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Krüger L, Gaskell-Mew L, Graham S, Shirran S, Hertel R, White MF. Reversible conjugation of a CBASS nucleotide cyclase regulates bacterial immune response to phage infection. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:1579-1592. [PMID: 38589469 PMCID: PMC11153139 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Prokaryotic antiviral defence systems are frequently toxic for host cells and stringent regulation is required to ensure survival and fitness. These systems must be readily available in case of infection but tightly controlled to prevent activation of an unnecessary cellular response. Here we investigate how the bacterial cyclic oligonucleotide-based antiphage signalling system (CBASS) uses its intrinsic protein modification system to regulate the nucleotide cyclase. By integrating a type II CBASS system from Bacillus cereus into the model organism Bacillus subtilis, we show that the protein-conjugating Cap2 (CBASS associated protein 2) enzyme links the cyclase exclusively to the conserved phage shock protein A (PspA) in the absence of phage. The cyclase-PspA conjugation is reversed by the deconjugating isopeptidase Cap3 (CBASS associated protein 3). We propose a model in which the cyclase is held in an inactive state by conjugation to PspA in the absence of phage, with conjugation released upon infection, priming the cyclase for activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Krüger
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
| | | | - Shirley Graham
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Sally Shirran
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Robert Hertel
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Malcolm F White
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
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2
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Abraha HB, Kim KP. Complete genome sequence analysis, morphology and structural protein identification of two Bacillus subtilis phages, BSTP4 and BSTP6, which may form a new species in the genus Salasvirus. Virus Genes 2023:10.1007/s11262-023-01998-w. [PMID: 37119398 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, two new Bacillus subtilis phages, BSTP4 and BSTP6, were isolated and studied further. Morphologically, BSTP4 and BSTP6 are podoviruses with complete genome of 19,145 (39.9% G + C content) and 19,367 bp (39.8% G + C content), respectively, which became among the smallest Bacillus phages. Three most prominent structural proteins were separated and identified as pre-neck appendage, major head, and head fiber proteins using LC-MS/MS. Both phages encode putative terminal proteins (TP) and contain short inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) which may be important for their replication. In addition, non-coding RNA (pRNA) and parS sites were identified which may be required for DNA packaging and their maintenance inside the host, respectively. Furthermore, the phage genome sequences show significant similarity to B. subtilis group species genome sequences. Finally, phylogenomic and phylogenetic analyses suggest that BSTP4 and BSTP6 may form a new species in the genus Salasvirus, subfamily Picovirinae of family Salasmaviridae. Considering the small numbers of ICTV-accepted B. subtilis phages and the importance of the host in the food industry and biotechnology, the current study helps to improve our understanding of the diversity of B. subtilis phages and shed light on the phage-host relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haftom Baraki Abraha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Pyo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Luteibacter flocculans sp. nov., Isolated from a Eutrophic Pond and Isolation and Characterization of Luteibacter Phage vB_LflM-Pluto. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020307. [PMID: 36838271 PMCID: PMC9965599 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteibacter is a genus of the Rhodanobacteraceae family. The present study describes a novel species within the genus Luteibacter (EIF3T). The strain was analyzed genomically, morphologically and physiologically. Average nucleotide identity analysis revealed that it is a new species of Luteibacter. In silico analysis indicated two putative prophages (one incomplete, one intact). EIF3T cells form an elliptical morphotype with an average length of 2.0 µm and width of 0.7 µm and multiple flagella at one end. The bacterial strain is an aerobic Gram-negative with optimal growth at 30 °C. EIF3T is resistant towards erythromycin, tetracycline and vancomycin. We propose the name Luteibacter flocculans sp. nov. with EIF3T (=DSM 112537T = LMG 32416T) as type strain. Further, we describe the first known Luteibacter-associated bacteriophage called vB_LflM-Pluto.
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4
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Zhang Z, Liang L, Li D, Li Y, Sun Q, Li Y, Yang H. Bacillus subtilis phage phi18: genomic analysis and receptor identification. Arch Virol 2023; 168:17. [PMID: 36593367 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis strains play a pivotal role in the fermentation industry. B. subtilis phages can cause severe damage by infecting bacterial cells used in industrial fermentation processes. In this work, we isolated and characterized a Bacillus subtilis-infecting phage, termed phi18. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that phage phi18 particles have typical myovirus morphology, with an icosahedral head connected to a contractile tail. Genomic analysis revealed that the phage genome is a linear double-stranded DNA molecule of 147,298 bp with terminal redundancy of 14,434 bp, and 226 protein coding genes and four tRNA genes were predicted in the genome. Phage-resistant mutants were selected from a mariner transposon-insertion library of B. subtilis 168 in which two bacterial genes, tagE and pgcA, which are required for the glycosylation of wall teichoic acid (WTA), were found to be disrupted, suggesting that WTA is the receptor for phage phi18. Comparative genomic analysis showed that phage phi18 is a new member of the genus Okubovirus of the family Herelleviridae. Finally, general characteristics of the phage-resistant mutants, including biofilm formation, growth, and sporulation, were examined. The results showed that the phage-resistant mutants grew as rapidly as the parental strain B. subtilis 168 at 42 °C, suggesting that these phage-resistant mutants may be used as starters in fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Li Liang
- Shandong Vland Biotech Co., Ltd, Shandong, 251700, China
| | - Donghang Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yutong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Qinghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Ye Li
- Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan University, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Hongjiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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5
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Kohm K, Basu S, Nawaz MM, Hertel R. Chances and limitations when uncovering essential and non-essential genes of Bacillus subtilis phages with CRISPR-Cas9. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:934-944. [PMID: 34465000 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Virulent bacterial viruses, also known as phages or bacteriophages, are considered as a potential option to fight antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, their biology is still poorly understood, and only a fraction of phage genes is assigned with a function. To enable the first classification, we explored new options to test phage genes for their requirement on viral replication. As a model, we used the smallest known Bacillus subtilis phage Goe1, and the Cas9-based mutagenesis vector pRH030 as a genetic tool. All phage genes were specifically disrupted, and individual survival rates and mutant genotypes were investigated. Surviving phages relied on the genome integrity through host intrinsic non-homologues end joining system or a natural alteration of the Cas9 target sequence. Quantification of phage survivors and verifying the underlying genetic situation enables the classification of genes in essential or non-essential sets for viral replication. We also observed structural genes to hold more natural mutations than genes of the genome replication machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kohm
- FG Synthetic Microbiology, Institute for Biotechnology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, 01968, Germany
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Syamantak Basu
- FG Synthetic Microbiology, Institute for Biotechnology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, 01968, Germany
| | - Muhammad M Nawaz
- FG Synthetic Microbiology, Institute for Biotechnology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, 01968, Germany
| | - Robert Hertel
- FG Synthetic Microbiology, Institute for Biotechnology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, 01968, Germany
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
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6
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Friedrich I, Bodenberger B, Neubauer H, Hertel R, Daniel R. Down in the pond: Isolation and characterization of a new Serratia marcescens strain (LVF3) from the surface water near frog's lettuce (Groenlandia densa). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259673. [PMID: 34748577 PMCID: PMC8575298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is a species that belongs to the family of Yersiniaceae. This family comprises taxa representing opportunistic human- and phytopathogens but also plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). This study describes a novel Gram-negative strain (LVF3R) of the species Serratia marcescens. The strain was characterized genomically, morphologically, and physiologically. In addition, the potential of the isolate to act as a host strain to assess the diversity of Serratia associated phages in environmental samples was explored. Average nucleotide identity analysis revealed that LVF3R belongs to the species Serratia marcescens. In silico analysis and ProphageSeq data resulted in the identification of one prophage, which is capable of viral particle formation. Electron microscopy showed cells of a rod-shaped, flagellated morphotype. The cells revealed a length and width of 1-1.6 μm and 0.8 μm, respectively. LVF3R showed optimal growth at 30 C and in the presence of up to 2% (w/v) NaCl. It exhibited resistances to ampicillin, erythromycin, oxacillin, oxytetracycline, rifampicin, tetracycline, and vancomycin. Genome data indicate that strain S. marcescens LVF3R is a potential PGPR strain. It harbors genes coding for indole acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, siderophore production, plant polymer degradation enzymes, acetoin synthesis, flagellar proteins, type IV secretion system, chemotaxis, phosphorous solubilization, and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Friedrich
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bodenberger
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Neubauer
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Hertel
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- FG Synthetic Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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7
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Stanton CR, Rice DTF, Beer M, Batinovic S, Petrovski S. Isolation and Characterisation of the Bundooravirus Genus and Phylogenetic Investigation of the Salasmaviridae Bacteriophages. Viruses 2021; 13:1557. [PMID: 34452423 PMCID: PMC8402886 DOI: 10.3390/v13081557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus is a highly diverse genus containing over 200 species that can be problematic in both industrial and medical settings. This is mainly attributed to Bacillus sp. being intrinsically resistant to an array of antimicrobial compounds, hence alternative treatment options are needed. In this study, two bacteriophages, PumA1 and PumA2 were isolated and characterized. Genome nucleotide analysis identified the two phages as novel at the DNA sequence level but contained proteins similar to phi29 and other related phages. Whole genome phylogenetic investigation of 34 phi29-like phages resulted in the formation of seven clusters that aligned with recent ICTV classifications. PumA1 and PumA2 share high genetic mosaicism and form a genus with another phage named WhyPhy, more recently isolated from the United States of America. The three phages within this cluster are the only candidates to infect B. pumilus. Sequence analysis of B. pumilus phage resistant mutants revealed that PumA1 and PumA2 require polymerized and peptidoglycan bound wall teichoic acid (WTA) for their infection. Bacteriophage classification is continuously evolving with the increasing phages' sequences in public databases. Understanding phage evolution by utilizing a combination of phylogenetic approaches provides invaluable information as phages become legitimate alternatives in both human health and industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra R. Stanton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (C.R.S.); (D.T.F.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Daniel T. F. Rice
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (C.R.S.); (D.T.F.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Michael Beer
- Department of Defence Science and Technology, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia;
| | - Steven Batinovic
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (C.R.S.); (D.T.F.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Steve Petrovski
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (C.R.S.); (D.T.F.R.); (S.B.)
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Toymentseva AA, Altenbuchner J. New CRISPR-Cas9 vectors for genetic modifications of Bacillus species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5232309. [PMID: 30520985 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic manipulation is a fundamental procedure for the study of gene and operon functions and new characteristics acquisition. Modern CRISPR-Cas technology allows genome editing more precisely and increases the efficiency of transferring mutations in a variety of hard to manipulate organisms. Here, we describe new CRISPR-Cas vectors for genetic modifications in bacillary species. Our plasmids are single CRISPR-Cas plasmids comprising all components for genome editing and should be functional in a broad host range. They are highly efficient (up to 97%) and precise. The employment and delivery of these plasmids to bacillary strains can be easily achieved by conjugation from Escherichia coli. During our research we also demonstrated the absence of compatibility between CRISPR-Cas system and non-homologous end joining in Bacillus subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Toymentseva
- Institut für Industrielle Genetik, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Josef Altenbuchner
- Institut für Industrielle Genetik, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Schilling T, Hoppert M, Hertel R. Genomic Analysis of the Recent Viral Isolate vB_BthP-Goe4 Reveals Increased Diversity of φ29-Like Phages. Viruses 2018; 10:E624. [PMID: 30428528 PMCID: PMC6266182 DOI: 10.3390/v10110624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the recently isolated virus vB_BthP-Goe4 infecting Bacillus thuringiensis HD1. Morphological investigation via transmission electron microscopy revealed key characteristics of the genus Phi29virus, but with an elongated head resulting in larger virion particles of approximately 50 nm width and 120 nm height. Genome sequencing and analysis resulted in a linear phage chromosome of approximately 26 kb, harbouring 40 protein-encoding genes and a packaging RNA. Sequence comparison confirmed the relation to the Phi29virus genus and genomes of other related strains. A global average nucleotide identity analysis of all identified φ29-like viruses revealed the formation of several new groups previously not observed. The largest group includes Goe4 and may significantly expand the genus Phi29virus (Salasvirus) or the Picovirinae subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schilling
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Hoppert
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Robert Hertel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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10
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Schilling T, Dietrich S, Hoppert M, Hertel R. A CRISPR-Cas9-Based Toolkit for Fast and Precise In Vivo Genetic Engineering of Bacillus subtilis Phages. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050241. [PMID: 29734705 PMCID: PMC5977234 DOI: 10.3390/v10050241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phages are currently under discussion as a solution for the antibiotic crisis, as they may cure diseases caused by multi-drug-resistant pathogens. However, knowledge of phage biology and genetics is limited, which impedes risk assessment of therapeutic applications. In order to enable advances in phage genetic research, the aim of this work was to create a toolkit for simple and fast genetic engineering of phages recruiting Bacillus subtilis as host system. The model organism B. subtilis represents a non-pathogenic surrogate of its harmful relatives, such as Bacillus anthracis or Bacillus cereus. This toolkit comprises the application CutSPR, a bioinformatic tool for rapid primer design, and facilitates the cloning of specific CRISPR-Cas9-based mutagenesis plasmids. The employment of the prophage-free and super-competent B. subtilis TS01 strain enables an easy and fast introduction of specific constructs for in vivo phage mutagenesis. Clean gene deletions and a functional clean gene insertion into the genome of the model phage vB_BsuP-Goe1 served as proof of concept and demonstrate reliability and high efficiency. The here presented toolkit allows comprehensive investigation of the diverse phage genetic pool, a better understanding of phage biology, and safe phage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schilling
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Sascha Dietrich
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Hoppert
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Robert Hertel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Complete Genome Sequence of vB_BveP-Goe6, a Virus Infecting Bacillus velezensis FZB42. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/8/e00008-18. [PMID: 29472321 PMCID: PMC5823994 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00008-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The new virus vB_BveP-Goe6 was isolated on the host organism Bacillus velezensis FZB42. The virus morphology indicated its association with the genus Phi29virus The genome of vB_BveP-Goe6 (19,105 bp) comprises a linear chromosome with a GC content of 39.99%. The genome harbors 26 putative protein-coding genes and a noncoding packaging RNA.
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12
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Willms IM, Hoppert M, Hertel R. Characterization of Bacillus Subtilis Viruses vB_BsuM-Goe2 and vB_BsuM-Goe3. Viruses 2017; 9:E146. [PMID: 28604650 PMCID: PMC5490822 DOI: 10.3390/v9060146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spounavirinae viruses are ubiquitous in nature and have an obligatory virulent lifestyle. They infect Firmicutes, a bacterial phylum containing an array of environmental non-pathogenic and pathogenic organisms. To expand the knowledge of this viral subfamily, new strains were isolated and investigated in this study. Here we present two new viruses, vB_BsuM-Goe2 and vB_BsuM-Goe3, isolated from raw sewage and infecting Bacillus species. Both were morphologically classified via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as members of the Spounavirinae subfamily belonging to the Myoviridae family. Genomic sequencing and analyses allowed further affiliation of vB_BsuM-Goe2 to the SPO1-like virus group and vB_BsuM-Goe3 to the Bastille-like virus group. Experimentally determined adsorption constant, latency period, burst size and host range for both viruses revealed different survival strategies. Thus vB_BsuM-Goe2 seemed to rely on fewer host species compared to vB_BsuM-Goe3, but efficiently recruits those. Stability tests pointed out that both viruses are best preserved in LB-medium or TMK-buffer at 4 or 21 °C, whereas cryopreservation strongly reduced viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka M Willms
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Hoppert
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Robert Hertel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.
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