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Dalgaard F, Fudim M, Al-Khatib SM, Friedman DJ, Abraham WT, Cleland JGF, Curtis AB, Gold MR, Kutyifa V, Linde C, Young J, Ali-Ahmed F, Tang A, Olivas-Martinez A, Inoue LY, Sanders GD. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with a prior history of atrial fibrillation: Insights from four major clinical trials. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2023; 34:1914-1924. [PMID: 37522254 PMCID: PMC10529427 DOI: 10.1111/jce.16022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the association of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) on outcomes among participants with and without a history of atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS Individual-patient-data from four randomized trials investigating CRT-Defibrillators (COMPANION, MADIT-CRT, REVERSE) or CRT-Pacemakers (COMPANION, MIRACLE) were analyzed. Outcomes were time to a composite of heart failure hospitalization or all-cause mortality or to all-cause mortality alone. The association of CRT on outcomes for patients with and without a history of AF was assessed using a Bayesian-Weibull survival regression model adjusting for baseline characteristics. RESULTS Of 3964 patients included, 586 (14.8%) had a history of AF; 2245 (66%) were randomized to CRT. Overall, CRT reduced the risk of the primary composite endpoint (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.69, 95% credible interval [CI]: 0.56-0.81). The effect was similar (posterior probability of no interaction = 0.26) in patients with (HR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.55-1.10) and without a history of AF (HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.55-0.80). In these four trials, CRT did not reduce mortality overall (HR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.66-1.01) without evidence of interaction (posterior probability of no interaction = 0.14) for patients with (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.70-1.74) or without a history of AF (HR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.60-0.97). CONCLUSION The association of CRT on the composite endpoint or mortality was not statistically different for patients with or without a history of AF, but this could reflect inadequate power. Our results call for trials to confirm the benefit of CRT recipients with a history of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Dalgaard
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Nykøbing Falster Sygehus, Nykøbing, Denmark
| | - Marat Fudim
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Sana M. Al-Khatib
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Daniel J. Friedman
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - William T. Abraham
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - John G. F. Cleland
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | - Valentina Kutyifa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY
| | - Cecilia Linde
- Karolinska Institutet and Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James Young
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Fatima Ali-Ahmed
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Anthony Tang
- Department of Medicine, Western University, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Gillian D. Sanders
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Evidence Synthesis Group, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
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de Vere F, Wijesuriya N, Elliott MK, Mehta V, Howell S, Bishop M, Strocchi M, Niederer SA, Rinaldi CA. Managing arrhythmia in cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1211560. [PMID: 37608808 PMCID: PMC10440957 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1211560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmia is an extremely common finding in patients receiving cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT). Despite this, in the majority of randomised trials testing CRT efficacy, patients with a recent history of arrhythmia were excluded. Most of our knowledge into the management of arrhythmia in CRT is therefore based on arrhythmia trials in the heart failure (HF) population, rather than from trials dedicated to the CRT population. However, unique to CRT patients is the aim to reach as close to 100% biventricular pacing (BVP) as possible, with HF outcomes greatly influenced by relatively small changes in pacing percentage. Thus, in comparison to the average HF patient, there is an even greater incentive for controlling arrhythmia, to achieve minimal interference with the effective delivery of BVP. In this review, we examine both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, addressing their impact on CRT, and discuss the available evidence regarding optimal arrhythmia management in this patient group. We review pharmacological and procedural-based approaches, and lastly explore novel ways of harnessing device data to guide treatment of arrhythmia in CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity de Vere
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadeev Wijesuriya
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark K. Elliott
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vishal Mehta
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Howell
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Bishop
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Strocchi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A. Niederer
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A. Rinaldi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Left Atrial Function Determined by Cardiac Computed Tomography Predicts Device-Detected Atrial High-Rate Episodes in Patients Treated With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2020; 44:784-789. [PMID: 32558773 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine whether left atrial (LA) volumes and function were associated with atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). METHODS Ninety-two consecutive patients without prior atrial fibrillation underwent clinical evaluation, echocardiograms, and cardiac computed tomography (CT) before CRT implantation and after 6 months. Left atrial volumes and LA emptying fraction (LAEF) were derived by CT images reconstructed at 5% phase increments of the cardiac cycle. Cox regression was used to assess associations between AHRE and LA anatomical and functional variables. RESULTS Twenty-two patients (24%) developed AHRE during 1.9 years (SD, 1 year) At baseline, higher LAEF was associated with a lower risk of AHRE (hazard ratio [HR], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91-0.98; P = 0.003), and large LA minimal (LAmin) volume was related to higher risk of AHRE (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.06; P = 0.04). When combining LAEF and LAmin volume, only LAEF remained associated with occurrence of AHRE. Higher passive LAEF was associated with lower risk of AHRE (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.98; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS In patients with CRT, low preimplant LAEF measured by cardiac CT was independently associated with device-detected AHRE.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic stroke significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality in heart failure (HF). The risk of stroke increases significantly, with coexisting atrial fibrillation (AF). An aggravating factor could be asymptomatic paroxysms of AF (so-called silent AF), and therefore, the risk stratification in these patients remains difficult. This review provides an overview of stroke risk in HF, its risk stratification, and stroke prevention in these patients. RECENT FINDINGS Stroke risk stratification in HF patients remains an important issue. Recently, the CHA2DS2-VASc score, originally developed to predict stroke risk in AF patients, had been reported to be a predictive for strokes in HF patients regardless of AF being present. Furthermore, there are several independent risk factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke) described. Based on the current evidence, HF should be considered as an independent risk factor for stroke. The CHA2DS2-VASc score might be useful to predict stroke risk in HF patients with or without AF in clinical routine. However, there is only a recommendation for the oral anticoagulation use in patients with concomitant HF and AF, while in patients with HF and no AF, individualized risk stratification is preferred. Current guidelines recommend to prefer non-vitamin Kantagonist anticoagulants over warfarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schumacher
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Heart Center, Department of Electrophysiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jelena Kornej
- Heart Center, Department of Electrophysiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eduard Shantsila
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Tolosana JM, Brugada J. Optimizing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices in Follow-up to Improve Response Rates and Outcomes. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2019; 11:89-98. [PMID: 30717856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) will improve symptoms and survival in selected heart failure patients, there still remains a high percentage of CRT recipients who do not obtain benefit from the therapy. During CRT follow-up, an effort should be made to identify and to treat reversible causes of nonresponse to CRT. This effort includes optimization of medical therapy, checking for appropriate and effective biventricular pacing, and treatment of arrhythmias and other reversible causes of CRT malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose María Tolosana
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, Arrhythmia Unit Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Josep Brugada
- Pediatric Arrhythmia Unit, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Icen YK, Koc AS. Silent ischemic brain lesions detected by multi-slice computed tomography are associated with subclinical atrial fibrillation in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy. ADVANCES IN INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY 2018; 14:285-290. [PMID: 30302105 PMCID: PMC6173091 DOI: 10.5114/aic.2018.78332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is insufficient research on the relationship between subclinical atrial fibrillation (SCAF) and silent ischemic brain lesions (IBLs). AIM To investigate the relationship between SCAF and silent IBLs in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). MATERIAL AND METHODS Of 720 CRT implanted patients in our department between 2012 and 2018, 121 patients who underwent elective cranial multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) during their follow-up were included in our study. Atrial high-rate episodes (AHRE) were detected by the CRT device. Subclinical atrial fibrillation was defined as asymptomatic AHRE longer than 6 min and shorter than 24 h. A cranial MSCT scan was performed using a 128-section scanner with contiguous 2-5 mm axial images. Patients were divided into two groups - with and without silent IBL. RESULTS Silent IBLs were detected in 21 (17.4%) of 121 patients with CRT. Ischemic brain lesion presence was found to be associated with age, CHA2DS2-VASc score, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF), hypertension and SCAF in univariate analysis (p < 0.05). In multivariate regression analysis, presence of SCAF and LVEF were found to be independent parameters predicting the risk of silent IBLs. According to this analysis, the presence of SCAF and every 1% decrease in LVEF were found to increase the risk of silent IBL by 3.5 times and 14.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Subclinical atrial fibrillation is independently associated with silent IBL presence. Patients with CRT should be closely monitored for SCAF. Patients diagnosed with SCAF should be evaluated for IBL development and treated with the appropriate oral anticoagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Kemal Icen
- Department of Cardiology, Adana Health Practices and Research Center, Health Sciences University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ayse Selcan Koc
- Department of Radiology, Adana Health Practices and Research Center, University of Health Sciences, Adana, Turkey
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7
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Daubert C, Behar N, Martins RP, Mabo P, Leclercq C. Avoiding non-responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy: a practical guide. Eur Heart J 2018; 38:1463-1472. [PMID: 27371720 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Over two decades after the introduction of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) into clinical practice, ∼30% of candidates continue to fail to respond to this highly effective treatment of drug-refractory heart failure (HF). Since the causes of this non-response (NR) are multifactorial, it will require multidisciplinary efforts to overcome. Progress has, thus far, been slowed by several factors, ranging from a lack of consensus regarding the definition of NR and technological limitations to the delivery of therapy. We critically review the various endpoints that have been used in landmark clinical trials of CRT, and the variability in response rates that has been observed as a result of these different investigational designs, different sample populations enrolled and different means of therapy delivered, including new means of multisite and left ventricular endocardial simulation. Precise recommendations are offered regarding the optimal device programming, use of telemonitoring and optimization of management of HF. Potentially reversible causes of NR to CRT are reviewed, with emphasis on loss of biventricular stimulation due to competing arrhythmias. The prevention of NR to CRT is essential to improve the overall performance of this treatment and lower its risk-benefit ratio. These objectives require collaborative efforts by the HF team, the electrophysiologists and the cardiac imaging experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Daubert
- School of medicine, Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France.,LTSI INSERM U1099, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Behar
- Cardiology and vascular diseases Division, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Raphaël P Martins
- School of medicine, Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France.,LTSI INSERM U1099, Rennes, France.,Cardiology and vascular diseases Division, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Mabo
- School of medicine, Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France.,LTSI INSERM U1099, Rennes, France.,Cardiology and vascular diseases Division, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Christophe Leclercq
- School of medicine, Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France.,LTSI INSERM U1099, Rennes, France.,Cardiology and vascular diseases Division, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
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8
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Belkin MN, Soria CE, Waldo AL, Borleffs CJW, Hayes DL, Tung R, Singh JP, Upadhyay GA. Incidence and Clinical Significance of New-Onset Device-Detected Atrial Tachyarrhythmia. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/circep.117.005393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark N. Belkin
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Care, University of Chicago Medicine, IL (M.N.B., C.E.S., R.T., G.A.U.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH (A.L.W.); Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (C.J.W.B.); The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.L.H.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (J.P.S.)
| | - Cesar E. Soria
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Care, University of Chicago Medicine, IL (M.N.B., C.E.S., R.T., G.A.U.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH (A.L.W.); Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (C.J.W.B.); The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.L.H.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (J.P.S.)
| | - Albert L. Waldo
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Care, University of Chicago Medicine, IL (M.N.B., C.E.S., R.T., G.A.U.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH (A.L.W.); Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (C.J.W.B.); The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.L.H.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (J.P.S.)
| | - C. Jan Willem Borleffs
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Care, University of Chicago Medicine, IL (M.N.B., C.E.S., R.T., G.A.U.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH (A.L.W.); Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (C.J.W.B.); The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.L.H.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (J.P.S.)
| | - David L. Hayes
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Care, University of Chicago Medicine, IL (M.N.B., C.E.S., R.T., G.A.U.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH (A.L.W.); Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (C.J.W.B.); The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.L.H.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (J.P.S.)
| | - Roderick Tung
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Care, University of Chicago Medicine, IL (M.N.B., C.E.S., R.T., G.A.U.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH (A.L.W.); Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (C.J.W.B.); The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.L.H.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (J.P.S.)
| | - Jagmeet P. Singh
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Care, University of Chicago Medicine, IL (M.N.B., C.E.S., R.T., G.A.U.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH (A.L.W.); Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (C.J.W.B.); The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.L.H.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (J.P.S.)
| | - Gaurav A. Upadhyay
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Care, University of Chicago Medicine, IL (M.N.B., C.E.S., R.T., G.A.U.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH (A.L.W.); Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (C.J.W.B.); The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.L.H.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (J.P.S.)
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9
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Hipólito Reis A. Universal response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: A challenge still to be overcome. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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10
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Reis AH. Resposta universal à terapêutica de ressincronização cardíaca – um desafio por resolver. Rev Port Cardiol 2017; 36:427-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Isnard R, Bauer F, Cohen-Solal A, Damy T, Donal E, Galinier M, Hagège A, Jourdain P, Leclercq C, Sabatier R, Trochu JN, Cohen A. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and heart failure. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 109:641-650. [PMID: 27836786 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thromboembolism contributes to morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure (HF), and atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the main factors promoting this complication. As they share many risk factors, HF and AF frequently coexist, and patients with both conditions are at a particularly high risk of thromboembolism. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are direct antagonists of thrombin (dabigatran) and factor Xa (rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban), and were designed to overcome the limitations of vitamin K antagonists. Compared with warfarin in non-valvular AF, NOACs demonstrated non-inferiority with better safety, most particularly for intracranial haemorrhages. Therefore, the European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommend NOACs for most patients with non-valvular AF. Subgroups of patients with both AF and HF from the pivotal studies investigating the safety and efficacy of NOACs have been analysed and, for each NOAC, results were similar to those of the total analysis population. A recent meta-analysis of these subgroups has confirmed the better efficacy and safety of NOACs in patients with AF and HF - particularly the 41% decrease in the incidence of intracranial haemorrhages. The prothrombotic state associated with HF suggests that patients with HF in sinus rhythm could also benefit from treatment with NOACs. However, in the absence of clinical trial data supporting this indication, current guidelines do not recommend anticoagulant treatment of patients with HF in sinus rhythm. In conclusion, recent analyses of pivotal studies support the use of NOACs in accordance with their indications in HF patients with non-valvular AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Isnard
- Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, University Paris 6, UMRS Inserm-UPMC 1166 and Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Fabrice Bauer
- Department of Cardiology, Inserm U1096, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen, France
| | - Alain Cohen-Solal
- Department of Cardiology, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Centre, UMRS 942, Lariboisière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Thibaud Damy
- UPEC, Mondor Amyloidosis Network, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Henri-Mondor Teaching Hospital, Inserm U955, DHU ATVB, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Erwan Donal
- Department of Cardiology, Rennes University Hospital, University of Rennes 1, LTSI, Inserm UMR 1099, University of Rennes 1, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Michel Galinier
- Équipe 7 « Obésité et Insuffisance Cardiaque : Approches Moléculaires et Cliniques », Inserm UMR 1048 - I2MC, Faculty of Medicine, University Paul-Sabatier - Toulouse 3, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Albert Hagège
- Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Georges-Pompidou European Hospital, Paris Descartes University, PRES Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Jourdain
- École du Cœur et des Anticoagulants, UTIC, CHR Dubos, 95300 Pontoise, France
| | - Christophe Leclercq
- Department of Cardiology, Rennes University Hospital, CIC-IT, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Rémi Sabatier
- Department of Cardiology, Caen University Hospital, 14003 Caen, France
| | - Jean-Noël Trochu
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Diseases, Inserm UMR 1087, CIC 1413, Nantes University, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Ariel Cohen
- Faculty of Medicine Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, University Paris 6, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
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Abstract
Stroke and thromboembolism are catastrophic complications of atrial fibrillation (AF). Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) with an atrial lead can reliably detect atrial high-rate events (AHRE). However, this correlation may be imperfect because of oversensing and undersensing of atrial signals and spurious arrhythmias. The critical duration, frequency, or overall burden of AHRE that increases stroke risk is still unknown; thus, the threshold level of AHRE (duration and frequency) that warrants anticoagulation in patients with CIED-detected AHRE is still unclear. This article reviews current literature on the risk of stroke with CIED-detected AHRE and raises questions that need further clarification.
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14
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Determinants of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Receiving CRT. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 9:99-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Barold SS, Herweg B. Cardiac Resynchronization in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. J Atr Fibrillation 2015; 8:1383. [PMID: 27957235 DOI: 10.4022/jafib.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs in one of four patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).-Without special therapy, the prognosis of AF patients with CRT has been generally worse than those in sinus rhythm. The importance of a high percentage of biventricular pacing (BIV%) was confirmed in a large study where the mortality was inversely associated with BIV% both in the presence of normal sinus and atrial paced rhythm and with AF. The greatest reduction in mortality was observed with BIV% >98%. Patients with BIV% >99.6% experienced a 24% reduction in mortality (p < 0.001) while those with BIV% <94.8% had a 19% increase in mortality. The optimal BIV% cut-point was 98.7%. This cutoff would appear mandatory but it would be best to approach 100%. Careful evaluation of device interrogation data upon which the BiV% is based is essential because the memorized data can vastly overestimate the percentage of truly resynchronized beats since it does not account for fusion and pseudofusion between intrinsic (not paced) and paced beats. The recently published randomized CERTIFY trial provides unequivocal proof of the value of AV junctional (AVJ) ablation in CRT patients with AF. This trial confirmed the favorable results of AVJ ablation by many other studies and two important meta-analyses and therefore established the firm recommendation that the procedure should be performed in most, if not all, patients with permanent AF as well as those with frequent and prolonged episodes of paroxysmal AF. Patients after AVJ have improved mortality with a mortality similar to those in sinus rhythm. The AVJ ablation procedure carries the theoretical risk of device failure and death in pacemaker dependent patients. An inappropriate first ICD shock for AF seems to increase mortality. Increased long-term mortality after an inappropriate shock may be due to the underlying atrial arrhythmia substrate as opposed to the effect of the shock itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Serge Barold
- Clinical Professor of Medicine Emeritus, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Bengt Herweg
- Professor of Medicine and Director of the Arrhythmia Service, University of South Florida College of Medicine and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida
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Kloosterman M, Maass AH, Rienstra M, Van Gelder IC. Atrial Fibrillation During Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2015; 7:735-748. [PMID: 26596815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The landmark trials on cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) have focused on patients with sinus rhythm at inclusion. Little data are available on the efficacy of CRT in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), while AF has a high prevalence (20-40%) among patients receiving CRT. This review focuses on the detrimental effect of AF on CRT response and discusses management of patients with AF during CRT. Uncertainty remains as to which thresholds of AF burden can lead to a reduced response to CRT and every effort should be made in trying to assess and guarantee successful biventricular pacing in patients with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle Kloosterman
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander H Maass
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Rienstra
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle C Van Gelder
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Ruwald AC, Pietrasik G, Goldenberg I, Kutyifa V, Daubert JP, Ruwald MH, Jons C, McNitt S, Wang P, Zareba W, Moss AJ. The Effect of Intermittent Atrial Tachyarrhythmia on Heart Failure or Death in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy With Defibrillator Versus Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63:1190-1197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Smit MD, Maass AH, Hillege HL, Wiesfeld AC, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Van Gelder IC. Prognostic importance of natriuretic peptides and atrial fibrillation in patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 13:543-50. [PMID: 21330294 DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle D. Smit
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen; PO Box 30,001 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Alexander H. Maass
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen; PO Box 30,001 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Hans L. Hillege
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen; PO Box 30,001 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ans C.P. Wiesfeld
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen; PO Box 30,001 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen; PO Box 30,001 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle C. Van Gelder
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen; PO Box 30,001 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of The Netherlands; Utrecht The Netherlands
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Mulder BA, van Veldhuisen DJ, Crijns HJ, Böhm M, Cohen-Solal A, Babalis D, Roughton M, Flather MD, Coats AJ, Van Gelder IC. Effect of nebivolol on outcome in elderly patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation: insights from SENIORS. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 14:1171-8. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfs100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bart A. Mulder
- Department of Cardiology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherland
| | - Dirk J. van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherland
| | - Harry J.G.M. Crijns
- Department of Cardiology; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Michael Böhm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III; Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes; Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Alain Cohen-Solal
- Université de Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 942; INSERM, U942; AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisiere, F-75010; Paris France
| | - Daphne Babalis
- Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit; Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust; London UK
| | - Michael Roughton
- Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit; Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust; London UK
| | - Marcus D. Flather
- Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit; Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust; London UK
- University of East Anglia and Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital; UK
| | - Andrew J.S. Coats
- University of East Anglia and Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital; UK
| | - Isabelle C. Van Gelder
- Department of Cardiology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherland
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Abstract
In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) for heart failure, continuous monitoring of the percentage of biventricular BiV% pacing has shown that the greatest improvement and reduction in mortality occur with a BiV pacing greater than 98%. Continuous monitoring of BiV pacing has improved the CRT management of patients with AF. Continuous monitoring has generated important new questions about anticoagulant therapy, which require randomized trials. Anticoagulant therapy should probably be considered in patients who have a high risk of thromboembolism according to standard scoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Herweg
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, South Tampa Campus (5th Floor), Two Tampa General Circle, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
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Paoletti Perini A, Bartolini S, Pieragnoli P, Ricciardi G, Perrotta L, Valleggi A, Vergaro G, Michelotti F, Boggian G, Sassone B, Mascioli G, Emdin M, Padeletti L. CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores to predict morbidity and mortality in heart failure patients candidates to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace 2013; 16:71-80. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eut190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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How to improve outcomes: should we put more emphasis on programming and medical care and less on patient selection? Heart Fail Rev 2012; 17:791-802. [PMID: 23054220 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-012-9351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Many factors contribute to the pathophysiology and progression of heart failure (HF), offering the potential for many synergistic therapeutic approaches to its management. For patients, who have systolic HF, prolonged QRS and receiving guideline-indicated pharmacological therapy, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may provide additional benefits in terms of symptom improvement and mortality reduction. Nevertheless, in many patients, moderate or severe symptoms may persist or recur after CRT implantation due to either the severity or progression of the underlying disease, the presence of important co-morbidities or suboptimal device programming. Identifying and, where possible, treating the reasons for persistent or recurrent symptoms in patients who have received CRT is an important aspect of patient care. The present review summarizes the available evidence on this topic.
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Usefulness of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring for atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110:270-6. [PMID: 22503584 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The problem of early recognition of atrial fibrillation (AF) is greatly aggravated by the often silent nature of the rhythm disturbance. In about 1/3 of patients with this arrhythmia, patients are not aware of the so-called asymptomatic AF. In the past 15 years, the diagnostic data provided by implanted pacemakers and defibrillators have dramatically increased knowledge about silent AF. The unreliability of symptoms to estimate AF burden and to identify patients with and without AF has been pointed out not only by pacemaker trials but also in patients without implanted devices. The technology for continuous monitoring of AF has been largely validated. It is a powerful tool to detect silent paroxysmal AF in patients without previously documented arrhythmic episodes, such as those with cryptogenic stroke or other risk factors. Early diagnosis triggers earlier treatment for primary or secondary stroke prevention. Today, new devices are also available for pure electrocardiographic monitoring, implanted subcutaneously using a minimally invasive technique. In conclusion, this recent and promising technology adds relevant clinical and scientific information to improve risk stratification for stroke and may play an important role in testing and tailoring the therapies for rhythm and rate control.
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Barold SS, Herweg B. Cardiac resynchronization and atrial fibrillation: what's new? PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2012; 35:1281-9. [PMID: 22564027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2012.03416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Serge Barold
- Florida Heart Rhythm Institute, and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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D'Ascia SL, D'Ascia C, Marino V, Lombardi A, Santulli R, Chiariello M, Santulli G. Cardiac resynchronisation therapy response predicts occurrence of atrial fibrillation in non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Int J Clin Pract 2011; 65:1149-55. [PMID: 21995693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to determine whether or not cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has a favourable effect on the incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in a homogeneous population of patients with non-ischaemic idiopathic-dilated cardiomyopathy and severe heart failure. METHODS We designed a single-centre prospective study and enrolled 58 patients AF naïve when received CRT. After 1 year of follow-up our population was subdivided into responders (72.4%) and non-responders (27.6%), so as to compare the incidence of AF after 1, 2 and 3 years of follow-up in these two groups. RESULTS Already after 1 year, there was a significant (p < 0.05) difference in new-onset AF in non-responder patients with respect to responders (18.2% vs. 3.3%). These data were confirmed at 2 years (33.3% vs. 12.2%) and 3 years (50.0% vs. 15.0%) follow-up. In particular, 3 years after device implantation non-responders had an increased risk to develop new-onset AF (OR = 5.67). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study analysing long-term effects of CRT in a homogeneous population of patients with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy, indicating the favourable role of this non-pharmacological therapy on the prevention of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L D'Ascia
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunologic Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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Brenyo A, Link MS, Barsheshet A, Moss AJ, Zareba W, Wang PJ, McNitt S, Huang D, Foster E, Estes M, Solomon SD, Goldenberg I. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Reduces Left Atrial Volume and the Risk of Atrial Tachyarrhythmias in MADIT-CRT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy). J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58:1682-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Buga L, Cleland JGF. Increasing knowledge and changing views in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Fail Rev 2011; 17:721-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-011-9281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Botto GL, Boriani G, Favale S, Landolina M, Molon G, Tondo C, Biffi M, Grandinetti G, De Filippo P, Raciti G, Padeletti L. Treatment of atrial fibrillation with a dual defibrillator in heart failure patients (TRADE HF): protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Trials 2011; 12:44. [PMID: 21324118 PMCID: PMC3049181 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-12-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure(HF) and atrial fibrillation(AF) frequently coexist in the same patient and are associated with increased mortality and frequent hospitalizations. As the concomitance of AF and HF is often associated with a poor prognosis, the prompt treatment of AF in HF patients may significantly improve outcome. Methods/design Recent implantable cardiac resynchronization (CRT) devices allow electrical therapies to treat AF automatically. TRADE-HF (trial registration: NCT00345592; http://www.clinicaltrials.gov) is a prospective, randomized, double arm study aimed at demonstrating the efficacy of an automatic, device-based therapy for treatment of atrial tachycardia and fibrillation(AT/AF) in patients indicated for CRT. The study compares automatic electrical therapy to a traditional more usual treatment of AT/AF: the goal is to demonstrate a reduction in a combined endpoint of unplanned hospitalizations for cardiac reasons, death from cardiovascular causes or permanent AF when using automatic atrial therapy as compared to the traditional approach involving hospitalization for symptoms and in-hospital treatment of AT/AF. Discussion CRT pacemaker with the additional ability to convert AF as well as ventricular arrhythmias may play a simultaneous role in rhythm control and HF treatment. The value of the systematic implantation of CRT ICDs with the capacity to deliver atrial therapy in HF patients at risk of AF has not yet been explored. The TRADE-HF study will assess in CRT patients whether a strategy based on automatic management of atrial arrhythmias might be a valuable option to reduce the number of hospital admission and to reduce the progression the arrhythmia to a permanent form. Trial registration NCT00345592
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Marijon E, Jacob S, Mouton E, Defaye P, Piot O, Delarche N, Dennetiere S, Galley D, Le Franc P, Appl U, Guyomar Y, Albenque JP, Chevalier P, Boveda S. Frequency of atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients treated by cardiac resynchronization (from the Prospective, Multicenter Mona Lisa Study). Am J Cardiol 2010; 106:688-93. [PMID: 20723647 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The continuous measurement of sustained atrial tachyarrhythmia (AT) is now possible with some permanently implanted devices. Data on this subject remain controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of sustained AT in patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy using pacemakers without backup defibrillators (CRT-P), within the first year after implantation, using strict definition criteria for sustained AT and a systematic review of all high-quality electrographically recorded episodes. The Mona Lisa study was a prospective, multicenter, cohort study carried out from February 2004 to February 2006, with a 12-month follow-up period. Sustained AT was defined as an episode lasting > or =5 minutes; episodes were confirmed by a systematic review of electrograms in the whole study population. Of the 198 patients who underwent CRT-P device implantation and were enrolled in the study, 173 were in stable sinus rhythm at baseline and were included in the analysis (mean age 70 +/- 9 years, 66% men, 91% in New York Heart Association class III, mean QRS duration 164 +/- 26 ms, mean left ventricular ejection fraction 25 +/- 7%). During a mean follow-up period of 9.9 +/- 3.6 months, 34 patients experienced > or =1 episode of sustained AT, for an incidence rate of 27.5% (95% confidence interval 18.2 to 36.7). Only a history of AT was independently associated with the occurrence of sustained AT within the 12 months after CRT-P device implantation (hazard ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 4.4, p = 0.02). In conclusion, this first prospective electrogram-based evaluation of AT incidence demonstrated that 27% of patients developed > or =1 episode of sustained AT lasting > or =5 minutes in the 12 months after CRT-P device implantation.
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Gasparini M, Cappelleri A. Atrial arrhythmias after cardiac resynchronization therapy: an inverse correlation with achieving 100% biventricular pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy effectiveness. Europace 2009; 12:9-10. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eup396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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