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Sadeghi Mofrad S, Boozarjomehri Amnieh S, Pakzad MR, Zardadi M, Ghazanfari Jajin M, Anvari E, Moghaddam S, Fateh A. The death rate of COVID-19 infection in different SARS-CoV-2 variants was related to C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:703. [PMID: 38184750 PMCID: PMC10771501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP) is a significant independent risk factor for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A link was found between serum CRP and genetic diversity within the CRP gene in earlier research. This study examined whether CRP rs1205 and rs1800947 polymorphisms were associated with COVID-19 mortality among various severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. We genotyped CRP rs1205 and rs1800947 polymorphisms in 2023 deceased and 2307 recovered patients using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. There was a significant difference between the recovered and the deceased patients in terms of the minor allele frequency of CRP rs1205 T and rs1800947 G. In all three variants, COVID-19 mortality rates were associated with CRP rs1800947 GG genotype. Furthermore, CRP rs1205 CC and rs1800947 GG genotypes showed higher CRP levels. It was found that the G-T haplotype was prevalent in all SARS-CoV-2 variants. The C-C and C-T haplotypes were statistically significant in Delta and Omicron BA.5 variants, respectively. In conclusion, polymorphisms within the CRP gene may relate to serum CRP levels and mortality among COVID-19 patients. In order to verify the utility of CRP polymorphism correlation in predicting COVID-19 mortality, a replication of these results is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sadeghi Mofrad
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Pakzad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Medical Science Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mina Zardadi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Enayat Anvari
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Sina Moghaddam
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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The Influence of Treatment with PCSK9 Inhibitors and Variants in the CRP (rs1800947), TNFA (rs1800629), and IL6 (rs1800795) Genes on the Corresponding Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Very High Lipoprotein(a) Levels. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9050127. [PMID: 35621838 PMCID: PMC9146305 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9050127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation contributes significantly to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. However, the factors that lead to an inflammatory imbalance towards a proinflammatory state are not yet fully understood. The CRP rs1800947, TNFA rs1800629, and IL6 rs1800795 polymorphisms may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and were therefore selected to investigate the influence of genetic variability on the corresponding plasma levels after treatment with a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor. A group of 69 patients with stable coronary artery disease after myocardial infarction before the age of 50 years and very high lipoprotein(a) levels were enrolled in the study. All patients received a PCSK9 inhibitor (evolocumab or alirocumab). Genotyping was performed using TaqMan assays (CRP rs1800947, TNFA rs1800629, and IL6 rs1800795). Consistent with previous studies, no significant change in levels of inflammatory biomarkers was observed after 6 months of treatment with PCSK9 inhibitors. We also did not detect any significant association between single nucleotide polymorphisms CRP rs1800947, TNFA rs1800629, and IL6 rs1800795 and plasma levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), or interleukin 6 (IL6), respectively, at enrollment. However, the difference in IL6 levels after treatment with PCSK9 inhibitors was statistically significant (p = 0.050) in patients with IL6-74CC genotype, indicating the possible role of the IL6 rs1800795 polymorphism in modulating inflammation.
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Influence of air pollutants on circulating inflammatory cells and microRNA expression in acute myocardial infarction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5350. [PMID: 35354890 PMCID: PMC8967857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollutants increase the risk and mortality of myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of this study was to assess the inflammatory changes in circulating immune cells and microRNAs in MIs related to short-term exposure to air pollutants. We studied 192 patients with acute coronary syndromes and 57 controls with stable angina. For each patient, air pollution exposure in the 24-h before admission, was collected. All patients underwent systematic circulating inflammatory cell analyses. According to PM2.5 exposure, 31 patients were selected for microRNA analyses. STEMI patients exposed to PM2.5 showed a reduction of CD4+ regulatory T cells. Furthermore, in STEMI patients the exposure to PM2.5 was associated with an increase of miR-146a-5p and miR-423-3p. In STEMI and NSTEMI patients PM2.5 exposure was associated with an increase of miR-let-7f-5p. STEMI related to PM2.5 short-term exposure is associated with changes involving regulatory T cells, miR-146a-5p and miR-423-3p.
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Arouca AB, Meirhaeghe A, Dallongeville J, Moreno LA, Lourenço GJ, Marcos A, Huybrechts I, Manios Y, Lambrinou CP, Gottrand F, Kafatos A, Kersting M, Sjöström M, Widhalm K, Ferrari M, Molnár D, González-Gross M, Forsner M, De Henauw S, Michels N. Interplay between the Mediterranean diet and C-reactive protein genetic polymorphisms towards inflammation in adolescents. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:1919-1926. [PMID: 31500937 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM From a nutrigenetics perspective, we aim to investigate the moderating role of the Mediterranean diet and each of its subgroups in the association between C-reactive protein (CRP) gene polymorphisms and CRP blood concentration in adolescents. METHODS In 562 adolescents (13-17 y) of the European HELENA study, data was available on circulating CRP levels as inflammatory biomarker, three CRP gene SNPs (rs3093068, rs1204, rs1130864), food intake determined by a self-administered computerized 24 h-dietary recall for 2 days, and body composition. A 9-point Mediterranean diet score and each food subgroup were tested as moderator via SNP*diet interaction. Analyzes were adjusted for age, sex, puberty, adiposity and socioeconomic status. RESULTS The minor allele frequencies of rs3093068 and rs1130864 SNPs (GG and TT, respectively) were associated with higher CRP concentrations, while rs1205 (CT/TT) was associated with lower CRP concentrations. There were significant interactions between rs3093068 and Mediterranean diet (B = -0.1139, p = 0.011), or the fish food subgroup (B = -0.0090, p = 0.022), so that those with the highest genetic CRP risk underwent the highest CRP attenuation by a healthier diet. Although the effect of diet and SNP was substantial, the explained variance by interaction was only 1%. CONCLUSION Greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet and particularly its fish component was associated with a lower CRP blood concentrations especially in those at highest genetic risk due to the rs3093068 SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline B Arouca
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Aline Meirhaeghe
- UMR1167, RID-AGE, Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Centre Hosp. Univ Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Jean Dallongeville
- UMR1167, RID-AGE, Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Centre Hosp. Univ Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD: "Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development" Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gustavo Jacob Lourenço
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | - Christina-Paulina Lambrinou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | - Mathilde Kersting
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, Pediatric University Clinic, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
| | - Michael Sjöström
- Department of Biosciences, Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marika Ferrari
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Italy.
| | - Denes Molnár
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Marcela González-Gross
- ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
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de Santis IP, Lindenau JDR, Ramos RB, Silva TR, Casanova G, Oppermann K, Spritzer PM. C-reactive protein gene rs1205 polymorphism is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation in postmenopausal women. Womens Midlife Health 2020; 6:3. [PMID: 32514365 PMCID: PMC7254645 DOI: 10.1186/s40695-020-00051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in postmenopausal women, and inflammation is a key mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has been used as a biomarker of inflammation. Considering that CRP gene rs1205 polymorphism has been associated with hs-CRP circulating levels, we evaluated whether rs1205 genotypes influence the presence of low-grade chronic inflammation, acting as a marker of cardiovascular risk. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study with biobanked blood samples from 327 postmenopausal women with no evidence of clinical disease. Genotyping for rs1205 C > T SNP of the CRP gene was done by real-time polymerase chain reaction with allelic discrimination assays. Results Mean age was 55.6 ± 5.6 years. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.3 ± 4.7. Participants were divided according to hs-CRP levels: ≥3 mg/l (low-grade chronic inflammation) or < 3 mg/l. The frequency of allele C at rs1205 was 74.2% in the hs-CRP ≥ 3 mg/l group vs. 59% in the hs-CRP < 3 mg/l. In a multivariable model, higher prevalence of hs-CRP ≥ 3 mg/l was associated with CC genotype (PR 1.53; 95%CI 1.07-2.18; p = 0.018) and waist circumference ≥ 88 cm (PR 2.45; 95%CI 1.66-3.60; p < 0.001). Conclusions CRP rs1205 CC homozygotes may be at higher risk of a low-grade chronic inflammatory status compared to individuals carrying the T allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iriane Prado de Santis
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP, Porto Alegre, RS 90035 003 Brazil
| | - Juliana Dal-Ri Lindenau
- Department of Cell Biology, Embriology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC Brazil
| | - Ramon Bossardi Ramos
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP, Porto Alegre, RS 90035 003 Brazil.,Health Sciences School, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Thais Rasia Silva
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP, Porto Alegre, RS 90035 003 Brazil
| | - Gislaine Casanova
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP, Porto Alegre, RS 90035 003 Brazil.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Karen Oppermann
- Medical School of Universidade de Passo Fundo and São Vicente de Paulo Hospital, Rua Teixeira Soares 885/704, CEP, Passo Fundo, RS 99010-081 Brazil
| | - Poli Mara Spritzer
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP, Porto Alegre, RS 90035 003 Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Reynoso-Villalpando GL, Padilla-Gutiérrez JR, Valdez-Haro A, Casillas-Muñoz F, Muñoz-Valle JF, Castellanos-Nuñez E, Chávez-Herrera JC, Valle Y. Relationship Between C-Reactive Protein Serum Concentration and the 1846 C>T (rs1205) Polymorphism in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome from Western Mexico. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:334-340. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Lizet Reynoso-Villalpando
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Edificio Q, Primer piso, Colonia Independencia, Guadalajara, México
- Doctorado en Genetica Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Guadalajara, México
| | - Jorge Ramón Padilla-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Edificio Q, Primer piso, Colonia Independencia, Guadalajara, México
| | - Angélica Valdez-Haro
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Edificio Q, Primer piso, Colonia Independencia, Guadalajara, México
- Doctorado en Genetica Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Guadalajara, México
| | - Fidel Casillas-Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Edificio Q, Primer piso, Colonia Independencia, Guadalajara, México
- Doctorado en Genetica Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Guadalajara, México
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Edificio Q, Primer piso, Colonia Independencia, Guadalajara, México
| | - Edgar Castellanos-Nuñez
- Specialty in Cardiology, IMSS, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Guadalajara, México
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), Departamento de Cardiología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, México
| | - Juan Carlos Chávez-Herrera
- Specialty in Cardiology, IMSS, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Guadalajara, México
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), Departamento de Cardiología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, México
| | - Yeminia Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdG), Edificio Q, Primer piso, Colonia Independencia, Guadalajara, México
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Rückerl R, Schneider A, Hampel R, Breitner S, Cyrys J, Kraus U, Gu J, Soentgen J, Koenig W, Peters A. Association of novel metrics of particulate matter with vascular markers of inflammation and coagulation in susceptible populations -results from a panel study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:337-347. [PMID: 27344265 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epidemiological studies have shown adverse effects of ambient air pollutants on health with inflammation and oxidative stress playing an important role. We examine the association between blood biomarkers of inflammation and coagulation and physical attributes of particulate matter which are not routinely measured such as particle length or surface area concentration and apparent density of PM. METHODS Between 3/2007 and 12/2008 187 non-smoking individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were examined within the framework of the KORA Study in Augsburg, Germany. In addition, we selected 87 participants with a potential genetic predisposition on detoxifying and inflammatory pathways. This was defined by the null polymorphism for glutathione S-transferase M1 in combination with a certain single nucleotide polymorphism on the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene (rs1205) or the fibrinogen gene (rs1800790). Participants had blood drawn up to seven different times, resulting in 1765 blood samples. Air pollutants were collected at a central measurement station and individual 24-h averages calculated. Associations between air pollutants and high sensitivity CRP, myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin (IL)-6 and fibrinogen were analysed using additive mixed models. RESULTS For the panel with genetic susceptibility, increases were seen for CRP and MPO with most attributes, specifically particle length and active surface concentration. The %change of geometric mean and 95% confidence intervals for the 5-day average exposure for CRP and MPO were 34.6% [21.8;48.8] and 8.3% [3.2;13.6] per interquartile range increase of particle length concentration and 29.8% [15.9;45.3] and 10.4 [4.4;16.7] for active surface area. Results for the panel of T2D and IGT and the other blood biomarkers were less conclusive. CONCLUSIONS Particle length concentration and active surface concentration showed strong positive associations with blood biomarkers reflecting inflammation. These air pollution metrics might reflect harmful aerosol properties better than particulate mass or number concentration. They might therefore be important for epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Rückerl
- ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Schneider
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Regina Hampel
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Josef Cyrys
- ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Ute Kraus
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Jianwei Gu
- ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Jens Soentgen
- ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Klinik für Herz-& Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636 Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München, Germany.
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Sudhesan A, Rajappa M, Chandrashekar L, Ananthanarayanan PH, Thappa DM, Satheesh S, Chandrasekaran A, Devaraju P. Association of C-Reactive Protein (rs1205) Gene Polymorphism with Susceptibility to Psoriasis in South Indian Tamils. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:GC01-GC04. [PMID: 27891353 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/23391.8624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is a multi-factorial heritable T-helper Th-1/Th-17 mediated inflammatory disease, affecting the skin. It is associated with co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a good inflammatory marker. CRP rs1205 polymorphism is associated with circulating plasma CRP levels. Although there is association between the rs1205 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) and CVD, there are no prior reports regarding the association of CRP rs1205 SNP with psoriasis susceptibility. AIM To study the association of the genetic variant rs1205 in the CRP gene with susceptibility to the disease and protein levels in South Indian Tamils with psoriasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control genetic study, 300 cases of psoriasis and 300 age and gender matched controls were genotyped for CRP SNP rs1205 using Taq Man 5'allele discrimination assay at Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India from February 2014 to January 2016. Plasma high sensitivity (hs)-CRP levels were estimated by ELISA. Disease severity was assessed by Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI). RESULTS CRP genetic variation rs1205 was not associated with psoriasis risk in our South Indian Tamil population. However, the circulating levels of hs-CRP was significantly higher in patients with psoriasis, as compared with controls (p < 0.0001) and the protein levels were significantly associated with disease severity, as assessed by PASI scoring. No genotype was found significantly associated with PASI or CRP levels. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that plasma CRP levels are higher in patients with psoriasis and correlate with disease severity, whilst CRP rs1205 is not associated with susceptibility to psoriasis in South Indian Tamils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Sudhesan
- Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research , Puducherry, India
| | - Medha Rajappa
- Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research , Puducherry, India
| | - Laxmisha Chandrashekar
- Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research , Puducherry, India
| | | | - Devinder Mohan Thappa
- Professor and Head, Department of Dermatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research , Puducherry, India
| | - Santhosh Satheesh
- Additional Professor and Head, Department of Cardiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research , Puducherry, India
| | - Adithan Chandrasekaran
- Senior Professor and Head, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research , Puducherry, India
| | - Panneer Devaraju
- Assistant Professor, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University , Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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Ivanov AV, Dedul AG, Fedotov YN, Komlichenko EV. Toward optimal set of single nucleotide polymorphism investigation before IVF. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32:11-18. [PMID: 27759448 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2016.1232793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, the patient preparation for IVF needs to undergo a series of planned tests, including the genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alleles of some genes. In former USSR countries, such investigation was not included in overwhelming majority of health insurance programs and paid by patient. In common, there are prerequisites to the study of more than 50 polymorphisms. An important faced task is to determine the optimal panel for SNP genotyping in terms of price/number of SNP. MATERIALS AND METHODS During 2009-2015 in the University Hospital of St. Petersburg State University, blood samples were analyzed from 550 women with different reproductive system disorders preparing for IVF and 46 healthy women in control group. In total, 28 SNP were analyzed in the genes of thrombophilia factors, folic acid cycle, detoxification system, and the renin-angiotensin system. The method used was real-time PCR. RESULTS A significant increase in the frequency of pathological alleles of some polymorphisms in patients with habitual failure of IVF was shown, compared with the control group. As a result, two options defined panels for optimal typing SNP before IVF were composed. Standard panel includes 8 SNP, 5 in thromborhilic factors, and 3 in folic acid cycle genes. They are 20210 G > A of FII gene, R506Q G > A of FV gene (mutation Leiden), -675 5G > 4G of PAI-I gene, L33P T > C of ITGB3 gene, -455 G > A of FGB gene, 667 C > T of MTHFR gene, 2756 A > G of MTR gene, and 66 A > G of MTRR gene. Extended panel of 15 SNP also includes 807 C > T of ITGA2 gene, T154M C > T of GP1BA gene, second polymorphism 1298 A > C in MTHFR gene, polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin gene AGT M235T T > C and -1166 A > C of AGTR1 gene, polymorphisms I105V A > G and A114V C > T of detoxification system gene GSTP. CONCLUSION The results of SNP genotyping can be adjusted for treatment tactics and IVF, and also medical support getting pregnant. The success rate of IVF is increased as the result, especially in the group with the usual failure of IVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Ivanov
- a University Hospital of Saint-Petersburg State University , Saint-Petersburg , Russia
- b North-West Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine , Saint-Petersburg , Russia , and
| | - A G Dedul
- a University Hospital of Saint-Petersburg State University , Saint-Petersburg , Russia
| | - Y N Fedotov
- a University Hospital of Saint-Petersburg State University , Saint-Petersburg , Russia
| | - E V Komlichenko
- a University Hospital of Saint-Petersburg State University , Saint-Petersburg , Russia
- c Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saint-Petersburg State Medical University Named After Academician I.P. Pavlov , Saint-Petersburg , Russia
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10
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Todendi PF, Possuelo LG, Klinger EI, Reuter CP, Burgos MS, Moura DJ, Fiegenbaum M, Valim ARDM. Low-grade inflammation markers in children and adolescents: Influence of anthropometric characteristics and CRP and IL6 polymorphisms. Cytokine 2016; 88:177-183. [PMID: 27643980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are associated with chronic and subclinical inflammation due to an imbalance of inflammatory mediators. However, the association with gene polymorphism has been rarely studied in children. The aim of this study was to determine if serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are related to the IL6 rs1800795, IL6 rs2069845 and CRP rs1205 polymorphisms (SNPs) according to body mass index (BMI) in a sample of children and adolescents. A cross-sectional study in 470 students between 7 and 17yearsof age of anthropometric characteristics, high sensitivity-CRP (Hs-CRP) and IL-6 levels and three SNPs genotyped. The prevalence ratio of hs-CRP>3mg/L in obese individuals was 4.15 (CI 2.43-7.06; p=0.01), and it was 1.91 (CI 1.03-3.55; p=0.03) in overweight individuals and 1.74 (CI 1.05-2.88 p=0.03) in females. Individuals with waist circumference (WC) and body fat percentage (BF%) alterations showed elevated levels of hs-CRP (p=4.3×10-5 and p=5.3×10-6). The combination of any two anthropometric measurement increases CRP levels, especially combinations with obesity body mass index (BMI): BMI+WC and BMI+BF%. Among the overweight/obesity group, T allele carriers of CRP rs1205 showed lower levels of hs-CRP (0.5, IQR=0.3-1.8mg/L) than CC homozygotes (1.5, IQR=0.4-3.4mg/L, p=0.018). Additionally, considering subjects with two or three anthropometric alterations for CRP rs1205: rs1205 T allele carriers had lower levels of hs-CRP (0.7, IQR=0.3-2.7mg/L) than CC homozygotes (1.2, IQR=0.5-3.5mg/L, p=0.02). In conclusion, carriers of the rs1205/T allele with higher BMIs had lower levels of hs-CRP. Schoolchildren who were overweight/obese had higher levels of CRP and IL-6, whereas individuals with WC and BF% alterations had higher levels of CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Todendi
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul - UNISC, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - L G Possuelo
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Post-Graduation Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul - UNISC, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - E I Klinger
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul - UNISC, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - C P Reuter
- Department of Physical Education and Health and the Post-Graduation Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul - UNISC, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - M S Burgos
- Department of Physical Education and Health and the Post-Graduation Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul - UNISC, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - D J Moura
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - M Fiegenbaum
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Andréia Rosane de Moura Valim
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Post-Graduation Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul - UNISC, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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11
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Todendi PF, Klinger EI, Ferreira MB, Reuter CP, Burgos MS, Possuelo LG, Valim ARM. Association of IL-6 and CRP gene polymorphisms with obesity and metabolic disorders in children and adolescents. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2015; 87:915-24. [PMID: 25993353 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of adipose tissue inflammation is associated with obesity caused by lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Through this activation, proinflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) seem to influence metabolic disorders. The present study evaluated whether polymorphisms in the CRP (rs1205) and IL-6 (rs1800795, rs2069845) genes are associated with the development of metabolic disorders in children and adolescents. A cross-sectional study was performed, consisting of 470 students from the municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil, aged 7-17 years. Body mass index (BMI) was classified according to overweight and obesity. Genotyping was performed by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Anthropometric characteristics, biochemical markers, immunological markers and blood pressure were assessed. Descriptive statistics, chi-square and logistic regression were used for the analyses. No association was detected between the rs1800795 polymorphism and the assessed variables. Individuals with the risk genotype in the rs1205 gene were associated with the risk of developing hypercholesterolemia (OR 2.79; CI 1.40, 5.57; p = 0.003). Carriers of the risk genotype in the rs2069845 gene are associated with the risk of developing obesity (OR 3.07; CI 1.08, 8.72; p = 0.03). The polymorphism rs2069845 was associated with obesity and rs1205 was associated with the risk of developing hypercholesterolemia in Brazilian schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela F Todendi
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil
| | - Elisa I Klinger
- Departamento de Biologia e Farmácia, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil
| | - Michele B Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia e Farmácia, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil
| | - Cézane P Reuter
- Departamento de Educação Física e Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil
| | - Miria S Burgos
- Departamento de Educação Física e Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil
| | - Lia G Possuelo
- Departamento de Biologia e Farmácia, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil
| | - Andréia R M Valim
- Departamento de Biologia e Farmácia, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil
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12
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Ghaffari MA, Askari Sede S, Rashtchizadeh N, Mohammadzadeh G, Majidi S. Association of CRP gene polymorphism with CRP levels and Coronary Artery Disease in Type 2 Diabetes in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:133-9. [PMID: 25337466 PMCID: PMC4204038 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2014.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: We evaluated the association between four polymorphisms in the CRP gene with serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, prevalence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.
Methods: We performed coronary angiography for 308 T2DM patients and classified them into two groups: T2DM with CAD and T2DM without CAD. All patients were from Ahvaz, Iran. serum levels of CRP, glucose and lipid profile were measured. Genotyping was performed by PCR/RFLP, and the severity of coronary artery disease was determined by Gensini score.
Results: The GG genotype of SNP rs279421 was associated with the increased risk of CAD (OR= 2.38; 95% CI: 1.12- 5.8; p= 0.02) and CA, TT, TA genotypes and A allele of SNP rs3091244 and GA genotypes and A allele of SNP rs3093062 were significantly associated with increased CRP levels. None of genotypes or alleles was associated with Gensini score. We found that the haplotype 7 (AGCG) was associated with decreased risk of CAD (OR= 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.66; p= 0.017) and the Gensini score was correlated with increased levels of CRP, only in CAD group.
Conclusion: Although genetic polymorphisms were influenced on serum RP levels, none of the alleles and genotypes raising or falling C-reactive protein levels was consistently associated with an increased prevalence of CAD or protected from that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Ghaffari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Saeed Askari Sede
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ghorban Mohammadzadeh
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahla Majidi
- Department of Cardiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran
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Rückerl R, Hampel R, Breitner S, Cyrys J, Kraus U, Carter J, Dailey L, Devlin RB, Diaz-Sanchez D, Koenig W, Phipps R, Silbajoris R, Soentgen J, Soukup J, Peters A, Schneider A. Associations between ambient air pollution and blood markers of inflammation and coagulation/fibrinolysis in susceptible populations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 70:32-49. [PMID: 24907704 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological pathways linking particulate air pollution to cardiovascular disease are still not fully understood. We examined the association between ambient air pollutants and blood markers of inflammation and coagulation/fibrinolysis in three potentially susceptible populations. Three panels of non-smoking individuals were examined between 3/2007 and 12/2008: 1) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D, n=83), 2) with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, n=104), and 3) with a potential genetic predisposition which could affect detoxifying and inflammatory pathways (n=87) defined by the null polymorphism for glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) in combination with a certain single nucleotide polymorphism on the C-reactive protein (CRP) or the fibrinogen gene. Study participants had blood drawn up to seven times every four to six weeks. In total, 1765 blood samples were analysed for CRP, interleukin (IL)-6, soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), fibrinogen, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Hourly mean values of particulate air pollutants, particle number concentrations in different size ranges and gaseous pollutants were collected at fixed monitoring sites and individual 24hour averages calculated. Associations between air pollutants and blood markers were analysed for each panel separately and taking the T2D panel and the IGT panel together, using additive mixed models adjusted for long-term time trend and meteorology. For the panel with potential genetic susceptibility, CRP and MPO increased for most lags, especially with the 5-day average exposure (% change of geometric mean and 95% confidence interval: 22.9% [12.0;34.7] for CRP and 5.0% [0.3;9.9] for MPO per interquartile range of PM2.5). Small positive associations were seen for fibrinogen while sCD40L, PAI-1 and IL-6 mostly decreased in association with air pollution concentrations. Except for positive associations for fibrinogen we did not see significant results with the two other panels. Participants with potential genetic susceptibility showed a clear association between inflammatory blood biomarkers and ambient air pollutants. Our results support the hypothesis that air pollution increases systemic inflammation especially in susceptible populations which may aggravate atherosclerotic diseases and induce multi-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Rückerl
- ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Regina Hampel
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Josef Cyrys
- ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Ute Kraus
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Jackie Carter
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Lisa Dailey
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Robert B Devlin
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - David Diaz-Sanchez
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Centre, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Richard Phipps
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Robert Silbajoris
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Jens Soentgen
- ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Joleen Soukup
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Schneider
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Kaditis AG, Gozal D, Khalyfa A, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Capdevila OS, Gourgoulianis K, Alexopoulos EI, Chaidas K, Bhattacharjee R, Kim J, Rodopoulou P, Zintzaras E. Variants in C-reactive protein and IL-6 genes and susceptibility to obstructive sleep apnea in children: a candidate-gene association study in European American and Southeast European populations. Sleep Med 2013; 15:228-35. [PMID: 24380782 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.08.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary evidence indicates that variants of the C-reactive protein (CRP) and IL-6 genes might be associated with the presence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in childhood. Thus a candidate-gene association study was conducted to investigate the association of four variants of the CRP gene (1444C/T, -717T/C, 1861C/T, and 1919A/T) and two variants of the IL-6 gene (-174G/C and 597G/A) with OSA in a cohort of European American and Greek children. METHODS The genetic risk effects were estimated based on the odds ratio (OR) of the allele contrast and the generalized odds ratio (ORG), which is a model-free approach. The mode of inheritance was assessed using the degree of dominance index. The impact of haplotypes was also examined. RESULTS In the American population, the allele contrast and the model-free approach produced significant ORs for the CRP 1444C/T variant (OR, 3.82 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.91-7.63] and ORG, 4.37 [95% CI, 1.96-9.76]), respectively, and the mode of inheritance was recessiveness of allele T. Significance was also shown for the CRP 1919A/T variant (OR, 2.45 [95% CI, 1.23-4.85] and ORG, 2.76 [95% CI, 1.26-6.03]) with the mode of inheritance being nondominance of allele T. For the IL-6-174G/C variant, there was an indication of recessiveness of allele C. Finally, the IL-6-174C/IL-6 597A haplotype was associated with OSA. In the Greek population, no association was detected for any variant or haplotype. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in the IL-6/CRP pathway was associated with increased risk for OSA in European American children and may account for the higher CRP levels in the context of pediatric OSA compared to Greek children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios G Kaditis
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, School of Medicine and Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - David Gozal
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine and Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Abdelnaby Khalyfa
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine and Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Leila Kheirandish-Gozal
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine and Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Oscar Sans Capdevila
- Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine and Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | | | | | | | - Rakesh Bhattacharjee
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine and Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jinkwan Kim
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine and Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Paraskevi Rodopoulou
- Department of Biomathematics, University of Thessaly School of Medicine, Larissa, Greece
| | - Elias Zintzaras
- Department of Biomathematics, University of Thessaly School of Medicine, Larissa, Greece; Center for Clinical Evidence Synthesis, The Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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15
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Kholoud SR, Iman MKA, Rasha EH, Soha SSA. The effect of experimental streptococcus infection in myocarditis on some biochemical and inflammatory markers in albino rats. Afr Health Sci 2013; 13:1062-70. [PMID: 24940333 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v13i4.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocarditis is an uncommon disease that presents with a wide range of symptoms in children and adults. It is histologically characterized by varying degrees of myocardialnecrosis, edema and cellular infiltration myocardial inflammation is a nonspecificresponse to many triggers such as bacterial infection, cardio toxic agents, ormechanical injury. OBJECTIVE This study was carried out to investigate the experimental Streptococcus faecalis induction of myocarditis and its effect on some blood parameters, inflammatory markers and histopathological changes in male albino rats. METHODS Rats were infected by intraperitoneal injection of 10 8 CFU/ml of Streptococcus faecalis and sacrificed after one, two and seven days post infection. Biochemical analyses of blood were carried out to investigate the serum biomarkers of inflammation, liver function tests, cardiac enzymes & kidney function tests. RESULTS All biochemical analyses showed statistically significant increase in the measured parameters due to bacterial infections except for blood urea which appear to be normal. A significant positive correlation was observed between lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (LDH) with creatinine (r =0.778, P<0.01). In the 7 days group, there were significant positive correlations between aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (r=0.675, P<0.05), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) with Urea (r=0.659, P<0.05) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) with C-reactive protein (CRP) (r=0.765, p<0.01). CONCLUSION Many of these biomarkers will provide important new insights into pathophysiology and aid in the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Kholoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Girls Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M K A Iman
- Department of hydrobiology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - E H Rasha
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S S A Soha
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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16
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Karakas M, Januzzi JL, Meyer J, Lee H, Schlett CL, Truong QA, Rottbauer W, Bamberg F, Dasdemir S, Hoffmann U, Koenig W. Copeptin Does Not Add Diagnostic Information to High-Sensitivity Troponin T in Low- to Intermediate-Risk Patients with Acute Chest Pain: Results from the Rule Out Myocardial Infarction by Computed Tomography (ROMICAT) Study. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1137-45. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.160192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE
Copeptin, a stable peptide derived from the AVP precursor, has been linked to presence and severity of myocardial ischemia. We sought to evaluate the predictive value of copeptin and its incremental value beyond that of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) in patients with acute chest pain and low to intermediate risk for acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
METHODS
We recruited patients who presented with acute chest pain to the emergency department and had a negative initial conventional troponin T test (<0.03 μg/L). In all patients, hs-cTnT and copeptin measurements were taken. Each patient also underwent cardiac computed tomography (CT) and coronary angiography.
RESULTS
Baseline copeptin concentrations, in contrast to hs-cTnT, were not significantly higher in patients with ACS than in those without (P = 0.24). hs-cTnT showed an earlier rise in patients with ACS than copeptin, when analyses were stratified by time. A copeptin concentration ≥7.38 pmol/L had a negative predictive value (NPV) of 94% and a sensitivity of 51%, whereas hs-cTnT (≥13.0 pg/mL) had a NPV of 96% and a sensitivity of 63%. The combination of copeptin and hs-cTnT resulted in a lower diagnostic accuracy than hs-cTnT alone. Finally, on cardiac CT, copeptin concentrations were not associated with coronary artery morphology, although they were related to the presence of left ventricular dysfunction (P = 0.02).
CONCLUSIONS
Among patients with acute chest pain and low to intermediate risk for ACS, copeptin concentrations are not independently predictive of ACS and do not add diagnostic value beyond that of hs-cTnT measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahir Karakas
- Department of Internal Medicine II–Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Julia Meyer
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Quynh A Truong
- Division of Cardiology
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Wolfgang Rottbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II–Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Bamberg
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Selcuk Dasdemir
- Department of Internal Medicine II–Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Udo Hoffmann
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II–Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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17
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Association between adolescent emotional problems and metabolic syndrome: the modifying effect of C-reactive protein gene (CRP) polymorphisms. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:750-8. [PMID: 21296145 PMCID: PMC3500684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is associated with the development of the metabolic syndrome, and both depression and metabolic syndrome are associated with markers of systemic inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP). We examined associations between affective status in adolescence and adulthood, and the metabolic syndrome at age 53 years in a large representative British birth cohort. We also investigated whether two CRP gene polymorphisms (rs1205 and rs3093068) were associated with affective status and the metabolic syndrome, and whether the association between affective status and the metabolic syndrome was modified by these CRP polymorphisms. Women, but not men, with emotional problems in adolescence were more likely to have the metabolic syndrome (OR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.26), although this sex difference was not statistically significant (p=0.22). The CRP SNPs were not associated with affective status or the metabolic syndrome, but the association of adolescent emotional problems with the metabolic syndrome was stronger in those who were homozygous for the major allele (C) of rs1205 (OR=1.83, 95% CI: 1.17, 2.86) than in carriers of the T allele (OR=1.01, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.55) (p=0.05 for gene by affective status interaction). This interaction was stronger when considering adolescent emotional problems as a continuous variable (p=0.003). Adolescent emotional problems play an important role in the development of the metabolic syndrome later in life, particularly in those homozygous for the major allele of CRP rs1205. These findings may highlight new ways of identifying people with emotional problems at high risk of developing the metabolic syndrome, which is of great importance for the management of the physical health of these patients.
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18
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Monitoring of inflammation in patients on dialysis: forewarned is forearmed. Nat Rev Nephrol 2011; 7:166-76. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2011.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yang SH, Huang CJ, Chang SC, Lin JK. Association of C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18:1907-15. [PMID: 21293934 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-1575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An elevated plasma level of C-reactive protein (CRP) is a risk for, and prognostic factor of, colorectal cancer (CRC). In other reports of CRP concerning cardiovascular disease, CRP level correlated with its gene polymorphisms. We hypothesized that CRP polymorphisms associate risk and prognosis of CRC. METHODS This study enrolled 421 patients with CRC and 218 healthy control subjects. After preliminary studies, we selected four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CRP gene: +2147A > G (rs1205), +942G > C (rs1800947), -717A > G (rs2794521), and -757T > C (rs3093059). At first, analyzing distributions of four SNPs between CRC case and non-CRC control groups was performed. Subsequently, the impacts of these SNPs with other prognostic factors of disease-free interval (DFI) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were analyzed using uni- and multivariate Cox regression analyses. RESULTS The case and control groups differed in the frequency of -757T > C (P = 0.002). The CRC case group had a higher percentage of the TT genotype (odds, 1.75). Regarding prognoses, multivariate analyses revealed that four factors, including stage (I, II, III), gross tumor type (polypoid, ulcerative, infiltrative), location (right, left, rectum), and -757T > C SNP (odds, 1.29; P = 0.048), correlated with DFI; two factors, including stage and +2147A > G SNP (odds, 0.71; P = 0.03), correlated with CSS. CONCLUSIONS The -757T > C SNP is a risk for and prognostic factor of DFI; the +2147A > G SNP is a prognostic factor of CSS. CRP polymorphisms associate the risk and survival of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shung-Haur Yang
- Department of Surgery, Taipei-Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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The CRP 1846T/T genotype is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2010; 31:673-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Germaine CGS, Bogaty P, Boyer L, Hanley J, Engert JC, Brophy JM. Genetic polymorphisms and the cardiovascular risk of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Cardiol 2010; 105:1740-5. [PMID: 20538124 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.01.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular safety of cyclooxygenase-2-selective (coxibs) and nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is of concern, although most users remain free of adverse outcomes. A gene-drug interaction could modulate this cardiovascular risk through prostaglandin synthesis or inflammatory pathways. From an existing acute coronary syndrome cohort (Recurrence and Inflammation in the Acute Coronary Syndromes Study) (n = 1,210), a case-only study was performed by identifying 115 patients exposed to NSAIDs (rofecoxib [n = 43], celecoxib [n = 49], or nonselective NSAIDs [n = 23]) and 345 unexposed patients matched for age, gender, and hospital center. These patients were genotyped for 115 candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Statistically significant associations between NSAID exposure and 9 SNPs in 6 genes were observed. Analyzing patients exposed only to coxibs and their matched unexposed cases, significant associations remained for 5 SNPs at 4 loci (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-1 [PTGS1], chromosome 9p21.3, C-reactive protein [CRP], and klotho [KL]). Two independent SNPs from the PTGS1 gene gave similar results under a recessive model, with odds ratios for the association with NSAID exposure of 6.94 (95% confidence interval 1.35 to 35.65, p = 0.016) and 7.11 (95% confidence interval 1.38 to 36.74, p = 0.033). A significant association was also observed for a SNP in the CRP gene (rs1205) (additive odds ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 2.27, p = 0.003). In conclusion, these findings suggest that genetic variability may contribute to the susceptibility for acute coronary syndromes observed in some NSAID users. In particular, genetic polymorphisms in the PTGS1 and CRP genes appear to be candidates for a possible gene-drug interaction influencing the acute coronary risk associated with NSAID use, but these findings will require confirmation in larger cohorts.
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Karakas M, Baumert J, Greven S, Rückerl R, Peters A, Koenig W. Reproducibility in serial C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 measurements in post-myocardial infarction patients: results from the AIRGENE study. Clin Chem 2010; 56:861-4. [PMID: 20299677 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.143719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the numerous emerging biomarkers, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have received widespread interest, and a large database has been accumulated on their potential role as predictors of cardiovascular risk. The concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers, however, are influenced, among other things, by physiological variation, which is the natural within-individual variation occurring over time. Implementation of hsCRP and IL-6 measurement into clinical practice requires data on the reliability of such measurements. METHODS We serially measured hsCRP and IL-6 concentrations in up to 6 blood samples taken at monthly intervals from 200 post-myocardial infarction patients who participated in the AIRGENE study. RESULTS The mean (SD) of the ln-transformed plasma concentrations (in milligrams per liter for hsCRP and nanograms per liter for IL-6) for all participants over all samples was 0.16 (1.04) for hsCRP and 0.76 (0.57) for IL-6, with no significant differences between men and women. The within-individual and analytical variance component for the ln-transformed hsCRP data was 0.37, and the between-individual variance component was 0.73. For the ln-transformed IL-6 data, these values were 0.11 and 0.22, respectively. A substantial part of the total variation in plasma hsCRP and IL-6 concentrations was explained by the between-individual variation (as a percentage of the total variance, 66.1% for the ln-transformed hsCRP data and 66.2% for the ln-transformed IL-6 data). For both markers, 2 measurements were needed to reach a sufficient reliability. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate considerable stability and good reproducibility for serial hsCRP and IL-6 measurements. Thus, there should be no major concern about misclassification in clinical practice if at least 2 subsequent measurements are taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahir Karakas
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Sunyer J, Forastiere F, Pekkanen J, Plana E, Kolz M, Pistelli R, Jacquemin B, Bruske-Hohlfeld I, Pitsavos C, Bellander T, Koenig W, Peters A. Interaction between smoking and the interleukin-6 gene affects systemic levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11:1347-53. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Perry TE, Muehlschlegel JD, Liu KY, Fox AA, Collard CD, Body SC, Shernan SK. C-Reactive protein gene variants are associated with postoperative C-reactive protein levels after coronary artery bypass surgery. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:38. [PMID: 19426506 PMCID: PMC2686694 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Elevated baseline C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are associated with increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Several CRP gene variants have been associated with altered baseline CRP levels in ambulatory populations. However, the influence of CRP gene variants on CRP levels during inflammatory states, such as surgery, is largely unexplored. We describe the association between candidate CRP gene variants and postoperative plasma CRP levels in patients undergoing primary, elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods Using a multicenter candidate gene association study design, we examined the association between seventeen candidate CRP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and inferred haplotypes, and altered postoperative CRP levels in 604 patients undergoing CABG surgery with CPB. Perioperative CRP levels were measured immediately prior to surgery, post-CPB and on postoperative days (POD) 1–4. Results CRP levels were significantly elevated at all postoperative time points when compared with preoperative levels (P < 0.0001). After adjusting for clinical covariates, the minor allele of the synonymous coding SNP, rs1800947 was associated with lower peak postoperative CRP levels (P = 2.4 × 10-4) and lower CRP levels across all postoperative time points (P = 4.8 × 10-5). rs1800947 remained highly significant after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. Conclusion We identified a CRP gene SNP associated with lower postoperative CRP levels in patients undergoing CABG surgery with CPB. Further investigation is needed to clarify the significance of this association between CRP gene variants and the acute-phase rise in postoperative CRP levels with regard to the risk of adverse postoperative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjörvi E Perry
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ljungman P, Bellander T, Nyberg F, Lampa E, Jacquemin B, Kolz M, Lanki T, Mitropoulos J, Müller M, Picciotto S, Pistelli R, Rückerl R, Koenig W, Peters A. DNA variants, plasma levels and variability of Interleukin-6 in myocardial infarction survivors: Results from the AIRGENE study. Thromb Res 2009; 124:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hage FG, Szalai AJ. The role of C-reactive protein polymorphisms in inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2009; 11:124-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-009-0020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Eiriksdottir G, Smith AV, Aspelund T, Hafsteinsdottir SH, Olafsdottir E, Launer LJ, Harris TB, Gudnason V. The interaction of adiposity with the CRP gene affects CRP levels: age, gene/environment susceptibilty-Reykjavik study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33:267-72. [PMID: 19139754 PMCID: PMC3149889 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Common diseases often have an inflammatory component reflected by associated markers such as serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Circulating CRP levels have also been associated with adipose tissue as well as with specific CRP genotypes. We examined the interaction between measures of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and fat percent (total fat measured by bioimpedance) with genotypes of the CRP gene in the determination of CRP levels. METHODS The first 2296 participants (mean age 76+/-6 years, 42% men) in the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study, a multidisciplinary epidemiological study to determine risk factors in aging, were genotyped for 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CRP gene. General linear models with age and terms for interaction of CRP genotypes with BMI, waist circumference and percent fat were used to evaluate the association of genotypes to CRP levels (high-sensitivity method, range 0-10 mg l(-1)) in men and women separately. RESULTS We focused on the SNP rs1205 that represents the allele that captures the strongest effects of the gene on CRP levels. Carriers of the rs1205 G allele had significantly higher CRP levels than noncarriers in a dose-dependent manner. Compared to the AA genotype, the slope of the increase in CRP with increasing BMI (P=0.045) and waist circumference (P=0.014) was different for the G allele carriers and of similar magnitude in both men and women. The rs1205 interactions were not significant for fat mass percent, suggesting a possible association with fat localization. CONCLUSIONS This study further illuminates the known association between measures of adiposity and CRP levels and is shown to be dependent on variation in the rs1205 SNP of the CRP gene. The correlated increase in CRP levels with adiposity is accentuated by presence of the G allele.
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