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Otter CJ, Renner DM, Fausto A, Tan LH, Cohen NA, Weiss SR. Interferon signaling in the nasal epithelium distinguishes among lethal and common cold coronaviruses and mediates viral clearance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402540121. [PMID: 38758698 PMCID: PMC11127059 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402540121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
All respiratory viruses establish primary infections in the nasal epithelium, where efficient innate immune induction may prevent dissemination to the lower airway and thus minimize pathogenesis. Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) cause a range of pathologies, but the host and viral determinants of disease during common cold versus lethal HCoV infections are poorly understood. We model the initial site of infection using primary nasal epithelial cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI). HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and human rhinovirus-16 are common cold-associated viruses that exhibit unique features in this model: early induction of antiviral interferon (IFN) signaling, IFN-mediated viral clearance, and preferential replication at nasal airway temperature (33 °C) which confers muted host IFN responses. In contrast, lethal SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV encode antagonist proteins that prevent IFN-mediated clearance in nasal cultures. Our study identifies features shared among common cold-associated viruses, highlighting nasal innate immune responses as predictive of infection outcomes and nasally directed IFNs as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton J. Otter
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - David M. Renner
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Alejandra Fausto
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Li Hui Tan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Surgery, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
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Otter CJ, Renner DM, Fausto A, Tan LH, Cohen NA, Weiss SR. Interferon signaling in the nasal epithelium distinguishes among lethal and common cold respiratory viruses and is critical for viral clearance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.18.571720. [PMID: 38187597 PMCID: PMC10769301 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.18.571720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
All respiratory viruses establish primary infections in the nasal epithelium, where efficient innate immune induction may prevent dissemination to the lower airway and thus minimize pathogenesis. Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) cause a range of pathologies, but the host and viral determinants of disease during common cold versus lethal HCoV infections are poorly understood. We model the initial site of infection using primary nasal epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI). HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63 and human rhinovirus-16 are common cold-associated viruses that exhibit unique features in this model: early induction of antiviral interferon (IFN) signaling, IFN-mediated viral clearance, and preferential replication at nasal airway temperature (33°C) which confers muted host IFN responses. In contrast, lethal SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV encode antagonist proteins that prevent IFN-mediated clearance in nasal cultures. Our study identifies features shared among common cold-associated viruses, highlighting nasal innate immune responses as predictive of infection outcomes and nasally-directed IFNs as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton J. Otter
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M. Renner
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alejandra Fausto
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Hui Tan
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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3
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Gorbea C, Elhakiem A, Cazalla D. Shaping the host cell environment with viral noncoding RNAs. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 146:20-30. [PMID: 36581481 PMCID: PMC10101873 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Just like the cells they infect viruses express different classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Viral ncRNAs come in all shapes and forms, and they usually associate with cellular proteins that are important for their functions. Viral ncRNAs have diverse functions, but they all contribute to the viral control of the cellular environment. Viruses utilize ncRNAs to regulate viral replication, to decide whether they should remain latent or reactivate, to evade the host immune responses, or to promote cellular transformation. In this review we describe the diverse functions played by different classes of ncRNAs expressed by adenoviruses and herpesviruses, how they contribute to the viral infection, and how their study led to insights into RNA-based mechanisms at play in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gorbea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Abdalla Elhakiem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Demián Cazalla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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4
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Lamichhane PP, Samir P. Cellular Stress: Modulator of Regulated Cell Death. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1172. [PMID: 37759572 PMCID: PMC10525759 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellular stress response activates a complex program of an adaptive response called integrated stress response (ISR) that can allow a cell to survive in the presence of stressors. ISR reprograms gene expression to increase the transcription and translation of stress response genes while repressing the translation of most proteins to reduce the metabolic burden. In some cases, ISR activation can lead to the assembly of a cytoplasmic membraneless compartment called stress granules (SGs). ISR and SGs can inhibit apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, suggesting that they guard against uncontrolled regulated cell death (RCD) to promote organismal homeostasis. However, ISR and SGs also allow cancer cells to survive in stressful environments, including hypoxia and during chemotherapy. Therefore, there is a great need to understand the molecular mechanism of the crosstalk between ISR and RCD. This is an active area of research and is expected to be relevant to a range of human diseases. In this review, we provided an overview of the interplay between different cellular stress responses and RCD pathways and their modulation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parimal Samir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Lines CL, McGrath MJ, Dorwart T, Conn CS. The integrated stress response in cancer progression: a force for plasticity and resistance. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1206561. [PMID: 37601686 PMCID: PMC10435748 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1206561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During their quest for growth, adaptation, and survival, cancer cells create a favorable environment through the manipulation of normal cellular mechanisms. They increase anabolic processes, including protein synthesis, to facilitate uncontrolled proliferation and deplete the tumor microenvironment of resources. As a dynamic adaptation to the self-imposed oncogenic stress, cancer cells promptly hijack translational control to alter gene expression. Rewiring the cellular proteome shifts the phenotypic balance between growth and adaptation to promote therapeutic resistance and cancer cell survival. The integrated stress response (ISR) is a key translational program activated by oncogenic stress that is utilized to fine-tune protein synthesis and adjust to environmental barriers. Here, we focus on the role of ISR signaling for driving cancer progression. We highlight mechanisms of regulation for distinct mRNA translation downstream of the ISR, expand on oncogenic signaling utilizing the ISR in response to environmental stresses, and pinpoint the impact this has for cancer cell plasticity during resistance to therapy. There is an ongoing need for innovative drug targets in cancer treatment, and modulating ISR activity may provide a unique avenue for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Crystal S. Conn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Verjan Garcia N, Hong KU, Matoba N. The Unfolded Protein Response and Its Implications for Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2066. [PMID: 37509705 PMCID: PMC10377089 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle playing a vital role in maintaining cell homeostasis, and disruptions to its functions can have detrimental effects on cells. Dysregulated ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been linked to various human diseases. For example, ER stress and the activation of the UPR signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells can either exacerbate or alleviate the severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), contingent on the degree and conditions of activation. Our recent studies have shown that EPICERTIN, a recombinant variant of the cholera toxin B subunit containing an ER retention motif, can induce a protective UPR in colon epithelial cells, subsequently promoting epithelial restitution and mucosal healing in IBD models. These findings support the idea that compounds modulating UPR may be promising pharmaceutical candidates for the treatment of the disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the ER stress and UPR in IBD, focusing on their roles in maintaining cell homeostasis, dysregulation, and disease pathogenesis. Additionally, we discuss therapeutic strategies that promote the cytoprotection of colon epithelial cells and reduce inflammation via pharmacological manipulation of the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Verjan Garcia
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kyung U Hong
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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7
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Kingsak M, Meethong T, Jongkhumkrong J, Cai L, Wang Q. Therapeutic potential of oncolytic viruses in the era of precision oncology. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2023; 4:67-84. [PMID: 38283919 PMCID: PMC10817786 DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy has been shown to be an effective targeted cancer therapy treatment in recent years, providing an avenue of treatment that poses no damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Not only do OVs cause direct oncolysis, but they also amplify both innate and adaptive immune responses generating long-term anti-tumour immunity. Genetically engineered OVs have become the common promising strategy to enhance anti-tumour immunity, safety, and efficacy as well as targeted delivery. The studies of various OVs have been accomplished through phase I-III clinical trial studies. In addition, the uses of carrier platforms of organic materials such as polymer chains, liposomes, hydrogels, and cell carriers have played a vital role in the potentially targeted delivery of OVs. The mechanism, rational design, recent clinical trials, applications, and the development of targeted delivery platforms of OVs will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monchupa Kingsak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Thongpon Meethong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jinnawat Jongkhumkrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Carolina Lancaster, Lancaster, SC, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Susceptibility and Permissivity of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae to Cypriniviruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030768. [PMID: 36992477 PMCID: PMC10051318 DOI: 10.3390/v15030768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) represents an increasingly important model organism in virology. We evaluated its utility in the study of economically important viruses from the genus Cyprinivirus (anguillid herpesvirus 1, cyprinid herpesvirus 2 and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3)). This revealed that zebrafish larvae were not susceptible to these viruses after immersion in contaminated water, but that infections could be established using artificial infection models in vitro (zebrafish cell lines) and in vivo (microinjection of larvae). However, infections were transient, with rapid viral clearance associated with apoptosis-like death of infected cells. Transcriptomic analysis of CyHV-3-infected larvae revealed upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes, in particular those encoding nucleic acid sensors, mediators of programmed cell death and related genes. It was notable that uncharacterized non-coding RNA genes and retrotransposons were also among those most upregulated. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of the zebrafish gene encoding protein kinase R (PKR) and a related gene encoding a protein kinase containing Z-DNA binding domains (PKZ) had no impact on CyHV-3 clearance in larvae. Our study strongly supports the importance of innate immunity-virus interactions in the adaptation of cypriniviruses to their natural hosts. It also highlights the potential of the CyHV-3-zebrafish model, versus the CyHV-3-carp model, for study of these interactions.
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Significance of Catecholamine Biosynthetic/Metabolic Pathway in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Severity. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010012. [PMID: 36611805 PMCID: PMC9818320 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 infection was previously associated with the expression of the dopamine biosynthetic enzyme L-Dopa decarboxylase (DDC). Specifically, a negative correlation was detected between DDC mRNA and SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in in vitro infected epithelial cells and the nasopharyngeal tissue of COVID-19 patients with mild/no symptoms. However, DDC, among other genes related to both DDC expression and SARS-CoV-2-infection (ACE2, dACE2, EPO), was upregulated in these patients, possibly attributed to an orchestrated host antiviral response. Herein, by comparing DDC expression in the nasopharyngeal swab samples of severe/critical to mild COVID-19 cases, we showed a 20 mean-fold reduction, highlighting the importance of the expression of this gene as a potential marker of COVID-19 severity. Moreover, we identified an association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with the expression of key catecholamine biosynthesis/metabolism-related genes, in whole blood samples from hospitalized patients and in cultured cells. Specifically, viral infection downregulated the biosynthetic part of the dopamine pathway (reduction in DDC expression up to 7.5 mean-fold), while enhanced the catabolizing part (increase in monoamine oxidases A and B expression up to 15 and 10 mean-fold, respectively) in vivo, irrespectively of the presence of comorbidities. In accordance, dopamine levels in the sera of severe cases were reduced (up to 3.8 mean-fold). Additionally, a moderate positive correlation between DDC and MAOA mRNA levels (r = 0.527, p < 00001) in the blood was identified upon SARS-CoV-2-infection. These observations were consistent to the gene expression data from SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 and A549 epithelial cells. Furthermore, L-Dopa or dopamine treatment of infected cells attenuated the virus-derived cytopathic effect by 55% and 59%, respectively. The SARS-CoV-2 mediated suppression of dopamine biosynthesis in cell culture was, at least in part, attributed to hypoxia-like conditions triggered by viral infection. These findings suggest that L-Dopa/dopamine intake may have a preventive or therapeutic value for COVID-19 patients.
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Karki R, Lee S, Mall R, Pandian N, Wang Y, Sharma BR, Malireddi RKS, Yang D, Trifkovic S, Steele JA, Connelly JP, Vishwanath G, Sasikala M, Reddy DN, Vogel P, Pruett-Miller SM, Webby R, Jonsson CB, Kanneganti TD. ZBP1-dependent inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, and cytokine storm disrupt IFN therapeutic efficacy during coronavirus infection. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabo6294. [PMID: 35587515 PMCID: PMC9161373 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abo6294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), continues to cause substantial morbidity and mortality in the ongoing global pandemic. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms that govern innate immune and inflammatory responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Whereas interferon (IFN)-based therapies are generally expected to be beneficial during viral infection, clinical trials in COVID-19 have shown limited efficacy and potential detrimental effects of IFN treatment during SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this failure remain unknown. In this study, we found that IFN induced Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1)-mediated inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, in human and murine macrophages and in the lungs of mice infected with β-coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). In patients with COVID-19, expression of the innate immune sensor ZBP1 was increased in immune cells from those who succumbed to the disease compared with those who recovered, further suggesting a link between ZBP1 and pathology. In mice, IFN-β treatment after β-coronavirus infection increased lethality, and genetic deletion of Zbp1 or its Zα domain suppressed cell death and protected the mice from IFN-mediated lethality during β-coronavirus infection. Overall, our results identify that ZBP1 induced during coronavirus infection limits the efficacy of IFN therapy by driving inflammatory cell death and lethality. Therefore, inhibiting ZBP1 activity may improve the efficacy of IFN therapy, paving the way for the development of new and critically needed therapeutics for COVID-19 as well as other infections and inflammatory conditions where IFN-mediated cell death and pathology occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - SangJoon Lee
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Raghvendra Mall
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nagakannan Pandian
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yaqiu Wang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Bhesh Raj Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - RK Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Dong Yang
- UTHSC Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sanja Trifkovic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jacob A. Steele
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering (CAGE), St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jon P. Connelly
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering (CAGE), St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gella Vishwanath
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Disorders, Continental Hospitals, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mitnala Sasikala
- Department of Basic Science, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering (CAGE), St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Colleen Beth Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Cheng X, Jiang Z, Feng Z, Sun Z, Lu S, Xu X, Mao H, Hu C. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Trans-Activation-Responsive RNA-binding protein 2 (TARBP2) inhibits apoptosis by decreasing PKR phosphorylation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 133:104425. [PMID: 35452690 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PKR plays a significant role in IFN antiviral responses and in mediating apoptosis. Its activity is crucial for cellular antiviral and subsequent recovery. In mammalian cells, Protein Activator of the Interferon-induced Protein Kinase (PACT) and Trans-Activation-Responsive RNA-Binding Protein 2 (TARBP2) have the opposite effect on PKR activity in a dsRNA independent manner. There are some corresponding regulators of PKR in fish, too. In previous studies, we found that grass carp PACT can activate PKR in dsRNA independent manner. In this study, we tried to find out the effect of grass carp TARBP2 on PKR regulation. Grass carp TARBP2 expression is significantly increased at 6h post-poly I:C stimulation in CIK cells and grass carp tissues, indicating that it may play a role in poly I:C-mediated immune response. Then, we found that CiTARBP2 interacts with CiPKR and CiPACT, suggesting that it may regulate PKR activity by direct interaction with PKR or its regulators. Further, poly I:C promotes the phosphorylation of CiTARBP2 and enhances the interaction of CiTARBP2 and CiPKR. Finally, over-expression of CiTARBP2 decreases CiPKR phosphorylation and inhibits PKR-induced apoptosis. Therefore, our study reveals that CiTARBP2 can bind to CiPKR, CiPACT and CiTARBP2. The phosphorylated TARBP2 has stronger affinity to PKR, which results in the decrease of PKR phosphorylation and inhibition of cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xining Cheng
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zeyin Jiang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zhiqing Feng
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zhichao Sun
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shina Lu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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12
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Nguyen LN, Kanneganti TD. PANoptosis in Viral Infection: The Missing Puzzle Piece in the Cell Death Field. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167249. [PMID: 34537233 PMCID: PMC8444475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, emerging viral outbreaks like SARS-CoV-2, Zika and Ebola have presented major challenges to the global health system. Viruses are unique pathogens in that they fully rely on the host cell to complete their lifecycle and potentiate disease. Therefore, programmed cell death (PCD), a key component of the host innate immune response, is an effective strategy for the host cell to curb viral spread. The most well-established PCD pathways, pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis, can be activated in response to viruses. Recently, extensive crosstalk between PCD pathways has been identified, and there is evidence that molecules from all three PCD pathways can be activated during virus infection. These findings have led to the emergence of the concept of PANoptosis, defined as an inflammatory PCD pathway regulated by the PANoptosome complex with key features of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and/or necroptosis that cannot be accounted for by any of these three PCD pathways alone. While PCD is important to eliminate infected cells, many viruses are equipped to hijack host PCD pathways to benefit their own propagation and subvert host defense, and PCD can also lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines and inflammation. Therefore, PANoptosis induced by viral infection contributes to either host defense or viral pathogenesis in context-specific ways. In this review, we will discuss the multi-faceted roles of PCD pathways in controlling viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Nhat Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. https://twitter.com/LamNguy81889610
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13
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Gao H, Lin Y, Huang C, Li X, Diamond MS, Liu C, Zhang R, Zhang P. A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies HuR as a regulator of apoptosis induced by dsRNA and virus. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274702. [PMID: 35112703 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed an unbiased whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9 screen in A549 cells to identify potential regulators involved in cell death triggered by dsRNA. Of several top candidate genes, we identified the RNA binding protein ELAV like protein 1 (ELAVL1) that encodes Hu antigen R (HuR). Depletion of HuR led to less cell death induced by dsRNA. HuR is mainly involved in the apoptosis, and all of its RNA recognition motifs are essential for its proapoptotic function. We further showed that the HuR depletion had no influence on the mRNA level of an anti-apoptotic gene, BCL2, instead downregulated its translation in a cap-independent way. Polysome fractionation studies showed that HuR retarded the BCL2 mRNA in the non-translating pool of polysomes. Moreover, protection from dsRNA-induced apoptosis by HuR depletion required the presence of BCL2, indicating that the proapoptotic function of HuR is executed by suppressing BCL2. Consistently, HuR regulated apoptosis induced by infection of encephalomyocarditis or Semliki Forest virus. Collectively, our work identified a suite of proteins that regulate dsRNA-induced cell death, and elucidated the mechanism by which HuR acts as a pro-apoptotic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuxia Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Changbai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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14
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Wang Y, Zhang X. The critical roles of mitochondrial alternative chains in juvenile ark shells (Anadara broughtonii) exposed to acute hypoxia with or without sulfide. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 241:105996. [PMID: 34688138 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reduced oxygen levels and increased sulfide concentrations have become a concern for marine animals. This study examines respiratory and energetic adaption to acute (0-96 h) hypoxia (0.5 mg/L dissolved oxygen) with or without sulfide (0.2 mM, 1 mM, 3 mM) in the hypoxia-resistant and sulfide-tolerant ark shell, Anadara broughtonii. The different states of aerobic respiration, energy-balance, and activity of the mitochondrial sulfide oxidation chain (MSOC) under these conditions were evaluated. The results indicated that the anaerobic pathway was activated by hypoxia at 24 h without sulfide, but was activated in the presence of sulfide at only 2 h. Exposure to sulfide resulted in significant accumulation of ATP, probably due to the activated MSOC and lowered metabolism via suppression of Na+-K+ ATPase activity and protein synthesis. During hypoxia, both enzyme activity and mRNA levels of alternative oxidase (AOX) increased while the key enzymes in MSOC, sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) and sulfur dioxygenase (SDO), were not altered. With additional sulfide, the enzyme activity and mRNA levels of AOX, SQR, SDO significantly increased. Classical aerobic respiration was significantly inhibited, and induction of alternative respiration was detected. The corresponding alternative electron transport chain (AETC) accepted the electrons originating from both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and MSOC during the challenge, indicating that the capacity of aerobic respiration and sulfide-oxidation under a reduction state might greatly depend on AETC. The synergistically induced alternative chains (AETC and MSOC) and anaerobic pathway suggested energy-balance between respiration and sulfide-oxidation, which might contribute to the endurance of ark shells to acute sulfide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Wang
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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15
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Hartwick Bjorkman S, Oliveira Pereira R. The Interplay Between Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Nrf2 Signaling in Cardiometabolic Health. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:252-269. [PMID: 33599550 PMCID: PMC8262388 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS) are by-products of normal physiology that may disrupt cellular redox homeostasis on a regular basis. Nonetheless, failure to resolve sustained mitochondrial stress to mitigate high levels of mtROS might contribute to the etiology of numerous pathological conditions, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent Advances: Notably, recent studies have demonstrated that moderate mitochondrial stress might result in the induction of different stress response pathways that ultimately improve the organism's ability to deal with subsequent stress, a process termed mitohormesis. mtROS have been shown to play a key role in regulating this adaptation. Critical Issue: mtROS regulate the convergence of different signaling pathways that, when disturbed, might impair cardiometabolic health. Conversely, mtROS seem to be required to mediate activation of prosurvival pathways, contributing to improved cardiometabolic fitness. In the present review, we will primarily focus on the role of mtROS in the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant pathway and examine the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in coordinating the convergence of ER stress and oxidative stress signaling through activation of Nrf2 and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Future Directions: The mechanisms underlying cardiometabolic protection in response to mitochondrial stress have only started to be investigated. Integrated understanding of how mtROS and ER stress cooperatively promote activation of prosurvival pathways might shed mechanistic insight into the role of mitohormesis in mediating cardiometabolic protection and might inform future therapeutic avenues for the treatment of metabolic diseases contributing to CVD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 252-269.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hartwick Bjorkman
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Renata Oliveira Pereira
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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16
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Smyth R, Sun J. Protein Kinase R in Bacterial Infections: Friend or Foe? Front Immunol 2021; 12:702142. [PMID: 34305942 PMCID: PMC8297547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The global antimicrobial resistance crisis poses a significant threat to humankind in the coming decades. Challenges associated with the development of novel antibiotics underscore the urgent need to develop alternative treatment strategies to combat bacterial infections. Host-directed therapy is a promising new therapeutic strategy that aims to boost the host immune response to bacteria rather than target the pathogen itself, thereby circumventing the development of antibiotic resistance. However, host-directed therapy depends on the identification of druggable host targets or proteins with key functions in antibacterial defense. Protein Kinase R (PKR) is a well-characterized human kinase with established roles in cancer, metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, and antiviral defense. However, its role in antibacterial defense has been surprisingly underappreciated. Although the canonical role of PKR is to inhibit protein translation during viral infection, this kinase senses and responds to multiple types of cellular stress by regulating cell-signaling pathways involved in inflammation, cell death, and autophagy - mechanisms that are all critical for a protective host response against bacterial pathogens. Indeed, there is accumulating evidence to demonstrate that PKR contributes significantly to the immune response to a variety of bacterial pathogens. Importantly, there are existing pharmacological modulators of PKR that are well-tolerated in animals, indicating that PKR is a feasible target for host-directed therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of immune cell functions regulated by PKR and summarize the current knowledge on the role and functions of PKR in bacterial infections. We also review the non-canonical activators of PKR and speculate on the potential mechanisms that trigger activation of PKR during bacterial infection. Finally, we provide an overview of existing pharmacological modulators of PKR that could be explored as novel treatment strategies for bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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17
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Sunitinib Combined with Th1 Cytokines Potentiates Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells and Suppresses Tumor Growth in a Murine Model of HER-2 pos Breast Cancer. Int J Breast Cancer 2021; 2021:8818393. [PMID: 33936816 PMCID: PMC8062178 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8818393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although immune-based therapies have made remarkable inroads in cancer treatment, they usually must be combined with standard treatment modalities, including cytotoxic drugs, to achieve maximal clinical benefits. As immunotherapies are further advanced and refined, considerable efforts will be required to identify combination therapies that will maximize clinical responses while simultaneously decreasing the unpleasant and sometimes life-threatening side effects of standard therapy. Over the last two decades, evidence has emerged that Th1 cytokines can play a central role in protective antitumor immunity and that combinations of Th1 cytokines can induce senescence and apoptosis in cancer cells. To explore the possibility of combining targeted drugs with Th1-polarizing vaccines, we undertook a study to examine the impact of combining Th1 cytokines with the relatively broad-spectrum receptor tyrosine kinase antagonist, sunitinib. We found that when a panel of five phenotypically diverse human breast cancer cell lines was subjected to treatment with sunitinib plus recombinant Th1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, synergistic effects were observed across a number of parameters including different aspects of apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, sunitinib was found to have a profoundly suppressive effect of T cell's capacity to secrete IFN-γ, indicating that in vivo use of this drug may hinder robust Th1 responses. Nonetheless, this suppression was circumvented in a mouse model of HER-2pos breast disease by supplying recombinant interferon-gamma to achieve a combination therapy significantly more potent than either agent.
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18
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Ehrlich M, Bacharach E. Oncolytic Virotherapy: The Cancer Cell Side. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050939. [PMID: 33668131 PMCID: PMC7956656 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a promising immunotherapy that specifically target and kill cancer cells and stimulate anti-tumor immunity. While different OVs are endowed with distinct features, which enhance their specificity towards tumor cells; attributes of the cancer cell also critically contribute to this specificity. Such features comprise defects in innate immunity, including antiviral responses, and the metabolic reprogramming of the malignant cell. The tumorigenic features which support OV replication can be intrinsic to the transformation process (e.g., a direct consequence of the activity of a given oncogene), or acquired in the course of tumor immunoediting—the selection process applied by antitumor immunity. Oncogene-induced epigenetic silencing plays an important role in negative regulation of immunostimulatory antiviral responses in the cancer cells. Reversal of such silencing may also provide a strong immunostimulant in the form of viral mimicry by activation of endogenous retroelements. Here we review features of the cancer cell that support viral replication, tumor immunoediting and the connection between oncogenic signaling, DNA methylation and viral oncolysis. As such, this review concentrates on the malignant cell, while detailed description of different OVs can be found in the accompanied reviews of this issue. Abstract Cell autonomous immunity genes mediate the multiple stages of anti-viral defenses, including recognition of invading pathogens, inhibition of viral replication, reprogramming of cellular metabolism, programmed-cell-death, paracrine induction of antiviral state, and activation of immunostimulatory inflammation. In tumor development and/or immunotherapy settings, selective pressure applied by the immune system results in tumor immunoediting, a reduction in the immunostimulatory potential of the cancer cell. This editing process comprises the reduced expression and/or function of cell autonomous immunity genes, allowing for immune-evasion of the tumor while concomitantly attenuating anti-viral defenses. Combined with the oncogene-enhanced anabolic nature of cancer-cell metabolism, this attenuation of antiviral defenses contributes to viral replication and to the selectivity of oncolytic viruses (OVs) towards malignant cells. Here, we review the manners by which oncogene-mediated transformation and tumor immunoediting combine to alter the intracellular milieu of tumor cells, for the benefit of OV replication. We also explore the functional connection between oncogenic signaling and epigenetic silencing, and the way by which restriction of such silencing results in immune activation. Together, the picture that emerges is one in which OVs and epigenetic modifiers are part of a growing therapeutic toolbox that employs activation of anti-tumor immunity for cancer therapy.
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19
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Chang SC, Zhang BX, Su ECY, Wu WC, Hsieh TH, Salazar AM, Lin YK, Ding JL. Hiltonol Cocktail Kills Lung Cancer Cells by Activating Cancer-Suppressors, PKR/OAS, and Restraining the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041626. [PMID: 33562773 PMCID: PMC7915988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Clinical trials showed that Hiltonol, a stable dsRNA representing an advanced form of polyI:C (polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid), is an adjuvant cancer-immunomodulator. However, its mechanisms of action and effect on lung cancer have not been explored pre-clinically. Here, we examined, for the first time, how a novel Hiltonol cocktail kills NSCLC cells. By retrospective analysis of NSCLC patient tissues obtained from the tumor biobank; pre-clinical studies with Hiltonol alone or Hiltonol+++ cocktail [Hiltonol+anti-IL6+AG490 (JAK2 inhibitor)+Stattic (STAT3 inhibitor)]; cytokine analysis; gene knockdown and gain/loss-of-function studies, we uncovered the mechanisms of action of Hiltonol+++. We demonstrated that Hiltonol+++ kills the cancer cells and suppresses the metastatic potential of NSCLC through: (i) upregulation of pro-apoptotic Caspase-9 and Caspase-3, (ii) induction of cytosolic cytochrome c, (iii) modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (GRO, MCP-1, IL-8, and IL-6) and anticancer IL-24 in NSCLC subtypes, and (iv) upregulation of tumor suppressors, PKR (protein kinase R) and OAS (2′5′ oligoadenylate synthetase). In silico analysis showed that Lys296 of PKR and Lys66 of OAS interact with Hiltonol. These Lys residues are purportedly involved in the catalytic/signaling activity of the tumor suppressors. Furthermore, knockdown of PKR/OAS abrogated the anticancer action of Hiltonol, provoking survival of cancer cells. Ex vivo analysis of NSCLC patient tissues corroborated that loss of PKR and OAS is associated with cancer advancement. Altogether, our findings unraveled the significance of studying tumor biobank tissues, which suggests PKR and OAS as precision oncological suppressor candidates to be targeted by this novel Hiltonol+++ cocktail which represents a prospective drug for development into a potent and tailored therapy for NSCLC subtypes.
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MESH Headings
- 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase/chemistry
- 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase/genetics
- 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase/metabolism
- A549 Cells
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Binding Sites
- Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium/analogs & derivatives
- Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cyclic S-Oxides/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Poly I-C/pharmacology
- Polylysine/analogs & derivatives
- Polylysine/pharmacology
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tyrphostins/pharmacology
- eIF-2 Kinase/chemistry
- eIF-2 Kinase/genetics
- eIF-2 Kinase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Chang
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College for Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wusing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- International Ph.D. Program for Translational Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wusing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-C.C.); (J.L.D.)
| | - Bo-Xiang Zhang
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College for Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wusing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- International Ph.D. Program for Translational Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wusing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Emily Chia-Yu Su
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wusing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Clinical Big Data Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wusing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ciao Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wusing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wusing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Andres M. Salazar
- Oncovir, Inc., 3203 Cleveland Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC 20008, USA;
| | - Yen-Kuang Lin
- Big Data Research Center, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wusing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Biostatistics Center, Office of Data Science, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wusing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wusing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jeak Ling Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Correspondence: (S.-C.C.); (J.L.D.)
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20
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Therapeutic effects of the PKR inhibitor C16 suppressing tumor proliferation and angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5133. [PMID: 32198380 PMCID: PMC7083831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of C16, which is an inhibitor of RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), on growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and tumor progression in vitro and in vivo were evaluated. Huh7 cells, a human HCC cell line, were used. The effects of C16 on cell viability were evaluated with the MTT assay, and real-time RT-PCR was performed. Huh7 cells were grafted into immunodeficient mice, and the in vivo effects of C16 on tumorigenesis were examined. C16 suppressed proliferation of HCC cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Mouse models with xenograft transplantation showed that the inhibitor suppressed the growth of HCC cells in vivo. Moreover, C16 decreased angiogenesis in HCC tissue in the xenograft model. Consistent with these results in mice, transcript levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and factor-B, platelet-derived growth factor-A and factor-B, fibroblast growth factor-2, epidermal growth factor, and hepatocyte growth factor, which are angiogenesis-related growth factors, were significantly decreased by C16 in vitro. In conclusion, the PKR inhibitor C16 blocked tumor cell growth and angiogenesis via a decrease in mRNA levels of several growth factors. C16 may be useful in the treatment of HCC.
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21
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Zharkov MI, Zenkova MA, Vlassov VV, Chernolovskaya EL. Molecular Mechanism of the Antiproliferative Activity of Short Immunostimulating dsRNA. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1454. [PMID: 31921696 PMCID: PMC6933605 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small double-stranded RNAs with certain sequence motifs are able to interact with pattern-recognition receptors and activate the innate immune system. Recently, we identified a set of short double-stranded 19-bp RNA molecules with 3-nucleotide 3′-overhangs that exhibited pronounced antiproliferative activity against cancer cells in vitro, and antitumor and antimetastatic activities in mouse models in vivo. The main objectives of this study were to identify the pattern recognition receptors that mediate the antiproliferative action of immunostimulating RNA (isRNA). Two cell lines, epidermoid carcinoma KB-3-1 cells and lung cancer A549 cells, were used in the study. These lines respond to the action of isRNA by a decrease in the growth rate, and in the case of A549 cells, also by a secretion of IL-6. Two sets of cell lines with selectively silenced genes encoding potential sensors and signal transducers of isRNA action were obtained on the basis of KB-3-1 and A549 cells. It was found that the selective silencing of PKR and RIG-I genes blocked the antiproliferative effect of isRNA, both in KB-3-1 and A549 cells, whereas the expression of MDA5 and IRF3 was not required for the antiproliferative action of isRNA. It was shown that, along with PKR and RIG-I genes, the expression of IRF3 also plays a role in isRNA mediated IL-6 synthesis in A549 cells. Thus, PKR and RIG-I sensors play a major role in the anti-proliferative signaling triggered by isRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail I Zharkov
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina A Zenkova
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin V Vlassov
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena L Chernolovskaya
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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22
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Manivannan P, Reddy V, Mukherjee S, Clark KN, Malathi K. RNase L Induces Expression of A Novel Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase, DRAK1, to Promote Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3535. [PMID: 31330998 PMCID: PMC6679093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of virus-infected cells is an effective antiviral mechanism in addition to interferon induction to establish antiviral state to restrict virus spread. The interferon-inducible 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase/RNase L pathway results in activation of RNase L in response to double stranded RNA and cleaves diverse RNA substrates to amplify interferon induction and promote apoptosis. Here we show that RNase L induces expression of Death-associated protein kinase-Related Apoptosis-inducing protein Kinase 1 (DRAK1), a member of the death-associated protein kinase family and interferon-signaling pathway is required for induction. Overexpression of DRAK1 triggers apoptosis in the absence of RNase L activation by activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), translocation of BCL2 Associated X (Bax) to the mitochondria accompanied by cytochrome C release and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential promoting cleavage of caspase 3 and Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP). Inhibitors of JNK and caspase 3 promote survival of DRAK1 overexpressing cells demonstrating an important role of JNK signaling pathway in DRAK1-mediated apoptosis. DRAK1 mutant proteins that lack kinase activity or nuclear localization fail to induce apoptosis highlighting the importance of cellular localization and kinase function in promoting cell death. Our studies identify DRAK1 as a mediator of RNase L-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Manivannan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Vidita Reddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sushovita Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Kirsten Neytania Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Krishnamurthy Malathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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23
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Gal-Ben-Ari S, Barrera I, Ehrlich M, Rosenblum K. PKR: A Kinase to Remember. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:480. [PMID: 30686999 PMCID: PMC6333748 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for many diseases including metabolic syndrome, cancer, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Identifying mechanistic common denominators underlying the impact of aging is essential for our fundamental understanding of age-related diseases and the possibility to propose new ways to fight them. One can define aging biochemically as prolonged metabolic stress, the innate cellular and molecular programs responding to it, and the new stable or unstable state of equilibrium between the two. A candidate to play a role in the process is protein kinase R (PKR), first identified as a cellular protector against viral infection and today known as a major regulator of central cellular processes including mRNA translation, transcriptional control, regulation of apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Prolonged imbalance in PKR activation is both affected by biochemical and metabolic parameters and affects them in turn to create a feedforward loop. Here, we portray the central role of PKR in transferring metabolic information and regulating cellular function with a focus on cancer, inflammation, and brain function. Later, we integrate information from open data sources and discuss current knowledge and gaps in the literature about the signaling cascades upstream and downstream of PKR in different cell types and function. Finally, we summarize current major points and biological means to manipulate PKR expression and/or activation and propose PKR as a therapeutic target to shift age/metabolic-dependent undesired steady states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunit Gal-Ben-Ari
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Learning and Memory, Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Iliana Barrera
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Learning and Memory, Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- Laboratory of Intracellular Trafficking and Signaling, School of Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kobi Rosenblum
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Learning and Memory, Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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24
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Downey J, Pernet E, Coulombe F, Divangahi M. Dissecting host cell death programs in the pathogenesis of influenza. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:560-569. [PMID: 29679740 PMCID: PMC7110448 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a pulmonary pathogen, responsible for significant yearly morbidity and mortality. Due to the absence of highly effective antiviral therapies and vaccine, as well as the constant threat of an emerging pandemic strain, there is considerable need to better understand the host-pathogen interactions and the factors that dictate a protective versus detrimental immune response to IAV. Even though evidence of IAV-induced cell death in human pulmonary epithelial and immune cells has been observed for almost a century, very little is known about the consequences of cell death on viral pathogenesis. Recent study indicates that both the type of cell death program and its kinetics have major implications on host defense and survival. In this review, we discuss advances in our understanding of cell death programs during influenza virus infection, in hopes of fostering new areas of investigation for targeted clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Downey
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Erwan Pernet
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - François Coulombe
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.
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25
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Gu L, Ge Z, Wang Y, Shen M, Zhao P, Chen W. Double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase PKR activates NF-κB pathway in acute pancreatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1563-1569. [PMID: 30031606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The activation of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) occurs early in acute pancreatitis (AP) simultaneously with intracellular trypsinogen activation. Double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase (PKR) promotes the activation of NF-κB and the production of pro-inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The rat and rat pancreatic AR42J cells were treated by cerulein to establish AP models, showing PKR increased. TNF-α, IL-6 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in AP pancreatic tissues and cerulein-treated AR42J cells increased, while PKR knockdown in AR42J cells reversed cerulein-induced inflammatory response and pancreatic cell injury. In addition, inhibitor of kappa B kinase α (IKKα), phosphorylated P65 (p-P65), P65 increased in cerulein-treated AR42J cells. Meanwhile, in cerulein-treated AR42J cells, interaction between PKR and IKKα, as well as the co-localization and nuclear accumulation of PKR and P65, were detected. Furthermore, cerulein induced the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of P65, which indicated the activation of NF-κB, while PKR knockdown hindered NF-κB activation to alleviate pancreatic cell injury. In summary, PKR might promote NF-κB activation via facilitating its phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, thus accelerated inflammatory response and pancreatic cell injury in AP, implying a novel molecular target for the treatment of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liugen Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenming Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yamin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meiqin Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weichang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
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26
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Watanabe T, Imamura T, Hiasa Y. Roles of protein kinase R in cancer: Potential as a therapeutic target. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:919-925. [PMID: 29478262 PMCID: PMC5891186 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Double‐stranded (ds) RNA‐dependent protein kinase (PKR) is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine protein kinase. It was initially identified as an innate immune antiviral protein induced by interferon (IFN) and activated by dsRNA. PKR is recognized as a key executor of antiviral host defense. Moreover, it contributes to inflammation and immune regulation through several signaling pathways. In addition to IFN and dsRNA, PKR is activated by multiple stimuli and regulates various signaling pathways including the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells pathways. PKR was initially thought to be a tumor suppressor as a result of its ability to suppress cell growth and interact with major tumor suppressor genes. However, in several types of malignant disease, such as colon and breast cancers, its role remains controversial. In hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the main cause of liver cancer, and PKR inhibits HCV replication, indicating its role as a tumor suppressor. However, PKR is overexpressed in cirrhotic patients, and acts as a tumor promoter through enhancement of cancer cell growth by mediating MAPK or signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways. Moreover, PKR is reportedly required for the activation of inflammasomes and influences metabolic disorders. In the present review, we introduce the multifaceted roles of PKR such as antiviral function, tumor cell growth, regulation of inflammatory immune responses, and maintaining metabolic homeostasis; and discuss future perspectives on PKR biology including its potential as a therapeutic target for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan.,Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Toon, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hiasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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27
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Kalra J, Mangali SB, Bhat A, Dhar I, Udumula MP, Dhar A. Imoxin attenuates high fructose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in renal epithelial cells via downregulation of protein kinase R pathway. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 32:297-305. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kalra
- Department of Pharmacy; Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani; Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
| | - Suresh Babu Mangali
- Department of Pharmacy; Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani; Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
| | - Audesh Bhat
- Department of Molecular Biology; Central University of Jammu; Jammu Jammu and Kashmir 181143 India
| | - Indu Dhar
- Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Bergen; Bergen 5007 Norway
| | - Mary Priyanka Udumula
- Department of Pharmacy; Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani; Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
| | - Arti Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy; Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani; Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
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28
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Stress-induced TRBP phosphorylation enhances its interaction with PKR to regulate cellular survival. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1020. [PMID: 29348664 PMCID: PMC5773696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transactivation response element RNA-binding protein (TRBP or TARBP2) initially identified to play an important role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication also has emerged as a regulator of microRNA biogenesis. In addition, TRBP functions in signaling pathways by negatively regulating the interferon-induced double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) during viral infections and cell stress. During cellular stress, PKR is activated and phosphorylates the α subunit of the eukaryotic translation factor eIF2, leading to the cessation of general protein synthesis. TRBP inhibits PKR activity by direct interaction as well as by binding to PKR’s two known activators, dsRNA and PACT, thus preventing their interaction with PKR. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that TRBP is phosphorylated in response to oxidative stress and upon phosphorylation, inhibits PKR more efficiently promoting cell survival. These results establish that PKR regulation through stress-induced TRBP phosphorylation is an important mechanism ensuring cellular recovery and preventing apoptosis due to sustained PKR activation.
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29
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Meyer B, Groseth A. Apoptosis during arenavirus infection: mechanisms and evasion strategies. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:65-80. [PMID: 29081359 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there has been a greatly increased interest in the interactions of arenaviruses with the apoptotic machinery, and particularly the extent to which these interactions may be an important contributor to pathogenesis. Here we summarize the current state of our knowledge on this subject and address the potential for interplay with other immunological mechanisms known to be regulated by these viruses. We also compare and contrast what is known for arenavirus-induced apoptosis with observations from other segmented hemorrhagic fever viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Meyer
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Allison Groseth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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30
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Polycystin-1 inhibits eIF2α phosphorylation and cell apoptosis through a PKR-eIF2α pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11493. [PMID: 28904368 PMCID: PMC5597606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by mutations in PKD1 or PKD2 which encodes polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2, respectively. PC1 was previously shown to slow cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive or controversial. Here we showed in cultured mammalian cells and Pkd1 knockout mouse kidney epithelial cells that PC1 and its truncation mutant comprising the last five transmembrane segments and the intracellular C-terminus (PC1-5TMC) down-regulate the phosphorylation of protein kinase R (PKR) and its substrate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α). PKR is known to be activated by interferons and dsRNAs, inhibits protein synthesis and induces apoptosis. By co-immunoprecipitation experiments we found that PC1 truncation mutants associate with PKR, or with PKR and its activator PACT. Further experiments showed that PC1 and PC1-5TMC reduce phosphorylation of eIF2α through inhibiting PKR phosphorylation. Our TUNEL experiments using tunicamycin, an apoptosis inducer, and GADD34, an inhibitor of eIF2α phosphorylation, demonstrated that PC1-5TMC inhibits apoptosis of HEK293T cells in a PKR-eIF2α-dependent manner, with concurrent up- and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax, respectively, revealed by Western blotting. Involvement of PC1-regulated eIF2α phosphorylation and a PKR-eIF2α pathway in cell apoptosis may be an important part of the mechanism underlying ADPKD pathogenesis.
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31
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Die Another Day: Inhibition of Cell Death Pathways by Cytomegalovirus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9090249. [PMID: 28869497 PMCID: PMC5618015 DOI: 10.3390/v9090249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms have evolved multiple genetically programmed cell death pathways that are essential for homeostasis. The finding that many viruses encode cell death inhibitors suggested that cellular suicide also functions as a first line of defence against invading pathogens. This theory was confirmed by studying viral mutants that lack certain cell death inhibitors. Cytomegaloviruses, a family of species-specific viruses, have proved particularly useful in this respect. Cytomegaloviruses are known to encode multiple death inhibitors that are required for efficient viral replication. Here, we outline the mechanisms used by the host cell to detect cytomegalovirus infection and discuss the methods employed by the cytomegalovirus family to prevent death of the host cell. In addition to enhancing our understanding of cytomegalovirus pathogenesis we detail how this research has provided significant insights into the cross-talk that exists between the various cell death pathways.
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32
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Chang YH, Lau KS, Kuo RL, Horng JT. dsRNA Binding Domain of PKR Is Proteolytically Released by Enterovirus A71 to Facilitate Viral Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:284. [PMID: 28702377 PMCID: PMC5487429 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot and mouth disease in young children and infants, but can also cause severe neurological complications or even death. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase R (PKR), an interferon-induced antiviral protein, phosphorylates the regulatory α-subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 in response to viral infection, thereby blocking the translation of cellular and viral mRNA and promoting apoptosis. The cleavage of PKR after infection with poliovirus, a prototype enterovirus, has been reported by others, but the underlying mechanism of this cleavage and its role in viral replication remain unclear. In the present study, we show that viral 3C protease cleaves PKR at a site, Q188, which differs from the site cleaved during apoptosis, D251. In contrast to the conventional phosphorylation of PKR by dsRNA, EV-A71 3C physically interacts with PKR to mediate the phosphorylation of PKR; this effect is dependent on 3C protease activity. Overexpression of a catalytically inactive PKR mutant (K296H) accelerates viral protein accumulation and increases virus titer, whereas a K64E substitution in the dsRNA binding site abolishes this advantage. We also demonstrate that PKR cleavage mediated by EV-A71 3C protease produces a short N-terminal PKR fragment that can enhance EV-A71 replication, in terms of viral RNA, viral protein, and viral titers. We conclude that PKR is co-opted by EV-A71 via viral protease 3C-mediated proteolytic activation to facilitate viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,National Defense Medical Center, Institute of Preventive MedicineTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Kean Seng Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rei-Lin Kuo
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Tong Horng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and TechnologyTaoyuan, Taiwan
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33
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Hoseini Z, Sepahvand F, Rashidi B, Sahebkar A, Masoudifar A, Mirzaei H. NLRP3 inflammasome: Its regulation and involvement in atherosclerosis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2116-2132. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hoseini
- Faculty of Medicine, Students Research Center; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sepahvand
- Faculty of Medicine, Students Research Center; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Aria Masoudifar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Biotechnology; ACECR; Isfahan Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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34
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Udumula MP, Babu MS, Bhat A, Dhar I, Sriram D, Dhar A. High glucose impairs insulin signaling via activation of PKR pathway in L6 muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:645-651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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35
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Retraction notice. Muscle Nerve 2017; 55:766. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Kalra J, Dhar A. Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase signalling and paradigms of cardiometabolic syndrome. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 31:265-279. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kalra
- Department of Pharmacy; Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus; Jawahar Nagar Shameerpet, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
| | - Arti Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy; Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus; Jawahar Nagar Shameerpet, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
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37
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Dhar A. The Role of PKR as a Potential Target for Treating Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Cardiol Rev 2017; 13:28-31. [PMID: 27225893 PMCID: PMC5324325 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160526122600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally with limited treatment options. Despite improved pharmacological therapy, scientific understandings on the root mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases are still not fully understood. It is well known that inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and controlling this inflammatory pathway may inhibit the progression of this chronic disease. Protein Kinase R (PKR), a serine threonine kinase is activated during various pathological conditions. Activation of PKR can induce apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. Since PKR has multidimensional roles, thus PKR is an attractive target for treating cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. The goal of this review is to discuss potential role of PKR in cardiovascular diseases, pathways activated by it and association between pathways activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500078, India
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38
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Mechanism of Protein Kinase R Inhibition by Human Cytomegalovirus pTRS1. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01574-16. [PMID: 27974558 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01574-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) produced during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection activate the antiviral kinase protein kinase R (PKR), which potently inhibits virus replication. The HCMV pTRS1 and pIRS1 proteins antagonize PKR to promote HCMV protein synthesis and replication; however, the mechanism by which pTRS1 inhibits PKR is unclear. PKR activation occurs in a three-step cascade. First, binding to dsRNA triggers PKR homodimerizaton. PKR dimers then autophosphorylate, leading to a conformational shift that exposes the binding site for the PKR substrate eIF2α. Consistent with previous in vitro studies, we found that pTRS1 bound and inhibited PKR. pTRS1 binding to PKR was not mediated by an RNA intermediate, and mutations in the pTRS1 RNA binding domain did not affect PKR binding or inhibition. Rather, mutations that disrupted the pTRS1 interaction with PKR ablated the ability of pTRS1 to antagonize PKR activation by dsRNA. pTRS1 did not block PKR dimerization and could bind and inhibit a constitutively dimerized PKR kinase domain. In addition, pTRS1 binding to PKR inhibited PKR kinase activity. Single amino acid point mutations in the conserved eIF2α binding domain of PKR disrupted pTRS1 binding and rendered PKR resistant to inhibition by pTRS1. Consistent with a critical role for the conserved eIF2α contact site in PKR binding, pTRS1 bound an additional eIF2α kinase, heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI), and inhibited eIF2α phosphorylation in response to an HRI agonist. Together our data suggest that pTRS1 inhibits PKR by binding to conserved amino acids in the PKR eIF2α binding site and blocking PKR kinase activity.IMPORTANCE The antiviral kinase PKR plays a critical role in controlling HCMV replication. This study furthered our understanding of how HCMV evades inhibition by PKR and identified new strategies for how PKR activity might be restored during infection to limit HCMV disease.
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39
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Wang Y, Men M, Xie B, Shan J, Wang C, Liu J, Zheng H, Yang W, Xue S, Guo C. Inhibition of PKR protects against H 2O 2-induced injury on neonatal cardiac myocytes by attenuating apoptosis and inflammation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38753. [PMID: 27929137 PMCID: PMC5144063 DOI: 10.1038/srep38753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygenation species (ROS) generated from reperfusion results in cardiac injury through apoptosis and inflammation, while PKR has the ability to promote apoptosis and inflammation. The aim of the study was to investigate whether PKR is involved in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced neonatal cardiac myocytes (NCM) injury. In our study, NCM, when exposed to H2O2, resulted in persistent activation of PKR due to NCM endogenous RNA. Inhibition of PKR by 2-aminopurine (2-AP) or siRNA protected against H2O2 induced apoptosis and injury. To elucidate the mechanism, we revealed that inhibition of PKR alleviated H2O2 induced apoptosis companied by decreased caspase3/7 activity, BAX and caspase-3 expression. We also revealed that inhibition of PKR suppressed H2O2 induced NFκB pathway and NLRP3 activation. Finally, we found ADAR1 mRNA and protein expression were both induced after H2O2 treatment through STAT-2 dependent pathway. By gain and loss of ADAR1 expression, we confirmed ADAR1 modulated PKR activity. Therefore, we concluded inhibition of PKR protected against H2O2-induced injury by attenuating apoptosis and inflammation. A self-preservation mechanism existed in NCM that ADAR1 expression is induced by H2O2 to limit PKR activation simultaneously. These findings identify a novel role for PKR/ADAR1 in myocardial reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Men
- Department of endocrinology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianggui Shan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengxi Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jidong Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wengang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changfa Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhong Shan Hospital, School of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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40
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Valadão ALC, Aguiar RS, de Arruda LB. Interplay between Inflammation and Cellular Stress Triggered by Flaviviridae Viruses. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1233. [PMID: 27610098 PMCID: PMC4996823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flaviviridae family comprises several human pathogens, including Dengue, Zika, Yellow Fever, West Nile, Japanese Encephalitis viruses, and Hepatitis C Virus. Those are enveloped, single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses, which replicate mostly in intracellular compartments associated to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex. Virus replication results in abundant viral RNAs and proteins, which are recognized by cellular mechanisms evolved to prevent virus infection, resulting in inflammation and stress responses. Virus RNA molecules are sensed by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RIG-I and MDA5) and RNA-dependent protein kinases (PKR), inducing the production of inflammatory mediators and interferons. Simultaneously, the synthesis of virus RNA and proteins are distinguished in different compartments such as mitochondria, ER and cytoplasmic granules, triggering intracellular stress pathways, including oxidative stress, unfolded protein response pathway, and stress granules assembly. Here, we review the new findings that connect the inflammatory pathways to cellular stress sensors and the strategies of Flaviviridae members to counteract these cellular mechanisms and escape immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L C Valadão
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato S Aguiar
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana B de Arruda
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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41
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Bedsaul JR, Zaritsky LA, Zoon KC. Type I Interferon-Mediated Induction of Antiviral Genes and Proteins Fails to Protect Cells from the Cytopathic Effects of Sendai Virus Infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:652-665. [PMID: 27508859 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sendai virus (SeV), a murine paramyxovirus, has been used to study the induction of type I interferon (IFN) subtypes in robust quantities. Few studies have measured whether the IFN that SeV induces actually fulfills its intended purpose of interfering with virus-mediated effects in the cells in which it is produced. We determined the effects of IFN on SeV-mediated cytopathic effects (CPE) and the ability of IFN to protect against virus infection. SeV-induced biologically active IFN resulted in Jak/STAT activation and the production of a number of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, these responses did not inhibit SeV replication or CPE. This observation was not due to SeV effects on canonical IFN signaling. Furthermore, pretreating cells with type I IFN and establishing an antiviral state before infection did not mediate SeV effects. Therefore, the induction of canonical IFN signaling pathways and ISGs does not always confer protection against the IFN-inducing virus. Because type I IFNs are approved to treat various infections, our findings suggest that typical markers of IFN activity may not be indicative of a protective antiviral response and should not be used alone to determine whether an antiviral state against a particular virus is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn R Bedsaul
- Cytokine Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Luna A Zaritsky
- Cytokine Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathryn C Zoon
- Cytokine Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
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42
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Abstract
Cell death is a common outcome of virus infection. In some cases, cell death curbs virus replication. In others, cell death enhances virus dissemination and contributes to tissue injury, exacerbating viral disease. Three forms of cell death are observed following virus infection-apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. In this review, I describe the core machinery needed for each of these forms of cell death. Using representative viruses, I highlight how distinct stages of virus replication initiate signaling pathways that elicit these forms of cell death. I also discuss viral strategies to overcome the deleterious effects of cell death on virus propagation and the consequences of cell death for host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Danthi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405;
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43
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Kong L, Hao Q, Wang Y, Zhou P, Zou B, Zhang YX. Regulation of p53 expression and apoptosis by vault RNA2-1-5p in cervical cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28371-88. [PMID: 26318295 PMCID: PMC4695066 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
nc886 or VRNA2-1 has recently been identified as a noncoding RNA instead of a vault RNA or a pre-microRNA. Several studies have reported that pre-miR-886 plays a tumor-suppressive role in a wide range of cancer cells through its activity as a cellular protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) ligand and repressor. However, by sequencing stem-PCR products, we found that a microRNA originating from this precursor, vault RNA2-1-5p (VTRNA2-1-5p), occurs in cervical cancer cells. The expression levels of the predicted targets of VTRNA2-1-5p are negatively correlated with VTRNA2-1-5p levels by quantitative reversion transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Previous results have shown that VTRNA2-1-5p is overexpressed in human cervical squamous cell carcinomas (CSCCs) compared with adjacent healthy tissues. Inhibition of VTRNA2-1-5p increases Bax protein expression and apoptotic cell death in cervical cancer cells. Our findings suggest that VTRNA2-1-5p has oncogenic activity related to the progression of cervical cancer. Here, we report that VTRNA2-1-5p directly targeted p53 expression and functioned as an oncomir in cervical cancer. VTRNA2-1-5p inhibition decreased cervical cancer cell invasion, proliferation, and tumorigenicity while increasing apoptosis and p53 expression. Interestingly, VTRNA2-1-5p inhibition also increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis of HeLa and SiHa cells. In human clinical cervical cancer specimens, low p53 expression and high VTRNA2-1-5p expression were positively associated. In addition, VTRNA2-1-5p was found to directly target the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of p53. We propose that VTRNA2-1-5p is a direct regulator of p53 and suggest that it plays an essential role in the apoptosis and proliferation of cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computer Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Binbin Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-xiang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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44
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Fernandes J. Oncogenes: The Passport for Viral Oncolysis Through PKR Inhibition. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2016; 8:101-10. [PMID: 27486347 PMCID: PMC4966488 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s33378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transforming properties of oncogenes are derived from gain-of-function mutations, shifting cell signaling from highly regulated homeostatic to an uncontrolled oncogenic state, with the contribution of the inactivating mutations in tumor suppressor genes P53 and RB, leading to tumor resistance to conventional and target-directed therapy. On the other hand, this scenario fulfills two requirements for oncolytic virus infection in tumor cells: inactivation of tumor suppressors and presence of oncoproteins, also the requirements to engage malignancy. Several of these oncogenes have a negative impact on the main interferon antiviral defense, the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), which helps viruses to spontaneously target tumor cells instead of normal cells. This review is focused on the negative impact of overexpression of oncogenes on conventional and targeted therapy and their positive impact on viral oncolysis due to their ability to inhibit PKR-induced translation blockage, allowing virion release and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Fernandes
- NUMPEX-BIO, Campus Xerém, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.; Institute for Translational Research on Health and Environment in the Amazon Region-INPeTAm, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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45
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Ahmed F, Mahmood N, Shahid S, Hussain Z, Ahmed I, Jalal A, Ijaz B, Shahid A, Mujtaba G, Mustafa T. Mutations in Human Interferon α2b Gene and Potential as Risk Factor Associated with Female Breast Cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2016; 31:199-208. [PMID: 27403569 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2016.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study explored the potential links between breast cancer and human interferon α-2b (hIFNα-2b) gene mutations. The hIFNα-2b gene was amplified from breast cancer tumor tissue samples (N = 60) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the products were subjected to gene sequencing. A total of 38 (63.3%) samples showed positive PCR amplification results. Several of these also exhibited frequent alterations (mutations) after 400 bp and, in particular, adenine was replaced by other bases. A total of 19 selected mutated amino acids were analyzed for local/general fold pattern changes. Human IFNα-2b receptor (IFNAR): ligand (hIFNα-2b protein) interactions through a Z-DOCK (3.0.2) server were also evaluated to assess the binding patterns of each ligand to receptor to induce Janus-Kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription antiproliferative signal transduction pathway inside the cancer cells. Certain local structural and conformational changes were predicted to be induced by mutations in the ligand. The variant models of the hIFNα-2b displayed structural and conformational changes that signified that changes to hIFNα-2b may be a risk factor in addition to other known factors associated with onset/progression of female breast carcinoma. It was hoped that others might build upon the research in this study evaluating protein structural models with mutations and their consequent interactions with receptors in the development of potent immune therapeutic drugs for breast cancer that are based on recombinant hIFNα-2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayyaz Ahmed
- 1 Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- 2 Department of Allied Health Sciences and Chemical Pathology, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saman Shahid
- 3 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES) , Foundation of Advancement of Science and Technology (FAST), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Hussain
- 1 Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Ishtiaq Ahmed
- 1 Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Amir Jalal
- 4 Departement of Biochemistry, Sahara Medical College , Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Ijaz
- 5 National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abubaker Shahid
- 6 Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology (INMOL) , Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mujtaba
- 6 Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology (INMOL) , Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer Mustafa
- 7 Fatima Jinnah Medical College and University , Lahore, Pakistan
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46
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Qin Z, Yang Y, Wang H, Luo J, Huang X, You J, Wang B, Li M. Role of Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Postinfluenza Bacterial Pneumonia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3801026. [PMID: 27376082 PMCID: PMC4916274 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3801026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The risk of influenza A virus (IAV) is more likely caused by secondary bacterial infections. During the past decades, a great amount of studies have been conducted on increased morbidity from secondary bacterial infections following influenza and provide an increasing number of explanations for the mechanisms underlying the infections. In this paper, we first review the recent research progress that IAV infection increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. We then propose an assumption that autophagy and apoptosis manipulation are beneficial to antagonize post-IAV bacterial infection and discuss the clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qin
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongren Wang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiangzhou You
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Baoning Wang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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47
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Wolff S, Groseth A, Meyer B, Jackson D, Strecker T, Kaufmann A, Becker S. The New World arenavirus Tacaribe virus induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in infected cells. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:855-866. [PMID: 26769540 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arenaviridae is a diverse and growing family of viruses that already includes more than 25 distinct species. While some of these viruses have a significant impact on public health, others appear to be non-pathogenic. At present little is known about the host cell responses to infection with different arenaviruses, particularly those found in the New World; however, apoptosis is known to play an important role in controlling infection of many viruses. Here we show that infection with Tacaribe virus (TCRV), which is widely considered the prototype for non-pathogenic arenaviruses, leads to stronger induction of apoptosis than does infection with its human-pathogenic relative Junín virus. TCRV-induced apoptosis occurred in several cell types during late stages of infection and was shown to be caspase-dependent, involving the activation of caspases 3, 7, 8 and 9. Further, UV-inactivated TCRV did not induce apoptosis, indicating that the activation of this process is dependent on active viral replication/transcription. Interestingly, when apoptosis was inhibited, growth of TCRV was not enhanced, indicating that apoptosis does not have a direct negative effect on TCRV infection in vitro. Taken together, our data identify and characterize an important virus-host cell interaction of the prototypic, non-pathogenic arenavirus TCRV, which provides important insight into the growing field of arenavirus research aimed at better understanding the diversity in responses to different arenavirus infections and their functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Wolff
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Hans-Meerwein Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Allison Groseth
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bjoern Meyer
- University of St Andrews, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David Jackson
- University of St Andrews, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Thomas Strecker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kaufmann
- Institut für Immunologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Hans-Meerwein Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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48
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Udumula MP, Medapi B, Dhar I, Bhat A, Desai K, Sriram D, Dhar A. The Small Molecule Indirubin-3'-Oxime Inhibits Protein Kinase R: Antiapoptotic and Antioxidant Effect in Rat Cardiac Myocytes. Pharmacology 2015; 97:25-30. [PMID: 26571010 DOI: 10.1159/000441727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded, RNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase activated by various stress signals. It plays an important role in inflammation, insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Increased PKR activity has been observed in obese humans as well as in obese diabetic mice. Indirubin-3'-oxime (I3O) is an effective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases and glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta. However, the effects of I3O on PKR activity/expression in cultured rat cardiomyocytes have not been reported. We investigated whether I3O attenuates the effects of high glucose on PKR, oxidative stress and apoptotic gene markers. Quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to measure protein and mRNA, respectively. High glucose treatment caused significant increase in the PKR protein/mRNA expression, which was attenuated by co-treatment with I3O. High glucose-treated, cultured cardiomyocytes developed a significant increase in mRNA expression for c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, caspase-3 and NF-ĸB, which were all attenuated by pretreatment with I3O. There was also a significant increase in reactive oxygen species generation in high glucose-treated, cultured cardiomyocytes, which was attenuated by pretreatment with I3O. In conclusion, I3O may have a preventive role against the deleterious effects of high glucose in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Priyanka Udumula
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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49
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Irudayam JI, Contreras D, Spurka L, Subramanian A, Allen J, Ren S, Kanagavel V, Nguyen Q, Ramaiah A, Ramamoorthy K, French SW, Klein AS, Funari V, Arumugaswami V. Characterization of type I interferon pathway during hepatic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and hepatitis C virus infection. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:354-364. [PMID: 26313525 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are being actively studied as a cell source for regenerating damaged liver. For long-term survival of engrafting cells in the body, not only do the cells have to execute liver-specific function but also withstand the physical strains and invading pathogens. The cellular innate immune system orchestrated by the interferon (IFN) pathway provides the first line of defense against pathogens. The objective of this study is to assess the innate immune function as well as to systematically profile the IFN-induced genes during hepatic differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. To address this objective, we derived endodermal cells (day 5 post-differentiation), hepatoblast (day 15) and hepatocyte-like cells (day 21) from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Day 5, 15 and 21 cells were stimulated with IFN-α and subjected to IFN pathway analysis. Transcriptome analysis was carried out by RNA sequencing. The results showed that the IFN-α treatment activated STAT-JAK pathway in differentiating cells. Transcriptome analysis indicated stage specific expression of classical and non-classical IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Subsequent validation confirmed the expression of novel ISGs including RASGRP3, CLMP and TRANK1 by differentiated hepatic cells upon IFN treatment. Hepatitis C virus replication in hESC-derived hepatic cells induced the expression of ISGs--LAMP3, ETV7, RASGRP3, and TRANK1. The hESC-derived hepatic cells contain intact innate system and can recognize invading pathogens. Besides assessing the tissue-specific functions for cell therapy applications, it may also be important to test the innate immune function of engrafting cells to ensure adequate defense against infections and improve graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ignatius Irudayam
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Deisy Contreras
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lindsay Spurka
- Cedars-Sinai Genomics Core, Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aparna Subramanian
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jenieke Allen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Songyang Ren
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Vidhya Kanagavel
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Quoclinh Nguyen
- Cedars-Sinai Genomics Core, Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Arunachalam Ramaiah
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.,Hindustan Genomics Institute, SVA Medical Center, Kadayam, Tamil Nadu 627415, India
| | - Kalidas Ramamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627012, India.,Hindustan Genomics Institute, SVA Medical Center, Kadayam, Tamil Nadu 627415, India
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew S Klein
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Vincent Funari
- Cedars-Sinai Genomics Core, Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
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50
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Paquet C, Dumurgier J, Hugon J. Pro-Apoptotic Kinase Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid as Potential Future Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2015; 6:168. [PMID: 26300842 PMCID: PMC4523792 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of Aβ peptides, hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, and neuronal loss in the brain of affected patients. The causes of neurodegeneration in AD are not clear, but apoptosis could be one of the cell death mechanisms. According to the amyloid hypothesis, abnormal aggregation of Aβ leads to altered kinase activities inducing tau phosphorylation and neuronal degeneration. Several studies have shown that pro-apoptotic kinases could be a link between Aβ and tau anomalies. Here, we present recent evidences from AD experimental models and human studies that three pro-apoptotic kinases (double-stranded RNA kinase (PKR), glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and C-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) could be implicated in AD physiopathology. These kinases are detectable in human fluids and the analysis of their levels could be used as potential surrogate markers to evaluate cell death and clinical prognosis. In addition to current biomarkers (Aβ1–42, tau, and phosphorylated tau), these new evaluations could bring about valuable information on potential innovative therapeutic targets to alter the clinical evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Paquet
- INSERM UMR-S942, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche (CMRR) Paris Nord Ile de France, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
| | - Julien Dumurgier
- INSERM UMR-S942, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche (CMRR) Paris Nord Ile de France, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
| | - Jacques Hugon
- INSERM UMR-S942, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche (CMRR) Paris Nord Ile de France, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
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