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Falcon RMG, Caoili SEC. Immunologic, genetic, and ecological interplay of factors involved in allergic diseases. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1215616. [PMID: 37601647 PMCID: PMC10435091 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1215616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An allergic or type I hypersensitivity reaction involves a misdirected immune overreaction to innocuous environmental and dietary antigens called allergens. The genetic predisposition to allergic disease, referred to as atopy, can be expressed as a variety of manifestations-e.g., allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, anaphylaxis. Globally, allergic diseases are one the most common types of chronic conditions. Several factors have been identified to contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of the disease, leading to distinctively variable clinical symptoms. The factors which can attenuate or exacerbate allergic reactions can range from genetic heterozygosity, the prominence of various comorbid infections, and other factors such as pollution, climate, and interactions with other organisms and organism-derived products, and the surrounding environment. As a result, the effective prevention and control of allergies remains to be one of the most prominent public health problems. Therefore, to contextualize the current knowledge about allergic reactions, this review paper attempts to synthesize different aspects of an allergic response to describe its significance in the global health scheme. Specifically, the review shall characterize the biomolecular mechanisms of the pathophysiology of the disease based on underlying disease theories and current findings on ecologic interactions and describe prevention and control strategies being utilized. An integrated perspective that considers the underlying genetic, immunologic, and ecologic aspects of the disease would enable the development of more effective and targeted diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for the management and control of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbi Miguel G. Falcon
- Biomedical Innovations Research for Translational Health Science Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
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2
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Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alkazmi L, El-Bouseary MM, Hamad RS, Abdelhamid M, Batiha GES. The Potential Nexus between Helminths and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Literature Review. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:5544819. [PMID: 37383608 PMCID: PMC10299886 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5544819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic helminth infections (CHIs) can induce immunological tolerance through the upregulation of regulatory T cells. In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), abnormal adaptive immune response and exaggerated immune response may cause immune-mediated tissue damage. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and CHIs establish complicated immune interactions due to SARS-CoV-2-induced immunological stimulation and CHIs-induced immunological tolerance. However, COVID-19 severity in patients with CHIs is mild, as immune-suppressive anti-inflammatory cytokines counterbalance the risk of cytokine storm. Since CHIs have immunomodulatory effects, therefore, this narrative review aimed to clarify how CHIs modulate the immunoinflammatory response in SARS-CoV-2 infection. CHIs, through helminth-derived molecules, may suppress SARS-CoV-2 entry and associated hyperinflammation through attenuation of the inflammatory signaling pathway. In addition, CHIs may reduce the COVID-19 severity by reducing the SARS-CoV-2 entry points in the initial phase and immunomodulation in the late phase of the disease by suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, CHIs may reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing hyperinflammation and exaggerated immune response. Thus, retrospective and prospective studies are recommended in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Luay Alkazmi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maisra M. El-Bouseary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rabab S. Hamad
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Central Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abdelhamid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
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Parker W, Patel E, Jirků-Pomajbíková K, Laman JD. COVID-19 morbidity in lower versus higher income populations underscores the need to restore lost biodiversity of eukaryotic symbionts. iScience 2023; 26:106167. [PMID: 36785786 PMCID: PMC9908430 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The avoidance of infectious disease by widespread use of 'systems hygiene', defined by hygiene-enhancing technology such as sewage systems, water treatment facilities, and secure food storage containers, has led to a dramatic decrease in symbiotic helminths and protists in high-income human populations. Over a half-century of research has revealed that this 'biota alteration' leads to altered immune function and a propensity for chronic inflammatory diseases, including allergic, autoimmune and neuropsychiatric disorders. A recent Ethiopian study (EClinicalMedicine 39: 101054), validating predictions made by several laboratories, found that symbiotic helminths and protists were associated with a reduced risk of severe COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio = 0.35; p<0.0001). Thus, it is now apparent that 'biome reconstitution', defined as the artificial re-introduction of benign, symbiotic helminths or protists into the ecosystem of the human body, is important not only for alleviation of chronic immune disease, but likely also for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kateřina Jirků-Pomajbíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jon D. Laman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Nunn CL. COVID-19 and Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:41-43. [PMID: 36908697 PMCID: PMC9993055 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Triangle Center for Evolutionary Medicine (TriCEM), Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Veronese G, Pepe A. Factor structure and psychometric proprieties of the COVID-19 prevention behaviours (COV19-PB) scale. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-9. [PMID: 36593908 PMCID: PMC9795933 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We sought to test the COVID19-PB scale's psychometric properties and its dimensionality in a sample composed of 1107 Italian adults aged from 18 to 80 years (M = 39.59; SD = 16.36), 75% (n = 830) females, and 25% (n = 277) males. Exploratory, Confirmatory factor analysis and parallel analysis were used to validate the instrument that resulted from the Ebola Virus protective behaviours scale adaptation. Fear of covid-19 and a 1-item level of adherence to the Covid-19 protection scale were used to test the measure's convergent validity. A four-factor structure emerged from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: direct avoidance, avoidance of public spaces, avoidance of social interaction, and talking about the virus as protection. COVID-19 PB was a valuable measure to assess individuals' competencies in assuming correct behaviours during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Veronese
- Department of Human Sciences “R. Massa”, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pepe
- Department of Human Sciences “R. Massa”, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1 20126 Milano, Italy
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Fonte L, Acosta A, Sarmiento ME, Norazmi MN, Ginori M, de Armas Y, Calderón EJ. Overlapping of Pulmonary Fibrosis of Postacute COVID-19 Syndrome and Tuberculosis in the Helminth Coinfection Setting in Sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7080157. [PMID: 36006249 PMCID: PMC9416620 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing attention to the emerging health problem represented by the clinical and functional long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection, referred to as postacute COVID-19 syndrome. Clinical, radiographic, and autopsy findings have shown that a high rate of fibrosis and restriction of lung function are present in patients who have recovered from COVID-19. Patients with active TB, or those who have recovered from it, have fibrotic scarred lungs and, consequently, some degree of impaired respiratory function. Helminth infections trigger predominantly type 2 immune responses and the release of regulatory and fibrogenic cytokines, such as TGF-β. Here, we analyze the possible consequences of the overlapping of pulmonary fibrosis secondary to COVID-19 and tuberculosis in the setting of sub-Saharan Africa, the region of the world with the highest prevalence of helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fonte
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”, Havana 11400, Cuba
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (E.J.C.)
| | - Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (A.A.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.N.)
| | - María E. Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (A.A.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.N.)
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (A.A.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.N.)
| | - María Ginori
- Department of Teaching, Polyclinic “Plaza de la Revolución”, Havana 11300, Cuba;
| | - Yaxsier de Armas
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Diagnostic, Hospital Center of Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”, Havana 11400, Cuba;
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Center of Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”, Havana 11400, Cuba
| | - Enrique J. Calderón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Depatamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (E.J.C.)
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Immunomodulatory Potential of Non-Classical HLA-G in Infections including COVID-19 and Parasitic Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020257. [PMID: 35204759 PMCID: PMC8961671 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Leukocyte Antigen-G (HLA-G), a polymorphic non-classical HLA (HLA-Ib) with immune-regulatory properties in cancers and infectious diseases, presents both membrane-bound and soluble (sHLA-G) isoforms. Polymorphism has implications in host responses to pathogen infections and in pathogenesis. Differential expression patterns of HLA-G/sHLA-G or its polymorphism seem to be related to different pathological conditions, potentially acting as a disease progression biomarker. Pathogen antigens might be involved in the regulation of both membrane-bound and sHLA-G levels and impact immune responses during co-infections. The upregulation of HLA-G in viral and bacterial infections induce tolerance to infection. Recently, sHLA-G was found useful to identify the prognosis of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients and it was observed that the high levels of sHLA-G are associated with worse prognosis. The use of pathogens, such as Plasmodium falciparum, as immune modulators for other infections could be extended for the modulation of membrane-bound HLA-G in COVID-19-infected tissues. Overall, such information might open new avenues concerning the effect of some pathogens such as parasites in decreasing the expression level of HLA-G to restrict pathogenesis in some infections or to influence the immune responses after vaccination among others.
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Engelenburg HJ, Lucassen PJ, Sarafian JT, Parker W, Laman JD. Multiple sclerosis and the microbiota. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 10:277-294. [PMID: 35747061 PMCID: PMC9211007 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a neurological autoimmune disorder, has recently been linked to neuro-inflammatory influences from the gut. In this review, we address the idea that evolutionary mismatches could affect the pathogenesis of MS via the gut microbiota. The evolution of symbiosis as well as the recent introduction of evolutionary mismatches is considered, and evidence regarding the impact of diet on the MS-associated microbiota is evaluated. Distinctive microbial community compositions associated with the gut microbiota of MS patients are difficult to identify, and substantial study-to-study variation and even larger variations between individual profiles of MS patients are observed. Furthermore, although some dietary changes impact the progression of MS, MS-associated features of microbiota were found to be not necessarily associated with diet per se. In addition, immune function in MS patients potentially drives changes in microbial composition directly, in at least some individuals. Finally, assessment of evolutionary histories of animals with their gut symbionts suggests that the impact of evolutionary mismatch on the microbiota is less concerning than mismatches affecting helminths and protists. These observations suggest that the benefits of an anti-inflammatory diet for patients with MS may not be mediated by the microbiota per se. Furthermore, any alteration of the microbiota found in association with MS may be an effect rather than a cause. This conclusion is consistent with other studies indicating that a loss of complex eukaryotic symbionts, including helminths and protists, is a pivotal evolutionary mismatch that potentiates the increased prevalence of autoimmunity within a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik J Engelenburg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
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Rook GAW. Comment on Parker et al. ( Evolution, Medicine and Public Health 2021;9:120-30.). EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 9:192-193. [PMID: 34168878 PMCID: PMC8219121 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham A W Rook
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, UCL (University College London), London, UK
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