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Schroder JN, Patel CB, DeVore AD, Bryner BS, Casalinova S, Shah A, Smith JW, Fiedler AG, Daneshmand M, Silvestry S, Geirsson A, Pretorius V, Joyce DL, Um JY, Esmailian F, Takeda K, Mudy K, Shudo Y, Salerno CT, Pham SM, Goldstein DJ, Philpott J, Dunning J, Lozonschi L, Couper GS, Mallidi HR, Givertz MM, Pham DT, Shaffer AW, Kai M, Quader MA, Absi T, Attia TS, Shukrallah B, Sun BC, Farr M, Mehra MR, Madsen JC, Milano CA, D'Alessandro DA. Transplantation Outcomes with Donor Hearts after Circulatory Death. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:2121-2131. [PMID: 37285526 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2212438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data showing the efficacy and safety of the transplantation of hearts obtained from donors after circulatory death as compared with hearts obtained from donors after brain death are limited. METHODS We conducted a randomized, noninferiority trial in which adult candidates for heart transplantation were assigned in a 3:1 ratio to receive a heart after the circulatory death of the donor or a heart from a donor after brain death if that heart was available first (circulatory-death group) or to receive only a heart that had been preserved with the use of traditional cold storage after the brain death of the donor (brain-death group). The primary end point was the risk-adjusted survival at 6 months in the as-treated circulatory-death group as compared with the brain-death group. The primary safety end point was serious adverse events associated with the heart graft at 30 days after transplantation. RESULTS A total of 180 patients underwent transplantation; 90 (assigned to the circulatory-death group) received a heart donated after circulatory death and 90 (regardless of group assignment) received a heart donated after brain death. A total of 166 transplant recipients were included in the as-treated primary analysis (80 who received a heart from a circulatory-death donor and 86 who received a heart from a brain-death donor). The risk-adjusted 6-month survival in the as-treated population was 94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88 to 99) among recipients of a heart from a circulatory-death donor, as compared with 90% (95% CI, 84 to 97) among recipients of a heart from a brain-death donor (least-squares mean difference, -3 percentage points; 90% CI, -10 to 3; P<0.001 for noninferiority [margin, 20 percentage points]). There were no substantial between-group differences in the mean per-patient number of serious adverse events associated with the heart graft at 30 days after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS In this trial, risk-adjusted survival at 6 months after transplantation with a donor heart that had been reanimated and assessed with the use of extracorporeal nonischemic perfusion after circulatory death was not inferior to that after standard-care transplantation with a donor heart that had been preserved with the use of cold storage after brain death. (Funded by TransMedics; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03831048.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob N Schroder
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Chetan B Patel
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Adam D DeVore
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Benjamin S Bryner
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Sarah Casalinova
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Ashish Shah
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Jason W Smith
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Amy G Fiedler
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Mani Daneshmand
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Scott Silvestry
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Arnar Geirsson
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Victor Pretorius
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - David L Joyce
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - John Y Um
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Fardad Esmailian
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Koji Takeda
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Karol Mudy
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Yasuhiro Shudo
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Christopher T Salerno
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Si M Pham
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Daniel J Goldstein
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Jonathan Philpott
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - John Dunning
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Lucian Lozonschi
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Gregory S Couper
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Hari Reddy Mallidi
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Michael M Givertz
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Duc Thinh Pham
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Andrew W Shaffer
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Masashi Kai
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Mohammed A Quader
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Tarek Absi
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Tamer S Attia
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Bassam Shukrallah
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Ben C Sun
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Maryjane Farr
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Mandeep R Mehra
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Joren C Madsen
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - Carmelo A Milano
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
| | - David A D'Alessandro
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.N.S., C.B.P., A.D.D., S.C., C.A.M.); Northwestern University (B.S.B., D.T.P.) and the University of Chicago (C.T.S.) - both in Chicago; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.S., T.A.); University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison (J.W.S.), and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.L.J.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.G.F.), the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (V.P.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (F.E.), and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (Y.S.) - all in California; Emory University Hospital, Atlanta (M.D., T.S.A.); Advent Health, Orlando (S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville (S.M.P.), and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa (J.D., L.L.) - all in Florida; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (A.G.); Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.Y.U.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York (K.T.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx (D.J.G.), and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla (M.K.) - all in New York; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation (K.M., B.S., B.C.S.) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center (A.W.S.) - both in Minneapolis; Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk (J.P.), and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.Q.) - both in Virginia; Tufts Medical Center (G.S.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (H.R.M., M.M.G., M.R.M.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.C.M., D.A.D.) - all in Boston; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.F.)
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