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Tian Y, Zhan Y, Jiang Q, Lu W, Li X. Expression and function of PDGF-C in development and stem cells. Open Biol 2021; 11:210268. [PMID: 34847773 PMCID: PMC8633783 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) is a relatively new member of the PDGF family, discovered nearly 20 years after the finding of platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) and platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B). PDGF-C is generally expressed in most organs and cell types. Studies from the past 20 years have demonstrated critical roles of PDGF-C in numerous biological, physiological and pathological processes, such as development, angiogenesis, tumour growth, tissue remodelling, wound healing, atherosclerosis, fibrosis, stem/progenitor cell regulation and metabolism. Understanding PDGF-C expression and activities thus will be of great importance to various research disciplines. In this review, however, we mainly discuss the expression and functions of PDGF-C and its receptors in development and stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Jiang
- Ophthalmic Department, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Li H, Zeitelhofer M, Nilsson I, Liu X, Allan L, Gloria B, Perani A, Murone C, Catimel B, Neville AM, Scott FE, Scott AM, Eriksson U. Development of monoclonal anti-PDGF-CC antibodies as tools for investigating human tissue expression and for blocking PDGF-CC induced PDGFRα signalling in vivo. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201089. [PMID: 30052660 PMCID: PMC6063412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PDGF-CC is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family that stimulates PDGFRα phosphorylation and thereby activates intracellular signalling events essential for development but also in cancer, fibrosis and neuropathologies involving blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. In order to elucidate the biological and pathological role(s) of PDGF-CC signalling, we have generated high affinity neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing human PDGF-CC. We determined the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of the selected clones, and mapped the binding epitope for clone 6B3. Using the monoclonal 6B3, we determined the expression pattern for PDGF-CC in different human primary tumours and control tissues, and explored its ability to neutralize PDGF-CC-induced phosphorylation of PDGFRα. In addition, we showed that PDGF-CC induced disruption of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) was significantly reduced upon intraperitoneal administration of a chimeric anti-PDGF-CC antibody. In summary, we report on high affinity monoclonal antibodies against PDGF-CC that have therapeutic efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Zeitelhofer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xicong Liu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Allan
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin Gloria
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angelo Perani
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carmel Murone
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruno Catimel
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A. Munro Neville
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fiona E. Scott
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Scott
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ulf Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Park HL, Kim YJ, Na HN, Park MY, Kim JY, Yun CW, Nam JH. IK induced by coxsackievirus B3 infection transiently downregulates expression of MHC class II through increasing cAMP. Viral Immunol 2013; 26:13-24. [PMID: 23409929 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression is critical for the presentation of antigens in the immune response to viral infection. Consequently, some viruses regulate the MHC class II-mediated presentation of viral antigens as a mechanism of immune escape. In this study, we found that Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection transiently increased IK expression, which reduced the expression of MHC class II (I-A/I-E) on splenic B cells. Interestingly, CVB3-induced IK elevated cAMP, a downstream molecule of the G protein-coupled receptors, which inhibited MHC class II presentation on B cells. Transgenic mice expressing truncated IK showed lower expression of MHC class II on B cells than did wild-type mice after CVB3 infection. Taken together, these results imply that IK plays a role in downregulating MHC class II expression on B cells during CVB3 infection through the induction of cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Lim Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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4
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Li M, Wang X, Xie Y, Xie Y, Zhang X, Zou Y, Ge J, Chen R. Initial weight and virus dose: two factors affecting the onset of acute coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis in C57BL/6 mouse—a histopathology-based study. Cardiovasc Pathol 2013; 22:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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5
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Martin IV, Borkham-Kamphorst E, Zok S, van Roeyen CRC, Eriksson U, Boor P, Hittatiya K, Fischer HP, Wasmuth HE, Weiskirchen R, Eitner F, Floege J, Ostendorf T. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C neutralization reveals differential roles of PDGF receptors in liver and kidney fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 182:107-17. [PMID: 23141925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) are key mediators of organ fibrosis. We investigated whether PDGF-C(-/-) mice or mice treated with neutralizing PDGF-C antibodies are protected from bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis, and we compared the effects with those of PDGF-C deficiency or neutralization on kidney fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to kidney fibrosis, PDGF-C deficiency or antagonism did not protect from liver fibrosis or functional liver impairment. Furthermore, the hepatic infiltration of monocytes/macrophages/dendritic cells and chemokine mRNA expression (CC chemokine ligand [CCL]5, CCL2, and CC chemokine receptor 2 [CCR2]) remained unchanged. Transcript expression of PDGF ligands increased in both liver and kidney fibrosis and was not affected by neutralization of PDGF-C. In kidney fibrosis, PDGF-C deficiency or antagonism led to reduced expression and signaling of PDGF-receptor (R)-α- and PDGFR-β-chains. In contrast, in liver fibrosis there was either no difference (PDGF-C(-/-) mice) or even an upregulation of PDGFR-β and signaling (anti-PDGF-C group). Finally, in vitro studies in portal myofibroblasts pointed to a predominant role of PDGF-B and PDGF-D signaling in liver fibrosis. In conclusion, our study revealed significant differences between kidney and liver fibrosis in that PDGF-C mediates kidney fibrosis, whereas antagonism of PDGF-C in liver fibrosis appears to be counteracted by significant upregulation and increased PDGFR-β signaling. PDGF-C antagonism, therefore, may not be effective to treat liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina V Martin
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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6
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Wu D, Wang M, Wang X, Yin N, Song T, Li H, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Ye Z, Yu J, Wang DM, Zhao Z. Maternal transmission effect of a PDGF-C SNP on nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without palate from a Chinese population. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46477. [PMID: 23029525 PMCID: PMC3460900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip with or without palate (CL/P) is a common congenital anomaly with a high birth prevalence in China. Based on a previous linkage signal of nonsyndromic CL/P (NSCL/P) on the chromosomal region 4q31–q32 from the Chinese populations, we screened the 4q31–q32 region for susceptibility genes in 214 trios of Han Chinese. PDGF-C, an important developmental factor, resides in the region and has been implicated in NSCL/P. However, in our family-based association test (transmission disequilibrium test; TDT), we could not conclude an association between PDGF-C and NSCL/P as previously suggested. Instead, we found strong evidence for parent-of-origin effect at a PDGF-C SNP, rs17035464, by a likelihood ratio test (unadjusted p-value = 0.0018; Im = 2.46). The location of rs17035464 is 13 kb downstream of a previously reported, NSCL/P-associated SNP, rs28999109. Furthermore, a patient from our sample trios was observed with a maternal segmental uniparental isodisomy (UPD) in a region containing rs17035464. Our findings support the involvement of PDGF-C in the development of oral clefts; moreover, the UPD case report contributes to the collective knowledge of rare variants in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Children Hospital Affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningbei Yin
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Li
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbiao Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqing Ye
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Duen-Mei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (DMW); (ZZ)
| | - Zhenmin Zhao
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- People's Hospital of Jincheng City, Jincheng, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (DMW); (ZZ)
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7
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Pohlers D, Brenmoehl J, Löffler I, Müller CK, Leipner C, Schultze-Mosgau S, Stallmach A, Kinne RW, Wolf G. TGF-beta and fibrosis in different organs - molecular pathway imprints. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:746-56. [PMID: 19539753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The action of transforming-growth-factor (TGF)-beta following inflammatory responses is characterized by increased production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, as well as mesenchymal cell proliferation, migration, and accumulation. Thus, TGF-beta is important for the induction of fibrosis often associated with chronic phases of inflammatory diseases. This common feature of TGF-related pathologies is observed in many different organs. Therefore, in addition to the description of the common TGF-beta-pathway, this review focuses on TGF-beta-related pathogenetic effects in different pathologies/organs, i. e., arthritis, diabetic nephropathy, colitis/Crohn's disease, radiation-induced fibrosis, and myocarditis (including their similarities and dissimilarities). However, TGF-beta exhibits both exacerbating and ameliorating features, depending on the phase of disease and the site of action. Due to its central role in severe fibrotic diseases, TGF-beta nevertheless remains an attractive therapeutic target, if targeted locally and during the fibrotic phase of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Pohlers
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Waldkrankenhaus Rudolf Elle Eisenberg, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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8
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PDGF-A, -C, and -D but not PDGF-B Increase TGF-β1 and Chronic Rejection in Rat Cardiac Allografts. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:691-8. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.178558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Chronic rejection is the main reason for the poor long-term survival of heart transplant recipients and is characterized by cardiac allograft inflammation, fibrosis, and arteriosclerosis. We examined the specific roles of different platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) ligands (A–D)—potent mesenchymal cell mitogens—in rat cardiac allografts.
Methods and Results—
PDGFR-α mRNA was upregulated in acutely-rejecting, and PDGF-A and PDGF-C mRNA in chronically-rejecting cardiac¢hatn allografts. In acute rejection, PDGFR-α immunoreactivity increased in the media of arteries. In chronically-rejecting allografts, immunoreactivity of all PDGF ligands and receptors—except that of PDGF-B ligand—was found in the intima of arteries, and the expression of PDGF-A and PDGF-C was seen in cardiomyocytes. Intracoronary adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV2)-mediated PDGF-A and -D gene transfer enhanced cardiac allograft inflammation. AAV2-PDGF-A, AAV2-PDGF-C, and AAV2-PDGF-D significantly upregulated profibrotic TGF-β1 mRNA and accelerated cardiac fibrosis and arteriosclerosis. In contrast, AAV2-PDGF-B did not aggravate chronic rejection.
Conclusions—
We found that alloimmune response induces PDGF-A, PDGF-C, and PDGF-D expression in the graft vasculature. PDGF-A, PDGF-C, and PDGF-D mediated profibrotic and proarteriosclerotic effects in transplanted hearts involving the TGF-β1 pathway. Inhibition of signaling of all PDGF-ligands except that of PDGF-B may thus be needed to inhibit chronic rejection in cardiac allografts.
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Leipner C, Grün K, Müller A, Buchdunger E, Borsi L, Kosmehl H, Berndt A, Janik T, Uecker A, Kiehntopf M, Böhmer FD. Imatinib mesylate attenuates fibrosis in coxsackievirus b3-induced chronic myocarditis. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:118-26. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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10
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Eitner F, Bücher E, van Roeyen C, Kunter U, Rong S, Seikrit C, Villa L, Boor P, Fredriksson L, Bäckström G, Eriksson U, Ostman A, Floege J, Ostendorf T. PDGF-C is a proinflammatory cytokine that mediates renal interstitial fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:281-9. [PMID: 18184860 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Eitner
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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11
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Yun SH, Shin JO, Lim BK, Kim KL, Gil CO, Kim DK, Jeon ES. Change in the cells that express connective tissue growth factor in acute Coxsackievirus-induced myocardial fibrosis in mouse. Virus Res 2007; 126:62-8. [PMID: 17350707 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis and inflammation are major pathologic conditions that result from viral myocarditis. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) stimulates fibroblast proliferation and induces production of extracellular matrix molecules. We studied the correlation between CTGF and cardiac fibrosis in an acute Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) myocarditis animal model. Eight-week-old BALB/c mice were infected intraperitoneally with 10(4) plaque forming units (PFU) of CVB3. Myocardial inflammation peaked on day 7 and decreased markedly by day 14 post-infection (pi); cardiac fibrosis was noted from day 7 and peaked on day 14. By contrast, CTGF was weakly expressed by the interstitial cells in uninfected control hearts and also in the hearts of day 3 pi. CTGF expression measured by real-time PCR was elevated on day 3 and peaked on day 7 pi. TGF-beta expression peaked at day 7 pi. The cell type of CTGF expression changed from interstitial cells to myocytes after virus infection. On day 7, CTGF was strongly expressed by myocytes and inflammatory cells surrounding calcified necrotic areas. In addition, cardiac myocytes expressed CTGF on day 14. Our results, based on an acute CVB3 model of myocarditis, provide evidence that CTGF may mediate the development of fibrosis after viral myocarditis, and that the cells expressed CTGF changes during the course of viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyeon Yun
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, 50 Il-won Dong, Kangnam-Ku, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
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12
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Kim K, Kanno T, Chapman NM, Tracy S. Genetic determinants of virulence in the group B coxsackieviruses. Future Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.1.5.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) are well-studied human enteroviruses that are established causes of numerous serious human diseases. Characterized differences in CVB genomes of different strains affect the ability with which specific strains induce disease in the mouse host and, by inference, in humans as well. The first hurdle is to define specific examples of CVB genetic changes that are associated with pathogenic phenotypes. Such differences have been mapped both to coding and noncoding genomic regions. Many studies have used laboratory-derived strains to identify genetic differences that are essential to phenotype expression, work that is valuable but requires confirmation from studies of wild-type isolates. Rapid viral replication is closely associated with acute disease, indicating a key role for viral damage to the host, while host-mediated responses to the viral infection and viral persistence over a longer period of time indicate other roles for the virus in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisoon Kim
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - Toru Kanno
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - Nora M Chapman
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - Steven Tracy
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
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Pohlers D, Huber R, Ukena B, Kinne RW. Expression of platelet-derived growth factors C and D in the synovial membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:788-94. [PMID: 16508943 DOI: 10.1002/art.21670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of the recently discovered platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) and PDGF-D in the synovial membrane (SM) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and to assess the localization and cellular source of these proteins in the SM and their functional influence on synovial fibroblasts. METHODS Expression of mRNA for PDGFs A, B, C, and D as well as for PDGF receptor (PDGFR) alpha and beta chains in RA and OA SM samples was assessed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Protein levels of PDGF-C and PDGF-D were quantified by immunoblotting. Regional and cellular localization of PDGF-C and PDGF-D in the SM was investigated by double-staining immunohistochemistry. In addition, the influence of PDGF-D on the proliferation of synovial fibroblasts and their matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1) mRNA expression were determined. RESULTS The expression of mRNA for PDGFs A, B, and C and for PDGFR alpha and beta chains was comparable in RA and OA SM samples; in contrast, the expression of mRNA for PDGF-D was significantly higher in OA SM. PDGF-C protein was not differentially expressed in OA and RA. The expression of PDGF-D protein was significantly higher in RA SM (full-length and activated form). PDGF-C and PDGF-D were expressed throughout the SM (lining layer, diffuse infiltrates, and stroma) by both synovial fibroblasts and macrophages. In addition, PDGF-D increased the proliferation of synovial fibroblasts and the expression of mRNA for MMP-1. CONCLUSION PDGF-C and PDGF-D are expressed by synovial fibroblasts and macrophages in RA and OA SMs. The levels of PDGF-D protein were significantly higher in RA SM. In addition, PDGF-D stimulated synovial fibroblast proliferation and expression of MMP-1. These findings may have pathogenetic implications for cellular transformation and matrix remodeling in the RA SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Pohlers
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Department of Orthopedics, Jena, Germany.
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14
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Reigstad LJ, Varhaug JE, Lillehaug JR. Structural and functional specificities of PDGF-C and PDGF-D, the novel members of the platelet-derived growth factors family. FEBS J 2005; 272:5723-41. [PMID: 16279938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family was for more than 25 years assumed to consist of only PDGF-A and -B. The discovery of the novel family members PDGF-C and PDGF-D triggered a search for novel activities and complementary fine tuning between the members of this family of growth factors. Since the expansion of the PDGF family, more than 60 publications on the novel PDGF-C and PDGF-D have been presented, highlighting similarities and differences to the classical PDGFs. In this paper we review the published data on the PDGF family covering structural (gene and protein) similarities and differences among all four family members, with special focus on PDGF-C and PDGF-D expression and functions. Little information on the protein structures of PDGF-C and -D is currently available, but the PDGF-C protein may be structurally more similar to VEGF-A than to PDGF-B. PDGF-C contributes to normal development of the heart, ear, central nervous system (CNS), and kidney, while PDGF-D is active in the development of the kidney, eye and brain. In adults, PDGF-C is active in the kidney and the central nervous system. PDGF-D also plays a role in the lung and in periodontal mineralization. PDGF-C is expressed in Ewing family sarcoma and PDGF-D is linked to lung, prostate and ovarian cancers. Both PDGF-C and -D play a role in progressive renal disease, glioblastoma/medulloblastoma and fibrosis in several organs.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Codon, Initiator
- Codon, Terminator
- Cysteine/chemistry
- Dimerization
- Disulfides/chemistry
- Exons
- Humans
- Introns
- Lymphokines/chemistry
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Lymphokines/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/chemistry
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/genetics
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Sorting Signals
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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15
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Yang D, Qiu D. Linkage between elevated PDGF-C expression and myocardial fibrogenesis in coxsackievirus B3-induced chronic myocarditis. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:642-3. [PMID: 15757957 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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