1
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Lindqvist A, Hao Z, Akopyan K. Using an ImageJ-based script to detect replication stress and associated cell cycle exit from G2 phase by fluorescence microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 182:187-197. [PMID: 38359976 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Replication stress risks genomic integrity. Depending on the level, replication stress can lead to slower progression through S phase and entry into G2 phase with DNA damage. In G2 phase, cells either recover and eventually enter mitosis or permanently withdraw from the cell cycle. Here we describe a method to detect cell cycle distribution, replication stress and cell cycle exit from G2 phase using fluorescence microscopy. We provide a script to automate the analysis using ImageJ. The focus has been to make a script and setup that is accessible to people without extensive computer knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Akopyan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Lindqvist A, Hacking D, Wright L, Cowie B, D'Orsa K, Gregory M, Foulkes S, Janssens K, La Gerche A. Swimming Induced Pulmonary Oedema is Not Cardiogenic in Long-Distance Open-Water Swimmers. Heart Lung Circ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2022.06.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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3
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Wiegard A, Kuzin V, Cameron DP, Grosser J, Ceribelli M, Mehmood R, Ballarino R, Valant F, Grochowski R, Karabogdan I, Crosetto N, Lindqvist A, Bizard AH, Kouzine F, Natsume T, Baranello L. Topoisomerase 1 activity during mitotic transcription favors the transition from mitosis to G1. Mol Cell 2021; 81:5007-5024.e9. [PMID: 34767771 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As cells enter mitosis, chromatin compacts to facilitate chromosome segregation yet remains transcribed. Transcription supercoils DNA to levels that can impede further progression of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) unless it is removed by DNA topoisomerase 1 (TOP1). Using ChIP-seq on mitotic cells, we found that TOP1 is required for RNAPII translocation along genes. The stimulation of TOP1 activity by RNAPII during elongation allowed RNAPII clearance from genes in prometaphase and enabled chromosomal segregation. Disruption of the TOP1-RNAPII interaction impaired RNAPII spiking at promoters and triggered defects in the post-mitotic transcription program. This program includes factors necessary for cell growth, and cells with impaired TOP1-RNAPII interaction are more sensitive to inhibitors of mTOR signaling. We conclude that TOP1 is necessary for assisting transcription during mitosis with consequences for growth and gene expression long after mitosis is completed. In this sense, TOP1 ensures that cellular memory is preserved in subsequent generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Wiegard
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladislav Kuzin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Donald P Cameron
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Grosser
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michele Ceribelli
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, NCATS, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Rashid Mehmood
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Software Engineering, University of Kotli, AJ&K, 45320 Kotli Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Roberto Ballarino
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco Valant
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Radosław Grochowski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Nicola Crosetto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Helene Bizard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fedor Kouzine
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Toyoaki Natsume
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; Research Center for Genome & Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Laura Baranello
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Silva Cascales H, Burdova K, Middleton A, Kuzin V, Müllers E, Stoy H, Baranello L, Macurek L, Lindqvist A. Cyclin A2 localises in the cytoplasm at the S/G2 transition to activate PLK1. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000980. [PMID: 33402344 PMCID: PMC7812317 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin A2 is a key regulator of the cell cycle, implicated both in DNA replication and mitotic entry. Cyclin A2 participates in feedback loops that activate mitotic kinases in G2 phase, but why active Cyclin A2-CDK2 during the S phase does not trigger mitotic kinase activation remains unclear. Here, we describe a change in localisation of Cyclin A2 from being only nuclear to both nuclear and cytoplasmic at the S/G2 border. We find that Cyclin A2-CDK2 can activate the mitotic kinase PLK1 through phosphorylation of Bora, and that only cytoplasmic Cyclin A2 interacts with Bora and PLK1. Expression of predominately cytoplasmic Cyclin A2 or phospho-mimicking PLK1 T210D can partially rescue a G2 arrest caused by Cyclin A2 depletion. Cytoplasmic presence of Cyclin A2 is restricted by p21, in particular after DNA damage. Cyclin A2 chromatin association during DNA replication and additional mechanisms contribute to Cyclin A2 localisation change in the G2 phase. We find no evidence that such mechanisms involve G2 feedback loops and suggest that cytoplasmic appearance of Cyclin A2 at the S/G2 transition functions as a trigger for mitotic kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamila Burdova
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Middleton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladislav Kuzin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Müllers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henriette Stoy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Baranello
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Libor Macurek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Chriett S, Lindqvist A, Shcherbina L, Edlund A, Abels M, Asplund O, Martínez López JA, Ottosson-Laakso E, Hatem G, Prasad RB, Groop L, Eliasson L, Hansson O, Wierup N. SCRT1 is a novel beta cell transcription factor with insulin regulatory properties. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 521:111107. [PMID: 33309639 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we show that scratch family transcriptional repressor 1 (SCRT1), a zinc finger transcriptional regulator, is a novel regulator of beta cell function. SCRT1 was found to be expressed in beta cells in rodent and human islets. In human islets, expression of SCRT1 correlated with insulin secretion capacity and the expression of the insulin (INS) gene. Furthermore, SCRT1 mRNA expression was lower in beta cells from T2D patients. siRNA-mediated Scrt1 silencing in INS-1832/13 cells, mouse- and human islets resulted in impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and decreased expression of the insulin gene. This is most likely due to binding of SCRT1 to E-boxes of the Ins1 gene as shown with ChIP. Scrt1 silencing also reduced the expression of several key beta cell transcription factors. Moreover, Scrt1 mRNA expression was reduced by glucose and SCRT1 protein was found to translocate between the nucleus and the cytosol in a glucose-dependent fashion in INS-1832/13 cells as well as in a rodent model of T2D. SCRT1 was also regulated by a GSK3β-dependent SCRT1-serine phosphorylation. Taken together, SCRT1 is a novel beta cell transcription factor that regulates insulin secretion and is affected in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chriett
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - A Lindqvist
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - A Edlund
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Abels
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - O Asplund
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J A Martínez López
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - G Hatem
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - R B Prasad
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - L Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden; Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Eliasson
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - O Hansson
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden; Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Wierup
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
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6
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Costello B, Ross L, Lindqvist A, Brown Z, Hansen D, Stevens W, Burns A, Prior D, Nikpour M, La Gerche A. Significant and Early Cardiac Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis Detected by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance. Heart Lung Circ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.06.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Ross L, Lindqvist A, Hansen D, Brown Z, Costello B, Burns A, Prior D, Stevens W, Nikpour M, La Gerche A. Characterising Breathlessness in Systemic Sclerosis: Peak Exercise Performance is Linked to Workload-Indexed Blood Pressure Response. Heart Lung Circ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Janssens K, Paratz E, Brosnan M, Lindqvist A, Mitchell A, Afridi A, Orchard J, Prior D, La Gerche A. You've got to be in it to win it: the importance of including female athletes in screening ECG cohorts. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
ECG screening is widely employed in athletic populations with the aim of identifying cardiac conditions associated with sudden death. Recommendations for athlete ECG interpretation are disproportionately reliant on data from male athletes and sex-specific differences have not been adequately elucidated.
Purpose
The aim of this study is to identify any different patterns in female athletic training response on ECG screening.
Methods
444 elite athletes (156 male rowers, 135 female rowers, 117 male cricketers, 36 female cricketers) underwent electrocardiogram (ECG) screening. Standard definitions were used to characterize abnormalities identified on ECG. Comparisons were made according to sex and endurance (rowing) vs skill-based (cricket) athletes (EA and SBA respectively).
Results
“Potentially pathological” T-wave inversion extending to V3 was more prevalent in female athletes (9.9% vs. 2.9%, P=0.002), especially amongst endurance athletes (11.9% female EA vs. 2.8% female SBA, P=0.004) (Figure 1). As compared with males, the QTc interval was longer in female athletes (418 vs. 402ms), the QRS duration was shorter (90 vs. 100 ms) and left ventricular hypertrophy on voltage criteria were less prevalent (9.9% vs. 33.3%, P<0.001 for all). First-degree heart block and incomplete right bundle branch block were more prevalent amongst male athletes.
Conclusion
Female athletes exhibit different training-related cardiac remodelling responses to exercise compared to males. A greater proportion of ostensibly healthy female athletes, especially female endurance athletes, have ECG changes that would be deemed “potentially pathological” according to current sex-agnostic guidelines.
Figure 1
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
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Affiliation(s)
- K Janssens
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Paratz
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Brosnan
- St Vincent's Hospital, National Centre for Sports Cardiology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Lindqvist
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Mitchell
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Afridi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - J Orchard
- University of Sydney, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - D Prior
- St Vincent's Hospital, National Centre for Sports Cardiology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A La Gerche
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Lafranchi L, Müllers E, Rutishauser D, Lindqvist A. FRET-Based Sorting of Live Cells Reveals Shifted Balance between PLK1 and CDK1 Activities During Checkpoint Recovery. Cells 2020; 9:E2126. [PMID: 32961751 PMCID: PMC7564076 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells recovering from the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint rely more on Aurora A-PLK1 signaling than cells progressing through an unperturbed G2 phase, but the reason for this discrepancy is not known. Here, we devised a method based on a FRET reporter for PLK1 activity to sort cells in distinct populations within G2 phase. We employed mass spectroscopy to characterize changes in protein levels through an unperturbed G2 phase and validated that ATAD2 levels decrease in a proteasome-dependent manner. Comparing unperturbed cells with cells recovering from DNA damage, we note that at similar PLK1 activities, recovering cells contain higher levels of Cyclin B1 and increased phosphorylation of CDK1 targets. The increased Cyclin B1 levels are due to continuous Cyclin B1 production during a DNA damage response and are sustained until mitosis. Whereas partial inhibition of PLK1 suppresses mitotic entry more efficiently when cells recover from a checkpoint, partial inhibition of CDK1 suppresses mitotic entry more efficiently in unperturbed cells. Our findings provide a resource for proteome changes during G2 phase, show that the mitotic entry network is rewired during a DNA damage response, and suggest that the bottleneck for mitotic entry shifts from CDK1 to PLK1 after DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lafranchi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (L.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Erik Müllers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (L.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Dorothea Rutishauser
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Science for Life Laboratory, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (L.L.); (E.M.)
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10
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Verheyen T, Fang T, Lindenhofer D, Wang Y, Akopyan K, Lindqvist A, Högberg B, Teixeira AI. Spatial organization-dependent EphA2 transcriptional responses revealed by ligand nanocalipers. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:5777-5787. [PMID: 32352518 PMCID: PMC7261182 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand binding induces extensive spatial reorganization and clustering of the EphA2 receptor at the cell membrane. It has previously been shown that the nanoscale spatial distribution of ligands modulates EphA2 receptor reorganization, activation and the invasive properties of cancer cells. However, intracellular signaling downstream of EphA2 receptor activation by nanoscale spatially distributed ligands has not been elucidated. Here, we used DNA origami nanostructures to control the positions of ephrin-A5 ligands at the nanoscale and investigated EphA2 activation and transcriptional responses following ligand binding. Using RNA-seq, we determined the transcriptional profiles of human glioblastoma cells treated with DNA nanocalipers presenting a single ephrin-A5 dimer or two dimers spaced 14, 40 or 100 nm apart. These cells displayed divergent transcriptional responses to the differing ephrin-A5 nano-organization. Specifically, ephrin-A5 dimers spaced 40 or 100 nm apart showed the highest levels of differential expressed genes compared to treatment with nanocalipers that do not present ephrin-A5. These findings show that the nanoscale organization of ephrin-A5 modulates transcriptional responses to EphA2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon Verheyen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Trixy Fang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Dominik Lindenhofer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Karen Akopyan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Björn Högberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Ana I Teixeira
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
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11
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Morgenroth T, Sendén MG, Lindqvist A, Renström EA, Ryan MK, Morton TA. Defending the Sex/Gender Binary: The Role of Gender Identification and Need for Closure. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550620937188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the Western world, gender/sex is traditionally viewed as binary, with people falling into one of two categories: male or female. This view of gender/sex has started to change, triggering some resistance. This research investigates psychological mechanisms underlying that resistance. Study 1 ( N = 489, UK) explored the role of individual gender identification in defense of, and attempts to reinforce, the gender/sex binary. Study 2 ( N = 415, Sweden) further considered the role of individual differences in need for closure. Both gender identification and need for closure were associated with binary views of gender/sex, prejudice against nonbinary people, and opposition to the use of gender-neutral pronouns. Policies that aim to abolish gender/sex categories, but not policies that advocate for a third gender/sex category, were seen as particularly unfair among people high in gender identification. These findings are an important step in understanding the psychology of resistance to change around binary systems of gender/sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thekla Morgenroth
- Washington Singer Laboratories, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - A. Lindqvist
- Stockholm University, Sweden
- Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - M. K. Ryan
- Washington Singer Laboratories, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
- University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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12
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Lindqvist A, Shcherbina L, Prasad RB, Miskelly MG, Abels M, Martínez-Lopéz JA, Fred RG, Nergård BJ, Hedenbro J, Groop L, Hjerling-Leffler J, Wierup N. Ghrelin suppresses insulin secretion in human islets and type 2 diabetes patients have diminished islet ghrelin cell number and lower plasma ghrelin levels. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 511:110835. [PMID: 32371087 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is not known how ghrelin affects insulin secretion in human islets from patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or whether islet ghrelin expression or circulating ghrelin levels are altered in T2D. Here we sought out to identify the effect of ghrelin on insulin secretion in human islets and the impact of T2D on circulating ghrelin levels and on islet ghrelin cells. The effect of ghrelin on insulin secretion was assessed in human T2D and non-T2D islets. Ghrelin expression was assessed with RNA-sequencing (n = 191) and immunohistochemistry (n = 21). Plasma ghrelin was measured with ELISA in 40 T2D and 40 non-T2D subjects. Ghrelin exerted a glucose-dependent insulin-suppressing effect in islets from both T2D and non-T2D donors. Compared with non-T2D donors, T2D donors had reduced ghrelin mRNA expression and 75% less islet ghrelin cells, and ghrelin mRNA expression correlated negatively with HbA1c. T2D subjects had 25% lower fasting plasma ghrelin levels than matched controls. Thus, ghrelin has direct insulin-suppressing effects in human islets and T2D patients have lower fasting ghrelin levels, likely as a result of reduced number of islet ghrelin cells. These findings support inhibition of ghrelin signaling as a potential therapeutic avenue for stimulation of insulin secretion in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lindqvist
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - L Shcherbina
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - R B Prasad
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M G Miskelly
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Abels
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J A Martínez-Lopéz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R G Fred
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - J Hedenbro
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Aleris Obesitas, Lund, Sweden
| | - L Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Hjerling-Leffler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Wierup
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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13
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Lemmens B, Lindqvist A. DNA replication and mitotic entry: A brake model for cell cycle progression. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3892-3902. [PMID: 31712253 PMCID: PMC6891093 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lemmens and Lindqvist discuss how DNA replication and mitosis are coordinated and propose a cell cycle model controlled by brakes. The core function of the cell cycle is to duplicate the genome and divide the duplicated DNA into two daughter cells. These processes need to be carefully coordinated, as cell division before DNA replication is complete leads to genome instability and cell death. Recent observations show that DNA replication, far from being only a consequence of cell cycle progression, plays a key role in coordinating cell cycle activities. DNA replication, through checkpoint kinase signaling, restricts the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that promote cell division. The S/G2 transition is therefore emerging as a crucial regulatory step to determine the timing of mitosis. Here we discuss recent observations that redefine the coupling between DNA replication and cell division and incorporate these insights into an updated cell cycle model for human cells. We propose a cell cycle model based on a single trigger and sequential releases of three molecular brakes that determine the kinetics of CDK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennie Lemmens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet and Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Vakkilainen S, Skoog T, Einarsdottir E, Middleton A, Pekkinen M, Öhman T, Katayama S, Krjutškov K, Kovanen PE, Varjosalo M, Lindqvist A, Kere J, Mäkitie O. The human long non-coding RNA gene RMRP has pleiotropic effects and regulates cell-cycle progression at G2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13758. [PMID: 31551465 PMCID: PMC6760211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RMRP was the first non-coding nuclear RNA gene implicated in a disease. Its mutations cause cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH), an autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia with growth failure, immunodeficiency, and a high risk for malignancies. This study aimed to gain further insight into the role of RNA Component of Mitochondrial RNA Processing Endoribonuclease (RMRP) in cellular physiology and disease pathogenesis. We combined transcriptome analysis with single-cell analysis using fibroblasts from CHH patients and healthy controls. To directly assess cell cycle progression, we followed CHH fibroblasts by pulse-labeling and time-lapse microscopy. Transcriptome analysis identified 35 significantly upregulated and 130 downregulated genes in CHH fibroblasts. The downregulated genes were significantly connected to the cell cycle. Multiple other pathways, involving regulation of apoptosis, bone and cartilage formation, and lymphocyte function, were also affected, as well as PI3K-Akt signaling. Cell-cycle studies indicated that the CHH cells were delayed specifically in the passage from G2 phase to mitosis. Our findings expand the mechanistic understanding of CHH, indicate possible pathways for therapeutic intervention and add to the limited understanding of the functions of RMRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Vakkilainen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. .,Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tiina Skoog
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Middleton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna Pekkinen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Öhman
- Institute of Biotechnology, and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaarel Krjutškov
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Panu E Kovanen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, UK
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Dueva R, Akopyan K, Pederiva C, Trevisan D, Dhanjal S, Lindqvist A, Farnebo M. Neutralization of the Positive Charges on Histone Tails by RNA Promotes an Open Chromatin Structure. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1436-1449.e5. [PMID: 31447351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RNA associates extensively with chromatin and can influence its structure; however, the potential role of the negative charges of RNA on chromatin structure remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that RNA prevents precipitation of histones and can attenuate electrostatic interactions between histones and DNA, thereby loosening up the chromatin structure. This effect is independent of the sequence of RNA but dependent on its single-stranded nature, length, concentration, and negative charge. Opening and closure of chromatin by RNA occurs rapidly (within minutes) and passively (in permeabilized cells), in agreement with electrostatics. Accordingly, chromatin compaction following removal of RNA can be prevented by high ionic strength or neutralization of the positively charged histone tails by hyperacetylation. Finally, LINE1 repeat RNAs bind histone H2B and can decondense chromatin. We propose that RNA regulates chromatin opening and closure by neutralizing the positively charged tails of histones, reducing their electrostatic interactions with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rositsa Dueva
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Akopyan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Pederiva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide Trevisan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soniya Dhanjal
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Farnebo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Roci I, Watrous JD, Lagerborg KA, Lafranchi L, Lindqvist A, Jain M, Nilsson R. Mapping Metabolic Events in the Cancer Cell Cycle Reveals Arginine Catabolism in the Committed SG 2M Phase. Cell Rep 2019; 26:1691-1700.e5. [PMID: 30759381 PMCID: PMC6663478 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in cell-cycle regulation and cellular metabolism are associated with cancer transformation, and enzymes active in the committed cell-cycle phase may represent vulnerabilities of cancer cells. Here, we map metabolic events in the G1 and SG2M phases by combining cell sorting with mass spectrometry-based isotope tracing, revealing hundreds of cell-cycle-associated metabolites. In particular, arginine uptake and ornithine synthesis are active during SG2M in transformed but not in normal cells, with the mitochondrial arginase 2 (ARG2) enzyme as a potential mechanism. While cancer cells exclusively use ARG2, normal epithelial cells synthesize ornithine via ornithine aminotransferase (OAT). Knockdown of ARG2 markedly reduces cancer cell growth and causes G2M arrest, while not inducing compensation via OAT. In human tumors, ARG2 is highly expressed in specific tumor types, including basal-like breast tumors. This study sheds light on the interplay between metabolism and cell cycle and identifies ARG2 as a potential metabolic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Roci
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeramie D Watrous
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Avenue, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kim A Lagerborg
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Avenue, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lorenzo Lafranchi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohit Jain
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Avenue, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Roland Nilsson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Silva Cascales
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Erik Müllers
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Shcherbina L, Lindqvist A, Thorén Fischer AH, Ahlqvist E, Zhang E, Falkmer SE, Renström E, Koffert J, Honka H, Wierup N. Intestinal CART is a regulator of GIP and GLP-1 secretion and expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 476:8-16. [PMID: 29627317 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Impaired incretin effect is a culprit in Type 2 Diabetes. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a regulatory peptide controlling pancreatic islet hormone secretion and beta-cell survival. Here we studied the potential expression of CART in enteroendocrine cells and examined the role of CART as a regulator of incretin secretion and expression. CART expression was found in glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)-producing K-cells and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-producing L-cells in human duodenum and jejunum and circulating CART levels were increased 60 min after a meal in humans. CART expression was increased by fatty acids and GIP, but unaffected by glucose in GLUTag and STC-1 cells. Exogenous CART had no effect on GIP and GLP-1 expression and secretion in GLUTag or STC-1 cells, but siRNA-mediated silencing of CART reduced GLP-1 expression and secretion. Furthermore, acute intravenous administration of CART increased GIP and GLP-1 secretion during an oral glucose-tolerance test in mice. We conclude that CART is a novel constituent of human K- and L-cells with stimulatory actions on incretin secretion and that interfering with the CART system may be a therapeutic avenue for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Lindqvist
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - E Ahlqvist
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - E Zhang
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - S E Falkmer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Ryhov Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - E Renström
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J Koffert
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - H Honka
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - N Wierup
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
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19
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Lemmens B, Hegarat N, Akopyan K, Sala-Gaston J, Bartek J, Hochegger H, Lindqvist A. DNA Replication Determines Timing of Mitosis by Restricting CDK1 and PLK1 Activation. Mol Cell 2018; 71:117-128.e3. [PMID: 30008317 PMCID: PMC6039720 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To maintain genome stability, cells need to replicate their DNA before dividing. Upon completion of bulk DNA synthesis, the mitotic kinases CDK1 and PLK1 become active and drive entry into mitosis. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that DNA replication determines the timing of mitotic kinase activation. Using an optimized double-degron system, together with kinase inhibitors to enforce tight inhibition of key proteins, we find that human cells unable to initiate DNA replication prematurely enter mitosis. Preventing DNA replication licensing and/or firing causes prompt activation of CDK1 and PLK1 in S phase. In the presence of DNA replication, inhibition of CHK1 and p38 leads to premature activation of mitotic kinases, which induces severe replication stress. Our results demonstrate that, rather than merely a cell cycle output, DNA replication is an integral signaling component that restricts activation of mitotic kinases. DNA replication thus functions as a brake that determines cell cycle duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennie Lemmens
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet and Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadia Hegarat
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Karen Akopyan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joan Sala-Gaston
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet and Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helfrid Hochegger
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Jaiswal H, Benada J, Müllers E, Akopyan K, Burdova K, Koolmeister T, Helleday T, Medema RH, Macurek L, Lindqvist A. ATM/Wip1 activities at chromatin control Plk1 re-activation to determine G2 checkpoint duration. EMBO J 2017; 36:2161-2176. [PMID: 28607002 PMCID: PMC5510006 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
After DNA damage, the cell cycle is arrested to avoid propagation of mutations. Arrest in G2 phase is initiated by ATM-/ATR-dependent signaling that inhibits mitosis-promoting kinases such as Plk1. At the same time, Plk1 can counteract ATR-dependent signaling and is required for eventual resumption of the cell cycle. However, what determines when Plk1 activity can resume remains unclear. Here, we use FRET-based reporters to show that a global spread of ATM activity on chromatin and phosphorylation of ATM targets including KAP1 control Plk1 re-activation. These phosphorylations are rapidly counteracted by the chromatin-bound phosphatase Wip1, allowing cell cycle restart despite persistent ATM activity present at DNA lesions. Combining experimental data and mathematical modeling, we propose a model for how the minimal duration of cell cycle arrest is controlled. Our model shows how cell cycle restart can occur before completion of DNA repair and suggests a mechanism for checkpoint adaptation in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himjyot Jaiswal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Benada
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erik Müllers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Akopyan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kamila Burdova
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tobias Koolmeister
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - René H Medema
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Libor Macurek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Müllers E, Silva Cascales H, Burdova K, Macurek L, Lindqvist A. Residual Cdk1/2 activity after DNA damage promotes senescence. Aging Cell 2017; 16:575-584. [PMID: 28345297 PMCID: PMC5418196 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to DNA damage, a cell can be forced to permanently exit the cell cycle and become senescent. Senescence provides an early barrier against tumor development by preventing proliferation of cells with damaged DNA. By studying single cells, we show that Cdk activity persists after DNA damage until terminal cell cycle exit. This low level of Cdk activity not only allows cell cycle progression, but also promotes cell cycle exit at a decision point in G2 phase. We find that residual Cdk1/2 activity is required for efficient p21 production, allowing for nuclear sequestration of Cyclin B1, subsequent APC/CCdh1‐dependent degradation of mitotic inducers and induction of senescence. We suggest that the same activity that triggers mitosis in an unperturbed cell cycle enforces senescence in the presence of DNA damage, ensuring a robust response when most needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Müllers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Kamila Burdova
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Libor Macurek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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22
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Bajc M, Chen Y, Wang J, Li XY, Shen WM, Wang CZ, Huang H, Lindqvist A, He XY. Identifying the heterogeneity of COPD by V/P SPECT: a new tool for improving the diagnosis of parenchymal defects and grading the severity of small airways disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:1579-1587. [PMID: 28603413 PMCID: PMC5457181 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s131847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Airway obstruction and possible concomitant pulmonary diseases in COPD cannot be identified conventionally with any single diagnostic tool. We aimed to diagnose and grade COPD severity and identify pulmonary comorbidities associated with COPD with ventilation/perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (V/P SPECT) using Technegas as the functional ventilation imaging agent. Methods 94 COPD patients (aged 43–86 years, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages I–IV) were examined with V/P SPECT and spirometry. Ventilation and perfusion defects were analyzed blindly according to the European guidelines. Penetration grade of Technegas in V SPECT measured the degree of obstructive small airways disease. Total preserved lung function and penetration grade of Technegas in V SPECT were assessed by V/P SPECT and compared to GOLD stages and spirometry. Results Signs of small airway obstruction in the ventilation SPECT images were found in 92 patients. Emphysema was identified in 81 patients. Two patients had no signs of COPD, but both of them had a pulmonary embolism, and in one of them we also suspected a lung tumor. The penetration grade of Technegas in V SPECT and total preserved lung function correlated significantly to GOLD stages (r=0.63 and −0.60, respectively, P<0.0001). V/P SPECT identified pulmonary embolism in 30 patients (32%). A pattern typical for heart failure was present in 26 patients (28%). Parenchymal changes typical for pneumonia or lung tumor were present in several cases. Conclusion V/P SPECT, using Technegas as the functional ventilation imaging agent, is a new tool to diagnose COPD and to grade its severity. Additionally, it revealed heterogeneity of COPD caused by pulmonary comorbidities. The characteristics of these comorbidities suggest their significant impact in clarifying symptoms, and also their influence on the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bajc
- Department of Clinical Science Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Y Chen
- Respiratory Department, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai
| | - J Wang
- Respiratory Department, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing
| | - X Y Li
- Respiratory Department, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - W M Shen
- Respiratory Department, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - C Z Wang
- Respiratory Department, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing
| | - H Huang
- Respiratory Department, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai
| | - A Lindqvist
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - X Y He
- Suzhou University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Wuxi, China
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23
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Warpman Berglund U, Sanjiv K, Gad H, Kalderén C, Koolmeister T, Pham T, Gokturk C, Jafari R, Maddalo G, Seashore-Ludlow B, Chernobrovkin A, Manoilov A, Pateras IS, Rasti A, Jemth AS, Almlöf I, Loseva O, Visnes T, Einarsdottir BO, Gaugaz FZ, Saleh A, Platzack B, Wallner OA, Vallin KSA, Henriksson M, Wakchaure P, Borhade S, Herr P, Kallberg Y, Baranczewski P, Homan EJ, Wiita E, Nagpal V, Meijer T, Schipper N, Rudd SG, Bräutigam L, Lindqvist A, Filppula A, Lee TC, Artursson P, Nilsson JA, Gorgoulis VG, Lehtiö J, Zubarev RA, Scobie M, Helleday T. Validation and development of MTH1 inhibitors for treatment of cancer. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:2275-2283. [PMID: 27827301 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we showed cancer cells rely on the MTH1 protein to prevent incorporation of otherwise deadly oxidised nucleotides into DNA and we developed MTH1 inhibitors which selectively kill cancer cells. Recently, several new and potent inhibitors of MTH1 were demonstrated to be non-toxic to cancer cells, challenging the utility of MTH1 inhibition as a target for cancer treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human cancer cell lines were exposed in vitro to MTH1 inhibitors or depleted of MTH1 by siRNA or shRNA. 8-oxodG was measured by immunostaining and modified comet assay. Thermal Proteome profiling, proteomics, cellular thermal shift assays, kinase and CEREP panel were used for target engagement, mode of action and selectivity investigations of MTH1 inhibitors. Effect of MTH1 inhibition on tumour growth was explored in BRAF V600E-mutated malignant melanoma patient derived xenograft and human colon cancer SW480 and HCT116 xenograft models. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that recently described MTH1 inhibitors, which fail to kill cancer cells, also fail to introduce the toxic oxidized nucleotides into DNA. We also describe a new MTH1 inhibitor TH1579, (Karonudib), an analogue of TH588, which is a potent, selective MTH1 inhibitor with good oral availability and demonstrates excellent pharmacokinetic and anti-cancer properties in vivo. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that in order to kill cancer cells MTH1 inhibitors must also introduce oxidized nucleotides into DNA. Furthermore, we describe TH1579 as a best-in-class MTH1 inhibitor, which we expect to be useful in order to further validate the MTH1 inhibitor concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Warpman Berglund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - K Sanjiv
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - H Gad
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - C Kalderén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - T Koolmeister
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - T Pham
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - C Gokturk
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - R Jafari
- Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Department of Oncology-Pathology
| | - G Maddalo
- Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Department of Oncology-Pathology
| | - B Seashore-Ludlow
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - A Chernobrovkin
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Manoilov
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A Rasti
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - A-S Jemth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - I Almlöf
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - O Loseva
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - T Visnes
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - B O Einarsdottir
- Sahlgrenska Translational Melanoma Group (SATMEG), Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg
| | - F Z Gaugaz
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics.,Department of Pharmacy and
| | - A Saleh
- Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development Platform, ADME of Therapeutics facility, Department of Phamracy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Platzack
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - O A Wallner
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - K S A Vallin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - M Henriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - P Wakchaure
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - S Borhade
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - P Herr
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - Y Kallberg
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - P Baranczewski
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics.,Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development Platform, ADME of Therapeutics facility, Department of Phamracy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E J Homan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - E Wiita
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - V Nagpal
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics.,SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - T Meijer
- SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - N Schipper
- SP Process Development, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - S G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - L Bräutigam
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - A Lindqvist
- Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development Platform, ADME of Therapeutics facility, Department of Phamracy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Filppula
- Uppsala Drug Optimisation and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T-C Lee
- Institute of biomedical sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei-115, Taiwan
| | - P Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy and.,Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development Platform, ADME of Therapeutics facility, Department of Phamracy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Uppsala Drug Optimisation and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J A Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Translational Melanoma Group (SATMEG), Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg
| | - V G Gorgoulis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J Lehtiö
- Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Department of Oncology-Pathology
| | - R A Zubarev
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Scobie
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - T Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
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24
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Nordin L, Nordlund A, Lindqvist A, Gislason H, Hedenbro JL. Corticosteroids or Not for Postoperative Nausea: A Double-Blinded Randomized Study. J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 20:1517-22. [PMID: 27216406 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-016-3166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is common after general anaesthesia, and corticosteroids are used in many protocols for enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS). However, surgical techniques are developing, and ERAS protocols need to be reevaluated from time to time. PATIENTS AND METHOD In this study, we compared the effects of oral vs. parenteral corticosteroid administration on postoperative nausea. Elective Roux-y-gastric bypass (RYGB) patients were randomly assigned to either 8 mg betamethasone orally (n = 50) or parentally (n = 25) or as controls (n = 25), in a double-blind design. PONV risk factors were noted. All patients had the same anaesthetic technique. Data were collected at baseline, on arrival to the recovery room (RR) and at five more time points during the first 24 h. Nausea and tiredness were patient assessed using visual analogue scales; rescue drug consumption was recorded. RESULTS Operation time was 30-40 min. Neither demographics nor risk factors for nausea differed between groups. Neither peak values for nor total amount of nausea differed between groups. The number of supplemental injections was the same for all groups. COMMENTS In a setting of modern laparoscopic RYGB, the value of betamethasone in preventing PONV seems to be limited. ERAS protocols may need re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nordin
- Aleris Obesity Academy, St Lars v 45B, SE 222 70, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Nordlund
- Aleris Obesity Academy, St Lars v 45B, SE 222 70, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Lindqvist
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - H Gislason
- Aleris Obesity Academy, St Lars v 45B, SE 222 70, Lund, Sweden
| | - J L Hedenbro
- Aleris Obesity Academy, St Lars v 45B, SE 222 70, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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25
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Braune EB, Tsoi YL, Phoon YP, Landor S, Silva Cascales H, Ramsköld D, Deng Q, Lindqvist A, Lian X, Sahlgren C, Jin SB, Lendahl U. Loss of CSL Unlocks a Hypoxic Response and Enhanced Tumor Growth Potential in Breast Cancer Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:643-651. [PMID: 27066863 PMCID: PMC4939550 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is an important regulator of stem cell differentiation. All canonical Notch signaling is transmitted through the DNA-binding protein CSL, and hyperactivated Notch signaling is associated with tumor development; thus it may be anticipated that CSL deficiency should reduce tumor growth. In contrast, we report that genetic removal of CSL in breast tumor cells caused accelerated growth of xenografted tumors. Loss of CSL unleashed a hypoxic response during normoxic conditions, manifested by stabilization of the HIF1α protein and acquisition of a polyploid giant-cell, cancer stem cell-like, phenotype. At the transcriptome level, loss of CSL upregulated more than 1,750 genes and less than 3% of those genes were part of the Notch transcriptional signature. Collectively, this suggests that CSL exerts functions beyond serving as the central node in the Notch signaling cascade and reveals a role for CSL in tumorigenesis and regulation of the cellular hypoxic response. Loss of CSL accelerates tumor growth CSL deficiency unleashes a hypoxic response during normoxia Loss of CSL leads to a polyploid giant-cell, cancer stem cell-like morphology CSL-deficient cells show a Notch-independent transcriptional signature
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike-Benjamin Braune
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yat Long Tsoi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yee Peng Phoon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Landor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Abo Akademi University and University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Helena Silva Cascales
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ramsköld
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaojun Lian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Abo Akademi University and University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Shao-Bo Jin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Akopyan K, Lindqvist A, Müllers E. Cell Cycle Dynamics of Proteins and Post-translational Modifications Using Quantitative Immunofluorescence. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1342:173-83. [PMID: 26254923 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2957-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Immunofluorescence can be a powerful tool to detect protein levels, intracellular localization, and post-translational modifications. However, standard immunofluorescence provides only a still picture and thus lacks temporal information. Here, we describe a method to extract temporal information from immunofluorescence images of fixed cells. In addition, we provide an optional protocol that uses micropatterns, which increases the accuracy of the method. These methods allow assessing how protein levels, intracellular localization, and post-translational modifications change through the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Akopyan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 285, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Begic A, Opankovic E, Cukic V, Lindqvist A, Miniati M, Bajc M. Ancillary findings assessed by ventilation/perfusion tomography. Impact and clinical outcome in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Nuklearmedizin 2015; 54:223-30. [PMID: 26227225 DOI: 10.3413/nukmed-0748-15-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ventilation/perfusion tomography (V/P SPECT) is a recommended method for diagnosing and follow-up of pulmonary embolism (PE). Moreover, it is possible to recognize other pathologies in addition to PE, such as pneumonia, COPD and left heart failure (LHF). The objective of this prospective study was to identify frequency of ancillary findings among patients with suspected PE. Patients, material, method: 331 consecutive patients with suspected PE were examined and classified with V/P SPECT. Patients were followed up clinically and by means of other laboratory tests. RESULTS 80 patients had a normal V/P SPECT and no clinical consequences in the follow-up. PE had 104 patients: 23 of them had also additional findings. Among the remaining 147 patients, pneumonias were shown in 82, acute in 75 patients and 7 had chronic post inflammatory state. COPD was present in 42 patients, in 3 combined with pneumonia. Sign of LHF was observed in 10: in 7 the acute LHF diagnosis was established, 3 were classified as having a chronic cardiopulmonary disease. Furthermore, in 16 patients, the V/P pattern was suggestive of a tumour. The clinical outcomes were 6 lung tumours, 3 empyema, one sarcoidosis, 2 were unclarified and 4 were lost in the follow-up. CONCLUSION V/P SPECT identifies a high prevalence of other cardiopulmonary diseases among patients with a clinical suspicion of PE. Ancillary findings with V/P SPECT clarified patients' symptoms and had an impact on the treatment. These findings were verified by a clinical outcome by the follow-up over three months.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - M Bajc
- Marika Bajc MD, PhD, Department of clinical sciences Lund, 221 85 Lund, Sweden, Tel. +46/46 17 33 03,
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28
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Müllers E, Silva Cascales H, Jaiswal H, Saurin AT, Lindqvist A. Nuclear translocation of Cyclin B1 marks the restriction point for terminal cell cycle exit in G2 phase. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2733-43. [PMID: 25486360 PMCID: PMC4615111 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2015.945831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon DNA damage, cell cycle progression is temporally blocked to avoid propagation of mutations. While transformed cells largely maintain the competence to recover from a cell cycle arrest, untransformed cells past the G1/S transition lose mitotic inducers, and thus the ability to resume cell division. This permanent cell cycle exit depends on p21, p53, and APC/CCdh1. However, when and how permanent cell cycle exit occurs remains unclear. Here, we have investigated the cell cycle response to DNA damage in single cells that express Cyclin B1 fused to eYFP at the endogenous locus. We find that upon DNA damage Cyclin B1-eYFP continues to accumulate up to a threshold level, which is reached only in G2 phase. Above this threshold, a p21 and p53-dependent nuclear translocation required for APC/CCdh1-mediated Cyclin B1-eYFP degradation is initiated. Thus, cell cycle exit is decoupled from activation of the DNA damage response in a manner that correlates to Cyclin B1 levels, suggesting that G2 activities directly feed into the decision for cell cycle exit. Once Cyclin B1-eYFP nuclear translocation occurs, checkpoint inhibition can no longer promote mitotic entry or re-expression of mitotic inducers, suggesting that nuclear translocation of Cyclin B1 marks the restriction point for permanent cell cycle exit in G2 phase.
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Key Words
- APC/C, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome
- ATM, Ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase
- ATR, Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase
- AU, arbitrary units
- Cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- Chk1/2, checkpoint kinase 1/2
- Cyclin B1
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DNA damage response
- DNA-PK, DNA-dependent protein kinase
- G2 phase
- H2AX, phosphorylated on serine 139
- LMB, Leptomycin B
- MK2, MAPKAP kinase 2
- Mdm2, mouse double minute 2 homolog
- NCS, Neocarzinostatin
- Plk1, polo-like kinase 1
- cell cycle
- checkpoint recovery
- nuclear translocation recovery competence
- senescence
- γH2AX, histone variant
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Müllers
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Karolinska Institutet ; Stockholm , Sweden
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29
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Waraky A, Akopyan K, Parrow V, Strömberg T, Axelson M, Abrahmsén L, Lindqvist A, Larsson O, Aleem E. Picropodophyllin causes mitotic arrest and catastrophe by depolymerizing microtubules via insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor-independent mechanism. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8379-92. [PMID: 25268741 PMCID: PMC4226690 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Picropodophyllin (PPP) is an anticancer drug undergoing clinical development in NSCLC. PPP has been shown to suppress IGF-1R signaling and to induce a G2/M cell cycle phase arrest but the exact mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study identified an IGF-1-independent mechanism of PPP leading to pro-metaphase arrest. The mitotic block was induced in human cancer cell lines and in an A549 xenograft mouse but did not occur in normal hepatocytes/mouse tissues. Cell cycle arrest by PPP occurred in vitro and in vivo accompanied by prominent CDK1 activation, and was IGF-1R-independent since it occurred also in IGF-1R-depleted and null cells. The tumor cells were not arrested in G2/M but in mitosis. Centrosome separation was prevented during mitotic entry, resulting in a monopolar mitotic spindle with subsequent prometaphase-arrest, independent of Plk1/Aurora A or Eg5, and leading to cell features of mitotic catastrophe. PPP also increased soluble tubulin and decreased spindle-associated tubulin within minutes, indicating that it interfered with microtubule dynamics. These results provide a novel IGF-1R-independent mechanism of antitumor effects of PPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Waraky
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Solna, Sweden
| | - Karen Akopyan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Vendela Parrow
- Axelar AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas Strömberg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Solna, Sweden
| | - Magnus Axelson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Abrahmsén
- Axelar AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Olle Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Solna, Sweden
| | - Eiman Aleem
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Solna, Sweden. Alexandria University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Alexandria, Egypt. The Ronald A. Matricaria Institute of Molecular Medicine at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Child Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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30
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Bruinsma W, Aprelia M, Kool J, Macurek L, Lindqvist A, Medema RH. Spatial Separation of Plk1 Phosphorylation and Activity. Front Oncol 2015; 5:132. [PMID: 26114094 PMCID: PMC4462105 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is one of the major kinases controlling mitosis and cell division. Plk1 is first recruited to the centrosome in S phase, then appears on the kinetochores in late G2, and at the end of mitosis, it translocates to the central spindle. Activation of Plk1 requires phosphorylation of T210 by Aurora A, an event that critically depends on the co-factor Bora. However, conflicting reports exist as to where Plk1 is first activated. Phosphorylation of T210 is first observed at the centrosomes, but kinase activity seems to be restricted to the nucleus in the earlier phases of G2. Here, we demonstrate that Plk1 activity manifests itself first in the nucleus using a nuclear FRET-based biosensor for Plk1 activity. However, we find that Bora is restricted to the cytoplasm and that Plk1 is phosphorylated on T210 at the centrosomes. Our data demonstrate that while Plk1 activation occurs on centrosomes, downstream target phosphorylation by Plk1 first occurs in the nucleus. We discuss several explanations for this surprising separation of activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wytse Bruinsma
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Center, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Melinda Aprelia
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Center, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Kool
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Center, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Libor Macurek
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Center, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands ; Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v. v. i. , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Center, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands ; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - René H Medema
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Center, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
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31
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Kainu A, Timonen KL, Toikka J, Qaiser B, Pitkäniemi J, Kotaniemi JT, Lindqvist A, Vanninen E, Länsimies E, Sovijärvi ARA. Reference values of spirometry for Finnish adults. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 36:346-58. [PMID: 25817817 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic assessment of lung function necessitates up-to-date reference values. The aim of this study was to estimate reference values for spirometry for the Finnish population between 18 and 80 years and to compare them with the existing Finnish, European and the recently published global GLI2012 reference values. METHODS Spirometry was performed for 1380 adults in the population-based FinEsS studies and for 662 healthy non-smoking volunteer adults. Detailed predefined questionnaire screening of diseases and symptoms, and quality control of spirometry yielded a sample of 1000 native Finns (387 men) healthy non-smokers aged 18-83 years. Sex-specific reference values, which are estimated using the GAMLSS method and adjusted for age and height, are provided. RESULTS The predicted values for lung volumes are larger than those obtained by GLI2012 prediction for the Caucasian subgroup for forced vital capacity (FVC) by an average 6·2% and 5·1% and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) by an average 4·2% and 3·0% in men and women, respectively. GLI2012 slightly overestimated the ratio FEV1/FVC with an age-dependent trend. Most reference equations from other European countries, with the exception of the Swiss SAPALDIA study, showed an underestimation of FVC and FEV1 to varying degrees, and a slight overestimation of FEV1/FVC. CONCLUSION This study offers up-to-date reference values of spirometry for native Finns with a wide age range. The GLI2012 predictions seem not to be suitable for clinical use for native Finns due to underestimation of lung volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kainu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Peijas Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K L Timonen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J Toikka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - B Qaiser
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt -institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Pitkäniemi
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt -institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J T Kotaniemi
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - A Lindqvist
- Research Unit of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Vanninen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Länsimies
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A R A Sovijärvi
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) has two main goals, to repair the damaged DNA and to communicate the presence of damaged DNA. This communication allows the adaptation of cellular behavior to minimize the risk associated with DNA damage. In particular, cell cycle progression must be adapted after a DNA-damaging insult, and cells either pause or terminally exit the cell cycle during a DDR. As cells can accumulate mutations after a DDR due to error-prone DNA repair, terminal cell cycle exit may prevent malignant transformation. The tumor suppressor p53 plays a key role in promoting terminal cell cycle exit. Interestingly, p53 has been implicated in communication of a stress response to surrounding cells, known as the bystander response. Recently, surrounding cells have also been shown to affect the damaged cell, suggesting the presence of intercellular feedback loops. How such feedback may affect terminal cell cycle exit remains unclear, but its presence calls for caution in evaluating cellular outcome without controlling the cellular surrounding. In addition, such feedback may contribute to how the cellular environment affects malignant transformation after DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himjyot Jaiswal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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Jeppsson K, Carlborg KK, Nakato R, Berta DG, Lilienthal I, Kanno T, Lindqvist A, Brink MC, Dantuma NP, Katou Y, Shirahige K, Sjögren C. The chromosomal association of the Smc5/6 complex depends on cohesion and predicts the level of sister chromatid entanglement. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004680. [PMID: 25329383 PMCID: PMC4199498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cohesin complex, which is essential for sister chromatid cohesion and chromosome segregation, also inhibits resolution of sister chromatid intertwinings (SCIs) by the topoisomerase Top2. The cohesin-related Smc5/6 complex (Smc5/6) instead accumulates on chromosomes after Top2 inactivation, known to lead to a buildup of unresolved SCIs. This suggests that cohesin can influence the chromosomal association of Smc5/6 via its role in SCI protection. Using high-resolution ChIP-sequencing, we show that the localization of budding yeast Smc5/6 to duplicated chromosomes indeed depends on sister chromatid cohesion in wild-type and top2-4 cells. Smc5/6 is found to be enriched at cohesin binding sites in the centromere-proximal regions in both cell types, but also along chromosome arms when replication has occurred under Top2-inhibiting conditions. Reactivation of Top2 after replication causes Smc5/6 to dissociate from chromosome arms, supporting the assumption that Smc5/6 associates with a Top2 substrate. It is also demonstrated that the amount of Smc5/6 on chromosomes positively correlates with the level of missegregation in top2-4, and that Smc5/6 promotes segregation of short chromosomes in the mutant. Altogether, this shows that the chromosomal localization of Smc5/6 predicts the presence of the chromatid segregation-inhibiting entities which accumulate in top2-4 mutated cells. These are most likely SCIs, and our results thus indicate that, at least when Top2 is inhibited, Smc5/6 facilitates their resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Jeppsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian K. Carlborg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryuichiro Nakato
- University of Tokyo, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function Center for Epigenetic Disease, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Davide G. Berta
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Lilienthal
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takaharu Kanno
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maartje C. Brink
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nico P. Dantuma
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuki Katou
- University of Tokyo, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function Center for Epigenetic Disease, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- University of Tokyo, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function Center for Epigenetic Disease, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Camilla Sjögren
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mäki-Jouppila JHE, Laine LJ, Rehnberg J, Narvi E, Tiikkainen P, Hukasova E, Halonen P, Lindqvist A, Kallio L, Poso A, Kallio MJ. Centmitor-1, a novel acridinyl-acetohydrazide, possesses similar molecular interaction field and antimitotic cellular phenotype as rigosertib, on 01910.Na. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1054-66. [PMID: 24748653 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis is an attractive target for the development of new anticancer drugs. In a search for novel mitotic inhibitors, we virtually screened for low molecular weight compounds that would possess similar steric and electrostatic features, but different chemical structure than rigosertib (ON 01910.Na), a putative inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) pathways. Highest scoring hit compounds were tested in cell-based assays for their ability to induce mitotic arrest. We identified a novel acridinyl-acetohydrazide, here named as Centmitor-1 (Cent-1), that possesses highly similar molecular interaction field as rigosertib. In cells, Cent-1 phenocopied the cellular effects of rigosertib and caused mitotic arrest characterized by chromosome alignment defects, multipolar spindles, centrosome fragmentation, and activated spindle assembly checkpoint. We compared the effects of Cent-1 and rigosertib on microtubules and found that both compounds modulated microtubule plus-ends and reduced microtubule dynamics. Also, mitotic spindle forces were affected by the compounds as tension across sister kinetochores was reduced in mitotic cells. Our results showed that both Cent-1 and rigosertib target processes that occur during mitosis as they had immediate antimitotic effects when added to cells during mitosis. Analysis of Plk1 activity in cells using a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assay indicated that neither compound affected the activity of the kinase. Taken together, these findings suggest that Cent-1 and rigosertib elicit their antimitotic effects by targeting mitotic processes without impairment of Plk1 kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni H E Mäki-Jouppila
- Authors' Affiliations: VTT Health, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland; Centre for Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku; Drug Research Doctoral Programme and FinPharma Doctoral Program Drug Discovery; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Feine O, Hukasova E, Bruinsma W, Freire R, Fainsod A, Gannon J, Mahbubani HM, Lindqvist A, Brandeis M. Phosphorylation-mediated stabilization of Bora in mitosis coordinates Plx1/Plk1 and Cdk1 oscillations. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1727-36. [PMID: 24675888 PMCID: PMC4111719 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdk1 and Plk1/Plx1 activation leads to their inactivation through negative feedback loops. Cdk1 deactivates itself by activating the APC/C, consequently generating embryonic cell cycle oscillations. APC/C inhibition by the mitotic checkpoint in somatic cells and the cytostatic factor (CSF) in oocytes sustain the mitotic state. Plk1/Plx1 targets its co-activator Bora for degradation, but it remains unclear how embryonic oscillations in Plx1 activity are generated, and how Plk1/Plx1 activity is sustained during mitosis. We show that Plx1-mediated degradation of Bora in interphase generates oscillations in Plx1 activity and is essential for development. In CSF extracts, phosphorylation of Bora on the Cdk consensus site T52 blocks Bora degradation. Upon fertilization, Calcineurin dephosphorylates T52, triggering Plx1 oscillations. Similarly, we find that GFP-Bora is degraded when Plk1 activity spreads to somatic cell cytoplasm before mitosis. Interestingly, GFP-Bora degradation stops upon mitotic entry when Cdk1 activity is high. We hypothesize that Cdk1 controls Bora through an incoherent feedforward loop synchronizing the activities of mitotic kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Feine
- Department of Genetics; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elvira Hukasova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wytse Bruinsma
- Department of Cell Biology; The Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación; Hospital Universitario de Canarias; Instituto de Tecnologias Biomedicas; Tenerife, Spain
| | - Abraham Fainsod
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Julian Gannon
- Cancer Research UK; Clare Hall Laboratories; South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Hiro M Mahbubani
- Cancer Research UK; Clare Hall Laboratories; South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Brandeis
- Department of Genetics; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem, Israel
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Akopyan K, Silva Cascales H, Hukasova E, Saurin AT, Müllers E, Jaiswal H, Hollman DAA, Kops GJPL, Medema RH, Lindqvist A. Assessing kinetics from fixed cells reveals activation of the mitotic entry network at the S/G2 transition. Mol Cell 2014; 53:843-53. [PMID: 24582498 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During the cell cycle, DNA duplication in S phase must occur before a cell divides in mitosis. In the intervening G2 phase, mitotic inducers accumulate, which eventually leads to a switch-like rise in mitotic kinase activity that triggers mitotic entry. However, when and how activation of the signaling network that promotes the transition to mitosis occurs remains unclear. We have developed a system to reduce cell-cell variation and increase accuracy of fluorescence quantification in single cells. This allows us to use immunofluorescence of endogenous marker proteins to assess kinetics from fixed cells. We find that mitotic phosphorylations initially occur at the completion of S phase, showing that activation of the mitotic entry network does not depend on protein accumulation through G2. Our data show insights into how mitotic entry is linked to the completion of S phase and forms a quantitative resource for mathematical models of the human cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Akopyan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 3, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Silva Cascales
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 3, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elvira Hukasova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 3, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adrian T Saurin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Department of Molecular Cancer Research, and Cancer Genomics Centre, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, James Arrot Drive, Dundee DD1 9NT, UK
| | - Erik Müllers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 3, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Himjyot Jaiswal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 3, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danielle A A Hollman
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Department of Medical Oncology, Department of Molecular Cancer Research, and Cancer Genomics Centre, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - René H Medema
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 3, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1) is required for proper cell division. Activation of Plk1 requires phosphorylation on a conserved threonine in the T-loop of the kinase domain (T210). Plk1 is first phosphorylated on T210 in G2 phase by the kinase Aurora-A, in concert with its cofactor Bora. However, Bora was shown to be degraded prior to entry into mitosis, and it is currently unclear how Plk1 activity is sustained in mitosis. Here we show that the Bora-Aurora-A complex remains the major activator of Plk1 in mitosis. We show that a small amount of Aurora-A activity is sufficient to phosphorylate and activate Plk1 in mitosis. In addition, a fraction of Bora is retained in mitosis, which is essential for continued Aurora-A-dependent T210 phosphorylation of Plk1. We find that once Plk1 is activated, minimal amounts of the Bora-Aurora-A complex are sufficient to sustain Plk1 activity. Thus, the activation of Plk1 by Aurora-A may function as a bistable switch; highly sensitive to inhibition of Aurora-A in its initial activation, but refractory to fluctuations in Aurora-A activity once Plk1 is fully activated. This provides a cell with robust Plk1 activity once it has committed to mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wytse Bruinsma
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Tame MA, Raaijmakers JA, van den Broek B, Lindqvist A, Jalink K, Medema RH. Astral microtubules control redistribution of dynein at the cell cortex to facilitate spindle positioning. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1162-70. [PMID: 24553118 PMCID: PMC4013166 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is recruited to the cell cortex in early mitosis, where it can generate pulling forces on astral microtubules to position the mitotic spindle. Recent work has shown that dynein displays a dynamic asymmetric cortical localization, and that dynein recruitment is negatively regulated by spindle pole-proximity. This results in oscillating dynein recruitment to opposite sides of the cortex to center the mitotic spindle. However, although the centrosome-derived signal that promotes displacement of dynein has been identified, it is currently unknown how dynein is re-recruited to the cortex once it has been displaced. Here we show that re-recruitment of cortical dynein requires astral microtubules. We find that microtubules are necessary for the sustained localized enrichment of dynein at the cortex. Furthermore, we show that stabilization of astral microtubules causes spindle misorientation, followed by mispositioning of dynein at the cortex. Thus, our results demonstrate the importance of astral microtubules in the dynamic regulation of cortical dynein recruitment in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihoko A Tame
- Division of Cell Biology; The Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonne A Raaijmakers
- Division of Cell Biology; The Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram van den Broek
- Division of Cell Biology; The Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kees Jalink
- Division of Cell Biology; The Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René H Medema
- Division of Cell Biology; The Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Koskela J, Kupiainen H, Kilpeläinen M, Lindqvist A, Sintonen H, Pitkäniemi J, Laitinen T. Longitudinal HRQoL shows divergent trends and identifies constant decliners in asthma and COPD. Respir Med 2013; 108:463-71. [PMID: 24388549 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Monitoring of lung function alone does not adequately identify the high-risk patients among elderly asthma and COPD cohorts. The additional value of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) development in the detection of patients with a disabling disease in clinical practice is unclear. The aim of this study was to statistically examine the individual development of HRQoL measured using respiratory-specific AQ20 and generic 15D questionnaires. MATERIALS AND METHODS The HRQoL of COPD (N = 739) and asthma (N = 1329) patients was evaluated at 0, 1, 2, and 4 years after recruitment. To determine a five-year HRQoL change for each patient we used mixed-effects modelling for linear trend. RESULTS In COPD, the majority (60-80%) of the individuals showed declining trend, whereas in asthma, the majority (46-71%) showed no attenuation in HRQoL. The proportion of constant decliners was estimated higher with the 15D both in asthma (6.3%) and COPD (6.3%) than with AQ20 (3.5 and 4.5%, respectively). The first measurement of HRQoL was found to predict future development of HRQoL. In asthma, obesity-related diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and gastro-esophageal reflux disease best explained the decline, whereas in COPD, age and the level of bronchial obstruction were the main determinants. CONCLUSION Based on the five-year follow-up, the HRQoL trends significantly diverging from each other could be identified both among the asthma and COPD patients. Compared to cross-sectional HRQoL, the HRQoL trend over a clinically relevant period of time allows us to ignore, to a great extent, the random error of self-assessed HRQoL and thus, it may offer a more accurate measure to describe the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Koskela
- Clinical Research Unit for Pulmonary Diseases and Division of Pulmonology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
| | - H Kupiainen
- Clinical Research Unit for Pulmonary Diseases and Division of Pulmonology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - M Kilpeläinen
- Division of Medicine, Dept. of Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland
| | - A Lindqvist
- Clinical Research Unit for Pulmonary Diseases and Division of Pulmonology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - H Sintonen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Pitkäniemi
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Laitinen
- Division of Medicine, Dept. of Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland
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Poukkula A, Alanko K, Kilpiö K, Knuuttila A, Koskinen S, Laitinen J, Lehtonen K, Liippo K, Lindqvist A, Lähelmä S, Paananen M, Ruotsalainen EM, Salomaa ER, Silvasti M, Suuronen U, Toivanen P, Vilkka V. Comparison of a Multidose Powder Inhaler Containing Beclomethasone Dipropionate (BDP) with a BDP Metered Dose Inhaler with Spacer in the Treatment of Asthmatic Patients. Clin Drug Investig 2012; 16:101-10. [PMID: 18370527 DOI: 10.2165/00044011-199816020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of a new multidose powder inhaler (MDPI) [Easyhaler((R)), Orion Pharma, Finland] containing a high dose (500 microg/dose) of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) were compared with those of BDP metered dose inhaler administered with a large volume spacer (MDI-spacer). PATIENTS AND STUDY DESIGN Recruited patients were adult asthmatics currently receiving 800 to 1000 microg/day of inhaled corticosteroid. The dose of BDP during the study was 1000 mg/day. The study was an open, randomised, parallel-group multicentre study and included a 2-week run-in period followed by a 12-week treatment period. RESULTS 74 patients were randomised to both groups. During the run-in period the mean morning peak expiratory flow (PEF) was 489 and 478 L/min in the MDPI and MDI-spacer groups, respectively. During the last 2 weeks of the study the morning PEF was 485 L/min in the MDPI group and 477 L/min in the MDI-spacer group. Asthma symptom scores and use of rescue medication were low in both groups. The median dose of histamine required to decrease forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) by 15% was 1.05mg in the MDPI group and 0.64mg in the MDI-spacer group. The most frequent adverse events were hoarseness and sore throat. Mean serum cortisol levels were not affected in either treatment group. Patients' personal opinion regarding acceptability of the devices clearly favoured the MDPI. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the novel powder inhaler was well tolerated and at least equally effective compared with the conventional MDI-spacer combination in the treatment of asthma with BDP. However, in everyday use the patients clearly favoured the powder inhaler.
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Alvarez-Fernández M, Medema RH, Lindqvist A. Transcriptional regulation underlying recovery from a DNA damage-induced arrest. Transcription 2012; 1:32-5. [PMID: 21327155 DOI: 10.4161/trns.1.1.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When the DNA of a cell is damaged, cell cycle progression is arrested and cell cycle-specific transcription is inhibited. However, cell cycle-specific transcription is required for eventual recovery from the DNA damage-induced arrest. Here we discuss recent findings that demonstrate how transcription is fine-tuned during the DNA damage response and how this controls the capacity to recover from a DNA damage arrest in G(2) phase.
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42
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Hukasova E, Silva Cascales H, Kumar SR, Lindqvist A. Monitoring kinase and phosphatase activities through the cell cycle by ratiometric FRET. J Vis Exp 2012:e3410. [PMID: 22314640 DOI: 10.3791/3410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based reporters(1) allow the assessment of endogenous kinase and phosphatase activities in living cells. Such probes typically consist of variants of CFP and YFP, intervened by a phosphorylatable sequence and a phospho-binding domain. Upon phosphorylation, the probe changes conformation, which results in a change of the distance or orientation between CFP and YFP, leading to a change in FRET efficiency (Fig 1). Several probes have been published during the last decade, monitoring the activity balance of multiple kinases and phosphatases, including reporters of PKA(2), PKB(3), PKC(4), PKD(5), ERK(6), JNK(7), Cdk(18), Aurora B(9) and Plk1(9). Given the modular design, additional probes are likely to emerge in the near future(10). Progression through the cell cycle is affected by stress signaling pathways( 11). Notably, the cell cycle is regulated differently during unperturbed growth compared to when cells are recovering from stress(12).Time-lapse imaging of cells through the cell cycle therefore requires particular caution. This becomes a problem particularly when employing ratiometric imaging, since two images with a high signal to noise ratio are required to correctly interpret the results. Ratiometric FRET imaging of cell cycle dependent changes in kinase and phosphatase activities has predominately been restricted to sub-sections of the cell cycle(8,9,13,14). Here, we discuss a method to monitor FRET-based probes using ratiometric imaging throughout the human cell cycle. The method relies on equipment that is available to many researchers in life sciences and does not require expert knowledge of microscopy or image processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Hukasova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet
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43
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Macurek L, Benada J, Müllers E, Halim VA, Krejčíková K, Burdová K, Pecháčková S, Hodný Z, Lindqvist A, Medema RH, Bartek J. Downregulation of Wip1 phosphatase modulates the cellular threshold of DNA damage signaling in mitosis. Cell Cycle 2012; 12:251-62. [PMID: 23255129 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are constantly challenged by DNA damage and protect their genome integrity by activation of an evolutionary conserved DNA damage response pathway (DDR). A central core of DDR is composed of a spatiotemporally ordered net of post-translational modifications, among which protein phosphorylation plays a major role. Activation of checkpoint kinases ATM/ATR and Chk1/2 leads to a temporal arrest in cell cycle progression (checkpoint) and allows time for DNA repair. Following DNA repair, cells re-enter the cell cycle by checkpoint recovery. Wip1 phosphatase (also called PPM1D) dephosphorylates multiple proteins involved in DDR and is essential for timely termination of the DDR. Here we have investigated how Wip1 is regulated in the context of the cell cycle. We found that Wip1 activity is downregulated by several mechanisms during mitosis. Wip1 protein abundance increases from G(1) phase to G(2) and declines in mitosis. Decreased abundance of Wip1 during mitosis is caused by proteasomal degradation. In addition, Wip1 is phosphorylated at multiple residues during mitosis, and this leads to inhibition of its enzymatic activity. Importantly, ectopic expression of Wip1 reduced γH2AX staining in mitotic cells and decreased the number of 53BP1 nuclear bodies in G(1) cells. We propose that the combined decrease and inhibition of Wip1 in mitosis decreases the threshold necessary for DDR activation and enables cells to react adequately even to modest levels of DNA damage encountered during unperturbed mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Macurek
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Fugelstad J, Brown C, Hukasova E, Sundqvist G, Lindqvist A, Bulone V. Functional characterization of the pleckstrin homology domain of a cellulose synthase from the oomycete Saprolegnia monoica. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 417:1248-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Medema RH, Lindqvist A. Boosting and suppressing mitotic phosphorylation. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:578-84. [PMID: 21958687 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is an essential aspect of mitosis and forms the basis of nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation and spindle assembly. Through global phosphoproteomic analysis, it has become clear that overall protein phosphorylation and phosphosite occupancy is most abundant during mitosis. At mitotic exit, this abundant phosphorylation must be reversed, and this process requires massive and rapid protein dephosphorylation. In addition to this global shift in protein phosphorylation, careful spatial control of protein (de)phosphorylation is equally important for spindle assembly, chromosome disjunction and chromosome alignment. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanisms that enforce the dramatic global shift in protein phosphorylation as well as the mechanisms that allow for highly localized substrate phosphorylation in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- René H Medema
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Center, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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46
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Pallasaho P, Juusela M, Lindqvist A, Sovijärvi A, Lundbäck B, Rönmark E. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis doubles the risk for incident asthma--results from a population study in Helsinki, Finland. Respir Med 2011; 105:1449-56. [PMID: 21600752 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the incidence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma, and to assess allergic rhinoconjunctivitis as a risk factor for incident asthma, we performed a 11-year follow-up postal survey. METHODS The original study population was a random population sample of 8000 inhabitants of Helsinki aged 20-69 years in 1996. Participants in the first postal questionnaire survey, 6062 subjects, were invited to this follow-up study, and provided 4302 (78%) answers out of 5484 traced subjects in 2007. RESULTS Cumulative incidence of asthma from 1996 to 2007 was 4.0% corresponding to an annual incidence rate of 3.7/1000/year. After exclusion of those with asthma medication or physician-diagnosed chronic bronchitis or COPD at baseline in 1996, the cumulative incidence decreased to 3.5% (incidence rate 3.2/1000/year), and further to 2.7% (2.5/1000/year) when also those reporting recurrent wheeze or shortness of breath during the last year in 1996 were omitted from the population at risk. Remission of asthma occurred in 43 subjects and was 16.9% over 11 years. Cumulative 11-year incidence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis was 16.9% corresponding to 16.8/1000/year, and cumulative remission was 18.1%. Incidence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis was significantly lower among those who had lived in the countryside or on a farm during the first 5 years of life, but this was not true for asthma. In multivariate analysis, farm living during the first 5 years of life was protective for the development of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, OR 0.75 (95%CI 0.57-0.99). Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis was a significant independent risk factor for incident asthma, OR 2.15 (95%CI 1.54-3.02). In the cohort, the prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis increased from 38.0% in 1996 to 40.9% in 2007, physician-diagnosed asthma from 6.8% to 9.4%, while current smoking decreased from 31.3% to 23.3%. CONCLUSION Incidence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis was higher than in earlier studies, while asthma incidence remained on similar level, both being significantly higher in women. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis doubled the risk for incident asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pallasaho
- Division of Allergology, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
The purpose of the study was to describe the outcome after hand injury from powered wood splitters, and to investigate the relation between injury severity and outcome. Injury severity was rated according to the Hand Injury Severity Scoring System (HISS system) and the Injury Severity Score method. The patients were evaluated with the Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand outcome questionnaire (DASH), and 26 of the most severely injured patients were evaluated with the Sollerman test. The mean DASH score was moderately elevated at 15, indicating that many of these patients have sequelae. A statistically significant correlation between HISS and DASH scores was found, implying that initial injury severity is of importance for outcome. The mean Sollerman score in the injured hand was 66, which amounts to a significantly impaired hand function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lindqvist
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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48
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Svensson E, Millet J, Lindqvist A, Olsson M, Ridell M, Rastogi N. Impact of immigration on tuberculosis epidemiology in a low-incidence country. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 17:881-7. [PMID: 20825440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from 349 patients were isolated in western Sweden during the years 2001-2005. Only 26% of the tuberculosis (TB) patients were born in Sweden. All the others were born in any of 42 different countries; 17% in other European countries, 28% in Africa, 16% in Asia, 11% in the Middle East, and 2% in South America. The mean age of the Swedish-born patients was 67 years, while the mean age among the foreign-born patients was 37 years. The male/female ratio was 1.6 among the Swedes and 0.9 among those born abroad. Extrapulmonary manifestations of TB were most common among patients born in Africa while lung infections without extrapulmonary manifestations were most common in patients born in Europe, including Sweden. Spoligotyping showed that patients with T or Beijing strains had more pulmonary TB than extrapulmonary TB, while patients with EAI and CAS strains had a high proportion of extrapulmonary TB. The ancestral and/or evolutionary older PGG1 strains were more often isolated from the foreign-born patients than from the Swedish-born patients, who had strains generally being of the evolutionary recent genogroups PGG2/PGG3. We conclude that immigration from countries with a high incidence of TB has a strong impact on the TB epidemiology in western Sweden, a finding that should be taken into account by TB control strategists when developing programmes for eradication of TB in low prevalence settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Svensson
- Institute for Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Itoh H, Keller P, Mogami H, Lindqvist A, Word R. Progesterone and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) regulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPS) in human endometrium. Fertil Steril 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.07.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The transition to mitosis requires extensive nuclear and cytoplasmic rearrangements that must be spatially and temporally coordinated. In this issue, Gavet and Pines (2010a. J. Cell Biol. doi:10.1083/jcb.200909144) report on a simple yet elegant mechanism as to how this is achieved. By monitoring the activity of cyclin B-Cdk1 in real time, the authors show that concomitant with its activation in the cytoplasm, the kinase complex is rapidly imported into the nucleus by modifying the activity of the nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery. Thus, cyclin B-Cdk1 activates its own pump to get into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
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