of melanoma has been increasing for decades. Although ultraviolet radiation (UV) has been identified as the most important environmental causative factor for melanoma development, UV-protective strategies have had limited efficacy in melanoma prevention. UV mutational burden correlates with melanoma development and tumor progression, underscoring the importance of UV in melanomagenesis. However, besides amount of UV exposure, melanocyte UV mutational load is influenced by the robustness of nucleotide excision repair, the genome maintenance pathway charged with removing UV photoproducts before they cause permanent mutations in the genome. In this review, we highlight the importance of the melanocortin hormonal signaling axis on regulating efficiency of nucleotide excision repair in melanocytes. By understanding the molecular mechanisms by which nucleotide excision repair can be increased, it may be possible to prevent many cases of melanoma by reducing UV mutational burden over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Jarrett
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - John A D'Orazio
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
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47
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Vendetti FP, Lau A, Schamus S, Conrads TP, O'Connor MJ, Bakkenist CJ. The orally active and bioavailable ATR kinase inhibitor AZD6738 potentiates the anti-tumor effects of cisplatin to resolve ATM-deficient non-small cell lung cancer in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44289-305. [PMID: 26517239 PMCID: PMC4792557 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ATR and ATM are DNA damage signaling kinases that phosphorylate several thousand substrates. ATR kinase activity is increased at damaged replication forks and resected DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). ATM kinase activity is increased at DSBs. ATM has been widely studied since ataxia telangiectasia individuals who express no ATM protein are the most radiosensitive patients identified. Since ATM is not an essential protein, it is widely believed that ATM kinase inhibitors will be well-tolerated in the clinic. ATR has been widely studied, but advances have been complicated by the finding that ATR is an essential protein and it is widely believed that ATR kinase inhibitors will be toxic in the clinic. We describe AZD6738, an orally active and bioavailable ATR kinase inhibitor. AZD6738 induces cell death and senescence in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. AZD6738 potentiates the cytotoxicity of cisplatin and gemcitabine in NSCLC cell lines with intact ATM kinase signaling, and potently synergizes with cisplatin in ATM-deficient NSCLC cells. In contrast to expectations, daily administration of AZD6738 and ATR kinase inhibition for 14 consecutive days is tolerated in mice and enhances the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin in xenograft models. Remarkably, the combination of cisplatin and AZD6738 resolves ATM-deficient lung cancer xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank P Vendetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alan Lau
- Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Schamus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas P Conrads
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Department of Defense Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Annandale, VA, USA
| | - Mark J O'Connor
- Cancer Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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48
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Gemenetzidis E, Gammon L, Biddle A, Emich H, Mackenzie IC. Invasive oral cancer stem cells display resistance to ionising radiation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43964-77. [PMID: 26540568 PMCID: PMC4791279 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a significant amount of evidence to suggest that human tumors are driven and maintained by a sub-population of cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSC). In the case of head and neck cancer, such cells have been characterised by high expression levels of CD44 cell surface glycoprotein, while we have previously shown the presence of two diverse oral CSC populations in vitro, with different capacities for cell migration and proliferation. Here, we examined the response of oral CSC populations to ionising radiation (IR), a front-line measure for the treatment of head and neck tumors. We show that oral CSC initially display resistance to IR-induced growth arrest as well as relative apoptotic resistance. We propose that this is a result of preferential activation of the DNA damagerepair pathway in oral CSC with increased activation of ATM and BRCA1, elevated levels of DNA repair proteins RAD52, XLF, and a significantly faster rate of DNA double-strand-breaks clearance 24 hours following IR. By visually identifying CSC sub-populations undergoing EMT, we show that EMT-CSC represent the majority of invasive cells, and are more radio-resistant than any other population in re-constructed 3D tissues. We provide evidence that IR is not sufficient to eliminate CSC in vitro, and that sensitization of CD44hi/ESAlow cells to IR, followed by secondary EMT blockade, could be critical in order to reduce primary tumor recurrence, but more importantly to be able to eradicate cells capable of invasion and distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilios Gemenetzidis
- Blizard Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Luke Gammon
- Blizard Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Adrian Biddle
- Blizard Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Helena Emich
- Blizard Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ian C Mackenzie
- Blizard Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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49
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Jarrett SG, Wolf Horrell EM, D'Orazio JA. AKAP12 mediates PKA-induced phosphorylation of ATR to enhance nucleotide excision repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:10711-10726. [PMID: 27683220 PMCID: PMC5159552 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function in melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a GS protein-coupled receptor that regulates signal transduction through cAMP and protein kinase A (PKA) in melanocytes, is a major inherited melanoma risk factor. Herein, we report a novel cAMP-mediated response for sensing and responding to UV-induced DNA damage regulated by A-kinase-anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12). AKAP12 is identified as a necessary participant in PKA-mediated phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) at S435, a post-translational event required for cAMP-enhanced nucleotide excision repair (NER). Moreover, UV exposure promotes ATR-directed phosphorylation of AKAP12 at S732, which promotes nuclear translocation of AKAP12–ATR-pS435. This complex subsequently recruits XPA to UV DNA damage and enhances 5′ strand incision. Preventing AKAP12's interaction with PKA or with ATR abrogates ATR-pS435 accumulation, delays recruitment of XPA to UV-damaged DNA, impairs NER and increases UV-induced mutagenesis. Our results define a critical role for AKAP12 as an UV-inducible scaffold for PKA-mediated ATR phosphorylation, and identify a repair complex consisting of AKAP12–ATR-pS435-XPA at photodamage, which is essential for cAMP-enhanced NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Jarrett
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Erin M Wolf Horrell
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John A D'Orazio
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA .,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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50
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Yu L, Wang GD, Ruan J, Chen YB, Yang CP, Cao X, Wu H, Liu YH, Du ZL, Wang XP, Yang J, Cheng SC, Zhong L, Wang L, Wang X, Hu JY, Fang L, Bai B, Wang KL, Yuan N, Wu SF, Li BG, Zhang JG, Yang YQ, Zhang CL, Long YC, Li HS, Yang JY, Irwin DM, Ryder OA, Li Y, Wu CI, Zhang YP. Genomic analysis of snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus) identifies genes and processes related to high-altitude adaptation. Nat Genet 2016; 48:947-52. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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