Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1): a crucial driver of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Current targeting strategies and advanced nanoplatforms for atherosclerosis therapy

Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of death worldwide, and it is closely related to many cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, myocardial infraction and angina. Although traditional surgical and pharmacological interventions can effectively retard or slow down the progression of atherosclerosis, it is very difficult to prevent or even reverse this disease. In recent years, with the rapid development of nanotechnology, various nanoagents have been designed and applied to different diseases including atherosclerosis. The unique atherosclerotic microenvironment with signature biological components allows nanoplatforms to distinguish atherosclerotic lesions from normal tissue and to approach plaques specifically. Based on the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation, this review summarises the nanodrug delivery strategies for atherosclerotic therapy, trying to provide help for researchers to understand the existing atherosclerosis management approaches as well as challenges and to reasonably design anti-atherosclerotic nanoplatforms.

Activatable Photoacoustic/Near-Infrared Probes for the Detection of Copper Ions of Cardiovascular Disease In Vivo and in Urine

Copper ions, implicated in processes such as oxidative stress and inflammation, are believed to play a crucial role in cardiovascular disease, a prevalent and deadly disease. Despite this, current diagnostic methods fail to detect early stage cardiovascular disease or track copper ion accumulation, limiting our understanding of the disease's progression. Therefore, the development of noninvasive techniques to image copper ions in cardiovascular disease is urgently needed to enhance diagnostic precision and therapeutic strategies. In this study, we report the successful synthesis and application of a copper ion-activated photoacoustic probe, CS-Cu, which exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity toward copper ions both in vitro and in vivo. CS-Cu was able to noninvasively monitor the changes in copper ion levels and differentiate between different mice based on copper ions in urine. Furthermore, the probe demonstrated good photoacoustic stability and exhibited no significant toxicity in the mice. These findings suggest that CS-Cu could be a promising tool for early detection and monitoring of Cu2+ levels in vivo and urine, providing a new perspective on the role of copper ions in cardiovascular disease.

Lysophosphatidylcholine Impairs the Mitochondria Homeostasis Leading to Trophoblast Dysfunction in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy disorder associated with an increased risk of pre-eclampsia and macrosomia. Recent research has shown that the buildup of excess lipids within the placental trophoblast impairs mitochondrial function. However, the exact lipids that impact the placental trophoblast and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. GDM cases and healthy controls were recruited at Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital. The placenta and cord blood were taken during birth. Confocal and electron microscopy were utilized to examine the morphology of the placenta and mitochondria. We determined the lipid composition using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in data-independent analysis mode (LC/MSE). In vitro studies were carried out on choriocarcinoma cells (JEG3) to investigate the mechanism of trophoblast mitochondrial dysfunction. Results showed that the GDM placenta was distinguished by increased syncytial knots, chorangiosis, lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1) overexpression, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 16:0 was significantly elevated in the cord blood LDL of GDM patients. In vitro, we demonstrated that LPC dose-dependently disrupts mitochondrial function by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and HIF-1α signaling. In conclusion, highly elevated LPC in cord blood plays a pivotal role in GDM, contributing to trophoblast impairment and pregnancy complications.

Single-particle rotational microrheology enables pathological staging of macrophage foaming and antiatherosclerotic studies

The formation of macrophage-derived foam cells has been recognized as the pathological hallmark of atherosclerotic diseases. However, the pathological evolution dynamics and underlying regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. Herein, we introduce a single-particle rotational microrheology method for pathological staging of macrophage foaming and antiatherosclerotic explorations by probing the dynamic changes of lysosomal viscous feature over the pathological evolution progression. The principle of this method involves continuous monitoring of out-of-plane rotation-caused scattering brightness fluctuations of the gold nanorod (AuNR) probe-based microrheometer and subsequent determination of rotational relaxation time to analyze the viscous feature in macrophage lysosomes. With this method, we demonstrated the lysosomal viscous feature as a robust pathological reporter and uncovered three distinct pathological stages underlying the evolution dynamics, which are highly correlated with a pathological stage-dependent activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome-involved positive feedback loop. We also validated the potential of this positive feedback loop as a promising therapeutic target and revealed the time window-dependent efficacy of NLRP3 inflammasome-targeted drugs against atherosclerotic diseases. To our knowledge, the pathological staging of macrophage foaming and the pathological stage-dependent activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome-involved positive feedback mechanism have not yet been reported. These findings provide insights into in-depth understanding of evolutionary features and regulatory mechanisms of macrophage foaming, which can benefit the analysis of effective therapeutical drugs as well as the time window of drug treatment against atherosclerotic diseases in preclinical studies.

Dysregulated lipid metabolism and intervertebral disc degeneration: the important role of ox-LDL/LOX-1 in endplate chondrocyte senescence and calcification

BACKGROUND

Lipid metabolism disorders are associated with degeneration of multiple tissues and organs, but the mechanism of crosstalk between lipid metabolism disorder and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) has not been fully elucidated. In this study we aim to investigate the regulatory mechanism of abnormal signal of lipid metabolism disorder on intervertebral disc endplate chondrocyte (EPC) senescence and calcification.

METHODS

Human intervertebral disc cartilage endplate tissue, cell model and rat hyperlipemia model were performed in this study. Histology and immunohistochemistry were used to human EPC tissue detection. TMT-labelled quantitative proteomics was used to detect differential proteins, and MRI, micro-CT, safranin green staining and immunofluorescence were performed to observe the morphology and degeneration of rat tail intervertebral discs. Flow cytometry, senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining, alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase staining, DCFH-DA fluorescent probe, and western blot were performed to detect the expression of EPC cell senescence, senescence-associated secretory phenotype, calcification-related proteins and the activation of cell senescence-related signaling pathways.

RESULTS

Our study found that the highly expressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) in human degenerative EPC was associated with hyperlipidemia (HLP). TMT-labelled quantitative proteomics revealed enriched pathways such as cell cycle regulation, endochondral bone morphogenesis and inflammation. The rat model revealed that HLP could induce ox-LDL, LOX-1, senescence and calcification markers high expression in EPC. Moreover, we demonstrated that ox-LDL-induced EPCs senescence and calcification were dependent on the LOX-1 receptor, and the ROS/P38-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway was implicated in the regulation of senescence induced by ox-LDL/LOX-1 in cell model.

CONCLUSIONS

So our study revealed that ox-LDL/LOX-1-induced EPCs senescence and calcification through ROS/P38-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, providing information on understanding the link between lipid metabolism disorders and IDD.

High-fat-diet-induced obesity promotes simultaneous progression of lung cancer and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice

Background

Clinical studies have shown that atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and cancer often co-exist in the same individual. The present study aimed to investigate the role of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity in the coexistence of the two diseases and the underlying mechanism in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE-/-) mice.

Methods

Male ApoE-/- mice were fed with a HFD or a normal diet (ND) for 15 weeks. On the first day of Week 13, the mice were inoculated subcutaneously in the right axilla with Lewis lung cancer cells. At Weeks 12 and 15, serum lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and blood monocytes and macrophages were measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. At Week 15, the volume and weight of the local subcutaneous lung cancer and metastatic lung cancer and the amount of aortic atherosclerosis were measured.

Results

At Week 15, compared with mice in the ND group, those in the HFD group had a larger volume of local subcutaneous cancer (p = 0.0004), heavier tumors (p = 0.0235), more metastatic cancer in the lungs (p < 0.0001), a larger area of lung involved in metastatic cancer (p = 0.0031), and larger areas of atherosclerosis in the aorta (p < 0.0001). At Week 12, serum LOX-1, serum vascular endothelial growth factor, and proportions of blood monocytes and macrophages were significantly higher in the HFD group than those in the ND group (p = 0.0002, p = 0.0029, p = 0.0480, and p = 0.0106, respectively); this trend persisted until Week 15 (p = 0.0014, p = 0.0012, p = 0.0001, and p = 0.0204).

Conclusions

In this study, HFD-induced obesity could simultaneously promote progression of lung cancer and atherosclerosis in the same mouse. HFD-induced upregulation of LOX-1 may play an important role in the simultaneous progression of these two conditions via the inflammatory response and VEGF.

The role of oxidative stress in aortic dissection: a potential therapeutic target

The incidence of aortic dissection (AD) is steadily increasing, driven by the rising prevalence of chronic conditions such as hypertension and the global aging of the population. Oxidative stress emerges as a pivotal pathophysiological mechanism contributing to the progression of AD. Oxidative stress triggers apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells, reshapes the extracellular matrix (ECM), and governs ECM degradation and remodeling, subsequently impacting aortic compliance. Furthermore, oxidative stress not only facilitates the infiltration of macrophages and mononuclear lymphocytes but also disrupts the integral structure and functionality of endothelial cells, thereby inducing endothelial cell dysfunction and furthering the degeneration of the middle layer of the aortic wall. Investigating antioxidants holds promise as a therapeutic avenue for addressing AD.

Protective and curative effects of unconjugated bilirubin on gene expression of LOX-1 and iNOS in the heart of rats receiving high-fat diet and low dose streptozotocin: a histomorphometric approach

BACKGROUND

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the large arteries and is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) globally. Increased levels of adhesion molecules in cardiac tissue serve as prognostic markers for coronary artery occlusion risk. Given the antioxidant properties of bilirubin and its inverse correlation with atherosclerosis, this study aimed to assess the beneficial effects of bilirubin on atherosclerotic indices and heart structure in high-fat diet-fed diabetic rats with atherosclerosis.

METHODS

Atherosclerosis was induced in three out of five groups of adult male Sprague Dawley rats through a 14-week period of high-fat diet (HFD) consumption and a single low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg). The atherosclerotic rats were then treated with intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg/day bilirubin for either 6 or 14 weeks (treated and protected groups, respectively), or the vehicle. Two additional groups served as the control and bilirubin-treated rats. Subsequently, the mRNA expression levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), lectin-like LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Histopathological and stereological analyses were performed to assess changes in the heart structure.

RESULTS

Bilirubin significantly decreased the expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, LOX-1, and iNOS genes in the treated group. Moreover, bilirubin mitigated pathological damage in the left ventricle of the heart. Stereological analysis revealed a decrease in the left ventricle and myocardium volume, accompanied by an increase in vessel volume in rats treated with bilirubin.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrate that mild hyperbilirubinemia can protect against the progression of atherosclerosis and heart failure by improving lipid profile, modulating adhesion molecules, LOX-1, and iNOS gene expression levels.

Macrophages in cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets

The immune response holds a pivotal role in cardiovascular disease development. As multifunctional cells of the innate immune system, macrophages play an essential role in initial inflammatory response that occurs following cardiovascular injury, thereby inducing subsequent damage while also facilitating recovery. Meanwhile, the diverse phenotypes and phenotypic alterations of macrophages strongly associate with distinct types and severity of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease, valvular disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, atherosclerosis and aneurysm, which underscores the importance of investigating macrophage regulatory mechanisms within the context of specific diseases. Besides, recent strides in single-cell sequencing technologies have revealed macrophage heterogeneity, cell-cell interactions, and downstream mechanisms of therapeutic targets at a higher resolution, which brings new perspectives into macrophage-mediated mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. Remarkably, myocardial fibrosis, a prevalent characteristic in most cardiac diseases, remains a formidable clinical challenge, necessitating a profound investigation into the impact of macrophages on myocardial fibrosis within the context of cardiac diseases. In this review, we systematically summarize the diverse phenotypic and functional plasticity of macrophages in regulatory mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases and unprecedented insights introduced by single-cell sequencing technologies, with a focus on different causes and characteristics of diseases, especially the relationship between inflammation and fibrosis in cardiac diseases (myocardial infarction, pressure overload, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy and cardiac aging) and the relationship between inflammation and vascular injury in vascular diseases (atherosclerosis and aneurysm). Finally, we also highlight the preclinical/clinical macrophage targeting strategies and translational implications.

Radical Oxygen Species, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins, and Lectin-like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1: A Vicious Circle in Atherosclerotic Process

Atherosclerosis is a complex condition that involves the accumulation of lipids and subsequent plaque formation in the arterial intima. There are various stimuli, cellular receptors, and pathways involved in this process, but oxidative modifications of low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) are particularly important in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Ox-LDLs promote foam-cell formation, activate proinflammatory pathways, and induce smooth-muscle-cell migration, apoptosis, and cell death. One of the major receptors for ox-LDL is LOX-1, which is upregulated in several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. LOX-1 activation in endothelial cells promotes endothelial dysfunction and induces pro-atherogenic signaling, leading to plaque formation. The binding of ox-LDLs to LOX-1 increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce LOX-1 expression and oxidize LDLs, contributing to ox-LDL generation and further upregulating LOX-1 expression. This creates a vicious circle that is amplified in pathological conditions characterized by high plasma levels of LDLs. Although LOX-1 has harmful effects, the clinical significance of inhibiting this protein remains unclear. Further studies both in vitro and in vivo are needed to determine whether LOX-1 inhibition could be a potential therapeutic target to counteract the atherosclerotic process.

Ubiquitous regulation of cerebrovascular diseases by ubiquitin-modifying enzymes

Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major threat to global health. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology of CVDs is critical for the development of efficacious preventative and therapeutic approaches. Accumulating studies have highlighted the significance of ubiquitin-modifying enzymes (UMEs) in the regulation of CVDs. UMEs are a group of enzymes that orchestrate ubiquitination, a post-translational modification tightly involved in CVDs. Functionally, UMEs regulate multiple pathological processes in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, moyamoya disease, and atherosclerosis. Considering the important roles of UMEs in CVDs, they may become novel druggable targets for these diseases. Besides, techniques applying UMEs, such as proteolysis-targeting chimera and deubiquitinase-targeting chimera, may also revolutionize the therapy of CVDs in the future.

LOX-1 and MMP-9 Inhibition Attenuates the Detrimental Effects of Delayed rt-PA Therapy and Improves Outcomes After Acute Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND

Acute ischemic stroke triggers endothelial activation that disrupts vascular integrity and increases hemorrhagic transformation leading to worsened stroke outcomes. rt-PA (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator) is an effective treatment; however, its use is limited due to a restricted time window and hemorrhagic transformation risk, which in part may involve activation of MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) mediated through LOX-1 (lectin-like oxLDL [oxidized low-density lipoprotein] receptor 1). This study's overall aim was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of novel MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) ± LOX-1 inhibitors in combination with rt-PA to improve stroke outcomes.

METHODS

A rat thromboembolic stroke model was utilized to investigate the impact of rt-PA delivered 4 hours poststroke onset as well as selective MMP-9 (JNJ0966) ±LOX-1 (BI-0115) inhibitors given before rt-PA administration. Infarct size, perfusion, and hemorrhagic transformation were evaluated by 9.4-T magnetic resonance imaging, vascular and parenchymal MMP-9 activity via zymography, and neurological function was assessed using sensorimotor function testing. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells were exposed to hypoxia plus glucose deprivation/reperfusion (hypoxia plus glucose deprivation 3 hours/R 24 hours) and treated with ±tPA and ±MMP-9 ±LOX-1 inhibitors. Barrier function was assessed via transendothelial electrical resistance, MMP-9 activity was determined with zymography, and LOX-1 and barrier gene expression/levels were measured using qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR) and Western blot.

RESULTS

Stroke and subsequent rt-PA treatment increased edema, hemorrhage, MMP-9 activity, LOX-1 expression, and worsened neurological outcomes. LOX-1 inhibition improved neurological function, reduced edema, and improved endothelial barrier integrity. Elevated MMP-9 activity correlated with increased edema, infarct volume, and decreased neurological function. MMP-9 inhibition reduced MMP-9 activity and LOX-1 expression. In human brain microvascular endothelial cells, LOX-1/MMP-9 inhibition differentially attenuated MMP-9 levels, inflammation, and activation following hypoxia plus glucose deprivation/R.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that LOX-1 inhibition and ± MMP-9 inhibition attenuate negative aspects of ischemic stroke with rt-PA therapy, thus resulting in improved neurological function. While no synergistic effect was observed with simultaneous LOX-1 and MMP-9 inhibition, a distinct interaction is evident.

The possible impacts of nano and microplastics on human health: lessons from experimental models across multiple organs

The widespread production and use of plastics have resulted in accumulation of plastic debris in the environment, gradually breaking down into smaller particles over time. Nano-plastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs), defined as particles smaller than 100 nanometers and 5 millimeters, respectively, raise concerns due to their ability to enter the human body through various pathways including ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. Various investigators demonstrated that these particles may produce physical and chemical damage to human cells, tissues, and organs, disrupting cellular processes, triggering inflammation and oxidative stress, and impacting hormone and neurotransmitter balance. In addition, micro- and nano-plastics (MNPLs) may carry toxic chemicals and pathogens, exacerbating adverse effects on human health. The magnitude and nature of these effects are not yet fully understood, requiring further research for a comprehensive risk assessment. Nevertheless, evidence available suggests that accumulation of these particles in the environment and potential human uptake are causes for concern. Urgent measures to reduce plastic pollution and limit human exposure to MNPLs are necessary to safeguard human health and the environment. In this review, current knowledge regarding the influence of MNPLs on human health is summarized, including toxicity mechanisms, exposure pathways, and health outcomes across multiple organs. The critical need for additional research is also emphasized to comprehensively assess potential risks posed by degradation of MNPLs on human health and inform strategies for addressing this emerging environmental health challenge. Finally, new research directions are proposed including evaluation of gene regulation associated with MNPLs exposure.

The role of foam cells in spinal cord injury: challenges and opportunities for intervention

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a large amount of tissue cell debris in the lesion site, which interacts with various cytokines, including inflammatory factors, and the intrinsic glial environment of the central nervous system (CNS) to form an inhibitory microenvironment that impedes nerve regeneration. The efficient clearance of tissue debris is crucial for the resolution of the inhibitory microenvironment after SCI. Macrophages are the main cells responsible for tissue debris removal after SCI. However, the high lipid content in tissue debris and the dysregulation of lipid metabolism within macrophages lead to their transformation into foamy macrophages during the phagocytic process. This phenotypic shift is associated with a further pro-inflammatory polarization that may aggravate neurological deterioration and hamper nerve repair. In this review, we summarize the phenotype and metabolism of macrophages under inflammatory conditions, as well as the mechanisms and consequences of foam cell formation after SCI. Moreover, we discuss two strategies for foam cell modulation and several potential therapeutic targets that may enhance the treatment of SCI.

The multi-protective effect of IL-37-Smad3 against ox-LDL induced dysfunction of endothelial cells

Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven inflammatory arterial disease, with one crucial factor is oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), which can induce endothelial dysfunction through endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Interleukin-37 (IL-37) exerts vascular protective functions. This study aims to investigates whether IL-37 can alleviate ERS and autophagy induced by ox-LDL, therely potentialy treating atherosclerosis. We found that ox-LDL enhances the wound healing rate in Rat Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells (RCAECs) and IL-37 reduce the ox-LDL-induced pro-osteogenic response, ERS, and autophagy by binding to Smad3. In RCAECs treated with ox-LDL and recombinant human IL-37, the wound healing rate was mitigated. The expression of osteogenic transcription factors and proteins involved in the ERS pathway was reduced in the group pretreated with IL-37 and ox-LDL. However, these responses were not alleviated when Smads silenced. Electron microscopy revealed that the IL-37/Smad3 complex could suppress endoplasmic reticulum autophagy under ox-LDL stimulation. Thus, IL-37 might treat atherosclerosis through its multi-protective effect by binding Smad3.

Macrophage P2Y6 receptor deletion attenuates atherosclerosis by limiting foam cell formation through phospholipase Cβ/store-operated calcium entry/calreticulin/scavenger receptor A pathways

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Macrophage-derived foam cells play a causal role during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) highly expressed has been considered as a disease-causing factor in atherogenesis, but the detailed mechanism remains unknown. This study aims to explore P2Y6R in regulation of macrophage foaming, atherogenesis, and its downstream pathways. Furthermore, the present study sought to find a potent P2Y6R antagonist and investigate the feasibility of P2Y6R-targeting therapy for atherosclerosis.

METHODS

The P2Y6R expression was examined in human atherosclerotic plaques and mouse artery. Atherosclerosis animal models were established in whole-body P2Y6R or macrophage-specific P2Y6R knockout mice to evaluate the role of P2Y6R. RNA sequencing, DNA pull-down experiments, and proteomic approaches were performed to investigate the downstream mechanisms. High-throughput Glide docking pipeline from repurposing drug library was performed to find potent P2Y6R antagonists.

RESULTS

The P2Y6R deficiency alleviated atherogenesis characterized by decreasing plaque formation and lipid deposition of the aorta. Mechanically, deletion of macrophage P2Y6R significantly inhibited uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein through decreasing scavenger receptor A expression mediated by phospholipase Cβ/store-operated calcium entry pathways. More importantly, P2Y6R deficiency reduced the binding of scavenger receptor A to CALR, accompanied by dissociation of calreticulin and STIM1. Interestingly, thiamine pyrophosphate was found as a potent P2Y6R antagonist with excellent P2Y6R antagonistic activity and binding affinity, of which the pharmacodynamic effect and mechanism on atherosclerosis were verified.

CONCLUSIONS

Macrophage P2Y6R regulates phospholipase Cβ/store-operated calcium entry/calreticulin signalling pathway to increase scavenger receptor A protein level, thereby improving foam cell formation and atherosclerosis, indicating that the P2Y6R may be a potential therapeutic target for intervention of atherosclerotic diseases using P2Y6R antagonists including thiamine pyrophosphate.

Functional role of Ash2l in oxLDL induced endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis

Endothelial injury and dysfunction in the artery wall fuel the process of atherosclerosis. As a key epigenetic regulator, Ash2l (Absent, small, or homeotic-Like 2) is involved in regulating vascular injury and its complications. However, the role of Ash2l in atherosclerosis has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we found increased Ash2l expression in high-cholesterol diet-fed ApoE-/- mice and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) treated endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, Ash2l promoted the scavenger receptors transcription by catalyzing histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) trimethylation at the promoter region of transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and triggered the activation of the pro-inflammatory nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) by enhancing interaction between CD36 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Meanwhile, enhanced expression of scavenger receptors drove more oxLDL uptake by ECs. In vivo studies revealed that ECs-specific Ash2l knockdown reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation and promoted fibrous cap stability in the aorta of ApoE-/- mice, which was partly associated with a reduced endothelial activation by suppressing scavenger receptors and the uptake of lipids by ECs. Collectively, our findings identify Ash2l as a novel regulator that mediates endothelial injury and atherosclerosis. Targeting Ash2l may provide valuable insights for developing novel therapeutic candidates for atherosclerosis.

The role of SPP/SPPL intramembrane proteases in membrane protein homeostasis

Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and the four SPP-like proteases SPPL2a, SPPL2b, SPPL2c and SPPL3 constitute a family of aspartyl intramembrane proteases with homology to presenilins. The different members reside in distinct cellular localisations within the secretory pathway and the endo-lysosomal system. Despite individual cleavage characteristics, they all cleave single-span transmembrane proteins with a type II orientation exhibiting a cytosolic N-terminus. Though the identification of substrates is not complete, SPP/SPPL-mediated proteolysis appears to be rather selective. Therefore, according to our current understanding cleavage by SPP/SPPL proteases rather seems to serve a regulatory function than being a bulk proteolytic pathway. In the present review, we will summarise our state of knowledge on SPP/SPPL proteases and in particular highlight recently identified substrates and the functional and/or (patho)-physiological implications of these cleavage events. Based on this, we aim to provide an overview of the current open questions in the field. These are connected to the regulation of these proteases at the cellular level but also in context of disease and patho-physiological processes. Furthermore, the interplay with other proteostatic systems capable of degrading membrane proteins is beginning to emerge.

LOX-1 Receptor: A Diagnostic Tool and Therapeutic Target in Atherogenesis

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) are major contributors to atherogenesis, as endogenous antigens, via several receptors such as LOX 1. A PubMed search was conducted in order to identify relevant articles regarding LOX-1's role in the atherosclerosis, diagnosis, prognostic use and molecules that could be used for therapy. The references of the manuscripts obtained were also reviewed, in order to find additional relevant bibliography. LOX-1 is a lectin-like pattern recognition receptor, mostly expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) which can bind a variety of molecules, including oxLDL and C-reactive protein (CRP). LOX-1 plays a key role in oxLDL's role as a causative agent of atherosclerosis through several pathologic mechanisms, such as oxLDL deposition in the subintima, foam cell formation and endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, LOX-1 acts a scavenger receptor for oxLDL in macrophages and can be responsible for oxLDL uptake, when stimulated. Serum LOX-1 (sLOX-1) has emerged as a new, potential biomarker for diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes, and it seems promising for use along with other common biomarkers in everyday clinical practice. In a therapeutic perspective, natural as well as synthetic molecules exert anti-LOX-1 properties and attain the receptor's pathophysiological effects, thus extensive research is ongoing to further evaluate molecules with therapeutic potential. However, most of these molecules need further trials in order to properly assess their safety and efficacy for clinical use. The aim of this review is to investigate LOX-1 role in atherogenesis and explore its potential as diagnostic tool and therapeutic target.

Elevated soluble LOX-1 predicts risk of first-time myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

There is an unmet clinical need for novel therapies addressing the residual risk in patients receiving guideline preventive therapy for coronary heart disease. Experimental studies have identified a pro-atherogenic role of the oxidized LDL receptor LOX-1. We investigated the association between circulating soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) and the risk for development of myocardial infarction.

METHODS

The study subjects (n = 4658) were part of the Malmö Diet and Cancer study. The baseline investigation was carried out 1991-1994 and the incidence of cardiovascular events monitored through national registers during a of 19.5 ± 4.9 years follow-up. sLOX-1 and other biomarkers were analyzed by proximity extension assay and ELISA in baseline plasma.

RESULTS

Subjects in the highest tertile of sLOX-1 had an increased risk of myocardial infarction (hazard ratio (95% CI) 1.76 (1.40-2.21) as compared with those in the lowest tertile. The presence of cardiovascular risk factors was related to elevated sLOX-1, but the association between sLOX-1 and risk of myocardial infarction remained significant when adjusting for risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS

In this prospective population study we found an association between elevated sLOX-1, the presence of carotid disease and the risk for first-time myocardial infarction. Taken together with previous experimental findings of a pro-atherogenic role of LOX-1, this observation supports LOX-1 inhibition as a possible target for prevention of myocardial infarction.

Could anionic LDL be a ligand for RAGE and TREM2 in addition to LOX-1 and thus exacerbate lung disease and dementia?

We recently highlighted the potential of protein glycation to generate anionic (electronegative) surfaces. We hypothesised that these anionic proteins are perceived by the innate immune system as arising from infection or damaged cell components, producing an inflammatory response within the lung involving the receptor RAGE. We now review two other pathologies linked to the innate immune response, cardiovascular disease and dementia that involve receptors LOX-1 and TREM2 respectively. Remarkable similarities in properties between RAGE, LOX-1 and TREM2 suggest that electronegative LDL may act as a pathogenic anionic ligand for all three receptors and exacerbate lung inflammation and dementia.

Extracellular vesicles in venous thromboembolism and pulmonary hypertension

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a multifactorial disease, and pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious condition characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling leading with increased pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to right heart failure and death. Although VTE and PH have distinct primary etiologies, they share some pathophysiologic similarities such as dysfunctional vasculature and thrombosis. In both conditions there is solid evidence that EVs derived from a variety of cell types including platelets, monocytes, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells contribute to vascular endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, thrombosis, cellular activation and communications. However, the roles and importance of EVs substantially differ between studies depending on experimental conditions and parent cell origins of EVs that modify the nature of their cargo. Numerous studies have confirmed that EVs contribute to the pathophysiology of VTE and PH and increased levels of various EVs in relation with the severity of VTE and PH, confirming its potential pathophysiological role and its utility as a biomarker of disease severity and as potential therapeutic targets.

Efficacy and underlying mechanisms of berberine against lipid metabolic diseases: a review

Lipid-lowering therapy is an important tool for the treatment of lipid metabolic diseases, which are increasing in prevalence. However, the failure of conventional lipid-lowering drugs to achieve the desired efficacy in some patients, and the side-effects of these drug regimens, highlight the urgent need for novel lipid-lowering drugs. The liver and intestine are important in the production and removal of endogenous and exogenous lipids, respectively, and have an important impact on circulating lipid levels. Elevated circulating lipids predisposes an individual to lipid deposition in the vascular wall, affecting vascular function. Berberine (BBR) modulates liver lipid production and clearance by regulating cellular targets such as cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). It influences intestinal lipid synthesis and metabolism by modulating gut microbiota composition and metabolism. Finally, BBR maintains vascular function by targeting proteins such as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1). This paper elucidates and summarizes the pharmacological mechanisms of berberine in lipid metabolic diseases from a multi-organ (liver, intestine, and vascular system) and multi-target perspective.

Differences in Structural Changes and Pathophysiological Effects of Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles upon Accumulation of Acylhydroperoxy Derivatives in Their Outer Phospholipid Monolayer or upon Modification of Apoprotein B-100 by Natural Dicarbonyls

Nanoparticles of the lipid-transporting system of the organism, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) of blood plasma, are prone to free radical peroxidation with formation of their main modified forms - oxidized LDL itself (containing hydroperoxy-acyls in phospholipids of the outer layer of particles) and dicarbonyl-modified LDL (apoprotein B-100 in which chemically modified via the Maillard reaction). Based on the study of free radical oxidation kinetics of LDLs, it was found that the existing in the literature designation of "oxidized lipoproteins" is incorrect because it does not reveal the nature of oxidative modification of LDLs. It was shown in this study that the "atherogenic" LDLs (particles of which are actively captured by the cultured macrophages) are not the oxidized LDL (in which LOOH-derivatives of phospholipids are formed by enzymatic oxidation by C-15 lipoxygenase of rabbit reticulocytes), but dicarbonyl-modified LDLs. Important role of the dicarbonyl-modified LDLs in the molecular mechanisms of atherogenesis and endothelial dysfunction is discussed.

Placenta-Derived Extracellular Vesicles From Preeclamptic Pregnancies Impair Vascular Endothelial Function via Lectin-Like Oxidized LDL Receptor-1

BACKGROUND

Preeclampsia is a complex syndrome that includes maternal vascular dysfunction. Syncytiotrophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles from preeclampsia placentas (preeclampsia-STBEVs) were shown to induce endothelial dysfunction, but an endothelial transmembrane mediator is still unexplored. The LOX-1 (lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1) is a transmembrane scavenger receptor that can cause endothelial dysfunction, and its expression is increased in the endothelium of preeclampsia women. In this study, we hypothesized that LOX-1 mediates the effects of preeclampsia-STBEVs on endothelial function.

METHODS

Preeclampsia-STBEVs were collected by perfusion of placentas from women with preeclampsia and in vitro and ex vivo endothelial cell function were assessed.

RESULTS

In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, inhibition of LOX-1 with LOX-1 blocking antibody (TS20) reduced the uptake of preeclampsia-STBEVs (61.3±8.8%). TS20 prevented the activation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, a kinase downstream of LOX-1) and reduced the activation of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; 21.1±8.0%) and nitrative stress (23.2±10.3%) that was induced by preeclampsia-STBEVs. Vascular function was assessed by wire myography in isolated mesenteric arteries from pregnant rats that were incubated overnight with preeclampsia-STBEVs±TS20. TS20 prevented endothelium-dependent vasodilation impairment induced by preeclampsia-STBEVs. Nitric oxide contribution to the relaxation was reduced by preeclampsia-STBEVs, which was prevented by TS20. Superoxide dismutase or apocynin, an inhibitor of NOX (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase), restored the impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in arteries exposed to preeclampsia-STBEVs.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, our findings demonstrate that LOX-1 mediates the endothelial dysfunction induced by preeclampsia-STBEVs. Our study further expands on the mechanisms that may lead to adverse outcomes in preeclampsia and proposes LOX-1 as a potential target for future interventions.

Mechanism of the antidiabetic action of Nigella sativa and Thymoquinone: a review

Introduction

Long used in traditional medicine, Nigella sativa (NS; Ranunculaceae) has shown significant efficacy as an adjuvant therapy for diabetes mellitus (DM) management by improving glucose tolerance, decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis, normalizing blood sugar and lipid imbalance, and stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic cells. In this review, the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of NS as a herbal diabetes medication are examined in depth, demonstrating how it counteracts oxidative stress and the onset and progression of DM.

Methods

This literature review drew on databases such as Google Scholar and PubMed and various gray literature sources using search terms like the etiology of diabetes, conventional versus herbal therapy, subclinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, physiology, behavior, and clinical outcomes.

Results

The efficiency and safety of NS in diabetes, notably its thymoquinone (TQ) rich volatile oil, have drawn great attention from researchers in recent years; the specific therapeutic dose has eluded determination so far. TQ has anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties but has not proved druggable. DM's intimate link with oxidative stress, makes NS therapy relevant since it is a potent antioxidant that energizes the cell's endogenous arsenal of antioxidant enzymes. NS attenuates insulin resistance, enhances insulin signaling, suppresses cyclooxygenase-2, upregulates insulin-like growth factor-1, and prevents endothelial dysfunction in DM.

Conclusion

The interaction of NS with mainstream drugs, gut microbiota, and probiotics opens new possibilities for innovative therapies. Despite its strong potential to treat DM, NS and TQ must be examined in more inclusive clinical studies targeting underrepresented patient populations.

Immunometabolism and immune response regulate macrophage function in atherosclerosis

Macrophages are crucial in the progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In the atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages play a central role in maintaining inflammatory response, promoting plaque development, and facilitating thrombosis. Increasing studies indicate that metabolic reprogramming and immune response mediate macrophage functional changes in all stages of atherosclerosis. In this review article, we explain how metabolic changes in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, and cholesterol metabolism regulate macrophage function in atherosclerosis. We discuss how immune response to oxidized lipids regulate macrophage function in atherosclerosis. Additionally, we explore how abnormal metabolism leads to macrophage mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis.

Membrane contact sites orchestrate cholesterol homeostasis that is central to vascular aging

Chronological age causes structural and functional vascular deterioration and is a well-established risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, leading to more than 40% of all deaths in the elderly. The etiology of vascular aging is complex; a significant impact arises from impaired cholesterol homeostasis. Cholesterol level is balanced through synthesis, uptake, transport, and esterification, the processes executed by multiple organelles. Moreover, organelles responsible for cholesterol homeostasis are spatially and functionally coordinated instead of isolated by forming the membrane contact sites. Membrane contact, mediated by specific protein-protein interaction, pulls opposing organelles together and creates the hybrid place for cholesterol transfer and further signaling. The membrane contact-dependent cholesterol transfer, together with the vesicular transport, maintains cholesterol homeostasis and has intimate implications in a growing list of diseases, including vascular aging-related diseases. Here, we summarized the latest advances regarding cholesterol homeostasis by highlighting the membrane contact-based regulatory mechanism. We also describe the downstream signaling under cholesterol homeostasis perturbations, prominently in cholesterol-rich conditions, stimulating age-dependent organelle dysfunction and vascular aging. Finally, we discuss potential cholesterol-targeting strategies for therapists regarding vascular aging-related diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.

Recent advances in regulating lipid metabolism to prevent coronary heart disease

The pathogenesis of coronary heart disease is a highly complex process, with lipid metabolism disorders being closely linked to its development. Therefore, this paper analyzes the various factors that influence lipid metabolism, including obesity, genes, intestinal microflora, and ferroptosis, through a comprehensive review of basic and clinical studies. Additionally, this paper delves deeply into the pathways and patterns of coronary heart disease. Based on these findings, it proposes various intervention pathways and therapeutic methods, such as the regulation of lipoprotein enzymes, lipid metabolites, and lipoprotein regulatory factors, as well as the modulation of intestinal microflora and the inhibition of ferroptosis. Ultimately, this paper aims to offer new ideas for the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease.

Atherosclerosis, Diabetes Mellitus, and Cancer: Common Epidemiology, Shared Mechanisms, and Future Management

The involvement of cardiovascular disease in cancer onset and development represents a contemporary interest in basic science. It has been recognized, from the most recent research, that metabolic syndrome-related conditions, ranging from atherosclerosis to diabetes, elicit many pathways regulating lipid metabolism and lipid signaling that are also linked to the same framework of multiple potential mechanisms for inducing cancer. Otherwise, dyslipidemia and endothelial cell dysfunction in atherosclerosis may present common or even interdependent changes, similar to oncogenic molecules elevated in many forms of cancer. However, whether endothelial cell dysfunction in atherosclerotic disease provides signals that promote the pre-clinical onset and proliferation of malignant cells is an issue that requires further understanding, even though more questions are presented with every answer. Here, we highlight the molecular mechanisms that point to a causal link between lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis in metabolic syndrome-related atherosclerotic disease with the development of cancer. The knowledge of these breakthrough mechanisms may pave the way for the application of new therapeutic targets and for implementing interventions in clinical practice.

The regulatory role of PI3K in ageing-related diseases

Ageing is a physiological/pathological process accompanied by the progressive damage of cell function, triggering various ageing-related disorders. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which serves as one of the central regulators of ageing, is closely associated with cellular characteristics or molecular features, such as genome instability, telomere erosion, epigenetic alterations, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, the PI3K signalling pathway was firstly thoroughly explained. The link between ageing pathogenesis and the PI3K signalling pathway was then summarized. Finally, the key regulatory roles of PI3K in ageing-related illnesses were investigated and stressed. In summary, we revealed that drug development and clinical application targeting PI3K is one of the focal points for delaying ageing and treating ageing-related diseases in the future.

Macrophage scavenger receptor A1 antagonizes abdominal aortic aneurysm via upregulating IRG1

AIMS

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common, usually asymptomatic disease with high mortality and limited therapeutic options. Extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) fragmentation and transmural inflammation act as major pathological processes of AAA. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Herein, we aimed to investigate the role of scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1), a key pattern recognition receptor modulating macrophage activity, in pathogenesis of AAA.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The AAA model was generated by administration of angiotensin II (Ang II) into apolipoprotein E knockout mice or peri-arterial application of calcium phosphate in C57BJ/6L mice. We found that SR-A1 was markedly down-regulated in the macrophages isolated from murine AAA aortas. Global or myeloid-specific ablation of SR-A1 aggravated vascular inflammation, loss of vascular smooth muscle cells and degradation of the extracellular matrix. These effects of SR-A1 deficiency on AAA development were mediated by suppressed immunoresponsive gene 1 (IRG1) and increased inflammatory response in macrophages. Mechanically, binding of SR-A1 with Lyn led to STAT3 phosphorylation and translocation into the nucleus, in which STAT3 promoted IRG1 transcription through directly binding to its promoter. Restoration of macrophage SR-A1 in SR-A1-deficient mice by bone marrow transplantation or administration of 4-octyl itaconate, the derivate of IRG1 product itaconate, could relieve murine AAA.

CONCLUSION

Our study reveals a protective effect of macrophage SR-A1-STAT3-IRG1 axis against aortic aneurysm formation via inhibiting inflammation.

Vascular Inflammatory Diseases and Endothelial Phenotypes

The physiological functions of endothelial cells control vascular tone, permeability, inflammation, and angiogenesis, which significantly help to maintain a healthy vascular system. Several cardiovascular diseases are characterized by endothelial cell activation or dysfunction triggered by external stimuli such as disturbed flow, hypoxia, growth factors, and cytokines in response to high levels of low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, aging, drugs, and smoking. Increasing evidence suggests that uncontrolled proinflammatory signaling and further alteration in endothelial cell phenotypes such as barrier disruption, increased permeability, endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and metabolic reprogramming further induce vascular diseases, and multiple studies are focusing on finding the pathways and mechanisms involved in it. This review highlights the main proinflammatory stimuli and their effects on endothelial cell function. In order to provide a rational direction for future research, we also compiled the most recent data regarding the impact of endothelial cell dysfunction on vascular diseases and potential targets that impede the pathogenic process.

Abnormalities of glucose and lipid metabolism in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is a common condition in cardiovascular diseases, and the mechanism of its occurrence involves multiple complex metabolic pathways and signaling pathways. Among these pathways, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism play important roles in regulating myocardial energy metabolism. Therefore, this article focuses on the roles of glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, including glycolysis, glucose uptake and transport, glycogen metabolism and the pentose phosphate pathway; and triglyceride metabolism, fatty acid uptake and transport, phospholipid metabolism, lipoprotein metabolism, and cholesterol metabolism. Finally, due to the different alterations and development of glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, there are also complex interregulatory relationships between them. In the future, modulating the equilibrium between glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in cardiomyocytes and ameliorating aberrations in myocardial energy metabolism represent highly promising novel strategies for addressing myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, a comprehensive exploration of glycolipid metabolism can offer novel theoretical and clinical insights into the prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Untargeted Lipidomic Profiling Reveals Lysophosphatidylcholine and Ceramide as Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice

Despite the availability and use of numerous cholesterol-lowering drugs, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of mortality globally. Many researchers have focused their effort on identifying modified lipoproteins. However, lipid moieties such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and ceramide (CER) contribute to atherogenic events. LPC and CER both cause endothelial mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to fatty acid and triglyceride (TG) accumulation. In addition, they cause immune cells to differentiate into proinflammatory phenotypes. To uncover alternative therapeutic approaches other than cholesterol- and TG-lowering medications, we conducted untargeted lipidomic investigations to assess the alteration of lipid profiles in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE^-/-) mouse model, with or without feeding a high-fat diet (HFD). Results indicated that, in addition to hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia, LPC levels were two to four times higher in apoE^-/- mice compared to wild-type mice in C57BL/6 background, regardless of whether they were 8 or 16 weeks old. Sphingomyelin (SM) and CER were elevated three- to five-fold in apoE^-/- mice both at the basal level and after 16 weeks when compared to wild-type mice. After HFD treatment, the difference in CER levels elevated more than ten-fold. Considering the atherogenic properties of LPC and CER, they may also contribute to the early onset of atherosclerosis in apoE^-/- mice. In summary, the HFD-fed apoE^-/- mouse shows elevated LPC and CER contents and is a suitable model for developing LPC- and CER-lowering therapies.

Umbelliferone protects against methylglyoxal-induced HUVECs dysfunction through suppression of apoptosis and oxidative stress

Methylglyoxal (MGO), a cytotoxic metabolite of glycolysis, can cause endothelial cells impairment, which is tightly associated with diabetic vascular complication. Umbelliferone, a derivative of coumarin, participates in various pharmacological activities. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of umbelliferone in MGO-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in endothelial cells. In this study, it has been indicated that umbelliferone inhibited MGO-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cytotoxicity, apoptosis, Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio, the activity of cleaved-caspase-3, and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. Furthermore, we found that umbelliferone inhibited MGO-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways in HUVECs. In addition, umbelliferone could suppress oxidative stress, as evidenced by decrease of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (MDA) generation, and increase of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase contents. Moreover, we found that umbelliferone can activate Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Importantly, silencing of Nrf2 signaling clearly eliminated the anti-oxidative stress of umbelliferone, whereas umbelliferone pretreatment had no effect on Nrf2 overexpressing HUVECs. Altogether, this study suggested that umbelliferone pretreatment has a protective effect on MGO-induced endothelial cell dysfunction through inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress.

Schisanhenol ameliorates oxLDL-caused endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting LOX-1 signaling

Atherosclerotic lesions play a critical role in leading cardiovascular diseases. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) is a vital risk factor for atherosclerosis since it acts a crucial role in endothelial dysfunction and foam cell formation. Schisanhenol, a composition extracted from the fruit of Schisandra rubriflora, has been reported to have antioxidative effects on human LDL oxidation. This study investigates whether Schisanhenol protects against oxLDL-mediated endothelial damage by modulating the lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1)-mediated inflammatory processes. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were pre-treated with 10 or 20 μM Schisanhenol for 2 h and then exposed to 150 μg/mL oxLDL. We revealed that Schisanhenol reduced oxLDL-enhanced LOX-1 expression. We also found that oxLDL down-regulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) as well as activated inducible NOS (iNOS), thereby enhancing the generation of nitric oxide (NO). Moreover, oxLDL elevated the expression levels of phosphorylated-p38MAPK, subsequently promoting NF-κB-modulated inflammatory responses. Pretreatment with Schisanhenol exerted significant cytoprotective function in all the above-mentioned detrimental events. Results from this present study reveal that Schisanhenol has a potential therapeutic effect on preventing oxLDL-induced endothelial injuries.

LOX-1 Activation by oxLDL Induces AR and AR-V7 Expression via NF-κB and STAT3 Signaling Pathways Reducing Enzalutamide Cytotoxic Effects

The oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) is one of the most important receptors for modified LDLs, such as oxidated (oxLDL) and acetylated (acLDL) low-density lipoprotein. LOX-1 and oxLDL are fundamental in atherosclerosis, where oxLDL/LOX1 promotes ROS generation and NF-κB activation inducing the expression of IL-6, a STAT3 activator. Furthermore, LOX-1/oxLDL function has been associated with other diseases, such as obesity, hypertension, and cancer. In prostate cancer (CaP), LOX-1 overexpression is associated with advanced stages, and its activation by oxLDL induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition, increasing angiogenesis and proliferation. Interestingly, enzalutamide-resistant CaP cells increase the uptake of acLDL. Enzalutamide is an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treatment, and a high percentage of patients develop a resistance to this drug. The decreased cytotoxicity is promoted in part by STAT3 and NF-κB activation that induces the secretion of the pro-inflammatory program and the expression of AR and its splicing variant AR-V7. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that oxLDL/LOX-1 increases ROS levels and activates NF-κB, inducing IL-6 secretion and the activation of STAT3 in CRPC cells. Furthermore, oxLDL/LOX1 increases AR and AR-V7 expression and decreases enzalutamide cytotoxicity in CRPC. Thus, our investigation suggests that new factors associated with cardiovascular pathologies, such as LOX-1/oxLDL, may also promote important signaling axes for the progression of CRPC and its resistance to drugs used for its treatment.

Celastrol: The new dawn in the treatment of vascular remodeling diseases

Evidence is mounting that abnormal vascular remodeling leads to many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This suggests that vascular remodeling can be a crucial target for the prevention and treatment of CVDs. Recently, celastrol, an active ingredient of the broadly used Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has attracted extensive interest for its proven potential to improve vascular remodeling. Substantial evidence has shown that celastrol improves vascular remodeling by ameliorating inflammation, hyperproliferation, and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells, vascular calcification, endothelial dysfunction, extracellular matrix remodeling, and angiogenesis. Moreover, numerous reports have proven the positive effects of celastrol and its therapeutic promise in treating vascular remodeling diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and pulmonary artery hypertension. The present review summarizes and discusses the molecular mechanism of celastrol regulating vascular remodeling and provides preclinical proof for future clinical applications of celastrol.

Potential Biological Mediators of Myocardial and Vascular Complications of Air Pollution-A State-of-the-Art Review

Ambient air pollution is recognised globally as a significant contributor to the burden of cardiovascular diseases. The evidence from both human and animal studies supporting the cardiovascular impact of exposure to air pollution has grown substantially, implicating numerous pathophysiological pathways and related signalling mediators. In this review, we summarise the list of activated mediators for each pathway that lead to myocardial and vascular injury in response to air pollutants. We performed a systematic search of multiple databases, including articles between 1990 and Jan 2022, summarising the evidence for activated pathways in response to each significant air pollutant. Particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM_2.5) was the most studied pollutant, followed by particulate matter between 2.5 μm-10 μm (PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃). Key pathogenic pathways that emerged included activation of systemic and local inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic dysfunction. We looked at how potential mediators of each of these pathways were linked to both cardiovascular disease and air pollution and included the overlapping mediators. This review illustrates the complex relationship between air pollution and cardiovascular diseases, and discusses challenges in moving beyond associations, towards understanding causal contributions of specific pathways and markers that may inform us regarding an individual's exposure, response, and likely risk.

Abacavir causes leukocyte/platelet crosstalk by activating neutrophil P2X7 receptors thus releasing soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Abacavir, an antiretroviral drug used in HIV therapy associated with myocardial infarction, promotes thrombosis through P2X7 receptors. The role of platelets as pro-thrombotic cells is acknowledged whereas that of neutrophils-due to their secretory capacity-is gaining recognition. This study analyses the role of neutrophils-specifically the secretome of abacavir-treated neutrophils (SN_ABC )-in platelet activation that precedes thrombosis.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Effects of abacavir or SN_ABC on platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte interactions and expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) were analysed by flow cytometry. The secretome was analysed by proteomics. The role of leukocytes in the actions of abacavir was evaluated in a mouse model of thrombosis.

KEY RESULTS

Abacavir induced platelet-leukocyte interactions, not directly via effects of abacavir on platelets, but via activation of neutrophils, which triggered interactions between platelet P-selectin and neutrophil P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). SN_ABC stimulated platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte interactions through a process that was dependent on LOX-1, neutrophil P2X7 and platelet P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1 receptors. Abacavir induced the expression of LOX-1 on neutrophils and of the soluble form of LOX-1 (sLOX-1) in SN_ABC . Neutrophils, LOX-1, P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1 receptors were required for the pro-thrombotic actions of abacavir in vivo.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Neutrophils are target cells in abacavir-induced thrombosis. Abacavir released sLOX-1 from neutrophils via activation of their P2X7 receptors, which in turn activated platelets. Hence, sLOX-1 could be the missing link in the cardiovascular risk associated with abacavir.

Placenta-derived extracellular vesicles from preeclamptic and healthy pregnancies impair ex vivo vascular endothelial function

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy syndrome characterized by new-onset hypertension and end-organ dysfunction. The pathophysiology of PE remains undetermined, but it is thought that maternal vascular dysfunction plays a central role, potentially due, in part, to the release of syncytiotrophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles (STBEVs) into the maternal circulation by a dysfunctional placenta. STBEVs from normal pregnancies (NP) impair vascular function, but the effect of PE STBEVs (known to differ in composition with elevated circulating levels) on vascular function are not known. We hypothesized that PE STBEVs have more detrimental effects on vascular function compared with NP STBEVs. STBEVs were collected by perfusion of placentas from women with NP or PE. Mesenteric arteries from pregnant rats were incubated overnight with NP or PE STBEVs, and vascular function was assessed by wire myography. NP and PE STBEVs impaired endothelial function, partially by reducing nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Incubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with NP and PE STBEVs increased nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) activation, reactive oxygen species, nitrotyrosine levels, and reduced NO levels. However, PE STBEVs increased NF-κB activation and nitrotyrosine levels to a lesser extent than NP STBEVs. Taken together, no greater impact of PE STBEVs compared with NP STBEVs on endothelial function was found. However, the impaired vascular function by PE STBEVs and increased levels of STBEVs in PE suggest PE STBEVs may contribute to maternal vascular dysfunction in PE. Our study further expands on the potential mechanisms that lead to adverse outcomes in PE and provides potential targets for future interventions.

Decrease of glutathione peroxidase in arrhythmic cardiac pathology in young individuals and its therapeutic implications

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as an antioxidant enzyme, is involved in the regulation of processes that cause cellular oxidative stress, with implications in various pathologies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate GPx variations in patients with arrhythmic, non-structural cardiac disorders. The research was performed on 120 patients, with a mean age of 33 years old, divided into 3 equal groups, of which 2 groups included patients with cardiac arrhythmias, the first group, associated with dyslipidemia and the second one, without dyslipidemia, and a control group consisting of healthy individuals. The method for determining GPx was based on the GPx enzyme catalysis reaction of the reduced glutathione (GSH) oxidation reaction by cumene hydroperoxide. The results revealed that GPx variation was decreased in patients with cardiac arrhythmias, with or without dyslipidemia, up to 66 and 74% of mean control values, respectively, the differences being statistically significant, showing the existence of an oxidative stress imbalance, that may be involved in triggering arrhythmogenic electrochemical mechanisms. The GPx deficiency determined in relation to cardiac arrhythmias was in dyslipidemic and non-lipidemic patients as follows: 29-35% in sinus bradycardia, 31-35% in associated cardiac arrhythmias, 30-33% in sinus tachycardia, 27-33% in atrial fibrillation, 32-33% in atrial flutter, 27-32% in atrial extrasystolic arrhythmia, 28-30% in ventricular extrasystolic arrhythmia and 18-26% in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Collectively, the results revealed that GPx, an antioxidant enzyme, is a specific biomarker, whose decrease indicated the existence of oxidative stress in young individuals with cardiac arrhythmias and its involvement in arrhythmogenic electrochemical processes. In addition, GPx deficiencies were between 18-35% in all types of cardiac arrhythmias, the highest being recorded in sinus bradycardia and the lowest in paroxysmal supraventircular tachycardia. Furthermore, the oxidative stress favored by the decrease of GPx induced lipid oxidation, regardless of the presence or absence of dyslipidemia, which triggered the formation of anti-lipid antibodies and a subclinical endothelial aggression, with early atherosclerotic potential. GPx evaluation may argue for the existence of oxidative stress in non-structural cardiac arrhythmias, and by its proper correction (antioxidants), prophylaxis of atherogenic dysfunction.

Partial Synthetic PPARƳ Derivative Ameliorates Aorta Injury in Experimental Diabetic Rats Mediated by Activation of miR-126-5p Pi3k/AKT/PDK 1/mTOR Expression

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a world wild health care issue marked by insulin resistance, a risk factor for the metabolic disorder that exaggerates endothelial dysfunction, increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR) agonists have therapeutically mitigated hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in T2D patients. Therefore, we aimed to experimentally investigate the efficacy of newly designed synthetic PPARα/Ƴ partial agonists on a High-Fat Diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2D. Female Wistar rats (200 ± 25 g body weight) were divided into four groups. The experimental groups were fed the HFD for three consecutive weeks before STZ injection (45 mg/kg/i.p) to induce T2D. Standard reference PPARƳ agonist pioglitazone and the partial synthetic PPARƳ (PIO; 20 mg/kg/BW, orally) were administered orally for 2 weeks after 72 h of STZ injection. The aorta tissue was isolated for biological ELISA, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting investigations for vascular inflammatory endothelial mediators endothelin-1 (ET-1), intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, and anti-inflammatory vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), as well as microRNA126-5p and p-AKT/p-Pi3k/p-PDK-1/p-mTOR, endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) immunohistochemical staining all are coupled with and histopathological examination. Our results revealed that HFD/STZ-induced T2D increased fasting blood glucose, ET-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, and VIP levels, while decreasing the expression of both microRNA126-5p and p-AKT/p-Pi3k/p-PDK-1/p-mTOR phosphorylation. In contrast, the partial synthetic PPARƳ derivative evidenced a vascular alteration significantly more than reference PIO via decreasing (ET-1), ICAM-1, E-selectin, and VIP, along with increased expression of microRNA126-5p and p-AKT/p-Pi3k/p-PDK-1/p-mTOR. In conclusion, the partial synthetic PPARƳ derivative significantly affected HFD/STZ-induced T2D with vascular complications in the rat aorta.

Therapeutic potential of colchicine in cardiovascular medicine: a pharmacological review

Colchicine is an ancient herbal drug derived from Colchicum autumnale. It was first used to treat familial Mediterranean fever and gout. Based on its unique efficacy as an anti-inflammatory agent, colchicine has been used in the therapy of cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, recurrent pericarditis, vascular restenosis, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. More recently, colchicine has also shown therapeutic efficacy in alleviating cardiovascular complications of COVID-19. COLCOT and LoDoCo2 are two milestone clinical trials that confirm the curative effect of long-term administration of colchicine in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. There is growing interest in studying the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of colchicine. The anti-inflammatory action of colchicine is mediated mainly through inhibiting the assembly of microtubules. At the cellular level, colchicine inhibits the following: (1) endothelial cell dysfunction and inflammation; (2) smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration; (3) macrophage chemotaxis, migration, and adhesion; (4) platelet activation. At the molecular level, colchicine reduces proinflammatory cytokine release and inhibits NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In this review, we summarize the current clinical trials with proven curative effect of colchicine in treating cardiovascular diseases. We also systematically discuss the mechanisms of colchicine action in cardiovascular therapeutics. Altogether, colchicine, a bioactive constituent from an ancient medicinal herb, exerts unique anti-inflammatory effects and prominent cardiovascular actions, and will charter a new page in cardiovascular medicine.

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1: a novel potential therapeutic target for intracerebral hemorrhage

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1) is upregulated in neurons and participates in hypertension-induced neuronal apoptosis. OLR1 deletion exerts protective effects on cerebral damage induced by hypertensive-induced stroke. Therefore, OLR1 is likely involved in the progress of intracerebral hemorrhage. In this study, we examined the potential role of OLR1 in intracerebral hemorrhage using a rat model. OLR1 small interfering RNA (10 μL; 50 pmol/μL) was injected into the right basal ganglia to knock down OLR1. Twenty-four hours later, 0.5 U collagenase type VII was injected to induce intracerebral hemorrhage. We found that knockdown of OLR1 attenuated neurological behavior impairment in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage and reduced hematoma, neuron loss, inflammatory reaction, and oxidative stress in rat brain tissue. We also found that silencing of OLR1 suppressed ferroptosis induced by intracerebral hemorrhage and the p38 signaling pathway. Therefore, silencing OLR1 exhibits protective effects against secondary injury of intracerebral hemorrhage. These findings suggest that OLR1 may be a novel potential therapeutic target for intracerebral hemorrhage.

Soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density Lipoproteinreceptor-1 and recurrent stroke: A nested case-control study

MAIN PROBLEM

The prognostic value of soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoproteinreceptor-1 (sLOX-1) for stroke was unclearly. This study aimed to investigate the association between sLOX-1 and recurrent stroke in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA).

METHODS

Data were obtained from the Third China National Stroke Registry. Eligible cases consisted of 400 patients who developed recurrent stroke within 1-year follow-up, 800 controls were selected using age- and sex-matched with a 1:2 case-control ratio. Conditional logistic regressions were used to evaluate the association between sLOX-1 and recurrent stroke.

RESULTS

Among 1200 patients included in this study, the median (interquartile range) of sLOX-1 was 247.12 (132.81-413.58) ng/L. After adjustment for conventional confounding factors, the odds ratio with 95% confidence interval in the highest tertile versus the lowest tertile was 2.23 (1.61-3.08) for recurrent stroke, 2.31 (1.64-3.24) for ischemic stroke, 2.30 (1.66-3.19) for combined vascular events within 1-year follow-up. Furthermore, the addition of sLOX-1 to a conventional risk model had an incremental effect on predictive value for recurrent stroke (C-statistics 0.76, p < 0.0001; integrated discrimination improvement 13.38%, p < 0.0001; net reclassification improvement 55.39%, p < 0.0001). Similar results were observed when the timepoint was set up as 3 months. Subgroup analysis showed the association between higher sLOX-1 and recurrent stroke was more pronounced in patients with a history of stroke (p for interaction = 0.0062).

CONCLUSIONS

sLOX-1 was positively associated with the risk of recurrent stroke, which may be a candidate biomarker to improve risk stratification of recurrent stroke.

Identification of Key Genes as Early Warning Signals of Acute Myocardial Infarction Based on Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis and Dynamic Network Biomarker Algorithm

Purpose

The specific mechanisms and biomarkersunderlying the progression of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remain unclear. The current study aims to explore novel gene biomarkers associated with CAD progression by analyzing the transcriptomic sequencing data of peripheral blood monocytes in different stages of CAD.

Material and Methods

A total of 24 age- and sex- matched patients at different CAD stages who received coronary angiography were enrolled, which included 8 patients with normal coronary angiography, 8 patients with angiographic intermediate lesion, and 8 patients with AMI. The RNA from peripheral blood monocytes was extracted and transcriptome sequenced to analyze the gene expression and the differentially expressed genes (DEG). A Gene Oncology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed to analyze the biological function of genes. Weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to classify genes into several gene modules with similar expression profiles, and correlation analysis was carried out to explore the association of each gene module with a clinical trait. The dynamic network biomarker (DNB) algorithm was used to calculate the key genes that promote disease progression. Finally, the overlapping genes between different analytic methods were explored.

Results

WGCNA analysis identified a total of nine gene modules, of which two modules have the highest positive association with CAD stages. GO enrichment analysis indicated that the biological function of genes in these two gene modules was closely related to inflammatory response, which included T-cell activation, cell response to inflammatory stimuli, lymphocyte activation, cytokine production, and the apoptotic signaling pathway. DNB analysis identified a total of 103 genes that may play key roles in the progression of atherosclerosis plaque. The overlapping genes between DEG/WGCAN and DNB analysis identified the following 13 genes that may play key roles in the progression of atherosclerosis disease: SGPP2, DAZAP2, INSIG1, CD82, OLR1, ARL6IP1, LIMS1, CCL5, CDK7, HBP1, PLAU, SELENOS, and DNAJB6.

Conclusions

The current study identified a total of 13 genes that may play key roles in the progression of atherosclerotic plaque and provides new insights for early warning biomarkers and underlying mechanisms underlying the progression of CAD.

How Diabetes and Other Comorbidities of Elderly Patients and Their Treatment Influence Levels of Glycation Products

Medical care for geriatric patients is a great challenge, mainly due to various overlapping deficits relevant to numerous coexisting diseases, of which the most common are diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. In the case of diabetes, the glycation process is intensified, which accelerates atherosclerosis development and diabetic complications. Our goal was to investigate the relationship between the classical biochemical parameters of diabetes and atherosclerosis, as well as parameters which may indicate a nephropathy, and the parameters strictly related to glycation, taking into account the pharmacological treatment of patients. Methods: We analyzed the patients’ serum concentrations of fluorescent glycation product—pentosidine, concentrations of soluble receptors for advanced glycation products (sRAGE), lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), galectin 3 (GAL3), scavenger receptor class A (SR-A), and scavenger receptor class B (SR-BI), as well as the level of lipid peroxidation and free amine content. Among the identified correlations, the most interesting are the following: sRAGE with triglycerides (r = 0.47, p = 0.009), sRAGE with SR-BI (r = 0.47, p = 0.013), SR-BI with LOX-1 (r = 0.31, p = 0.013), and SR-BI with HDL (r = −0.30, p = 0.02). It has been shown that pentosidine and reactive free amine contents are significantly higher in elderly patients with ischemic heart disease. Pentosidine is also significantly higher in patients with arterial hypertension. Malondialdehyde turned out to be higher in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 that was not treated with insulin or metformin than in those treated with both medications (p = 0.052). GAL3 was found to be lower both in persons without diabetes and in diabetics treated with metformin (p = 0.005). LOX-1 was higher in diabetic patients not treated with metformin or insulin, and lowest in diabetics treated with both insulin and metformin, with the effect of metformin reducing LOX-1 levels (p = 0.039). Our results were the basis for a discussion about the diagnostic value in the clinical practice of LOX-1 and GAL3 in geriatric patients with diabetes and also provide grounds for inferring the therapeutic benefits of insulin and metformin treatment.