1
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Song B, Yang P, Zhang S. Cell fate regulation governed by p53: Friends or reversible foes in cancer therapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:297-360. [PMID: 38311377 PMCID: PMC10958678 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Targeted therapies aimed at key oncogenic driver mutations in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as immunotherapy have benefited cancer patients considerably. Tumor protein p53 (TP53), a crucial tumor suppressor gene encoding p53, regulates numerous downstream genes and cellular phenotypes in response to various stressors. The affected genes are involved in diverse processes, including cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, cellular senescence, metabolic homeostasis, apoptosis, and autophagy. However, accumulating recent studies have continued to reveal novel and unexpected functions of p53 in governing the fate of tumors, for example, functions in ferroptosis, immunity, the tumor microenvironment and microbiome metabolism. Among the possibilities, the evolutionary plasticity of p53 is the most controversial, partially due to the dizzying array of biological functions that have been attributed to different regulatory mechanisms of p53 signaling. Nearly 40 years after its discovery, this key tumor suppressor remains somewhat enigmatic. The intricate and diverse functions of p53 in regulating cell fate during cancer treatment are only the tip of the iceberg with respect to its equally complicated structural biology, which has been painstakingly revealed. Additionally, TP53 mutation is one of the most significant genetic alterations in cancer, contributing to rapid cancer cell growth and tumor progression. Here, we summarized recent advances that implicate altered p53 in modulating the response to various cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Furthermore, we also discussed potential strategies for targeting p53 as a therapeutic option for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Song
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanP. R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanP. R. China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanP. R. China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical CollegeChina National Nuclear Corporation 416 HospitalChengduSichuanP. R. China
- Laboratory of Radiation MedicineNHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical TransformationWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanP. R. China
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2
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Fallatah MMJ, Law FV, Chow WA, Kaiser P. Small-molecule correctors and stabilizers to target p53. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:274-289. [PMID: 36964053 PMCID: PMC10511064 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is the most frequently mutated protein in human cancer and tops the list of high-value precision oncology targets. p53 prevents initiation and progression of cancer by inducing cell-cycle arrest and various forms of cell death. Tumors have thus evolved ways to inactivate p53, mainly by TP53 mutations or by hyperactive p53 degradation. This review focuses on two types of p53 targeting compounds, MDM2 antagonists and mutant p53 correctors. MDM2 inhibitors prevent p53 protein degradation, while correctors restore tumor suppressor activity of p53 mutants by enhancing thermodynamic stability. Herein we explore both novel and repurposed p53 targeting compounds, discuss their mode of action, and examine the challenges in advancing them to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam M J Fallatah
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Fiona V Law
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Warren A Chow
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Peter Kaiser
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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3
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Wang H, Guo M, Wei H, Chen Y. Targeting p53 pathways: mechanisms, structures, and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:92. [PMID: 36859359 PMCID: PMC9977964 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The TP53 tumor suppressor is the most frequently altered gene in human cancers, and has been a major focus of oncology research. The p53 protein is a transcription factor that can activate the expression of multiple target genes and plays critical roles in regulating cell cycle, apoptosis, and genomic stability, and is widely regarded as the "guardian of the genome". Accumulating evidence has shown that p53 also regulates cell metabolism, ferroptosis, tumor microenvironment, autophagy and so on, all of which contribute to tumor suppression. Mutations in TP53 not only impair its tumor suppressor function, but also confer oncogenic properties to p53 mutants. Since p53 is mutated and inactivated in most malignant tumors, it has been a very attractive target for developing new anti-cancer drugs. However, until recently, p53 was considered an "undruggable" target and little progress has been made with p53-targeted therapies. Here, we provide a systematic review of the diverse molecular mechanisms of the p53 signaling pathway and how TP53 mutations impact tumor progression. We also discuss key structural features of the p53 protein and its inactivation by oncogenic mutations. In addition, we review the efforts that have been made in p53-targeted therapies, and discuss the challenges that have been encountered in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolan Wang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hudie Wei
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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4
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Sung YN, Kim D, Kim J. p53 immunostaining pattern is a useful surrogate marker for TP53 gene mutations. Diagn Pathol 2022; 17:92. [PMID: 36471402 PMCID: PMC9720942 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-022-01273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in the human cancer, and the awareness of its mutational status is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. In the present study, we investigated the association between TP53 gene mutations and p53 immunohistochemical staining (IHC) patterns and non-genetic effect of MDM2 as a negative regulator of p53. METHODS A total of 135 solid cancer cases with next generation sequencing data were subjected to p53 IHC and classified as overexpression, null type or usual pattern. RESULTS TP53 mutation was observed in 104 out of 135 cases (77.0%). When the TP53 mutations were annotated into DISRUPTED (truncations, frameshifts, splice site mutations, and deep deletions) and IF-DBD (in-frame mutations in the DNA binding domain), the null type p53 IHC pattern was associated with DISRUPTED mutations (sensitivity 86.2%, specificity 97.2%) while the overexpression pattern was associated with IF-DBD mutations (sensitivity 100%, specificity 81.7%). The specificity of p53 IHC usual pattern predicting wild type TP53 was also as high as 100%. Regardless of MDM2 amplification, p53 IHC pattern showed a perfect association with TP53 mutation pattern. CONCLUSIONS p53 IHC pattern (overexpression, null type, usual) reasonably predicted TP53 mutational status (DISRUPTED, IF-DBD), and MDM2 amplification status did not have any impact on the p53 IHC pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Na Sung
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505 Korea
| | - Deokhoon Kim
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505 Korea
| | - Jihun Kim
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505 Korea
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5
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Chattopadhyay G, Bhowmick J, Manjunath K, Ahmed S, Goyal P, Varadarajan R. Mechanistic insights into global suppressors of protein folding defects. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010334. [PMID: 36037221 PMCID: PMC9491731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most amino acid substitutions in a protein either lead to partial loss-of-function or are near neutral. Several studies have shown the existence of second-site mutations that can rescue defects caused by diverse loss-of-function mutations. Such global suppressor mutations are key drivers of protein evolution. However, the mechanisms responsible for such suppression remain poorly understood. To address this, we characterized multiple suppressor mutations both in isolation and in combination with inactive mutants. We examined six global suppressors of the bacterial toxin CcdB, the known M182T global suppressor of TEM-1 β-lactamase, the N239Y global suppressor of p53-DBD and three suppressors of the SARS-CoV-2 spike Receptor Binding Domain. When coupled to inactive mutants, they promote increased in-vivo solubilities as well as regain-of-function phenotypes. In the case of CcdB, where novel suppressors were isolated, we determined the crystal structures of three such suppressors to obtain insight into the specific molecular interactions responsible for the observed effects. While most individual suppressors result in small stability enhancements relative to wildtype, which can be combined to yield significant stability increments, thermodynamic stabilisation is neither necessary nor sufficient for suppressor action. Instead, in diverse systems, we observe that individual global suppressors greatly enhance the foldability of buried site mutants, primarily through increase in refolding rate parameters measured in vitro. In the crowded intracellular environment, mutations that slow down folding likely facilitate off-pathway aggregation. We suggest that suppressor mutations that accelerate refolding can counteract this, enhancing the yield of properly folded, functional protein in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayantika Bhowmick
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,
India
| | - Kavyashree Manjunath
- Centre for Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Institute For Stem Cell
Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Shahbaz Ahmed
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,
India
| | - Parveen Goyal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore,
India
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6
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Structural Basis of Mutation-Dependent p53 Tetramerization Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147960. [PMID: 35887312 PMCID: PMC9316806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of a tetrameric assembly is essential for the ability of the tumor suppressor protein p53 to act as a transcription factor. Such a quaternary conformation is driven by a specific tetramerization domain, separated from the central DNA-binding domain by a flexible linker. Despite the distance, functional crosstalk between the two domains has been reported. This phenomenon can explain the pathogenicity of some inherited or somatically acquired mutations in the tetramerization domain, including the widespread R337H missense mutation present in the population in south Brazil. In this work, we combined computational predictions through extended all-atom molecular dynamics simulations with functional assays in a genetically defined yeast-based model system to reveal structural features of p53 tetramerization domains and their transactivation capacity and specificity. In addition to the germline and cancer-associated R337H and R337C, other rationally designed missense mutations targeting a significant salt-bridge interaction that stabilizes the p53 tetramerization domain were studied (i.e., R337D, D352R, and the double-mutation R337D plus D352R). The simulations revealed a destabilizing effect of the pathogenic mutations within the p53 tetramerization domain and highlighted the importance of electrostatic interactions between residues 337 and 352. The transactivation assay, performed in yeast by tuning the expression of wild-type and mutant p53 proteins, revealed that p53 tetramerization mutations could decrease the transactivation potential and alter transactivation specificity, in particular by better tolerating negative features in weak DNA-binding sites. These results establish the effect of naturally occurring variations at positions 337 and 352 on p53’s conformational stability and function.
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7
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Ahmed S, Manjunath K, Chattopadhyay G, Varadarajan R. Identification of stabilizing point mutations through mutagenesis of destabilized protein libraries. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101785. [PMID: 35247389 PMCID: PMC8971944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there have been recent transformative advances in the area of protein structure prediction, prediction of point mutations that improve protein stability remains challenging. It is possible to construct and screen large mutant libraries for improved activity or ligand binding. However, reliable screens for mutants that improve protein stability do not yet exist, especially for proteins that are well folded and relatively stable. Here, we demonstrate that incorporation of a single, specific, destabilizing mutation termed parent inactivating mutation into each member of a single-site saturation mutagenesis library, followed by screening for suppressors, allows for robust and accurate identification of stabilizing mutations. We carried out fluorescence-activated cell sorting of such a yeast surface display, saturation suppressor library of the bacterial toxin CcdB, followed by deep sequencing of sorted populations. We found that multiple stabilizing mutations could be identified after a single round of sorting. In addition, multiple libraries with different parent inactivating mutations could be pooled and simultaneously screened to further enhance the accuracy of identification of stabilizing mutations. Finally, we show that individual stabilizing mutations could be combined to result in a multi-mutant that demonstrated an increase in thermal melting temperature of about 20 °C, and that displayed enhanced tolerance to high temperature exposure. We conclude that as this method is robust and employs small library sizes, it can be readily extended to other display and screening formats to rapidly isolate stabilized protein mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahbaz Ahmed
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Kavyashree Manjunath
- Centre for Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Institute of Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
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8
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Targeting Post-Translational Regulation of p53 in Colorectal Cancer by Exploiting Vulnerabilities in the p53-MDM2 Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14010219. [PMID: 35008383 PMCID: PMC8750794 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role played by the key tumor suppressor gene p53 and the implications of p53 mutations for the development and progression of neoplasia continue to expand. This review focuses on colorectal cancer and the regulators of p53 expression and activity identified over the past decade. These newly recognized regulatory mechanisms include (1) direct regulation of mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase; (2) modulation of the MDM2-p53 interaction; (3) MDM2-independent p53 degradation; and (4) inhibition of p53 nuclear translocation. We positioned these regulatory mechanisms in the context of p53 missense mutations, which not only evade canonical p53 degradation machinery but also exhibit gain-of-function phenotypes that enhance tumor survival and metastasis. Lastly, we discuss current and potential therapeutic strategies directed against p53 mutant-bearing tumors.
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9
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Zhang G, Tang C, Pan L, Lü J. Low-frequency collective motion of DNA-binding domain defines p53 function. Proteins 2021; 90:881-888. [PMID: 34792219 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Most mutations in the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of p53 inactivate or rescue the protein function interacting with the minor groove of DNA. However, how the conformation changes propagating from the mutation sites result in distinct molecular recognition is still not well understood. As the protein mobility is an intrinsic property encrypted in its primary structure, we examined if different structures of wild-type and mutant p53 core domains display any unique patterns of intrinsic mobility. Normal mode calculation was employed to characterize the collective dynamics of DBD in p53 monomer and tetramer as well as their mutants. Intriguingly, the low-frequency collective motions of DBD show similar patterns between the wild-type protein and the rescued mutants. The analysis on atomic backbone fluctuations and low-frequency vibration mode statistics does further support the correlation between the intrinsic collective motion of DBD and the p53 protein function. The mutations in the DBD influence the low-frequency vibration of the p53 tetramer via the change of the collective motions among its four monomers. These findings thus provide new insights for understanding the physical mechanism of p53 protein structure-function relationship and help find the small molecule drug to modulate protein dynamic for disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lexin Pan
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Lü
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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10
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Hassell DS, Steingesser MG, Denney AS, Johnson CR, McMurray MA. Chemical rescue of mutant proteins in living Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by naturally occurring small molecules. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6323229. [PMID: 34544143 PMCID: PMC8496222 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular proteins function in a complex milieu wherein small molecules influence protein folding and act as essential cofactors for enzymatic reactions. Thus protein function depends not only on amino acid sequence but also on the concentrations of such molecules, which are subject to wide variation between organisms, metabolic states, and environmental conditions. We previously found evidence that exogenous guanidine reverses the phenotypes of specific budding yeast septin mutants by binding to a WT septin at the former site of an Arg side chain that was lost during fungal evolution. Here, we used a combination of targeted and unbiased approaches to look for other cases of "chemical rescue" by naturally occurring small molecules. We report in vivo rescue of hundreds of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants representing a variety of genes, including likely examples of Arg or Lys side chain replacement by the guanidinium ion. Failed rescue of targeted mutants highlight features required for rescue, as well as key differences between the in vitro and in vivo environments. Some non-Arg mutants rescued by guanidine likely result from "off-target" effects on specific cellular processes in WT cells. Molecules isosteric to guanidine and known to influence protein folding had a range of effects, from essentially none for urea, to rescue of a few mutants by DMSO. Strikingly, the osmolyte trimethylamine-N-oxide rescued ∼20% of the mutants we tested, likely reflecting combinations of direct and indirect effects on mutant protein function. Our findings illustrate the potential of natural small molecules as therapeutic interventions and drivers of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Hassell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Marc G Steingesser
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ashley S Denney
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Courtney R Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael A McMurray
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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11
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Gomes AS, Ramos H, Inga A, Sousa E, Saraiva L. Structural and Drug Targeting Insights on Mutant p53. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3344. [PMID: 34283062 PMCID: PMC8268744 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a transcription factor with a pivotal role in cell homeostasis and fate. Its impairment is a major event in tumor onset and development. In fact, about half of human cancers bear TP53 mutations that not only halt the normal function of p53, but also may acquire oncogenic gain of functions that favor tumorigenesis. Although considered undruggable for a long time, evidence has proven the capability of many compounds to restore a wild-type (wt)-like function to mutant p53 (mutp53). However, they have not reached the clinic to date. Structural studies have strongly contributed to the knowledge about p53 structure, stability, dynamics, function, and regulation. Importantly, they have afforded relevant insights into wt and mutp53 pharmacology at molecular levels, fostering the design and development of p53-targeted anticancer therapies. Herein, we provide an integrated view of mutp53 regulation, particularly focusing on mutp53 structural traits and on targeting agents capable of its reactivation, including their biological, biochemical and biophysical features. With this, we expect to pave the way for the development of improved small molecules that may advance precision cancer therapy by targeting p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sara Gomes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.G.); (H.R.)
| | - Helena Ramos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.G.); (H.R.)
| | - Alberto Inga
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Networks, Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.G.); (H.R.)
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12
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Chasov V, Mirgayazova R, Zmievskaya E, Khadiullina R, Valiullina A, Stephenson Clarke J, Rizvanov A, Baud MGJ, Bulatov E. Key Players in the Mutant p53 Team: Small Molecules, Gene Editing, Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1460. [PMID: 32974171 PMCID: PMC7461930 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 is a key tumor suppressor that is inactivated in almost all cancers due to either point mutations in the TP53 gene or overexpression of its negative regulators. The p53 protein is known as the “cellular gatekeeper” for its roles in facilitating DNA repair, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis upon DNA damage. Most p53 mutations are missense and result in either structural destabilization of the protein, causing its partial unfolding and deactivation under physiological conditions, or impairment of its DNA-binding properties. Tumor cells with p53 mutations are generally more immunogenic due to “hot spot” neoantigens that instigate the immune system response. In this review, we discuss the key therapeutic strategies targeting mutant p53 tumors, including classical approaches based on small molecule intervention and emerging technologies such as gene editing and T cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Chasov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Regina Mirgayazova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Zmievskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Raniya Khadiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Aygul Valiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Matthias G J Baud
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emil Bulatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Bromley D, Daggett V. Tumorigenic p53 mutants undergo common structural disruptions including conversion to α-sheet structure. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1983-1999. [PMID: 32715544 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The p53 protein is a commonly studied cancer target because of its role in tumor suppression. Unfortunately, it is susceptible to mutation-associated loss of function; approximately 50% of cancers are associated with mutations to p53, the majority of which are located in the central DNA-binding domain. Here, we report molecular dynamics simulations of wild-type (WT) p53 and 20 different mutants, including a stabilized pseudo-WT mutant. Our findings indicate that p53 mutants tend to exacerbate latent structural-disruption tendencies, or vulnerabilities, already present in the WT protein, suggesting that it may be possible to develop cancer therapies by targeting a relatively small set of structural-disruption motifs rather than a multitude of effects specific to each mutant. In addition, α-sheet secondary structure formed in almost all of the proteins. α-Sheet has been hypothesized and recently demonstrated to play a role in amyloidogenesis, and its presence in the reported p53 simulations coincides with the recent re-consideration of cancer as an amyloid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Bromley
- Division of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Valerie Daggett
- Division of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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14
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Ding Y, Xue H, Ding X, Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang D, Wu J. On the complexity measures of mutation hotspots in human TP53 protein. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2020; 30:073118. [PMID: 32752620 DOI: 10.1063/1.5143584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of sequence complexity in 23 051 somatic missense mutations including 73 well-known mutation hotspots across 22 major cancers was studied in human TP53 proteins. A role for sequence complexity in TP53 protein mutations is suggested since (i) the mutation rate significantly increases in low amino acid pair bias complexity; (ii) probability distribution complexity increases following single point substitution mutations and strikingly increases after mutation at the mutation hotspots including six detectable hotspot mutations (R175, G245, R248, R249, R273, and R282); and (iii) the degree of increase in distribution complexity is significantly correlated with the frequency of missense mutations (r = -0.5758, P < 0.0001) across 20 major types of solid tumors. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that amino acid pair bias and distribution probability may be used as novel measures for protein sequence complexity, and the degree of complexity is related to its susceptibility to mutation, as such, it may be used as a predictor for modeling protein mutations in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hongsheng Xue
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Xinjia Ding
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhilong Zhao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Dazhi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jianlin Wu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
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15
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Coban MA, Fraga S, Caulfield TR. Structural And Computational Perspectives of Selectively Targeting Mutant Proteins. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 18:365-378. [PMID: 32160847 DOI: 10.2174/1570163817666200311114819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diseases are often caused by mutant proteins. Many drugs have limited effectiveness and/or toxic side effects because of a failure to selectively target the disease-causing mutant variant, rather than the functional wild type protein. Otherwise, the drugs may even target different proteins with similar structural features. Designing drugs that successfully target mutant proteins selectively represents a major challenge. Decades of cancer research have led to an abundance of potential therapeutic targets, often touted to be "master regulators". For many of these proteins, there are no FDA-approved drugs available; for others, off-target effects result in dose-limiting toxicity. Cancer-related proteins are an excellent medium to carry the story of mutant-specific targeting, as the disease is both initiated and sustained by mutant proteins; furthermore, current chemotherapies generally fail at adequate selective distinction. This review discusses some of the challenges associated with selective targeting from a structural biology perspective, as well as some of the developments in algorithm approach and computational workflow that can be applied to address those issues. One of the most widely researched proteins in cancer biology is p53, a tumor suppressor. Here, p53 is discussed as a specific example of a challenging target, with contemporary drugs and methodologies used as examples of burgeoning successes. The oncogene KRAS, which has been described as "undruggable", is another extensively investigated protein in cancer biology. This review also examines KRAS to exemplify progress made towards selective targeting of diseasecausing mutant proteins. Finally, possible future directions relevant to the topic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A Coban
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States
| | - Sarah Fraga
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States
| | - Thomas R Caulfield
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States
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16
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Phadte AS, Mahalingam S, Santhoshkumar P, Sharma KK. Functional Rescue of Cataract-Causing αA-G98R-Crystallin by Targeted Compensatory Suppressor Mutations in Human αA-Crystallin. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4148-4158. [PMID: 31523965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The G98R mutation in αA-crystallin is associated with the onset of presenile cataract and is characterized biochemically by an increased oligomeric mass, altered chaperone function, and loss of structural stability over time. Thus, far, it is not known whether the inherent instability caused by gain-of-charge mutation could be rescued by a compensatory loss of charge mutation elsewhere on the protein. To answer this question, we investigated whether αA-G98R-mediated instability could be rescued through suppressor mutations by introducing site-specific "compensatory" mutations in αA-G98R-crystallin, αA-R21Q/G98R, αA-G98R/R116C, and αA-R157Q/G98R. The recombinant proteins were expressed, purified, characterized, and evaluated by circular dichroism (CD), intrinsic fluorescence, and bis-ANS-binding studies. Chaperone-like activities of recombinant proteins were assessed using alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and insulin as unfolding substrates. Far-UV CD studies revealed an increased α-helical content in αA-G98R in comparison to αA-WT, αA-R21Q, R157Q, and the double mutants, αA-R21Q/G98R, and αA-R157Q/G98R. Compared to αA-WT, αA-R21Q, and αA-G98R, the double mutants showed an increased intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, whereas the highest hydrophobicity (bis-ANS-binding) was shown by αA-G98R. Introduction of a second mutation in αA-G98R reduced its bis-ANS-binding activity. Both αA-R21Q/G98R and αA-R157Q/G98R showed greater chaperone-like activity against ADH aggregation than αA-G98R. However, among the three G98R mutants, only αA-R21Q/G98R protected ARPE-19 cells from H2O2-induced cytotoxicity. These results suggest that the lost chaperone-like activity of αA-G98R-crystallin can be rescued by another targeted mutation and that substitution of αA-R21Q-crystallin at the N-terminal region can rescue a deleterious mutation in the conserved α-crystallin domain of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh S Phadte
- Department of Ophthalmology , University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia , Missouri 65212 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65212 , United States
| | - Sundararajan Mahalingam
- Department of Ophthalmology , University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia , Missouri 65212 , United States
| | - Puttur Santhoshkumar
- Department of Ophthalmology , University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia , Missouri 65212 , United States
| | - Krishna K Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology , University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia , Missouri 65212 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65212 , United States
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17
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Pradhan MR, Siau JW, Kannan S, Nguyen MN, Ouaray Z, Kwoh CK, Lane DP, Ghadessy F, Verma CS. Simulations of mutant p53 DNA binding domains reveal a novel druggable pocket. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:1637-1652. [PMID: 30649466 PMCID: PMC6393305 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA binding domain (DBD) of the tumor suppressor p53 is the site of several oncogenic mutations. A subset of these mutations lowers the unfolding temperature of the DBD. Unfolding leads to the exposure of a hydrophobic β-strand and nucleates aggregation which results in pathologies through loss of function and dominant negative/gain of function effects. Inspired by the hypothesis that structural changes that are associated with events initiating unfolding in DBD are likely to present opportunities for inhibition, we investigate the dynamics of the wild type (WT) and some aggregating mutants through extensive all atom explicit solvent MD simulations. Simulations reveal differential conformational sampling between the WT and the mutants of a turn region (S6-S7) that is contiguous to a known aggregation-prone region (APR). The conformational properties of the S6-S7 turn appear to be modulated by a network of interacting residues. We speculate that changes that take place in this network as a result of the mutational stress result in the events that destabilize the DBD and initiate unfolding. These perturbations also result in the emergence of a novel pocket that appears to have druggable characteristics. FDA approved drugs are computationally screened against this pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan R Pradhan
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671.,School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Jia Wei Siau
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-04/05, Neuros/Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Srinivasaraghavan Kannan
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671
| | - Minh N Nguyen
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671
| | - Zohra Ouaray
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671.,School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Chee Keong Kwoh
- School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - David P Lane
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-04/05, Neuros/Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Farid Ghadessy
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-04/05, Neuros/Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Chandra S Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671.,Department of Biological sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543.,School of Biological sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
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18
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Ecoy GAU, Chamni S, Suwanborirux K, Chanvorachote P, Chaotham C. Jorunnamycin A from Xestospongia sp. Suppresses Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Sensitizes Anoikis in Human Lung Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1861-1873. [PMID: 31260310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a key driving force behind the high mortality rate associated with lung cancer. Herein, we report the first study revealing the antimetastasis activity of jorunnamycin A, a bistetrahydroisoquinolinequinone isolated from a Thai blue sponge Xestospongia sp. evidenced by its inhibition of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), sensitization of anoikis, and suppression of anchorage-independent survival in human lung cancer cells. Treatment with jorunnamycin A (0.05-0.5 μM) altered the expression of p53 and Bcl-2 family proteins, particularly causing the down-regulation of antiapoptosis Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 proteins. Under detachment conditions for 12 h, jorunnamycin A-treated cells exhibited diminution of pro-survival proteins p-Akt and p-Erk as well as the survival-promoting factor caveolin-1. Corresponding with the inhibition on the Akt and Erk pathway as well as activation of p53, there was an increase in the epithelial marker E-cadherin and a remarkable decrease of EMT markers and associated proteins including vimentin, snail, and claudin-1. As the loss of anchorage dependence is an important barrier to metastasis, the observed inhibitory effects of jorunnamycin A on the coordinating networks of EMT and anchorage-independent growth emphasize the potential development of jorunnamycin A as an effective agent against lung cancer metastasis.
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19
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Levine AJ. Targeting Therapies for the p53 Protein in Cancer Treatments. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Half of all human cancers contain TP53 mutations, and in many other cancers, the function of the p53 protein is compromised. The diversity of these mutations and phenotypes presents a challenge to the development of drugs that target p53 mutant cancer cells. This review describes the rationale for many different approaches in the development of p53 targeted therapies: ( a) viruses and gene therapies, ( b) increased levels and activity of wild-type p53 proteins in cancer cells, ( c) p53 protein gain-of-function inhibitors, ( d) p53 protein loss-of-function structural correctors, ( e) mutant p53 protein synthetic lethal drugs interfering with the p53 pathway, and ( f) cellular immune responses to mutant p53 protein antigens. As these types of therapies are developed, tested, and evaluated, the best of them will have a significant impact upon cancer treatments and possibly prevention.
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20
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Zhang Q, Bergman J, Wiman KG, Bykov VJN. Role of Thiol Reactivity for Targeting Mutant p53. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1219-1230.e3. [PMID: 30057300 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of mutant p53 has emerged as a promising approach for cancer therapy. Recent studies have identified several mutant p53-reactivating compounds that target thiol groups in mutant p53. Here we have investigated the relationship between thiol reactivity, p53 thermostabilization, mutant p53 refolding, mutant p53-dependent growth suppression, and induction of cell death. Analysis of the National Cancer Institute database revealed that Michael acceptors show the highest selectivity for mutant p53-expressing cells among analyzed thiol-reactive compounds. Further experimental testing demonstrated that Michael acceptors, aldehydes, imines, and primary alcohols can promote thermodynamic stabilization of mutant p53. Moreover, mild thiol reactivity, often coupled with combined chemical functional groups, such as in imines, aldehydes, and primary alcohols, can stimulate mutant p53 refolding. However, strong electrophile activity was associated with cellular toxicity. Our findings may open possibilities for rational design of novel potent and selective mutant p53-reactivating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Stockholm SE-17176, Sweden
| | - Jan Bergman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Huddinge SE-14157, Sweden
| | - Klas G Wiman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Stockholm SE-17176, Sweden.
| | - Vladimir J N Bykov
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Stockholm SE-17176, Sweden
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21
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APR-246 reactivates mutant p53 by targeting cysteines 124 and 277. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:439. [PMID: 29670092 PMCID: PMC5906465 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The TP53 tumor suppressor gene is frequently inactivated in human tumors by missense mutations in the DNA binding domain. TP53 mutations lead to protein unfolding, decreased thermostability and loss of DNA binding and transcription factor function. Pharmacological targeting of mutant p53 to restore its tumor suppressor function is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. The mutant p53 reactivating compound APR-246 (PRIMA-1Met) has been successfully tested in a phase I/IIa clinical trial. APR-246 is converted to the reactive electrophile methylene quinuclidinone (MQ), which binds covalently to p53 core domain. We identified cysteine 277 as a prime binding target for MQ in p53. Cys277 is also essential for MQ-mediated thermostabilization of wild-type, R175H and R273H mutant p53, while both Cys124 and Cys277 are required for APR-246-mediated functional restoration of R175H mutant p53 in living tumor cells. These findings may open opportunities for rational design of novel mutant p53-targeting compounds.
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22
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Abstract
The tumour suppressor gene TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in cancer. Wild-type p53 can suppress tumour development by multiple pathways. However, mutation of TP53 and the resultant inactivation of p53 allow evasion of tumour cell death and rapid tumour progression. The high frequency of TP53 mutation in tumours has prompted efforts to restore normal function of mutant p53 and thereby trigger tumour cell death and tumour elimination. Small molecules that can reactivate missense-mutant p53 protein have been identified by different strategies, and two compounds are being tested in clinical trials. Novel approaches for targeting TP53 nonsense mutations are also underway. This Review discusses recent progress in pharmacological reactivation of mutant p53 and highlights problems and promises with these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir J N Bykov
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofi E Eriksson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julie Bianchi
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas G Wiman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Tiberti M, Pandini A, Fraternali F, Fornili A. In silico identification of rescue sites by double force scanning. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:207-214. [PMID: 28961796 PMCID: PMC5860198 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation A deleterious amino acid change in a protein can be compensated by a second-site rescue mutation. These compensatory mechanisms can be mimicked by drugs. In particular, the location of rescue mutations can be used to identify protein regions that can be targeted by small molecules to reactivate a damaged mutant. Results We present the first general computational method to detect rescue sites. By mimicking the effect of mutations through the application of forces, the double force scanning (DFS) method identifies the second-site residues that make the protein structure most resilient to the effect of pathogenic mutations. We tested DFS predictions against two datasets containing experimentally validated and putative evolutionary-related rescue sites. A remarkably good agreement was found between predictions and experimental data. Indeed, almost half of the rescue sites in p53 was correctly predicted by DFS, with 65% of remaining sites in contact with DFS predictions. Similar results were found for other proteins in the evolutionary dataset. Availability and implementation The DFS code is available under GPL at https://fornililab.github.io/dfs/. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tiberti
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Pandini
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences and Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, London, UK
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King‘s College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- The Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, London, UK
| | - Arianna Fornili
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- The Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, London, UK
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24
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Ji M, Wang L, Shao Y, Cao W, Xu T, Chen S, Wang Z, He Q, Yang K. A novel dysfunctional germline P53 mutation identified in a family with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:165-169. [PMID: 29416929 PMCID: PMC5794730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS), which is a rare dominantly inherited cancer predisposition syndrome, is associated with germline P53 mutations. Mutations of the tumor suppressor protein P53 are associated with more than 50% of human cancers; however, almost 30% of P53 mutations occur rarely and this has raised questions about their significance. It therefore appeared of particular interest that we identified a novel mutation in a patient suffering from breast cancer and fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of LFS. In this study, a patient with remarkable family history developed breast cancer and was diagnosed with LFS. By performing next-generation sequencing on the patient and subsequent verification by Sanger sequencing among other family members, a new germ-line P53 replication error, a trinucleotide repeat mutation in the coding region, was identified in two generations of this Li-Fraumeni family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji
- Department of Breast, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The 2 Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin 300211, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuguo Shao
- Department of Breast, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Breast, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Breast, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shujie Chen
- Department of Breast, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Breast, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Breast, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuo Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The 2 Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin 300211, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Sabapathy K, Lane DP. Therapeutic targeting of p53: all mutants are equal, but some mutants are more equal than others. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 15:13-30. [DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Since its discovery in 1979, p53 has been on the forefront of cancer research. It is considered a master gene of cancer suppression and is found mutated in around 50% of all human tumors. In addition, the progressive identification of p53-related transcription factors p63 and p73 as well as their multiple isoforms have added further layers of complexity to an already dense network. Among the numerous models used to unravel the p53 family mysteries, S. cerevisiae has been particularly useful. This seemingly naive model allows the expression of a functional human p53 and thus the assessment of p53 intrinsic transcriptional activity. The aim of this article is to review the various contributions that the budding yeast has made to the understanding of p53, p63 and p73 biology and to envision new possible directions for yeast-based assays in the field of cancer as well as other p53-family-related diseases.
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27
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Shamalov K, Levy SN, Horovitz-Fried M, Cohen CJ. The mutational status of p53 can influence its recognition by human T-cells. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1285990. [PMID: 28507791 PMCID: PMC5414872 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1285990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 was reported to be an attractive immunotherapy target because it is mutated in approximately half of human cancers, resulting in its inactivation and often accumulation in tumor cells. Peptides derived from p53 are presented by class I MHC molecules and may act as tumor-associated epitopes which could be targeted by p53-specific T cells. Interestingly, it was recently shown that there is a lack of significant correlation between p53 expression levels in tumors and their recognition by p53-TCR transduced T cells. To better understand the influence of the mutational status of p53 on its presentation by the MHC system and on T cell antitumor reactivity, we generated several mutant p53 constructs and expressed them in HLA-A2+/p53- cells. Upon co-culture with p53-specific T cells, we measured the specific recognition of p53-expressing target cells by means of cytokine secretion, marker upregulation and cytotoxicity, and in parallel determined p53 expression levels by intracellular staining. We also examined the relevance of antigen presentation components on p53 recognition and the impact of mutant p53 expression on cell-cycle dynamics. Our results show that selected p53 mutations altering protein stability can modulate p53 presentation to T cells, leading to a differential immune reactivity inversely correlated with measured p53 protein levels. Thus, p53 may behave differently than other classical tumor antigens and its mutational status should therefore be taken into account when elaborating immunotherapy treatments of cancer patients targeting p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Shamalov
- The Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shlomo N. Levy
- The Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Miryam Horovitz-Fried
- The Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Cyrille J. Cohen
- The Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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28
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Sharma V, Monti P, Fronza G, Inga A. Human transcription factors in yeast: the fruitful examples of P53 and NF-кB. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow083. [PMID: 27683095 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation that human transcription factors (TFs) can function when expressed in yeast cells has stimulated the development of various functional assays to investigate (i) the role of binding site sequences (herein referred to as response elements, REs) in transactivation specificity, (ii) the impact of polymorphic nucleotide variants on transactivation potential, (iii) the functional consequences of mutations in TFs and (iv) the impact of cofactors or small molecules. These approaches have found applications in basic as well as applied research, including the identification and the characterisation of mutant TF alleles from clinical samples. The ease of genome editing of yeast cells and the availability of regulated systems for ectopic protein expression enabled the development of quantitative reporter systems, integrated at a chosen chromosomal locus in isogenic yeast strains that differ only at the level of a specific RE targeted by a TF or for the expression of distinct TF alleles. In many cases, these assays were proven predictive of results in higher eukaryotes. The potential to work in small volume formats and the availability of yeast strains with modified chemical uptake have enhanced the scalability of these approaches. Next to well-established one-, two-, three-hybrid assays, the functional assays with non-chimeric human TFs enrich the palette of opportunities for functional characterisation. We review ∼25 years of research on human sequence-specific TFs expressed in yeast, with an emphasis on the P53 and NF-кB family of proteins, highlighting outcomes, advantages, challenges and limitations of these heterologous assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhara Sharma
- Centre for Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Paola Monti
- U.O.C. Mutagenesi, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Gilberto Fronza
- U.O.C. Mutagenesi, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Inga
- Centre for Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
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29
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Bromley D, Bauer MR, Fersht AR, Daggett V. An in silico algorithm for identifying stabilizing pockets in proteins: test case, the Y220C mutant of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Protein Eng Des Sel 2016; 29:377-90. [PMID: 27503952 PMCID: PMC5001139 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein performs a critical role in stimulating apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in response to oncogenic stress. The function of p53 can be compromised by mutation, leading to increased risk of cancer; approximately 50% of cancers are associated with mutations in the p53 gene, the majority of which are in the core DNA-binding domain. The Y220C mutation of p53, for example, destabilizes the core domain by 4 kcal/mol, leading to rapid denaturation and aggregation. The associated loss of tumor suppressor functionality is associated with approximately 75 000 new cancer cases every year. Destabilized p53 mutants can be 'rescued' and their function restored; binding of a small molecule into a pocket on the surface of mutant p53 can stabilize its wild-type structure and restore its function. Here, we describe an in silico algorithm for identifying potential rescue pockets, including the algorithm's integration with the Dynameomics molecular dynamics data warehouse and the DIVE visual analytics engine. We discuss the results of the application of the method to the Y220C p53 mutant, entailing finding a putative rescue pocket through MD simulations followed by an in silico search for stabilizing ligands that dock into the putative rescue pocket. The top three compounds from this search were tested experimentally and one of them bound in the pocket, as shown by nuclear magnetic resonance, and weakly stabilized the mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Bromley
- Division of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Box SLU-BIME 358047, 850 Republican St, Building C, Seattle, WA 98109-4714, USA
| | - Matthias R Bauer
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Alan R Fersht
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Valerie Daggett
- Division of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Box SLU-BIME 358047, 850 Republican St, Building C, Seattle, WA 98109-4714, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355013, Seattle, WA 98195-5013, USA
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30
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Joerger AC, Fersht AR. The p53 Pathway: Origins, Inactivation in Cancer, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches. Annu Rev Biochem 2016; 85:375-404. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C. Joerger
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Alan R. Fersht
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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31
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Solution structure and binding specificity of the p63 DNA binding domain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26707. [PMID: 27225672 PMCID: PMC4880913 DOI: 10.1038/srep26707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
p63 is a close homologue of p53 and, together with p73, is grouped into the p53 family of transcription factors. p63 is known to be involved in the induction of controlled apoptosis important for differentiation processes, germ line integrity and development. Despite its high homology to p53, especially within the DNA binding domain (DBD), p63-DBD does not show cooperative DNA binding properties and is significantly more stable against thermal and chemical denaturation. Here, we determined the solution structure of p63-DBD and show that it is markedly less dynamic than p53-DBD. In addition, we also investigate the effect of a double salt bridge present in p53-DBD, but not in p63-DBD on the cooperative binding behavior and specificity to various DNA sites. Restoration of the salt bridges in p63-DBD by mutagenesis leads to enhanced binding affinity to p53-specific, but not p63-specific response elements. Furthermore, we show that p63-DBD is capable of binding to anti-apoptotic BclxL via its DNA binding interface, a feature that has only been shown for p53 so far. These data suggest that all p53 family members - despite alterations in the specificity and binding affinity - are capable of activating pro-apoptotic pathways in a tissue specific manner.
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32
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Salehi F, Baronio R, Idrogo-Lam R, Vu H, Hall LV, Kaiser P, Lathrop RH. CHOPER filters enable rare mutation detection in complex mutagenesis populations by next-generation sequencing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116877. [PMID: 25692681 PMCID: PMC4333345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized genetics and enabled the accurate identification of many genetic variants across many genomes. However, detection of biologically important low-frequency variants within genetically heterogeneous populations remains challenging, because they are difficult to distinguish from intrinsic NGS sequencing error rates. Approaches to overcome these limitations are essential to detect rare mutations in large cohorts, virus or microbial populations, mitochondria heteroplasmy, and other heterogeneous mixtures such as tumors. Modifications in library preparation can overcome some of these limitations, but are experimentally challenging and restricted to skilled biologists. This paper describes a novel quality filtering and base pruning pipeline, called Complex Heterogeneous Overlapped Paired-End Reads (CHOPER), designed to detect sequence variants in a complex population with high sequence similarity derived from All-Codon-Scanning (ACS) mutagenesis. A novel fast alignment algorithm, designed for the specified application, has O(n) time complexity. CHOPER was applied to a p53 cancer mutant reactivation study derived from ACS mutagenesis. Relative to error filtering based on Phred quality scores, CHOPER improved accuracy by about 13% while discarding only half as many bases. These results are a step toward extending the power of NGS to the analysis of genetically heterogeneous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Salehi
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FS); (PK)
| | - Roberta Baronio
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
| | - Ryan Idrogo-Lam
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
| | - Huy Vu
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
| | - Linda V. Hall
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
| | - Peter Kaiser
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FS); (PK)
| | - Richard H. Lathrop
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
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33
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Bykov VJ, Wiman KG. Mutant p53 reactivation by small molecules makes its way to the clinic. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2622-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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34
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Khoo KH, Hoe KK, Verma CS, Lane DP. Drugging the p53 pathway: understanding the route to clinical efficacy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:217-36. [PMID: 24577402 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer, with more than half of all human tumours carrying mutations in this particular gene. Intense efforts to develop drugs that could activate or restore the p53 pathway have now reached clinical trials. The first clinical results with inhibitors of MDM2, a negative regulator of p53, have shown efficacy but hint at on-target toxicities. Here, we describe the current state of the development of p53 pathway modulators and new pathway targets that have emerged. The challenge of targeting protein-protein interactions and a fragile mutant transcription factor has stimulated many exciting new approaches to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khoo Kian Hoe
- p53 Laboratory (p53Lab), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648 Singapore
| | - Chandra S Verma
- 1] Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix, 138671 Singapore. [2] School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore. [3] Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore
| | - David P Lane
- p53 Laboratory (p53Lab), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648 Singapore
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35
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Bisio A, Ciribilli Y, Fronza G, Inga A, Monti P. TP53 Mutants in the Tower of Babel of Cancer Progression. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:689-701. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bisio
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Networks; Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO); University of Trento; Trento Italy
| | - Yari Ciribilli
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Networks; Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO); University of Trento; Trento Italy
| | - Gilberto Fronza
- Mutagenesis Unit; IRCSS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST-Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro; Genoa Italy
| | - Alberto Inga
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Networks; Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO); University of Trento; Trento Italy
| | - Paola Monti
- Mutagenesis Unit; IRCSS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST-Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro; Genoa Italy
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36
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Abstract
The design of a broad-spectrum cancer drug would provide enormous clinical benefits to treat cancer patients. Most of cancerous cells have a mutation in the p53 gene that results in an inactive mutant p53 protein. For this reason, p53 is a prime target for the development of a broad-spectrum cancer drug. To provide the atomic information to rationally design a drug to recover p53 activity is the main goal of the structural studies on mutant p53. We review three mechanisms that influence p53 activity and provide information about how reactivation of mutant p53 can be achieved: stabilization of the active conformation of the DNA-binding domain of the protein, suppression of missense mutations in the DNA-binding domain by a second-site mutation, and increased transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Viadiu
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, D.F., Mexico,
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37
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Koulgi S, Achalere A, Sharma N, Sonavane U, Joshi R. QM-MM simulations on p53-DNA complex: a study of hot spot and rescue mutants. J Mol Model 2013; 19:5545-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-2042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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38
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Mapping the structural and dynamical features of multiple p53 DNA binding domains: insights into loop 1 intrinsic dynamics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80221. [PMID: 24324553 PMCID: PMC3855832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 regulates cellular integrity in response to stress. p53 is mutated in more than half of cancerous cells, with a majority of the mutations localized to the DNA binding domain (DBD). In order to map the structural and dynamical features of the DBD, we carried out multiple copy molecular dynamics simulations (totaling 0.8 μs). Simulations show the loop 1 to be the most dynamic element among the DNA-contacting loops (loops 1-3). Loop 1 occupies two major conformational states: extended and recessed; the former but not the latter displays correlations in atomic fluctuations with those of loop 2 (~24 Å apart). Since loop 1 binds to the major groove whereas loop 2 binds to the minor groove of DNA, our results begin to provide some insight into the possible mechanism underpinning the cooperative nature of DBD binding to DNA. We propose (1) a novel mechanism underlying the dynamics of loop 1 and the possible tread-milling of p53 on DNA and (2) possible mutations on loop 1 residues to restore the transcriptional activity of an oncogenic mutation at a distant site.
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39
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Wallentine BD, Wang Y, Tretyachenko-Ladokhina V, Tan M, Senear DF, Luecke H. Structures of oncogenic, suppressor and rescued p53 core-domain variants: mechanisms of mutant p53 rescue. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:2146-56. [PMID: 24100332 PMCID: PMC3792646 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913020830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To gain insights into the mechanisms by which certain second-site suppressor mutations rescue the function of a significant number of cancer mutations of the tumor suppressor protein p53, X-ray crystallographic structures of four p53 core-domain variants were determined. These include an oncogenic mutant, V157F, two single-site suppressor mutants, N235K and N239Y, and the rescued cancer mutant V157F/N235K/N239Y. The V157F mutation substitutes a smaller hydrophobic valine with a larger hydrophobic phenylalanine within strand S4 of the hydrophobic core. The structure of this cancer mutant shows no gross structural changes in the overall fold of the p53 core domain, only minor rearrangements of side chains within the hydrophobic core of the protein. Based on biochemical analysis, these small local perturbations induce instability in the protein, increasing the free energy by 3.6 kcal mol(-1) (15.1 kJ mol(-1)). Further biochemical evidence shows that each suppressor mutation, N235K or N239Y, acts individually to restore thermodynamic stability to V157F and that both together are more effective than either alone. All rescued mutants were found to have wild-type DNA-binding activity when assessed at a permissive temperature, thus pointing to thermodynamic stability as the critical underlying variable. Interestingly, thermodynamic analysis shows that while N239Y demonstrates stabilization of the wild-type p53 core domain, N235K does not. These observations suggest distinct structural mechanisms of rescue. A new salt bridge between Lys235 and Glu198, found in both the N235K and rescued cancer mutant structures, suggests a rescue mechanism that relies on stabilizing the β-sandwich scaffold. On the other hand, the substitution N239Y creates an advantageous hydrophobic contact between the aromatic ring of this tyrosine and the adjacent Leu137. Surprisingly, the rescued cancer mutant shows much larger structural deviations than the cancer mutant alone when compared with wild-type p53. These suppressor mutations appear to rescue p53 function by creating novel intradomain interactions that stabilize the core domain, allowing compensation for the destabilizing V157F mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad D. Wallentine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Martha Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Donald F. Senear
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hartmut Luecke
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Center for Biomembrane Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Unidad de Biofisica (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidad del Pais Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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40
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Cha HJ, Jang DS, Kim YG, Hong BH, Woo JS, Kim KT, Choi KY. Rescue of deleterious mutations by the compensatory Y30F mutation in ketosteroid isomerase. Mol Cells 2013; 36:39-46. [PMID: 23740430 PMCID: PMC3887930 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins have evolved to compensate for detrimental mutations. However, compensatory mechanisms for protein defects are not well understood. Using ketosteroid isomerase (KSI), we investigated how second-site mutations could recover defective mutant function and stability. Previous results revealed that the Y30F mutation rescued the Y14F, Y55F and Y14F/Y55F mutants by increasing the catalytic activity by 23-, 3- and 1.3-fold, respectively, and the Y55F mutant by increasing the stability by 3.3 kcal/mol. To better understand these observations, we systematically investigated detailed structural and thermodynamic effects of the Y30F mutation on these mutants. Crystal structures of the Y14F/Y30F and Y14F/Y55F mutants were solved at 2.0 and 1.8 previoulsy solved structures of wild-type and other mutant KSIs. Structural analyses revealed that the Y30F mutation partially restored the active-site cleft of these mutant KSIs. The Y30F mutation also increased Y14F and Y14F/Y55F mutant stability by 3.2 and 4.3 kcal/mol, respectively, and the melting temperatures of the Y14F, Y55F and Y14F/Y55F mutants by 6.4°C, 5.1°C and 10.0°C, respectively. Compensatory effects of the Y30F mutation on stability might be due to improved hydrophobic interactions because removal of a hydroxyl group from Tyr30 induced local compaction by neighboring residue movement and enhanced interactions with surrounding hydrophobic residues in the active site. Taken together, our results suggest that perturbed active-site geometry recovery and favorable hydrophobic interactions mediate the role of Y30F as a secondsite suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Cha
- Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, WCU Program, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
| | - Do Soo Jang
- Research Institute, Genexine Co., Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
| | - Yeon-Gil Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
| | - Bee Hak Hong
- Research Institute, Genexine Co., Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Woo
- Institute for Basic Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
| | - Kyong-Tai Kim
- Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, WCU Program, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
| | - Kwan Yong Choi
- Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, WCU Program, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
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41
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Wassman CD, Baronio R, Demir Ö, Wallentine BD, Chen CK, Hall LV, Salehi F, Lin DW, Chung BP, Hatfield GW, Richard Chamberlin A, Luecke H, Lathrop RH, Kaiser P, Amaro RE. Computational identification of a transiently open L1/S3 pocket for reactivation of mutant p53. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1407. [PMID: 23360998 PMCID: PMC3562459 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer. Reactivation of mutant p53 by small molecules is an exciting potential cancer therapy. Although several compounds restore wild-type function to mutant p53, their binding sites and mechanisms of action are elusive. Here computational methods identify a transiently open binding pocket between loop L1 and sheet S3 of the p53 core domain. Mutation of residue Cys124, located at the centre of the pocket, abolishes p53 reactivation of mutant R175H by PRIMA-1, a known reactivation compound. Ensemble-based virtual screening against this newly revealed pocket selects stictic acid as a potential p53 reactivation compound. In human osteosarcoma cells, stictic acid exhibits dose-dependent reactivation of p21 expression for mutant R175H more strongly than does PRIMA-1. These results indicate the L1/S3 pocket as a target for pharmaceutical reactivation of p53 mutants. About 40% of human cancers carry missense mutations in the tumour suppressor protein p53. Here the authors identify a transiently open pocket in the protein, and by targeting a small molecule to it, partially restore mutant p53 tumour suppressor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Wassman
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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42
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Abstract
Most proteins have not evolved for maximal thermal stability. Some are only marginally stable, as for example, the DNA-binding domains of p53 and its homologs, whose kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities are strongly correlated. Here, we applied high-throughput methods using a real-time PCR thermocycler to study the stability of several full-length orthologs and paralogs of the p53 family of transcription factors, which have diverse functions, ranging from tumour suppression to control of developmental processes. From isothermal denaturation fluorimetry and differential scanning fluorimetry, we found that full-length proteins showed the same correlation between kinetic and thermodynamic stability as their isolated DNA-binding domains. The stabilities of the full-length p53 orthologs were marginal and correlated with the temperature of their organism, paralleling the stability of the isolated DNA-binding domains. Additionally, the paralogs p63 and p73 were significantly more stable and long-lived than p53. The short half-life of p53 orthologs and the greater persistence of the paralogs may be biologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Brandt
- MRC Centre for Protein Engineering, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joel L. Kaar
- MRC Centre for Protein Engineering, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R. Fersht
- MRC Centre for Protein Engineering, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry B. Veprintsev
- MRC Centre for Protein Engineering, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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43
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Jia S, Zhao L, Tang W, Luo Y. The gain of function of p53 mutant p53S in promoting tumorigenesis by cross-talking with H-RasV12. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:596-605. [PMID: 22553460 PMCID: PMC3341601 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of wild type p53 tumor suppressive function and oncogenic gain-of-function of p53 mutants have been showing important implications in tumorigenesis. The p53N236S (p53N239S in human, p53S) mutation has been shown to lose wild type p53 function by yeast assay. However, its gain of function is still not clear. By gel shift assay, we showed that mutant p53S had lost its DNA binding ability to its target promoters. Further real-time PCR data confirmed that p53S had lost the function of regulating the transcription of p21 Cip1/Waf1, cyclin G, PUMA, and Bax in response to 10Gy irradiation. These data confirmed the loss of function of p53S in mammalian cells. By xenograft assay, we showed that the p53S per se was not oncogenic enough to form tumor, however, cooperating with H-RasV12, p53S could dramatically promote tumorigenesis in p53 null MEFs. Further study showed that co-expression of p53S and H-RasV12 could increase the expression level of H-RasV12 and partially eliminate the elevation of stress response proteins such as Chk2, γ-H2AX, Hsp70, Rb, p16Ink4a caused by either p53S or H-RasV12. These data suggested that p53S cross-talked with H-RasV12 and reduced the cellular stress response to oncogenic signals, which facilitated the cell growth and tumorigenesis. Together these data provided the molecular basis for the cooperation of p53S and H-RasV12 and revealed the gain of function of p53S in cross-talking with H-RasV12. This study revealed an important aspect of gain of function for p53 mutant, therefore might shed light on the clinical strategy in targeting p53 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Jia
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering & Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science & Technology, 727 Jing Ming Nan Road, Chenggong County, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, China
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44
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Ensemble-based computational approach discriminates functional activity of p53 cancer and rescue mutants. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002238. [PMID: 22028641 PMCID: PMC3197647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 can lose its function upon single-point missense mutations in the core DNA-binding domain (“cancer mutants”). Activity can be restored by second-site suppressor mutations (“rescue mutants”). This paper relates the functional activity of p53 cancer and rescue mutants to their overall molecular dynamics (MD), without focusing on local structural details. A novel global measure of protein flexibility for the p53 core DNA-binding domain, the number of clusters at a certain RMSD cutoff, was computed by clustering over 0.7 µs of explicitly solvated all-atom MD simulations. For wild-type p53 and a sample of p53 cancer or rescue mutants, the number of clusters was a good predictor of in vivo p53 functional activity in cell-based assays. This number-of-clusters (NOC) metric was strongly correlated (r2 = 0.77) with reported values of experimentally measured ΔΔG protein thermodynamic stability. Interpreting the number of clusters as a measure of protein flexibility: (i) p53 cancer mutants were more flexible than wild-type protein, (ii) second-site rescue mutations decreased the flexibility of cancer mutants, and (iii) negative controls of non-rescue second-site mutants did not. This new method reflects the overall stability of the p53 core domain and can discriminate which second-site mutations restore activity to p53 cancer mutants. p53 is a tumor suppressor protein that controls a central apoptotic pathway (programmed cell death). Thus, it is the most-mutated gene in human cancers. Due to the marginal stability of p53, a single mutation can abolish p53 function (“cancer mutants”), while a second mutation (or several) can restore it (“rescue mutants”). Restoring p53 function is a promising therapeutic goal that has been strongly supported by recent experimental results on mice. Understanding of the effects of p53 cancer and rescue mutations would be helpful for designing drugs that are able to achieve the same goal. The challenge is that cancer and rescue mutations are distributed widely in the protein, and experimental testing of all possible combinations of mutations is not feasible. This paper describes a simple computational metric that reflects the overall stability of the p53 core domain and can discriminate which second-site mutations restore activity to p53 cancer mutants.
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Abstract
TP53 mutations are the most frequent genetic alterations found in human cancer. For more than 20 years, TP53 mutation databases have collected over 30,000 somatic mutations from various types of cancer. Analyses of these mutations have led to many types of studies and have improved our knowledge about the TP53 protein and its function. The recent advances in sequencing methodologies and the various cancer genome sequencing projects will lead to a profound shift in database curation and data management. In this paper, we will review the current status of the TP53 mutation database, its application to various fields of research, and how data quality and curation can be improved. We will also discuss how the genetic data will be stored and handled in the future and the consequences for database management.
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Targeting p53 for Novel Anticancer Therapy. Transl Oncol 2011; 3:1-12. [PMID: 20165689 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a multistage process, involving oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation as well as complex interactions between tumor and host tissues, leading ultimately to an aggressive metastatic phenotype. Among many genetic lesions, mutational inactivation of p53 tumor suppressor, the "guardian of the genome," is the most frequent event found in 50% of human cancers. p53 plays a critical role in tumor suppression mainly by inducing growth arrest, apoptosis, and senescence, as well as by blocking angiogenesis. In addition, p53 generally confers the cancer cell sensitivity to chemoradiation. Thus, p53 becomes the most appealing target for mechanism-driven anticancer drug discovery. This review will focus on the approaches currently undertaken to target p53 and its regulators with an overall goal either to activate p53 in cancer cells for killing or to inactivate p53 temporarily in normal cells for chemoradiation protection. The compounds that activate wild type (wt) p53 would have an application for the treatment of wt p53-containing human cancer. Likewise, the compounds that change p53 conformation from mutant to wt p53 (p53 reactivation) or that kill the cancer cells with mutant p53 using a synthetic lethal mechanism can be used to selectively treat human cancer harboring a mutant p53. The inhibitors of wt p53 can be used on a temporary basis to reduce the normal cell toxicity derived from p53 activation. Thus, successful development of these three classes of p53 modulators, to be used alone or in combination with chemoradiation, will revolutionize current anticancer therapies and benefit cancer patients.
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Ho CW, Chen HT, Hwang J. UBC9 autosumoylation negatively regulates sumoylation of septins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21826-34. [PMID: 21518767 PMCID: PMC3122237 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.234914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sumoylation regulates a wide range of cellular processes. However, little is known about the regulation of the SUMO machinery. In this study, we demonstrate that two lysine residues (Lys-153 and Lys-157) in the C-terminal region of the yeast E2-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 are the major and minor autosumoylation sites, respectively. Surprisingly, mutation of Lys-157 (ubc9(K157R)) significantly stimulates the level of Ubc9 autosumoylation at Lys-153. The functional role of Ubc9 autosumoylation is exemplified in our findings that cell cycle-dependent sumoylation of cytoskeletal septin proteins is inversely correlated with the Ubc9 autosumoylation level and that mutation of the Ubc9 autosumoylation sites results in aberrant cell morphology. Our study elucidates a regulatory mechanism that utilizes automodification of the E2 enzyme of the sumoylation machinery to control substrate sumoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Ho
- From the Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan and
- the Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ta Chen
- the Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jaulang Hwang
- From the Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan and
- the Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Mandinova A, Lee SW. The p53 pathway as a target in cancer therapeutics: obstacles and promise. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:64rv1. [PMID: 21209413 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A large fraction of human tumors carry p53 mutations, which allow tumor initiation and progression; furthermore, it is now clear that restoration or reactivation of wild-type p53 function prompts rapid elimination of tumors. The discovery and design of compounds that reactivate or enhance the p53 pathway has resulted in the identification of promising drug candidates that have now entered clinical trials for anticancer strategies. However, some of these agents appear to elicit undesirable toxic effects on normal cells and tissues and therefore are restricted in the dose that can be applied in tumors. In this Review, we discuss the concerns about and promise of these p53 activators and propose ways to expand and optimize screening strategies to identify such molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mandinova
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Pirolli D, Alinovi CC, Capoluongo E, Satta MA, Concolino P, Giardina B, De Rosa MC. Insight into a novel p53 single point mutation (G389E) by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 12:128-40. [PMID: 21339981 PMCID: PMC3039947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of inactivating mutations of p53 reside in the central core DNA binding domain of the protein. In this computational study, we investigated the structural effects of a novel p53 mutation (G389E), identified in a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which is located within the extreme C-terminal domain (CTD) of p53, an unstructured, flexible region (residues 367–393) of major importance for the regulation of the protein. Based on the three-dimensional structure of a carboxyl-terminal peptide of p53 in complex with the S100B protein, which is involved in regulation of the tumor suppressor activity, a model of wild type (WT) and mutant extreme CTD was developed by molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulation. It was found that the G389E amino acid replacement has negligible effects on free p53 in solution whereas it significantly affects the interactions of p53 with the S100B protein. The results suggest that the observed mutation may interfere with p53 transcription activation and provide useful information for site-directed mutagenesis experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pirolli
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (D.P.); (E.C.); (P.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Cristiana Carelli Alinovi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e della Salute, Università di Cassino, Via S. Angelo-Località Folcara, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Ettore Capoluongo
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (D.P.); (E.C.); (P.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Maria Antonia Satta
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica e Semeiotica Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Paola Concolino
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (D.P.); (E.C.); (P.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Bruno Giardina
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (D.P.); (E.C.); (P.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Maria Cristina De Rosa
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-06-301-551-35; Fax: +39-06-301-543-09
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Baronio R, Danziger SA, Hall LV, Salmon K, Hatfield GW, Lathrop RH, Kaiser P. All-codon scanning identifies p53 cancer rescue mutations. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:7079-88. [PMID: 20581117 PMCID: PMC2978351 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro scanning mutagenesis strategies are valuable tools to identify critical residues in proteins and to generate proteins with modified properties. We describe the fast and simple All-Codon Scanning (ACS) strategy that creates a defined gene library wherein each individual codon within a specific target region is changed into all possible codons with only a single codon change per mutagenesis product. ACS is based on a multiplexed overlapping mutagenesis primer design that saturates only the targeted gene region with single codon changes. We have used ACS to produce single amino-acid changes in small and large regions of the human tumor suppressor protein p53 to identify single amino-acid substitutions that can restore activity to inactive p53 found in human cancers. Single-tube reactions were used to saturate defined 30-nt regions with all possible codon changes. The same technique was used in 20 parallel reactions to scan the 600-bp fragment encoding the entire p53 core domain. Identification of several novel p53 cancer rescue mutations demonstrated the utility of the ACS approach. ACS is a fast, simple and versatile method, which is useful for protein structure–function analyses and protein design or evolution problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Baronio
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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