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Tomlinson E, Jones HE, James R, Cooper C, Stokes C, Begum S, Watson J, Hay AD, Ward M, Thom H, Whiting P. Clinical effectiveness of point of care tests for diagnosing urinary tract infection: a systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024; 30:197-205. [PMID: 37839580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Point of care tests (POCTs) have the potential to improve the urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnostic pathway, as they can provide a diagnosis quickly in near-patient settings, and some also identify causative pathogens/antimicrobial sensitivity. OBJECTIVES To assess the clinical impact, accuracy, and technical characteristics of POCT for diagnosing UTI. METHODS OF DATA SYNTHESIS Narrative summary and bivariate random effects meta-analyses to estimate summary sensitivity and specificity. DATA SOURCES Five electronic databases, two clinical trial registries, study reports and review reference lists, and websites. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials/non-randomized studies and diagnostic test accuracy studies published since 2000. PARTICIPANTS People with suspected UTI. TESTS Rapid tests (results <40 minutes): Astrego PA-100 system, Lodestar DX, Uriscreen, UTRiPLEX. Culture tests (results <24 hours): Flexicult Human, ID Flexicult, Diaslide, Dipstreak, Chromostreak, Uricult, Uricult Trio, Uricult Plus. REFERENCE STANDARD Any. ASSESSMENT OF RISK OF BIAS Risk of Bias-2, Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2, Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-C. RESULTS Two randomized controlled trials evaluated Flexicult Human (one against standard care; one against ID Flexicult). No difference was reported in antibiotic use concordant with culture results (OR 0.84 95% CI 0.58-1.20) or appropriate antibiotic prescribing (OR 1.44 95% CI 1.03-1.99). Initial antibiotic prescribing was lower with Flexicult than standard care (OR 0.56 95% CI 0.35-0.88). No difference for other measures of antibiotic use, symptom duration, patient enablement, or resource use. Fifteen studies reported accuracy data. Limited data were available, with most POCT evaluated in single studies or not evaluated at all. Uriscreen (four studies), Uricult Trio (three studies), Flexicult Human (four studies), and ID Flexicult (two studies) had modest sensitivity and specificity. POCTs were easier to use and interpret than standard culture. CONCLUSIONS There is currently insufficient evidence to support the use of POCTs in UTI diagnosis. Due to the rapid development of POCT, this review should be updated regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Tomlinson
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Hayley E Jones
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rachel James
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris Cooper
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Jessica Watson
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alastair D Hay
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mary Ward
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Howard Thom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Penny Whiting
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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2
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Vazquez-Montes MDLA, Fanshawe TR, Stoesser N, Walker AS, Butler C, Hayward G. Epidemiology and microbiology of recurrent UTI in women in the community in Oxfordshire, UK. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlad156. [PMID: 38204597 PMCID: PMC10781434 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlad156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent urinary tract infection (rUTI) contributes to significant morbidity and antibiotic usage. Objectives To characterize the age of women experiencing rUTI, the microbiology of rUTIs, and the risk of further rUTIs in Oxfordshire, UK. Patients and methods We retrospectively analysed de-identified linked microbiology and hospital admissions data (Infections in Oxfordshire Research Database), between 2008 and 2019, including positive urine cultures from women aged ≥16 years in community settings. We defined rUTI as ≥2 positive urine cultures within 6 months or ≥3 within 12 months. Results Of 201 927 women with urine culture performed, 84 809 (42%) had ≥1 positive culture, and 15 617 (18%) of these experienced ≥1 rUTI over a median (IQR) follow-up of 6 (3-9) years. Women with rUTI were 17.0 (95% CI: 16.3-17.7) years older on average. rUTI was commonest (6204; 40%) in those aged 70-89 years. Post-rUTI, the risk of further UTI within 6 months was 29.4% (95% CI: 28.7-30.2). Escherichia coli was detected in 65% of positive cultures. Among rUTIs where the index UTI was E. coli associated, the second UTI was also E. coli associated in 81% of cases. Conclusions rUTIs represent a substantial healthcare burden, particularly in women >60 years. One-third of women experiencing rUTI have a further microbiologically confirmed UTI within 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D L A Vazquez-Montes
- Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Thomas R Fanshawe
- Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Nicole Stoesser
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Modernising Medical Microbiology Consortium, University of Oxford, Experimental Medicine Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - A Sarah Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Christopher Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Gail Hayward
- Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
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3
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Llor C, Moragas A, Aguilar-Sánchez M, García-Sangenís A, Monfà R, Morros R. Best methods for urine sample collection for diagnostic accuracy in women with urinary tract infection symptoms: a systematic review. Fam Pract 2023; 40:176-182. [PMID: 35652481 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most guidelines recommend a midstream urine (MSU) or a midstream clean-catch (MSCC) sample for urinalysis. However, whether this sample is better than others is still controversial. OBJECTIVES To assess the most adequate non-invasive method to collect a urine specimen for diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTI) in symptomatic non-pregnant women. METHODS This review was conducted according to the Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy guidelines (PROSPERO CRD42021241758). PubMed was searched paired sample studies and controlled trials. Studies comparing MSCC, MSU without cleaning, first-void urine, and random voiding samples were considered. Studies evaluating invasive methods were excluded. The main outcome was diagnostic accuracy of urine cultures. Contamination rates were evaluated. The risk of bias tool for systematic reviews on diagnostic accuracy (QUADAS-2) was assessed. RESULTS Six studies including 1,010 patients were evaluated. Only two studies used paired samples. No study was considered as having low risk of bias. There was no difference in contamination for MSU specimens collected with or without cleansing and between random void urine collection and MSCC. In one study comparing first-void urine with MSU samples, the contamination rate was lower in the latter, but the gold standard of urine culture was only used for one sampling collection. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this systematic review is the first to assess the evidence available from different exclusively non-invasive urine sampling. Despite being widely recommended, our review did not find consistent evidence that asking women to provide midstream samples with or without cleansing is better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Llor
- Department of Public Health, General Practice, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- University Institute in Primary Care Research Jordi Gol, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Barcelona, Spain
- Via Roma Health Centre, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Moragas
- University Institute in Primary Care Research Jordi Gol, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Jaume I Health Centre, Catalan Institute of Health, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Ana García-Sangenís
- University Institute in Primary Care Research Jordi Gol, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Barcelona, Spain
- Medicines Research Unit, Institut de Recerca en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ramon Monfà
- University Institute in Primary Care Research Jordi Gol, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Barcelona, Spain
- Medicines Research Unit, Institut de Recerca en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rosa Morros
- University Institute in Primary Care Research Jordi Gol, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Barcelona, Spain
- Medicines Research Unit, Institut de Recerca en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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4
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Pugia M, Bose T, Tjioe M, Frabutt D, Baird Z, Cao Z, Vorsilak A, McLuckey I, Barron MR, Barron M, Denys G, Carpenter J, Das A, Kaur K, Roy S, Sen CK, Deiss F. Multiplexed Signal Ion Emission Reactive Release Amplification (SIERRA) Assay for the Culture-Free Detection of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6604-6612. [PMID: 33819029 PMCID: PMC9097648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has increased the risk of dangerous infections, requiring rapid diagnosis and treatment. The standard method for diagnosis of bacterial infections remains dependent on slow culture-based methods, carried out in central laboratories, not easily extensible to rapid identification of organisms, and thus not optimal for timely treatments at the point-of-care (POC). Here, we demonstrate rapid detection of bacteria by combining electrochemical immunoassays (EC-IA) for pathogen identification with confirmatory quantitative mass spectral immunoassays (MS-IA) based on signal ion emission reactive release amplification (SIERRA) nanoparticles with unique mass labels. This diagnostic method uses compatible reagents for all involved assays and standard fluidics for automatic sample preparation at POC. EC-IA, based on alkaline phosphatase-conjugated pathogen-specific antibodies, quantified down to 104 bacteria per sample when testing Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lysates. EC-IA quantitation was also obtained for wound samples. The MS-IA using nanoparticles against S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa allowed selective quantitation of ∼105 bacteria per sample. This method preserves bacterial cells allowing extraction and amplification of 16S ribosomal RNA genes and antibiotic resistance genes, as was demonstrated through identification and quantitation of two strains of E. coli, resistant and nonresistant due to β-lactamase cefotaximase genes. Finally, the combined immunoassays were compared against culture using remnant deidentified patient urine samples. The sensitivities for these immunoassays were 83, 95, and 92% for the prediction of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli or K. pneumoniae positive culture, respectively, while specificities were 85, 92, and 97%. The diagnostic platform presented here with fluidics and combined immunoassays allows for pathogen isolation within 5 min and identification in as little as 15 min to 1 h, to help guide the decision for additional testing, optimally only on positive samples, such as multiplexed or resistance gene assays (6 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pugia
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Tiyash Bose
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Marco Tjioe
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Dylan Frabutt
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Zane Baird
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Zehui Cao
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Anna Vorsilak
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Ian McLuckey
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - M Regina Barron
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford Street, LD326, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Monica Barron
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford Street, LD326, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Gerald Denys
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IU Health Pathology Laboratory, Indiana University School of Medicine, 350 W. 11th Street, Room 6027B, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jessica Carpenter
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IU Health Pathology Laboratory, Indiana University School of Medicine, 350 W. 11th Street, Room 6027B, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Amitava Das
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering (ICRME), IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, Suite #444, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,United States
| | - Karamjeet Kaur
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering (ICRME), IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, Suite #444, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,United States
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering (ICRME), IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, Suite #444, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,United States
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering (ICRME), IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, Suite #444, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,United States
| | - Frédérique Deiss
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford Street, LD326, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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5
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Benko R, Matuz M, Juhasz Z, Bognar J, Bordas R, Soos G, Hajdu E, Peto Z. Treatment of Cystitis by Hungarian General Practitioners: A Prospective Observational Study. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1498. [PMID: 31920676 PMCID: PMC6931317 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lower urinary tract infections (LUTIs) are amongst the most common community acquired infections with frequent antibiotic prescribing. Objectives: To assess empiric antibiotic choice in different types of lower urinary tract infections. We also aimed to identify determinants of fluoroquinolone prescribing, as well as to determine the rate of short antibiotic courses. The frequencies of executing laboratory tests and recommending analgesics/anti-inflammatory drugs were also assessed. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed in 19 different Hungarian primary care practices. Participating general practitioners (GPs) filled out data sheets for each patient with a suspected urinary tract infection. Details of drug use were evaluated. Comparison of different LUTI groups were made by descriptive statistics and univariate analysis. Possible determinants of fluoroquinolone prescribing were assessed by logistic regression. Results: Data sheets of 372 patients were analyzed. The majority of patients (68.82%) had acute uncomplicated cystitis. While antibiotics were prescribed for almost every patient (uncomplicated cases: 92.58%, complicated cases: 94.83%), analgesics/anti-inflammatory drugs were recommended at a rate of 7.81% in uncomplicated, and 13.79% in complicated cystitis cases. Ciprofloxacin was the most commonly prescribed antibacterial agent in both types of cystitis. Short-term antibiotic therapy was prescribed in one third of relevant cases. Logistic regression found a weak association between fluoroquinolone use and patient’s age and presence of complicating factors. Conclusions: Many aspects of suboptimal cystitis management were identified (e.g. unnecessarily broad spectra agents, too long antibiotic courses). In this study, patient characteristics has weakly influenced fluoroquinolone prescribing. Based on these results there is considerable room for improvement in primary care antibiotic therapy of cystitis in Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Benko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maria Matuz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Juhasz
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Infectology Unit, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Reka Bordas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyongyver Soos
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Hajdu
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Infectology Unit, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Peto
- Emergency Department, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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6
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Gadalla AAH, Friberg IM, Kift-Morgan A, Zhang J, Eberl M, Topley N, Weeks I, Cuff S, Wootton M, Gal M, Parekh G, Davis P, Gregory C, Hood K, Hughes K, Butler C, Francis NA. Identification of clinical and urine biomarkers for uncomplicated urinary tract infection using machine learning algorithms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19694. [PMID: 31873085 PMCID: PMC6928162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms are commonly treated with empirical antibiotics, resulting in overuse of antibiotics, which promotes antimicrobial resistance. Available diagnostic tools are either not cost-effective or diagnostically sub-optimal. Here, we identified clinical and urinary immunological predictors for UTI diagnosis. We explored 17 clinical and 42 immunological potential predictors for bacterial culture among women with uncomplicated UTI symptoms using random forest or support vector machine coupled with recursive feature elimination. Urine cloudiness was the best performing clinical predictor to rule out (negative likelihood ratio [LR−] = 0.4) and rule in (LR+ = 2.6) UTI. Using a more discriminatory scale to assess cloudiness (turbidity) increased the accuracy of UTI prediction further (LR+ = 4.4). Urinary levels of MMP9, NGAL, CXCL8 and IL-1β together had a higher LR+ (6.1) and similar LR− (0.4), compared to cloudiness. Varying the bacterial count thresholds for urine culture positivity did not alter best clinical predictor selection, but did affect the number of immunological predictors required for reaching an optimal prediction. We conclude that urine cloudiness is particularly helpful in ruling out negative UTI cases. The identified urinary biomarkers could be used to develop a point of care test for UTI but require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A H Gadalla
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Ida M Friberg
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Kift-Morgan
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Weeks
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Clinical Innovation Hub, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Cuff
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Clinical Innovation Hub, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Wootton
- Specialist Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Micaela Gal
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gita Parekh
- Mologic Ltd., Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Davis
- Mologic Ltd., Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Gregory
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kerenza Hood
- Centre for Trials Research, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Hughes
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Butler
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick A Francis
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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7
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Becher KF, Wiedemann A. [Summary of diagnostic and therapy of uncomplicated urinary tract infections]. MMW Fortschr Med 2019; 161:58-65. [PMID: 31556072 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-019-0025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Friedrich Becher
- Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund, Chefarzt Abteilung Geriatrie und Frührehabilitation, Große Parower Straße 47-53, D-18435, Stralsund, Deutschland.
| | - Andreas Wiedemann
- Chefarzt der Urologischen Klinik, Lehrstuhl für Geriatrie der Universität Witten/Herdecke, Ev. Krankenhaus Witten, Witten, Deutschland
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8
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Brookes-Howell L, Thomas-Jones E, Bates J, Bekkers MJ, Brugman C, Coulman E, Francis N, Hashmi K, Hood K, Kirby N, Llor C, Little P, Moore M, Moragas A, Rumsby K, Verheij T, Butler C. Challenges in managing urinary tract infection and the potential of a point-of-care test guided care in primary care: an international qualitative study. BJGP Open 2019; 3:bjgpopen18X101630. [PMID: 31366667 PMCID: PMC6662873 DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen18x101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about clinicians' experiences of using a point-of-care test (POCT) to inform management of urinary tract infection (UTI) in general practice. AIM To explore experiences of using the Flexicult test to inform management of UTI and views on requirements for an optimal POCT to inform successful implementation. DESIGN & SETTING Telephone interviews with 35 primary care clinicians and healthcare professionals in Wales, England, Spain, and the Netherlands, who had participated in a trial of the Flexicult POCT for UTI based on urine culture. METHOD Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews. RESULTS Most primary care clinicians interviewed agreed on the need for a POCT in UTI management, and that the Flexicult POCT delivered quicker results than laboratory results used in usual care, reassured patients, boosted their confidence in decision-making, and reminded them about antibiotic stewardship. However, clinicians also reported difficulties in interpreting results, limitations on when the Flexicult could be used, and concerns that testing all patients would strain care delivery and prolong patient discomfort when delaying decisions until a non-rapid POCT result was available. An optimal POCT would produce more rapid results, and be reliable and easy to use. Uptake into routine care would be enhanced by: clear guidance on which patients should be tested; training for interpreting 'grey area' results; reiterating that even 'straightforward' cases might be better managed with a test; clear messages about stopping unnecessary antibiotics versus completing a course; and better self-management strategies to accompany implementation of delayed, or non-prescription of, antibiotics. CONCLUSION Primary care clinicians believe that POCT tests could play a useful role in the management of UTI and gave clear recommendations for successful implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Brookes-Howell
- Research Fellow (Qualitative), Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emma Thomas-Jones
- Research Fellow, Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Janine Bates
- Research Associate, Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marie-Jet Bekkers
- Research Associate, Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Curt Brugman
- Project Manager, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elinor Coulman
- Research Associate, Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nick Francis
- Professor, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Khurram Hashmi
- GP Academic Fellow, Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kerenza Hood
- Professor, Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Senior Data Manager, Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Carl Llor
- GP and Researcher, Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paul Little
- Professor, Primary Care & Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Michael Moore
- Professor, Primary Care & Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anna Moragas
- Project Manager, University Institute in Primary Care Research Jordi Gol, Via Roma Health Centre, Barcelona, Spain
- GP and Associate Professor, University Rovira i Virgili. Primary Healthcare Centre Jaume I, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Kate Rumsby
- Study Manager, Primary Care & Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Theo Verheij
- Professor, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Butler
- Professor of Primary Care, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Point-of-care urine culture for managing urinary tract infection in primary care: a randomised controlled trial of clinical and cost-effectiveness. Br J Gen Pract 2018; 68:e268-e278. [PMID: 29483078 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp18x695285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of using point-of-care (POC) urine culture in primary care on appropriate antibiotic use is unknown. AIM To assess whether use of the Flexicult™ SSI-Urinary Kit, which quantifies bacterial growth and determines antibiotic susceptibility at the point of care, achieves antibiotic use that is more often concordant with laboratory culture results, when compared with standard care. DESIGN AND SETTING Individually randomised trial of females with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in primary care research networks (PCRNs) in England, the Netherlands, Spain, and Wales. METHOD Multilevel regression compared outcomes between the two groups while controlling for clustering. RESULTS In total, 329 participants were randomised to POC testing (POCT) and 325 to standard care, and 324 and 319 analysed. Fewer females randomised to the POCT arm than those who received standard care were prescribed antibiotics at the initial consultation (267/324 [82.4%] versus 282/319 [88.4%], odds ratio [OR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.35 to 0.88). Clinicians indicated the POCT result changed their management for 190/301 (63.1%). Despite this, there was no statistically significant difference between study arms in antibiotic use that was concordant with laboratory culture results (primary outcome) at day 3 (39.3% POCT versus 44.1% standard care, OR 0.84, 95% CI = 0.58 to 1.20), and there was no evidence of any differences in recovery, patient enablement, UTI recurrences, re-consultation, antibiotic resistance, and hospitalisations at follow-up. POCT culture was not cost-effective. CONCLUSION Point-of-care urine culture was not effective when used mainly to adjust immediate antibiotic prescriptions. Further research should evaluate use of the test to guide initiation of 'delayed antibiotics'.
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