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Choi A, Lee TK, Cho H, Lee WC, Hyun JH. Shifts in benthic bacterial communities associated with farming stages and a microbiological proxy for assessing sulfidic sediment conditions at fish farms. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113603. [PMID: 35390629 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To assess the aquaculture-induced sediment conditions associated with sulfur cycles, shifts in bacterial communities across farming stages were investigated. The sulfate reduction rate (SRR), and concentrations of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and H2S were significantly higher at the mid- and post-farming stages than at the early stage, indicating that the aquaculture effects persist even after harvest. Incomplete organic carbon-oxidizing sulfate-reducing bacteria (IO-SRB) affiliated with Desulfobulbaceae, and gammaproteobacterial sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) (Thiohalobacter, Thioprofundum, and Thiohalomonas) were dominant during the early stage, whereas fermenting bacteria (Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes) and complete oxidizing SRB (CO-SRB) belonging to Desulfobacteraceae, and epsilonproteobacterial SOB (Sulfurovum) dominated during the mid- and post-stages. The shift in SRB and SOB communities well reflected the anoxic and sulfidic conditions of farm sediment. Especially, the Sulfurovum-like SOB correlated highly and positively with H2S, AVS, and SRR, suggesting that they could be relevant microbiological proxies to assess sulfidic conditions in farm sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayeon Choi
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, South Korea; Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korean Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan Metropolitan City, South Korea
| | - Tae Kwon Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University,1Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea
| | - Hyeyoun Cho
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, South Korea
| | - Won-Chan Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Busan 46083, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Hyun
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, South Korea.
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Chen Y, Zheng M, Qiu Y, Wang H, Zhang H, Tao Q, Luo H, Zhang Z. Organic Matter and Total Nitrogen Lead to Different Microbial Community Structure in Sediments Between Lagoon and Surrounding Areas by Regulating Xenococcus Abundance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:859921. [PMID: 35531298 PMCID: PMC9069056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.859921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coastal lagoon is an important productive ecosystem on the Earth. In this study, we compared microbial community in the sediments between lagoon and surrounding areas, and explored mechanism for the variation of microbial community. As a result, the sediment of surrounding area showed significantly higher organic matter and total nitrogen than that of the lagoon. The linear regression analysis revealed that organic matter and total nitrogen are positively correlated with Xenococcus. Bacterial and fungal PCoA1 showed significantly positive relationships with the relative abundance of Xenococcus, indicating that Xenococcus affects the bacterial and fungal community in the sediments of both the lagoon and surrounding area. ANOSIM analysis demonstrated that there were significant differences in bacterial and fungal community structure in the sediments between the lagoon and surrounding areas. Therefore, organic matter and total nitrogen affect the microbial community structure in the sediments of lagoon and surrounding areas by regulating the abundance of Xenococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources (Hainan Tropical Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Sanya, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, China
| | - Minjing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources (Hainan Tropical Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Sanya, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources (Hainan Tropical Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Sanya, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources (Hainan Tropical Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Sanya, China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biosafety, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiongren Tao
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources (Hainan Tropical Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Sanya, China
| | - Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources (Hainan Tropical Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Sanya, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources (Hainan Tropical Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biosafety, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenhua Zhang,
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Bradshaw DJ, Dickens NJ, Trefry JH, McCarthy PJ. Defining the sediment prokaryotic communities of the Indian River Lagoon, FL, USA, an Estuary of National Significance. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236305. [PMID: 33105476 PMCID: PMC7588086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Indian River Lagoon, located on the east coast of Florida, USA, is an Estuary of National Significance and an important economic and ecological resource. The Indian River Lagoon faces several environmental pressures, including freshwater discharges through the St. Lucie Estuary; accumulation of anoxic, fine-grained, organic-rich sediment; and metal contamination from agriculture and marinas. Although the Indian River Lagoon has been well-studied, little is known about its microbial communities; thus, a two-year 16S amplicon sequencing study was conducted to assess the spatiotemporal changes of the sediment bacterial and archaeal groups. In general, the Indian River Lagoon exhibited a prokaryotic community that was consistent with other estuarine studies. Statistically different communities were found between the Indian River Lagoon and St. Lucie Estuary due to changes in porewater salinity causing microbes that require salts for growth to be higher in the Indian River Lagoon. The St. Lucie Estuary exhibited more obvious prokaryotic seasonality, such as a higher relative abundance of Betaproteobacteriales in wet season and a higher relative abundance of Flavobacteriales in dry season samples. Distance-based linear models revealed these communities were more affected by changes in total organic matter and copper than changes in temperature. Anaerobic prokaryotes, such as Campylobacterales, were more associated with high total organic matter and copper samples while aerobic prokaryotes, such as Nitrosopumilales, were more associated with low total organic matter and copper samples. This initial study fills the knowledge gap on the Indian River Lagoon bacterial and archaeal communities and serves as important data for future studies to compare to determine possible future changes due to human impacts or environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Bradshaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Dickens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, United States of America
| | - John H. Trefry
- Department of Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, United States of America
| | - Peter J. McCarthy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, United States of America
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Hernández-Del Amo E, Ramió-Pujol S, Gich F, Trias R, Bañeras L. Changes in the Potential Activity of Nitrite Reducers and the Microbial Community Structure After Sediment Dredging and Plant Removal in the Empuriabrava FWS-CW. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:588-603. [PMID: 31486865 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In constructed wetlands (CW), denitrification usually accounts for > 60% of nitrogen removal and is supposedly affected by wetland management practices, such as dredging (and plant removal). These practices cause an impact in sediment properties and microbial communities living therein. We have quantified the effects of a sediment dredging event on dissimilatory nitrite reduction by analysing the structure and activities of the microbial community before and after the event. Potential rates for nitrate reduction to ammonia and denitrification were in accordance with changes in the physicochemical conditions. Denitrification was the predominant pathway for nitrite removal (> 60%) and eventually led to the complete removal of nitrate. On the contrary, dissimilatory nitrite reduction to ammonia (DNRA) increased from 5 to 18% after the dredging event. Both actual activities and abundances of 16S rRNA, nirK and nirS significantly decreased after sediment dredging. However, genetic potential for denitrification (qnirS + qnirK/q16S rRNA) remained unchanged. Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed the importance of vegetation in shaping microbial community structures, selecting specific phylotypes potentially contributing to the nitrogen cycle. Overall, we confirmed that sediment dredging and vegetation removal exerted a measurable effect on the microbial community, but not on potential nitrite + nitrate removal rates. According to redundancy analysis, nitrate concentration and pH were the main variables affecting sediment microbial communities in the Empuriabrava CWs. Our results highlight a high recovery of the functionality of an ecosystem service after a severe intervention and point to metabolic redundancy of denitrifiers. We are confident these results will be taken into account in future management strategies in CWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hernández-Del Amo
- Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institut d'Ecologia Aquàtica, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Edifici Aulari Comú -LEAR, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 40, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sara Ramió-Pujol
- Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institut d'Ecologia Aquàtica, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Edifici Aulari Comú -LEAR, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 40, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- GoodGut, Centre d'Empreses Giroemprèn, Parc Científic i Tecnològic UdG, Carrer Pic de Peguera, 11, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Frederic Gich
- Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institut d'Ecologia Aquàtica, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Edifici Aulari Comú -LEAR, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 40, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rosalia Trias
- Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institut d'Ecologia Aquàtica, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Edifici Aulari Comú -LEAR, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 40, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lluís Bañeras
- Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institut d'Ecologia Aquàtica, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Edifici Aulari Comú -LEAR, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 40, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Quero GM, Perini L, Pesole G, Manzari C, Lionetti C, Bastianini M, Marini M, Luna GM. Seasonal rather than spatial variability drives planktonic and benthic bacterial diversity in a microtidal lagoon and the adjacent open sea. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5961-5973. [PMID: 28926207 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coastal lagoons are highly productive ecosystems, which are experiencing a variety of human disturbances at increasing frequency. Bacteria are key ecological players within lagoons, yet little is known about the magnitude, patterns and drivers of diversity in these transitional environments. We carried out a seasonal study in the Venice Lagoon (Italy) and the adjacent sea, to simultaneously explore diversity patterns in different domains (pelagic, benthic) and their spatio-temporal variability, and test the role of environmental gradients in structuring assemblages. Community composition differed between lagoon and open sea, and between domains. The dominant phyla varied temporally, with varying trends for the two domains, suggesting different environmental constraints on the assemblages. The percentage of freshwater taxa within the lagoon increased during higher river run-off, pointing at the lagoon as a dynamic mosaic of microbial taxa that generate the metacommunity across the whole hydrological continuum. Seasonality was more important than spatial variability in shaping assemblages. Network analyses indicated more interactions between several genera and environmental variables in the open sea than the lagoon. Our study provides evidences for a temporally dynamic nature of bacterial assemblages in lagoons and suggests that an interplay of seasonally influenced environmental drivers shape assemblages in these vulnerable ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Perini
- Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR-ISMAR), National Research Council, Venezia, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.,Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (CIB) and Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Manzari
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Lionetti
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Bastianini
- Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR-ISMAR), National Research Council, Venezia, Italy
| | - Mauro Marini
- Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR-ISMAR), National Research Council, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Luna
- Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR-ISMAR), National Research Council, Ancona, Italy
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Behera P, Mahapatra S, Mohapatra M, Kim JY, Adhya TK, Raina V, Suar M, Pattnaik AK, Rastogi G. Salinity and macrophyte drive the biogeography of the sedimentary bacterial communities in a brackish water tropical coastal lagoon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 595:472-485. [PMID: 28395262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Brackish water coastal lagoons are least understood with respect to the seasonal and temporal variability in their sedimentary bacterial communities. These coastal lagoons are characterized by the steep environmental gradient and provide an excellent model system to decipher the biotic and abiotic factors that determine the bacterial community structure over time and space. Using Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes from a total of 100 bulk surface sediments, we investigated the sedimentary bacterial communities, their spatiotemporal distribution, and compared them with the rhizosphere sediment communities of a common reed; Phragmites karka and a native seagrass species; Halodule uninervis in Chilika Lagoon. Spatiotemporal patterns in bacterial communities were linked to specific biotic factors (e.g., presence and type of macrophyte) and abiotic factors (e.g., salinity) that drove the community composition. Comparative assessment of communities highlighted bacterial lineages that were responsible for segregating the sediment communities over distinct salinity regimes, seasons, locations, and presence and type of macrophytes. Several bacterial taxa were specific to one of these ecological factors suggesting that species-sorting processes drive specific biogeographical patterns in the bacterial populations. Modeling of proteobacterial lineages against salinity gradient revealed that α- and γ-Proteobacteria increased with salinity, whereas β-Proteobacteria displayed the opposite trend. The wide variety of biogeochemical functions performed by the rhizosphere microbiota of P. karka must be taken into consideration while formulating the management and conservation plan for this reed. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics and functionality of sedimentary bacterial communities and highlighted the role of biotic and abiotic factors in generating the biogeographical patterns in the bacterial communities of a tropical brackish water coastal lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Behera
- Wetland Research and Training Centre, Chilika Development Authority, Barkul, Balugaon, 752030, Odisha, India
| | - Sofia Mahapatra
- Wetland Research and Training Centre, Chilika Development Authority, Barkul, Balugaon, 752030, Odisha, India
| | - Madhusmita Mohapatra
- Wetland Research and Training Centre, Chilika Development Authority, Barkul, Balugaon, 752030, Odisha, India
| | - Ji Yoon Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, 46241 Busan, South Korea
| | - Tapan K Adhya
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Vishakha Raina
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Ajit K Pattnaik
- Wetland Research and Training Centre, Chilika Development Authority, Barkul, Balugaon, 752030, Odisha, India
| | - Gurdeep Rastogi
- Wetland Research and Training Centre, Chilika Development Authority, Barkul, Balugaon, 752030, Odisha, India.
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Preisner EC, Fichot EB, Norman RS. Microbial Mat Compositional and Functional Sensitivity to Environmental Disturbance. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1632. [PMID: 27799927 PMCID: PMC5066559 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of ecosystems to adapt to environmental perturbations depends on the duration and intensity of change and the overall biological diversity of the system. While studies have indicated that rare microbial taxa may provide a biological reservoir that supports long-term ecosystem stability, how this dynamic population is influenced by environmental parameters remains unclear. In this study, a microbial mat ecosystem located on San Salvador Island, The Bahamas was used as a model to examine how environmental disturbance affects the protein synthesis potential (PSP) of rare and abundant archaeal and bacterial communities and how these changes impact potential biogeochemical processes. This ecosystem experienced a large shift in salinity (230 to 65 g kg-1) during 2011-2012 following the landfall of Hurricane Irene on San Salvador Island. High throughput sequencing and analysis of 16S rRNA and rRNA genes from samples before and after the pulse disturbance showed significant changes in the diversity and PSP of abundant and rare taxa, suggesting overall compositional and functional sensitivity to environmental change. In both archaeal and bacterial communities, while the majority of taxa showed low PSP across conditions, the overall community PSP increased post-disturbance, with significant shifts occurring among abundant and rare taxa across and within phyla. Broadly, following the post-disturbance reduction in salinity, taxa within Halobacteria decreased while those within Crenarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, Thermoplasmata, Cyanobacteria, and Proteobacteria, increased in abundance and PSP. Quantitative PCR of genes and transcripts involved in nitrogen and sulfur cycling showed concomitant shifts in biogeochemical cycling potential. Post-disturbance conditions increased the expression of genes involved in N-fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and sulfate reduction. Together, our findings show complex community adaptation to environmental change and help elucidate factors connecting disturbance, biodiversity, and ecosystem function that may enhance ecosystem models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert S. Norman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, ColumbiaSC, USA
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Cherif M, Granados M, Duffy S, Robert P, Péquin B, Mohit V, McKindsey CW, Archambault P, Myrand B, Lovejoy C, Tremblay R, Plourde S, Fussmann GF. Potential for Local Fertilization: A Benthocosm Test of Long-Term and Short-Term Effects of Mussel Excretion on the Plankton. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156411. [PMID: 27249793 PMCID: PMC4889037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mussel aquaculture has expanded worldwide and it is important to assess its impact on the water column and the planktonic food web to determine the sustainability of farming practices. Mussel farming may affect the planktonic food web indirectly by excreting bioavailable nutrients in the water column (a short-term effect) or by increasing nutrient effluxes from biodeposit-enriched sediments (a long-term effect). We tested both of these indirect effects in a lagoon by using plankton-enclosing benthocosms that were placed on the bottom of a shallow lagoon either inside of a mussel farm or at reference sites with no history of aquaculture. At each site, half of the benthocosms were enriched with seawater that had held mussels (excretion treatment), the other half received non-enriched seawater as a control treatment. We monitored nutrients ([PO43-] and [NH4+]), dissolved oxygen and plankton components (bacteria, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton) over 5 days. We found a significant relationship between long-term accumulation of mussel biodeposits in sediments, water-column nutrient concentrations and plankton growth. Effects of mussel excretion were not detected, too weak to be significant given the spatial and temporal variability observed in the lagoon. Effects of mussels on the water column are thus likely to be coupled to benthic processes in such semi-enclosed water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Cherif
- Umeå universitet, Institution för Ekologi, Miljö och Geovetenskap, Linnaeus väg 6 SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Monica Granados
- McGill University, Department of Biology, 1205 ave Docteur-Penfield, H3A1B1 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sean Duffy
- McGill University, Department of Biology, 1205 ave Docteur-Penfield, H3A1B1 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pauline Robert
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, G5L3A1, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Bérangère Péquin
- Université Laval, Département de Biologie, 1045 av. De la médecine, G1V0A6 Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Vani Mohit
- Université Laval, Département de Biologie, 1045 av. De la médecine, G1V0A6 Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Philippe Archambault
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, G5L3A1, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruno Myrand
- Merinov, 107–125 chemin du Parc, G4T1B3 Cap-aux-Meules, Québec, Canada
| | - Connie Lovejoy
- Université Laval, Département de Biologie, 1045 av. De la médecine, G1V0A6 Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Réjean Tremblay
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, G5L3A1, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Plourde
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, G5H3Z4 Mont-Joli, Québec, Canada
| | - Gregor F. Fussmann
- McGill University, Department of Biology, 1205 ave Docteur-Penfield, H3A1B1 Montréal, Québec, Canada
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