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Mukhebi DW, Musangi CR, Isoe EM, Neondo JO, Mbinda WM. Endophytic and epiphytic metabarcoding reveals fungal communities on cashew phyllosphere in Kenya. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305600. [PMID: 39018319 PMCID: PMC11253924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants intimately coexist with diverse taxonomically structured microbial communities that influence host health and productivity. The coexistence of plant microbes in the phyllosphere benefits biodiversity maintenance, ecosystem function, and community stability. However, differences in community composition and network structures of phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic fungi are widely unknown. Using Illumina Miseq sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S rRNA gene amplicons, we characterised the epiphytic and endophytic fungal communities associated with cashew phyllosphere (leaf, flower and fruit) from Kwale, Kilifi and Lamu counties in Kenya. The ITS and 28S rRNA gene sequences were clustered into 267 and 108 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 97% sequence similarity for both the epiphytes and endophytes. Phylum Ascomycota was abundant followed by Basidiomycota, while class Saccharomycetes was most dominant followed by Dothideomycetes. The major non-ascomycete fungi were associated only with class Tremellales. The fungal communities detected had notable ecological functions as saprotrophs and pathotrophs in class Saccharomyectes and Dothideomycetes. The community composition of epiphytic and endophytic fungi significantly differed between the phyllosphere organs which was statistically confirmed by the Analysis of Similarity test (ANOSIM Statistic R: 0.3273, for 28S rRNA gene and ANOSIM Statistic R: 0.3034 for ITS). The network analysis revealed that epiphytic and endophytic structures were more specialized, modular and had less connectance. Our results comprehensively describe the phyllosphere cashew-associated fungal community and serve as a foundation for understanding the host-specific microbial community structures among cashew trees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Everlyne Moraa Isoe
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Omukhulu Neondo
- Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Wilton Mwema Mbinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
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Hale B, Watts C, Conatser M, Brown E, Wijeratne AJ. Fine-scale characterization of the soybean rhizosphere microbiome via synthetic long reads and avidity sequencing. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2024; 19:46. [PMID: 38997772 PMCID: PMC11241880 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-024-00590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rhizosphere microbiome displays structural and functional dynamism driven by plant, microbial, and environmental factors. While such plasticity is a well-evidenced determinant of host health, individual and community-level microbial activity within the rhizosphere remain poorly understood, due in part to the insufficient taxonomic resolution achieved through traditional marker gene amplicon sequencing. This limitation necessitates more advanced approaches (e.g., long-read sequencing) to derive ecological inferences with practical application. To this end, the present study coupled synthetic long-read technology with avidity sequencing to investigate eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbiome dynamics within the soybean (Glycine max) rhizosphere under field conditions. RESULTS Synthetic long-read sequencing permitted de novo reconstruction of the entire 18S-ITS1-ITS2 region of the eukaryotic rRNA operon as well as all nine hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. All full-length, mapped eukaryotic amplicon sequence variants displayed genus-level classification, and 44.77% achieved species-level classification. The resultant eukaryotic microbiome encompassed five kingdoms (19 genera) of protists in addition to fungi - a depth unattainable with conventional short-read methods. In the prokaryotic fraction, every full-length, mapped amplicon sequence variant was resolved at the species level, and 23.13% at the strain level. Thirteen species of Bradyrhizobium were thereby distinguished in the prokaryotic microbiome, with strain-level identification of the two Bradyrhizobium species most reported to nodulate soybean. Moreover, the applied methodology delineated structural and compositional dynamism in response to experimental parameters (i.e., growth stage, cultivar, and biostimulant application), unveiled a saprotroph-rich core microbiome, provided empirical evidence for host selection of mutualistic taxa, and identified key microbial co-occurrence network members likely associated with edaphic and agronomic properties. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to combine synthetic long-read technology and avidity sequencing to profile both eukaryotic and prokaryotic fractions of a plant-associated microbiome. Findings herein provide an unparalleled taxonomic resolution of the soybean rhizosphere microbiota and represent significant biological and technological advancements in crop microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Hale
- AgriGro Incorporated, Doniphan, MO, USA
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA
- College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA
| | - Caitlin Watts
- College of Agriculture, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Conatser
- College of Agriculture, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA
| | - Edward Brown
- College of Agriculture, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA
| | - Asela J Wijeratne
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA.
- College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA.
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Wei C, Liang J, Wang R, Chi L, Wang W, Tan J, Shi H, Song X, Cui Z, Xie Q, Cheng D, Wang X. Response of bacterial community metabolites to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum: a multi-omics analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1339478. [PMID: 38317834 PMCID: PMC10839043 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1339478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The soil microbial community plays a critical role in promoting robust plant growth and serves as an effective defence mechanism against root pathogens. Current research has focused on unravelling the compositions and functions of diverse microbial taxa in plant rhizospheres invaded by Ralstonia solanacearum, however, the specific mechanisms by which key microbial groups with distinct functions exert their effects remain unclear. In this study, we employed a combination of amplicon sequencing and metabolomics analysis to investigate the principal metabolic mechanisms of key microbial taxa in plant rhizosphere soil. Compared to the healthy tobacco rhizosphere samples, the bacterial diversity and co-occurrence network of the diseased tobacco rhizosphere soil were significantly reduced. Notably, certain genera, including Gaiella, Rhodoplanes, and MND1 (Nitrosomonadaceae), were found to be significantly more abundant in the rhizosphere of healthy plants than in that of diseased plants. Eight environmental factors, including exchangeable magnesium, available phosphorus, and pH, were found to be crucial factors influencing the composition of the microbial community. Ralstonia displayed negative correlations with pH, exchangeable magnesium, and cation exchange flux, but showed a positive correlation with available iron. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis revealed that the metabolic pathways related to the synthesis of various antibacterial compounds were significantly enriched in the healthy group. The correlation analysis results indicate that the bacterial genera Polycyclovorans, Lysobacter, Pseudomonas, and Nitrosospira may participate in the synthesis of antibacterial compounds. Collectively, our findings contribute to a more in-depth understanding of disease resistance mechanisms within healthy microbial communities and provide a theoretical foundation for the development of targeted strategies using beneficial microorganisms to suppress disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Wei
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinchang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Enshi Tobacco Science and Technology Center, Enshi, China
| | - Luping Chi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Enshi Tobacco Science and Technology Center, Enshi, China
| | - Heli Shi
- Enshi Tobacco Science and Technology Center, Enshi, China
| | - Xueru Song
- Engineering Center for Biological Control of Diseases and Pests in Tobacco Industry, Yuxi, China
| | - Zhenzhen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Sichuan Tobacco Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Dejie Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Huang WF, Li J, Huang JA, Liu ZH, Xiong LG. Review: Research progress on seasonal succession of phyllosphere microorganisms. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 338:111898. [PMID: 37879538 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Phyllosphere microorganisms have recently attracted the attention of scientists studying plant microbiomes. The origin, diversity, functions, and interactions of phyllosphere microorganisms have been extensively explored. Many experiments have demonstrated seasonal cycles of phyllosphere microbes. However, a comprehensive comparison of these separate investigations to characterize seasonal trends in phyllosphere microbes of woody and herbaceous plants has not been conducted. In this review, we explored the dynamic changes of phyllosphere microorganisms in woody and non-woody plants with the passage of the season, sought to find the driving factors, summarized these texts, and thought about future research trends regarding the application of phyllosphere microorganisms in agricultural production. Seasonal trends in phyllosphere microorganisms of herbaceous and woody plants have similarities and differences, but extensive experimental validation is needed. Climate, insects, hosts, microbial interactions, and anthropogenic activities are the diverse factors that influence seasonal variation in phyllosphere microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li-Gui Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Wang Z, Solanki MK, Kumar A, Solanki AC, Pang F, Ba ZX, Niu JQ, Ren ZX. Promoting plant resilience against stress by engineering root microenvironment with Streptomyces inoculants. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127509. [PMID: 37788547 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth is directly influenced by biotic and abiotic stress factors resulting from environmental changes. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have become a crucial area of research aimed at addressing these challenges. However, a knowledge gap exists regarding how PGPR impacts the microenvironments surrounding plant roots. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the effects of two distinct PGPR strains, Streptomyces griseorubiginosus BTU6 (known for its resistance to smut disease) and S. chartreusis WZS021, on sugarcane roots. Additionally, we compare the resultant modifications in the physicochemical characteristics of the rhizospheric soil and root architecture. The results reveal that following the inoculation of S. chartreusis WZS021, there was a significant increase in the active chemicals associated with nitrogen metabolism in sugarcane roots. This enhancement led to a substantial enrichment of nitrogen-cycling microbes like Pseudomonas and Gemmatimona. This finding supports earlier research indicating that S. chartreusis WZS021 enhances sugarcane's capacity to utilize nitrogen effectively. Furthermore, after treatment with S. chartreusis, Aspergillus became the predominant strain among endophytic fungi, resulting in alterations to their community structure that conferred drought resistance. In contrast, the relative abundance of Xanthomonas in the root environment decreased following inoculation with S. griseorubiginosus. Instead, Gemmatimona became more prevalent, creating a favorable environment for plants to bolster their resistance against disease. Notably, inoculations with S. chartreusis WZS021 and S. griseorubiginosus BTU6 led to substantial changes in the chemical composition, enzymatic activity, and microbial community composition in the soil surrounding sugarcane roots. However, there were distinct differences in the specific alterations induced by each strain. These findings enhance plant resilience to stress by shedding light on PGPR-mediated modifications in root microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Agricultural College, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Manoj Kumar Solanki
- Department of Life Sciences and Biological Sciences, IES University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Anjali Chandrol Solanki
- Department of Agriculture, Mansarover Global University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462042, India
| | - Fei Pang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Agricultural College, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Ba
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Agricultural College, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Jun-Qi Niu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Agricultural College, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China.
| | - Zhen-Xin Ren
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Agricultural College, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China.
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Petrushin IS, Vasilev IA, Markova YA. Drought Tolerance of Legumes: Physiology and the Role of the Microbiome. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6311-6324. [PMID: 37623217 PMCID: PMC10453936 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Water scarcity and global warming make drought-tolerant plant species more in-demand than ever. The most drastic damage exerted by drought occurs during the critical growth stages of seed development and reproduction. In the course of their evolution, plants form a variety of drought-tolerance mechanisms, including recruiting beneficial microorganisms. Legumes (one of the three largest groups of higher plants) have unique features and the potential to adapt to abiotic stress. The available literature discusses the genetic (breeding) and physiological aspects of drought tolerance in legumes, neglecting the role of the microbiome. Our review aims to fill this gap: starting with the physiological mechanisms of legume drought adaptation, we describe the symbiotic relationship of the plant host with the microbial community and its role in facing drought. We consider two types of studies related to microbiomes in low-water conditions: comparisons and microbiome engineering (modulation). The first type of research includes diversity shifts and the isolation of microorganisms from the various plant niches to which they belong. The second type focuses on manipulating the plant holobiont through microbiome engineering-a promising biotech strategy to improve the yield and stress-resistance of legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S. Petrushin
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk 664033, Russia; (I.A.V.); (Y.A.M.)
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Wang Z, Hu X, Solanki MK, Pang F. A Synthetic Microbial Community of Plant Core Microbiome Can Be a Potential Biocontrol Tool. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5030-5041. [PMID: 36946724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbes are accepted as the foremost drivers of the rhizosphere ecology that influences plant health in direct or indirect ways. In recent years, the rapid development of gene sequencing technology has greatly facilitated the study of plant microbiome structure and function, and various plant-associated microbiomes have been categorized. Additionally, there is growing research interest in plant-disease-related microbes, and some specific microflora beneficial to plant health have been identified. This Review discusses the plant-associated microbiome's biological control pathways and functions to modulate plant defense against pathogens. How do plant microbiomes enhance plant resistance? How does the plant core microbiome-associated synthetic microbial community (SynCom) improve plant health? This Review further points out the primary need to develop smart agriculture practices using SynComs against plant diseases. Finally, this Review provides ideas for future opportunities in plant disease control and mining new microbial resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Agricultural College, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi 537000, China
| | - Xiaohu Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Agricultural College, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi 537000, China
| | - Manoj Kumar Solanki
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice 40-701, Poland
| | - Fei Pang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Agricultural College, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi 537000, China
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Zhang Y, Cao B, Pan Y, Tao S, Zhang N. Metabolite-Mediated Responses of Phyllosphere Microbiota to Rust Infection in Two Malus Species. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0383122. [PMID: 36916990 PMCID: PMC10101083 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03831-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants recruit beneficial microbes to enhance their ability to fight pathogens. However, the current understanding of microbial recruitment is largely limited to belowground systems (root exudates and the rhizosphere). It remains unclear whether the changes in leaf metabolites induced by infectious pathogens can actively recruit beneficial microbes to mitigate the growth of foliar pathogens. In this study, we integrated microbiome and metabolomic analyses to systematically explore the dynamics of phyllosphere fungal and bacterial communities and key leaf metabolites in two crabapple species (Malus sp. "Flame" and Malus sp. "Kelsey") at six stages following infection with Gymnosporangium yamadae. Our results showed that the phyllosphere microbiome changed during lesion expansion, as highlighted by a reduction in bacterial alpha-diversity and an increase in fungal alpha-diversity; a decreasing and then an increasing complexity of the microbial co-occurrence network was observed in Kelsey and a decreasing complexity occurred in Flame. In addition, nucleotide sugars, diarylheptanoids, and carboxylic acids with aromatic rings were more abundant in early stages of collection, which positively regulated the abundance of bacterial orders Pseudomonadales (in Kelsey), Acidimicrobiales, Bacillales, and Flavobacteriales (in Flame). In addition, metabolites such as flavonoids, lignin precursors, terpenoids, coumarins, and quaternary ammonium salts enriched with the expansion of lesions had a positive regulatory effect on fungal families Rhynchogastremataceae and Golubeviaceae (in Flame) and the bacterial order Actinomycetales (in Kelsey). Our findings highlight that plants may also influence phyllosphere microorganisms by adjusting leaf metabolites in response to biotic stress. IMPORTANCE Our findings demonstrate the response patterns of bacterial and fungal communities in the Malus phyllosphere to rust fungus G. yamadae infection, and they also reveal how the phyllosphere microbiome changes with the expansion of lesions. We identified several metabolites whose relative abundance varied significantly with lesion expansion. Using a framework for assessing the role of leaf metabolites in shaping the phyllosphere microbiome of the two Malus species, we identified several specific metabolites that have profoundly selective effects on the microbial community. In conclusion, our study provides new evidence of the ecological niche of the phyllosphere in supporting the "cry for help" strategy for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumei Pan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siqi Tao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Naili Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, People’s Republic of China
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