1
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Rs N, Sinha SK, Batra S, Regatti PR, Syal K. Promoter characterization of relZ-bifunctional (pp)pGpp synthetase in mycobacteria. Genes Cells 2024. [PMID: 38923083 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The second messenger guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate)/guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate/guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp) ((p)ppGpp) has been shown to be crucial for the survival of mycobacteria under hostile conditions. Unexpectedly, deletion of primary (p)ppGpp synthetase-Rel did not completely diminish (p)ppGpp levels leading to the discovery of novel bifunctional enzyme-RelZ, which displayed guanosine 5'-monophosphate,3'-diphosphate (pGpp), ppGpp, and pppGpp ((pp)pGpp) synthesis and RNAseHII activity. What conditions does it express itself under, and does it work in concert with Rel? The regulation of its transcription and whether the Rel enzyme plays a role in such regulation remain unclear. In this article, we have studied relZ promoter and compared its activity with rel promoter in different growth conditions. We observed that the promoter activity of relZ was constitutive; it is weaker than rel promoter, lies within 200 bp upstream of translation-start site, and it increased under carbon starvation. Furthermore, the promoter activity of relZ was compromised in the rel-knockout strain in the stationary phase. Our study unveils the dynamic regulation of relZ promoter activity by SigA and SigB sigma factors in different growth phases in mycobacteria. Importantly, elucidating the regulatory network of RelZ would enable the development of the targeted interventions for treating mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neethu Rs
- Genetics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Eminence, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shubham Kumar Sinha
- Genetics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Eminence, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sakshi Batra
- Genetics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Eminence, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pavan Reddy Regatti
- Genetics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Eminence, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kirtimaan Syal
- Genetics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Eminence, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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2
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Sidorov RY, Tkachenko AG. The Mechanism of Inhibition of Mycobacterial (p)ppGpp Synthetases by a Synthetic Analog of Erogorgiaene. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:407-416. [PMID: 38648761 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of (p)ppGpp alarmones plays a vital role in the regulation of metabolism suppression, growth rate control, virulence, bacterial persistence, and biofilm formation. The (p)ppGpp alarmones are synthesized by proteins of the RelA/SpoT homolog (RSH) superfamily, including long bifunctional RSH proteins and small alarmone synthetases. Here, we investigated enzyme kinetics and dose-dependent enzyme inhibition to elucidate the mechanism of 4-(4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)pentanoic acid (DMNP) action on the (p)ppGpp synthetases RelMsm and RelZ from Mycolicibacterium smegmatis and RelMtb from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. DMNP was found to inhibit the activity of RelMtb. According to the enzyme kinetics analysis, DMNP acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor of RelMsm and RelZ. Based on the results of molecular docking, the DMNP-binding site is located in the proximity of the synthetase domain active site. This study might help in the development of alarmone synthetase inhibitors, which includes relacin and its derivatives, as well as DMNP - a synthetic analog of the marine coral metabolite erogorgiaene. Unlike conventional antibiotics, alarmone synthetase inhibitors target metabolic pathways linked to the bacterial stringent response. Although these pathways are not essential for bacteria, they regulate the development of adaptation mechanisms. Combining conventional antibiotics that target actively growing cells with compounds that impede bacterial adaptation may address challenges associated with antimicrobial resistance and bacterial persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Y Sidorov
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, 614000, Russia.
- Perm State University, Perm, 614990, Russia
| | - Alexander G Tkachenko
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, 614000, Russia
- Perm State University, Perm, 614990, Russia
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3
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Sinha S, RS N, Devarakonda Y, Rathi A, Reddy Regatti P, Batra S, Syal K. Tale of Twin Bifunctional Second Messenger (p)ppGpp Synthetases and Their Function in Mycobacteria. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32258-32270. [PMID: 37720788 PMCID: PMC10500699 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
M. tuberculosis, an etiological agent of tuberculosis, requires a long treatment regimen due to its ability to respond to stress and persist inside the host. The second messenger (p)ppGpp-mediated stress response plays a critical role in such long-term survival, persistence, and antibiotic tolerance which may also lead to the emergence of multiple drug resistance. In mycobacteria, (pp)pGpp molecules are synthesized predominantly by two bifunctional enzymes-long RSH-Rel and short SAS-RelZ. The long RSH-Rel is a major (p)ppGpp synthetase and hydrolase. How it switches its activity from synthesis to hydrolysis remains unclear. RelMtb mutant has been reported to be defective in biofilm formation, cell wall function, and persister cell formation. The survival of such mutants has also been observed to be compromised in infection models. In M. smegmatis, short SAS-RelZ has RNase HII activity in addition to (pp)Gpp synthesis activity. The RNase HII function of RelZ has been implicated in resolving replication-transcription conflicts by degrading R-loops. However, the mechanism and regulatory aspects of such a regulation remain elusive. In this article, we have discussed (p)ppGpp metabolism and its role in managing the stress response network of mycobacteria, which is responsible for long-term survival inside the host, making it an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham
Kumar Sinha
- Genetics and Molecular Microbiology
Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Eminence, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500078
| | - Neethu RS
- Genetics and Molecular Microbiology
Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Eminence, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500078
| | - Yogeshwar Devarakonda
- Genetics and Molecular Microbiology
Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Eminence, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500078
| | - Ajita Rathi
- Genetics and Molecular Microbiology
Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Eminence, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500078
| | - Pavan Reddy Regatti
- Genetics and Molecular Microbiology
Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Eminence, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500078
| | - Sakshi Batra
- Genetics and Molecular Microbiology
Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Eminence, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500078
| | - Kirtimaan Syal
- Genetics and Molecular Microbiology
Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Eminence, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500078
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4
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Bag K, Pal AK, Basu S, Singla M, Sarkar B, Chatterji D, Maiti PK, Ghosh A, Jayaraman N. C-4-Modified Isotetrones Prevent Biofilm Growth and Persister Cell Resuscitation in Mycobacterium smegmatis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20513-20523. [PMID: 37323400 PMCID: PMC10268289 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylated nucleotide (p)ppGpp, synthesized by Rel protein, regulates the stringent response pathway responsible for biofilm and persister cell growth in mycobacteria. The discovery of vitamin C as an inhibitor of Rel protein activities raises the prospect of tetrone lactones to prevent such pathways. The closely related isotetrone lactone derivatives are identified herein as inhibitors of the above processes in a mycobacterium. Synthesis and biochemical evaluations show that an isotetrone possessing phenyl substituent at C-4 inhibit the biofilm formation at 400 μg mL-1, 84 h post-exposure, followed by moderate inhibition by the isotetrone possessing the p-hydroxyphenyl substituent. The latter isotetrone inhibits the growth of persister cells at 400 μg mL-1 f.c. when monitored for 2 weeks, under PBS starvation. Isotetrones also potentiate the inhibition of antibiotic-tolerant regrowth of cells by ciprofloxacin (0.75 μg mL-1) and thus act as bioenhancers. Molecular dynamics studies show that isotetrone derivatives bind to the RelMsm protein more efficiently than vitamin C at a binding site possessing serine, threonine, lysine, and arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingshuk Bag
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Aditya Kumar Pal
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Subhadip Basu
- Department
of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Mamta Singla
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Biplab Sarkar
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Dipankar Chatterji
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Prabal Kumar Maiti
- Department
of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Anirban Ghosh
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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5
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Amante C, De Soricellis C, Luccheo G, Luccheo L, Russo P, Aquino RP, Del Gaudio P. Flogomicina: A Natural Antioxidant Mixture as an Alternative Strategy to Reduce Biofilm Formation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13041005. [PMID: 37109533 PMCID: PMC10142241 DOI: 10.3390/life13041005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The National Institute of Health has reported that approximately 80% of chronic infections are associated with biofilms, which are indicated as one of the main reasons for bacteria's resistance to antimicrobial agents. Several studies have revealed the role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), in reducing biofilm formation induced by different microorganisms. A novel mixture made up of NAC and different natural ingredients (bromelain, ascorbic acid, Ribes nigrum, resveratrol, and pelargonium) has been developed in order to obtain a pool of antioxidants as an alternative strategy for biofilm reduction. The study has demonstrated that the mixture is able to significantly enhance NAC activity against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It has shown an increase in NAC permeation in vitro through an artificial fluid, moving from 2.5 to 8 μg/cm2 after 30 min and from 4.4 to 21.6 μg/cm2 after 180 min, and exhibiting a strongly fibrinolytic activity compared to the single components of the mixture. Moreover, this novel mixture has exhibited an antibiofilm activity against S aureus and the ability to reduce S. aureus growth by more than 20% in a time-killing assay, while on E. coli, and P. mirabilis, the growth was reduced by more than 80% compared to NAC. The flogomicina mixture has also been proven capable of reducing bacterial adhesion to abiotic surfaces of E.coli, by more than 11% concerning only the NAC. In combination with amoxicillin, it has been shown to significantly increase the drug's effectiveness after 14 days, offering a safe and natural way to reduce the daily dosage of antibiotics in prolonged therapies and consequently, reduce antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Amante
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Chiara De Soricellis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Gianni Luccheo
- Anvest Health s.r.l., Via Rosario Livatino, 84083 Castel San Giorgio, SA, Italy
| | - Luigi Luccheo
- Anvest Health s.r.l., Via Rosario Livatino, 84083 Castel San Giorgio, SA, Italy
| | - Paola Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Rita Patrizia Aquino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Pasquale Del Gaudio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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Gaglani P, Dwivedi M, Upadhyay TK, Kaushal RS, Ahmad I, Saeed M. A pro-oxidant property of vitamin C to overcome the burden of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: A cross-talk review with Fenton reaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1152269. [PMID: 37153159 PMCID: PMC10155705 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1152269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacillus M. tuberculosis, is one of the deadliest infectious illnesses of our day, along with HIV and malaria.Chemotherapy, the cornerstone of TB control efforts, is jeopardized by the advent of M. tuberculosis strains resistant to many, if not all, of the existing medications.Isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide, and ethambutol are used to treat drug-susceptible TB for two months, followed by four months of INH and RIF, but chemotherapy with potentially harmful side effects is sometimes needed to treat multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB for up to two years. Chemotherapy might be greatly shortened by drugs that kill M. tuberculosis more quickly while simultaneously limiting the emergence of drug resistance.Regardless of their intended target, bactericidal medicines commonly kill pathogenic bacteria (gram-negative and gram-positive) by producing hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction.Researchers have concentrated on vitamins with bactericidal properties to address the rising cases globally and have discovered that these vitamins are effective when given along with first-line drugs. The presence of elevated iron content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and DNA damage all contributed to VC's sterilizing action on M. tb in vitro. Moreover, it has a pleiotropic effect on a variety of biological processes such as detoxification, protein folding - chaperons, cell wall processes, information pathways, regulatory, virulence, metabolism etc.In this review report, the authors extensively discussed the effects of VC on M. tb., such as the generation of free radicals and bactericidal mechanisms with existing treatments, and their further drug development based on ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratikkumar Gaglani
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Biophysics and Structural Biology Laboratory, Center of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Animal Cell Culture and Immunobiochemistry Lab, Center of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Radhey Shyam Kaushal
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Biophysics and Structural Biology Laboratory, Center of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- *Correspondence: Radhey Shyam Kaushal, ; Mohd Saeed,
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Radhey Shyam Kaushal, ; Mohd Saeed,
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7
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Dawan J, Ahn J. Bacterial Stress Responses as Potential Targets in Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071385. [PMID: 35889104 PMCID: PMC9322497 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can be adapted to adverse and detrimental conditions that induce general and specific responses to DNA damage as well as acid, heat, cold, starvation, oxidative, envelope, and osmotic stresses. The stress-triggered regulatory systems are involved in bacterial survival processes, such as adaptation, physiological changes, virulence potential, and antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility to several antibiotics is reduced due to the activation of stress responses in cellular physiology by the stimulation of resistance mechanisms, the promotion of a resistant lifestyle (biofilm or persistence), and/or the induction of resistance mutations. Hence, the activation of bacterial stress responses poses a serious threat to the efficacy and clinical success of antibiotic therapy. Bacterial stress responses can be potential targets for therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics. An understanding of the regulation of stress response in association with antibiotic resistance provides useful information for the discovery of novel antimicrobial adjuvants and the development of effective therapeutic strategies to control antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Therefore, this review discusses bacterial stress responses linked to antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria and also provides information on novel therapies targeting bacterial stress responses that have been identified as potential candidates for the effective control of Gram-negative antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirapat Dawan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea;
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea;
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-6564
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8
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The effect of fluoroquinolones and antioxidans on biofilm formation by Proteus mirabilis strains. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2022; 21:22. [PMID: 35655208 PMCID: PMC9161520 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-022-00515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fluoroquinolones are a group of antibiotics used in urinary tract infections. Unfortunately, resistance to this group of drugs is currently growing. The combined action of fluoroquinolones and other antibacterial and anti-biofilm substances may extend the use of this therapeutic option by clinicians. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of selected fluoroquinolones and therapeutic concentrations of ascorbic acid and rutoside on biofilm formation by Proteus mirabilis. Materials and methods The study included 15 strains of P. mirabilis isolated from urinary tract infections in patients of the University Hospital No. 1 dr A. Jurasz in Bydgoszcz (Poland). The metabolic activity of the biofilm treated with 0.4 mg/ml ascorbic acid, 0.02 µg/ml rutoside and chemotherapeutic agents (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin) in the concentration range of 0.125–4.0 MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) was assessed spectrophotometrically. Results Both ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin inhibited biofilm formation by the tested strains. The biofilm reduction rate was correlated with the increasing concentration of antibiotic used. No synergism in fluoroquinolones with ascorbic acid, rutoside or both was found. The ascorbic acid and rutoside combination, however, significantly decreased biofilm production. Conclusions Our research proves a beneficial impact of ascorbic acid with rutoside supplementation on biofilm of P. mirabilis strains causing urinary tract infections.
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9
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Vitamin C and its therapeutic potential in the management of COVID19. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 50:8-14. [PMID: 35871955 PMCID: PMC9166267 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
COVID19 has emerged as one of the worst pandemics in the history of mankind. Several vaccines have been approved by different government agencies worldwide, but data on their efficacy and safety are limited, and distribution remains a massive challenge. As per WHO, personal immunity is vital for protection against COVID19. Earlier, Vitamin C-mediated pathways have been shown to play critical role in boosting immunity attributed to its antioxidant properties. Recently, the involvement of such pathways in protection against COVID19 has been suggested. The controlled doses of Vitamin C administered through intravenous (IV) injections are being studied for determining its role in the prognosis of COVID19. In this article, we have discussed the potential role of Vitamin C in the management in COVID19 patients and presented recent clinical trials data. Additionally, we have elaborated the possibility of administering Vitamin C through inhalers in order to achieve local high concentration and the challenges of such approach.
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10
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Lu J, Hu X, Ren L. Biofilm control strategies in food industry: Inhibition and utilization. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chen C, Ao J, Wang L, Zhang J, Mo Y, Zhang Y, Zhao L. Characterisation of the molecular mechanisms of multiple antibiotic tolerance in growth‐arrested
Cronobacter sakazakii
under ampicillin exposure. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods College of Food Sciences South China Agricultural University Guangzhou Guangdong 510642 China
| | - Jialu Ao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods College of Food Sciences South China Agricultural University Guangzhou Guangdong 510642 China
| | - Li Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods College of Food Sciences South China Agricultural University Guangzhou Guangdong 510642 China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods College of Food Sciences South China Agricultural University Guangzhou Guangdong 510642 China
| | - Yunshao Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods College of Food Sciences South China Agricultural University Guangzhou Guangdong 510642 China
| | - Yehui Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou Guangdong 510641 China
| | - Lichao Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods College of Food Sciences South China Agricultural University Guangzhou Guangdong 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou Guangdong 510641 China
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12
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Veetilvalappil VV, Aranjani JM, Mahammad FS, Joseph A. Awakening sleeper cells: a narrative review on bacterial magic spot synthetases as potential drug targets to overcome persistence. Curr Genet 2022; 68:49-60. [PMID: 34787710 PMCID: PMC8801413 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Magic spot synthetases are emerging targets to overcome persistence caused by stringent response. The 'stringent response' is a bacterial stress survival mechanism, which results in the accumulation of alarmones (also called Magic spots) leading to the formation of dormant persister cells. These 'sleeper cells' evade antibiotic treatment and could result in relapse of infection. This review broadly investigates the phenomenon of stringent response and persistence, and specifically discusses the distribution, classification, and nomenclature of proteins such as Rel/SpoT homologs (RSH), responsible for alarmone synthesis. The authors further explain the relevance of RSH as potential drug targets to break the dormancy of persister cells commonly seen in biofilms. One of the significant factors that initiate alarmone synthesis is nutrient deficiency. In a starved condition, ribosome-associated RSH detects deacylated tRNA and initiates alarmone synthesis. Accumulation of alarmones has a considerable effect on bacterial physiology, virulence, biofilm formation, and persister cell formation. Preventing alarmone synthesis by inhibiting RSH responsible for alarmone synthesis will prevent or reduce persister cells' formation. Magic spot synthetases are thus potential targets that could be explored to overcome persistence seen in biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Venu Veetilvalappil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Jesil Mathew Aranjani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Fayaz Shaik Mahammad
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, 576104, India
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13
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Urbaniec J, Xu Y, Hu Y, Hingley-Wilson S, McFadden J. Phenotypic heterogeneity in persisters: a novel 'hunker' theory of persistence. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:fuab042. [PMID: 34355746 PMCID: PMC8767447 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence has been linked to treatment failure since its discovery over 70 years ago and understanding formation, nature and survival of this key antibiotic refractory subpopulation is crucial to enhancing treatment success and combatting the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The term 'persistence' is often used interchangeably with other terms such as tolerance or dormancy. In this review we focus on 'antibiotic persistence' which we broadly define as a feature of a subpopulation of bacterial cells that possesses the non-heritable character of surviving exposure to one or more antibiotics; and persisters as cells that possess this characteristic. We discuss novel molecular mechanisms involved in persister cell formation, as well as environmental factors which can contribute to increased antibiotic persistence in vivo, highlighting recent developments advanced by single-cell studies. We also aim to provide a comprehensive model of persistence, the 'hunker' theory which is grounded in intrinsic heterogeneity of bacterial populations and a myriad of 'hunkering down' mechanisms which can contribute to antibiotic survival of the persister subpopulation. Finally, we discuss antibiotic persistence as a 'stepping-stone' to AMR and stress the urgent need to develop effective anti-persister treatment regimes to treat this highly clinically relevant bacterial sub-population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Urbaniec
- Department of Microbial Sciences and University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU27XH, UK
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Microbial Sciences and University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU27XH, UK
| | - Y Hu
- Farnborough Sensonic limited, Farnborough road, GU14 7NA, UK
| | - S Hingley-Wilson
- Department of Microbial Sciences and University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU27XH, UK
| | - J McFadden
- Department of Microbial Sciences and University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU27XH, UK
- Quantum biology doctoral training centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU27XH, UK
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14
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Syal K, Rs N, Reddy MVNJ. The extended (p)ppGpp family: New dimensions in Stress response. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100052. [PMID: 34841343 PMCID: PMC8610335 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Second messenger (p)ppGpp mediated stress response plays a crucial role in bacterial persistence and multiple drug resistance. In E. coli, (p)ppGpp binds to RNA polymerase and upregulates the transcription of genes essential for stress response while concurrently downregulating the expression of genes critical for growth and metabolism. Recently, the family of alarmone molecules has expanded to pppGpp, ppGpp, pGpp & (pp)pApp as distinct members. These molecules may help in fine-tuning stress responses in different hostile conditions. Do all of these molecules bind to RNA polymerase? Do they compete with each other or complement each other's functions is still not clear. Earlier, others and we have synthesized artificial analogs of (p)ppGpp that inhibited (p)ppGpp synthesis and long-term survival in M. smegmatis and in B. subtilis suggesting that analogs could compete with each other. Understanding the interplay of these molecules will allow deciphering novel pathways that can be potentially subjected to the therapeutic intervention. In this article, we have reviewed newly characterized second messengers and discussed their mode of action. We have also documented the progress made to-date in understanding the molecular basis of regulation of transcription by second messenger ppGpp, pppGpp, and pGpp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtimaan Syal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Neethu Rs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M V N Janardhan Reddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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15
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Patti G, Pellegrino C, Ricciardi A, Novara R, Cotugno S, Papagni R, Guido G, Totaro V, De Iaco G, Romanelli F, Stolfa S, Minardi ML, Ronga L, Fato I, Lattanzio R, Bavaro DF, Gualano G, Sarmati L, Saracino A, Palmieri F, Di Gennaro F. Potential Role of Vitamins A, B, C, D and E in TB Treatment and Prevention: A Narrative Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1354. [PMID: 34827292 PMCID: PMC8614960 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world's top infectious killers, in fact every year 10 million people fall ill with TB and 1.5 million people die from TB. Vitamins have an important role in vital functions, due to their anti-oxidant, pro-oxidant, anti-inflammatory effects and to metabolic functions. The aim of this review is to discuss and summarize the evidence and still open questions regarding vitamin supplementation as a prophylactic measure in those who are at high risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and active TB; (2) Methods: We conducted a search on PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and WHO websites starting from March 1950 to September 2021, in order to identify articles discussing the role of Vitamins A, B, C, D and E and Tuberculosis; (3) Results: Supplementation with multiple micronutrients (including zinc) rather than vitamin A alone may be more beneficial in TB. The WHO recommend Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) when high-dose isoniazid is administered. High concentrations of vitamin C sterilize drug-susceptible, MDR and extensively drug-resistant MTB cultures and prevent the emergence of drug persisters; Vitamin D suppresses the replication of mycobacterium in vitro while VE showed a promising role in TB management as a result of its connection with oxidative balance; (4) Conclusions: Our review suggests and encourages the use of vitamins in TB patients. In fact, their use may improve outcomes by helping both nutritionally and by interacting directly and/or indirectly with MTB. Several and more comprehensive trials are needed to reinforce these suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Patti
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70123 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (R.N.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (V.T.); (G.D.I.); (R.L.); (D.F.B.); (A.S.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Carmen Pellegrino
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70123 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (R.N.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (V.T.); (G.D.I.); (R.L.); (D.F.B.); (A.S.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Aurelia Ricciardi
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70123 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (R.N.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (V.T.); (G.D.I.); (R.L.); (D.F.B.); (A.S.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Roberta Novara
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70123 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (R.N.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (V.T.); (G.D.I.); (R.L.); (D.F.B.); (A.S.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Sergio Cotugno
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70123 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (R.N.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (V.T.); (G.D.I.); (R.L.); (D.F.B.); (A.S.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Roberta Papagni
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70123 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (R.N.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (V.T.); (G.D.I.); (R.L.); (D.F.B.); (A.S.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Giacomo Guido
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70123 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (R.N.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (V.T.); (G.D.I.); (R.L.); (D.F.B.); (A.S.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Valentina Totaro
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70123 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (R.N.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (V.T.); (G.D.I.); (R.L.); (D.F.B.); (A.S.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Giuseppina De Iaco
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70123 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (R.N.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (V.T.); (G.D.I.); (R.L.); (D.F.B.); (A.S.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Federica Romanelli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.R.); (S.S.); (L.R.)
| | - Stefania Stolfa
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.R.); (S.S.); (L.R.)
| | - Maria Letizia Minardi
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Hospital “Tor Vergata”, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy; (M.L.M.); (I.F.); (L.S.)
| | - Luigi Ronga
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Bari, University Hospital Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.R.); (S.S.); (L.R.)
| | - Ilenia Fato
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Hospital “Tor Vergata”, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy; (M.L.M.); (I.F.); (L.S.)
| | - Rossana Lattanzio
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70123 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (R.N.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (V.T.); (G.D.I.); (R.L.); (D.F.B.); (A.S.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Davide Fiore Bavaro
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70123 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (R.N.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (V.T.); (G.D.I.); (R.L.); (D.F.B.); (A.S.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Gina Gualano
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Hospital “Tor Vergata”, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy; (M.L.M.); (I.F.); (L.S.)
| | - Annalisa Saracino
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70123 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (R.N.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (V.T.); (G.D.I.); (R.L.); (D.F.B.); (A.S.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Fabrizio Palmieri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Di Gennaro
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70123 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (R.N.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (V.T.); (G.D.I.); (R.L.); (D.F.B.); (A.S.); (F.D.G.)
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16
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Gupta KR, Arora G, Mattoo A, Sajid A. Stringent Response in Mycobacteria: From Biology to Therapeutic Potential. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111417. [PMID: 34832573 PMCID: PMC8622095 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a human pathogen that can thrive inside the host immune cells for several years and cause tuberculosis. This is due to the propensity of M. tuberculosis to synthesize a sturdy cell wall, shift metabolism and growth, secrete virulence factors to manipulate host immunity, and exhibit stringent response. These attributes help M. tuberculosis to manage the host response, and successfully establish and maintain an infection even under nutrient-deprived stress conditions for years. In this review, we will discuss the importance of mycobacterial stringent response under different stress conditions. The stringent response is mediated through small signaling molecules called alarmones “(pp)pGpp”. The synthesis and degradation of these alarmones in mycobacteria are mediated by Rel protein, which is both (p)ppGpp synthetase and hydrolase. Rel is important for all central dogma processes—DNA replication, transcription, and translation—in addition to regulating virulence, drug resistance, and biofilm formation. Rel also plays an important role in the latent infection of M. tuberculosis. Here, we have discussed the literature on alarmones and Rel proteins in mycobacteria and highlight that (p)ppGpp-analogs and Rel inhibitors could be designed and used as antimycobacterial compounds against M. tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunjan Arora
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Abid Mattoo
- Pharmaceutical Development, Ultragenyx Gene Therapy, Woburn, MA 01801, USA;
| | - Andaleeb Sajid
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
- Correspondence: or
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17
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Danchik C, Wang S, Karakousis PC. Targeting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Stringent Response as a Strategy for Shortening Tuberculosis Treatment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:744167. [PMID: 34690990 PMCID: PMC8529327 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.744167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stringent response is well conserved across bacterial species and is a key pathway involved both in bacterial survival and virulence and in the induction of antibiotic tolerance in Mycobacteria. It is mediated by the alarmone (p)ppGpp and the regulatory molecule inorganic polyphosphate in response to stress conditions such as nutrient starvation. Efforts to pharmacologically target various components of the stringent response have shown promise in modulating mycobacterial virulence and antibiotic tolerance. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the stringent response and its role in virulence and tolerance in Mycobacteria, including evidence that targeting this pathway could have therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petros C. Karakousis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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Current and Emerging Therapies to Combat Cystic Fibrosis Lung Infections. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091874. [PMID: 34576767 PMCID: PMC8466233 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultimate aim of any antimicrobial treatment is a better infection outcome for the patient. Here, we review the current state of treatment for bacterial infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung while also investigating potential new treatments being developed to see how they may change the dynamics of antimicrobial therapy. Treatment with antibiotics coupled with regular physical therapy has been shown to reduce exacerbations and may eradicate some strains. Therapies such as hypertonic saline and inhaled PulmozymeTM (DNase-I) improve mucus clearance, while modifier drugs, singly and more successfully in combination, re-open certain mutant forms of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) to enable ion passage. No current method, however, completely eradicates infection, mainly due to bacterial survival within biofilm aggregates. Lung transplants increase lifespan, but reinfection is a continuing problem. CFTR modifiers normalise ion transport for the affected mutations, but there is conflicting evidence on bacterial clearance. Emerging treatments combine antibiotics with novel compounds including quorum-sensing inhibitors, antioxidants, and enzymes, or with bacteriophages, aiming to disrupt the biofilm matrix and improve antibiotic access. Other treatments involve bacteriophages that target, infect and kill bacteria. These novel therapeutic approaches are showing good promise in vitro, and a few have made the leap to in vivo testing.
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19
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Zhao G, Li P, Mu H, Li N, Peng Y. L-Ascorbic Acid Shapes Bovine Pasteurella multocida Serogroup A Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:687922. [PMID: 34307527 PMCID: PMC8295749 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.687922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Pasteurella multocida serogroup A (bovine PmA) is one of the most important pathogens causing fatal pneumonia in cattle. However, it is largely unknown how nutrition shapes bovine PmA infection. Here, we discovered that the infected lung held the highest bacterial density than other tissues during infection. By screening the different metabolites between high (lung)- and low (liver)-bacterial density tissues, the present work revealed that L-ascorbic acid and L-aspartic acid directly influenced bovine P. multocida growth. Interestingly, L-ascorbic acid, which is expressed at higher levels in the infected livers, inhibited bovine PmA growth as well as virulence factor expression and promoted macrophage bactericidal activity in vitro. In addition, ascorbic acid synthesis was repressed upon bovine PmA infection, and supplementation with exogenous L-ascorbic acid significantly reduced the bacterial burden of the infected lungs and mouse mortality. Collectively, our study has profiled the metabolite difference of the murine lung and liver during bovine PmA infection. The screened L-ascorbic acid showed repression of bovine PmA growth and virulence expression in vitro and supplementation could significantly increase the survival rate of mice and reduce the bacterial load in vivo, which implied that L-ascorbic acid could serve as a potential protective agent for bovine PmA infection in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivorce, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivorce, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Mu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Nengzhang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivorce, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivorce, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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20
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de Sá MCA, da Silva WM, Rodrigues CCS, Rezende CP, Marchioro SB, Rocha Filho JTR, Sousa TDJ, de Oliveira HP, da Costa MM, Figueiredo HCP, Portela RD, Castro TLDP, Azevedo V, Seyffert N, Meyer R. Comparative Proteomic Analyses Between Biofilm-Forming and Non-biofilm-Forming Strains of Co rynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Isolated From Goats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:614011. [PMID: 33665217 PMCID: PMC7921313 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.614011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a chronic disease that affects small ruminants and causes economic losses in the associated breeding system. The causative agent of CLA is Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, a Gram-positive bacterium that exhibits tropism for external and internal lymph nodes and induces abscess formation in the host. Bacterial communities often produce a biofilm matrix that serves various functions, including protection against hostile environmental conditions, antibiotics, and the host immune response. Although biofilm formation has been reported for C. pseudotuberculosis, not all strains demonstrate this property in culture. In this work, we report the first comparative proteomic analysis of one biofilm-forming (CAPJ4) and one biofilm-non-forming strain (CAP3W) of C. pseudotuberculosis isolated from goats. Bacterial whole cell protein extracts were obtained for mass spectrometry analyses. Using LC-MS/MS, our studies reveal three and four proteins exclusively found in the CAPJ4 and CAP3W proteome, respectively. In addition, label-free quantitative analysis identified 40 proteins showing at-least 2-fold higher values in CAPJ4 compared CAP3W proteome Notably, CAPJ4 differentially synthesized the penicillin-binding protein, which participates in the formation of peptidoglycans. CAPJ4 also exhibited upregulation of N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, which are involved in biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Here, we demonstrate that biofilm formation in C. pseudotuberculosis is likely associated with specific proteins, some of which were previously shown to be associated with virulence and biofilm formation in other organisms. Our findings may drive studies related to the bacterial mechanisms involved in the biofilm formation, in addition to providing targets for the treatment of CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanderson Marques da Silva
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biologia Molecular Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuária/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IABIMO-INTA/CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Thiago de Jesus Sousa
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vasco Azevedo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nubia Seyffert
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Roberto Meyer
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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21
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Tkachenko AG, Kashevarova NM, Sidorov RY, Nesterova LY, Akhova AV, Tsyganov IV, Vaganov VY, Shipilovskikh SA, Rubtsov AE, Malkov AV. A synthetic diterpene analogue inhibits mycobacterial persistence and biofilm formation by targeting (p)ppGpp synthetases. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1420-1432.e9. [PMID: 33621482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial persistence coupled with biofilm formation is directly associated with failure of antibiotic treatment of tuberculosis. We have now identified 4-(4,7-DiMethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroNaphthalene-1-yl)Pentanoic acid (DMNP), a synthetic diterpene analogue, as a lead compound that was capable of suppressing persistence and eradicating biofilms in Mycobacterium smegmatis. By using two reciprocal experimental approaches - ΔrelMsm and ΔrelZ gene knockout mutations versus relMsm and relZ overexpression technique - we showed that both RelMsm and RelZ (p)ppGpp synthetases are plausible candidates for serving as targets for DMNP. In vitro, DMNP inhibited (p)ppGpp-synthesizing activity of purified RelMsm in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings, supplemented by molecular docking simulation, suggest that DMNP targets the structural sites shared by RelMsm, RelZ, and presumably by a few others as yet unidentified (p)ppGpp producers, thereby inhibiting persister cell formation and eradicating biofilms. Therefore, DMNP may serve as a promising lead for development of antimycobacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Tkachenko
- Laboratory of Microbial Adaptation, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Perm Krai, Russia; Perm State University, Bukireva 15, Perm, 614990, Perm Krai, Russia.
| | - Natalya M Kashevarova
- Laboratory of Microbial Adaptation, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Perm Krai, Russia
| | - Roman Yu Sidorov
- Laboratory of Microbial Adaptation, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Perm Krai, Russia; Perm State University, Bukireva 15, Perm, 614990, Perm Krai, Russia
| | - Larisa Yu Nesterova
- Laboratory of Microbial Adaptation, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Perm Krai, Russia; Perm State University, Bukireva 15, Perm, 614990, Perm Krai, Russia
| | - Anna V Akhova
- Laboratory of Microbial Adaptation, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Perm Krai, Russia; Perm State University, Bukireva 15, Perm, 614990, Perm Krai, Russia
| | - Ivan V Tsyganov
- Laboratory of Microbial Adaptation, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Perm Krai, Russia; Perm State University, Bukireva 15, Perm, 614990, Perm Krai, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Andrei V Malkov
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Address: University Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
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22
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Kundra S, Colomer-Winter C, Lemos JA. Survival of the Fittest: The Relationship of (p)ppGpp With Bacterial Virulence. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:601417. [PMID: 33343543 PMCID: PMC7744563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.601417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling nucleotide (p)ppGpp has been the subject of intense research in the past two decades. Initially discovered as the effector molecule of the stringent response, a bacterial stress response that reprograms cell physiology during amino acid starvation, follow-up studies indicated that many effects of (p)ppGpp on cell physiology occur at levels that are lower than those needed to fully activate the stringent response, and that the repertoire of enzymes involved in (p)ppGpp metabolism is more diverse than initially thought. Of particular interest, (p)ppGpp regulation has been consistently linked to bacterial persistence and virulence, such that the scientific pursuit to discover molecules that interfere with (p)ppGpp signaling as a way to develop new antimicrobials has grown substantially in recent years. Here, we highlight contemporary studies that have further supported the intimate relationship of (p)ppGpp with bacterial virulence and studies that provided new insights into the different mechanisms by which (p)ppGpp modulates bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Kundra
- Department of Oral Biology, UF College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - José A Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, UF College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, United States
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23
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Das B, Bhadra RK. (p)ppGpp Metabolism and Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:563944. [PMID: 33162948 PMCID: PMC7581866 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.563944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cell microorganisms including pathogens relentlessly face myriads of physicochemical stresses in their living environment. In order to survive and multiply under such unfavorable conditions, microbes have evolved with complex genetic networks, which allow them to sense and respond against these stresses. Stringent response is one such adaptive mechanism where bacteria can survive under nutrient starvation and other related stresses. The effector molecules for the stringent response are guanosine-5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) and guanosine-3', 5'-bis(diphosphate) (ppGpp), together called (p)ppGpp. These effector molecules are now emerging as master regulators for several physiological processes of bacteria including virulence, persistence, and antimicrobial resistance. (p)ppGpp may work independently or along with its cofactor DksA to modulate the activities of its prime target RNA polymerase and other metabolic enzymes, which are involved in different biosynthetic pathways. Enzymes involved in (p)ppGpp metabolisms are ubiquitously present in bacteria and categorized them into three classes, i.e., canonical (p)ppGpp synthetase (RelA), (p)ppGpp hydrolase/synthetase (SpoT/Rel/RSH), and small alarmone synthetases (SAS). While RelA gets activated in response to amino acid starvation, enzymes belonging to SpoT/Rel/RSH and SAS family can synthesize (p)ppGpp in response to glucose starvation and several other stress conditions. In this review, we will discuss about the current status of the following aspects: (i) diversity of (p)ppGpp biosynthetic enzymes among different bacterial species including enteropathogens, (ii) signals that modulate the activity of (p)ppGpp synthetase and hydrolase, (iii) effect of (p)ppGpp in the production of antibiotics, and (iv) role of (p)ppGpp in the emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens. Emphasis has been given to the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae due to its sophisticated and complex (p)ppGpp metabolic pathways, rapid mutational rate, and acquisition of antimicrobial resistance determinants through horizontal gene transfer. Finally, we discuss the prospect of (p)ppGpp metabolic enzymes as potential targets for developing antibiotic adjuvants and tackling persistence of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhabatosh Das
- Infection and Immunology Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
| | - Rupak K Bhadra
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), Kolkata, India
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Hegde V, Raman AS, Patil PR, Prakash B. Purification and preliminary characterization of four Rel homologues from pathogenic bacteria: Implications for species-specific inhibitor design. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 177:105760. [PMID: 33002609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to antibiotics is a serious concern to treat infectious diseases and also, for food preservation. Existing antibiotics generally inhibit enzymes participating in key bacterial processes, such as formation of cell wall, replication, transcription and translation. However, bacteria have rapidly evolved new mechanisms to combat these antibiotics and it hence becomes indispensable to identify newer targets and identify/design inhibitors against them. Another concern is that most antibiotics are broad spectrum; they largely bind and inhibit the active site of the target enzyme. Rel proteins, which synthesize (and hydrolyze) (p)ppGpp in response to a variety of stress encountered by bacteria, is a profitable target owing to its distinct absence in humans and an intricate regulation of the catalytic activities. Inactivation of (p)ppGpp synthesis by Rel, disables bacterial survival in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus, while inactivating the hydrolysis activity was lethal. The poor MIC values of the currently known Rel inhibitors present a distinct opportunity to develop better inhibitors and warrants a detailed structural characterization and understanding of the complex regulation in Rel proteins. It will open new avenues for the design of effective, species-specific inhibitors. In an attempt to identify unique sites for inhibitor design using structure-based approaches, we initiate a study of Rel homologues from four different pathogenic bacteria, in order to compare their attributes with well characterized Rel homologues. Here, we present cloning, over-expression, purification and preliminary characterization of these four homologues; and suggest similarities and differences that can be exploited for inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Hegde
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Apoorva S Raman
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, 570020, India
| | - Pratik Rajendra Patil
- Biological Sciences and Bio -Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, India.
| | - Balaji Prakash
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, 570020, India.
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Francolini I, Piozzi A. Role of Antioxidant Molecules and Polymers in Prevention of Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4882-4904. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190409120409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Antioxidants are multifaceted molecules playing a crucial role in several
cellular functions. There is by now a well-established knowledge about their involvement in numerous
processes associated with aging, including vascular damage, neurodegenerative diseases and
cancer. An emerging area of application has been lately identified for these compounds in relation to
the recent findings indicating their ability to affect biofilm formation by some microbial pathogens,
including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Methods:
A structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature was
performed using a focused review question. The quality of retrieved papers was appraised using
standard tools.
Results:
One hundred sixty-five papers extracted from pubmed database and published in the last
fifteen years were included in this review focused on the assessment of the antimicrobial and antibiofilm
activity of antioxidant compounds, including vitamins, flavonoids, non-flavonoid polyphenols,
and antioxidant polymers. Mechanisms of action of some important antioxidant compounds,
especially for vitamin C and phenolic acids, were identified.
Conclusion:
The findings of this review confirm the potential benefits of the use of natural antioxidants
as antimicrobial/antibiofilm compounds. Generally, gram-positive bacteria were found to be
more sensitive to antioxidants than gram-negatives. Antioxidant polymeric systems have also been
developed mainly derived from functionalization of polysaccharides with antioxidant molecules.
The application of such systems in clinics may permit to overcome some issues related to the systemic
delivery of antioxidants, such as poor absorption, loss of bioactivity, and limited half-life.
However, investigations focused on the study of antibiofilm activity of antioxidant polymers are still
very limited in number and therefore they are strongly encouraged in order to lay the foundations for
application of antioxidant polymers in treatment of biofilm-based infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Francolini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Piozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
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Han B, Zheng X, Baruah K, Bossier P. Sodium Ascorbate as a Quorum-Sensing Inhibitor Leads to Decreased Virulence in Vibrio campbellii. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1054. [PMID: 32582059 PMCID: PMC7291813 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio campbellii is one of the major bacterial pathogens for animals reared in aquaculture, affecting both vertebrates and invertebrates, and causes significant economic losses. It is now evident that the expressions of virulence factors in this pathogen are regulated by the density of the bacterial population. This type of regulation, termed quorum sensing (QS), is mediated by extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. In this study, the impact of sodium ascorbate (NaAs) on the virulence of V. campbellii was investigated under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, to develop a natural anti-infective strategy to contain V. campbellii infection in aquacultured animals. Results showed that NaAs significantly decreased swimming motility, biofilm production, and the production of virulence enzymes, such as lipase, caseinase, phospholipase, and hemolysin in V. campbellii. Consistent with this, pretreatment of V. campbellii with NaAs before inoculation into the rearing water resulted in significantly increased survival of gnotobiotic brine shrimp larvae, when compared to larvae challenged with untreated V. campbellii. Furthermore, NaAs could interfere with QS-regulated bioluminescence in V. campbellii, suggesting the QS-inhibitory activity largely determines the protective effect of NaAs toward the brine shrimp. In essence, due to the potent anti-virulence effects observed in in vitro studies and the clinical brine shrimp-V. campbellii infection model, NaAs constitute a promising novel strategy for the control of V. campbellii infections in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Han
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiaoting Zheng
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kartik Baruah
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Sah B, Subban K, Jayabaskaran C. Biochemical insights into the recombinant 10-deacetylbaccatin III-10-β-O-acetyltransferase enzyme from the Taxol-producing endophytic fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5435445. [PMID: 31062024 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
10-deacetylbaccatin III-10-β-O-acetyltransferase (DBAT) is a key rate-limiting enzyme of the Taxol biosynthetic pathway, which is uncharacterized in Taxol-producing endophytic fungi. Here, an open reading frame of DBAT was cloned from the Taxol-producing endophytic fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae (LtDBAT). The LtDBAT enzyme was heterologously expressed and purified by the affinity and gel filtration chromatography methods. The molecular weight of the purified protein was 49 kDa and its identity was confirmed by western blot. The purified LtDBAT enzyme was capable of catalyzing 10-deacetylbaccatin III into baccatin III, as shown by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The mass spectra of baccatin III were identical to the authentic baccatin III. The LtDBAT enzyme was characterized and the kinetic parameters of catalysis were determined. In addition, localization of LtDBAT was performed by using confocal microscopy and the result showed that the enzyme was localized in lipid droplets. Together, this study provides biochemical insights into the fungal recombinant DBAT enzyme that is involved in the Taxol biosynthetic pathway. In the near future, engineering of the LtDBAT enzyme and the Taxol biosynthetic pathway in endophytic fungi could be an eco-friendly and economically feasible alternative source for production of Taxol and its precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balendra Sah
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Kamalraj Subban
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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Hobbs JK, Boraston AB. (p)ppGpp and the Stringent Response: An Emerging Threat to Antibiotic Therapy. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1505-1517. [PMID: 31287287 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 1969, Cashel and Gallant first observed the presence of (p)ppGpp-the signaling molecule of the stringent response-in starved bacterial cells. Fifty years later, (p)ppGpp and the stringent response have emerged as essential master regulators of not only the bacterial response to stress but also almost all aspects of bacterial physiology, virulence, and immune evasion. More worryingly, a wealth of data now indicate that (p)ppGpp and stringent response activation pose a serious threat to the efficacy and clinical success of antimicrobial therapy. Here, we focus on the central role that (p)ppGpp and the stringent response play in the phenomenon of antibiotic tolerance, as well as the acquisition, development, and expression of antibiotic resistance. We review these consequences of stringent response activation in relation to the main proteins involved in (p)ppGpp production and control, in particular the complex interplay between monofunctional and bifunctional long RelA/SpoT homologues (RSHs) and small alarmone synthetases (SASs). We also review the growing evidence to suggest that there are multiple other indirect pathways of stringent response induction that can affect antibiotic efficacy. Finally, we summarize recent studies that indicate the in vivo and clinical impact of (p)ppGpp production on antibiotic treatment outcomes. We conclude by reviewing the progress to date in the search for novel therapeutics that target the stringent response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne K. Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Alisdair B. Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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Kushwaha GS, Oyeyemi BF, Bhavesh NS. Stringent response protein as a potential target to intervene persistent bacterial infection. Biochimie 2019; 165:67-75. [PMID: 31302165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
More than half of the world's population is infected with persistent bacterial infections, consequently, persisters are gradually becoming a major public health concern. During the persistent phase, bacterial pathogens deploy many regulatory strategies to compensate unfavorable host environmental conditions. The stringent response is one of such gene regulatory mechanisms which is stimulated by nutrient starvation. It is regulated by the synthesis of highly phosphorylated signaling nucleotides, (p)ppGpp or alarmone. (p)ppGpp is synthesized by ppGpp synthetases, and these proteins are classified as RelA/SpoT homolog (RSH) proteins. Subsequently, (p)ppGpp modulate several molecular and biochemical processes ranging from transcription to metabolism. Imperativeness of (p)ppGpp synthetases has been investigated by numerous approaches including microbiology and animal studies, thereby establishing that Rel enzyme deleted strains of pathogenic bacteria were unable to transform in persister form. In this review, we summarize recent findings to corroborate the rationality to consider (p)ppGpp synthetase as a potential target in discovering a novel class of antimicrobial agents to combat persistent infections. Moreover, inhibition studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (p)ppGpp synthetase shows that these inhibitors prevent dormant state transition and biofilm formation. Also, we have highlighted the structural biology of (p)ppGpp synthetases, which may provide significant information that could be used in structure-based inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajraj Singh Kushwaha
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Bolaji Fatai Oyeyemi
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Neel Sarovar Bhavesh
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Non-antibiotic adjunctive therapy: A promising approach to fight tuberculosis. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104289. [PMID: 31152788 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is currently a clinical and public health problem. There is a concern about the emergence and development of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB) species. Additionally, the lack of effective vaccines is another limitation to control the related infections. To overcome these problems various approaches have been pursued such as finding novel drug candidates with a new mechanism of action or repurposing conventional antibiotics. However, these strategies are still far from clinical application. Hence, the use of adjunctive therapy has been suggested for TB. In this paper, we review non-antibiotic adjunctive treatment options for TB. Natural products, vitamins, micronutrients, and trace elementals, as well as non-antibiotic drugs, are examples of agents which have been used as adjunctive therapies. The use of these adjunctive therapies has been shown to improve disease outcomes and reduce the adverse effects of antibiotic drugs. Employing these agents, either alone or in combination with antibiotics, might be considered as a promising approach to control TB infections and achieve better clinical outcomes. However, supportive evidence from randomized controlled trials is still scant and merits further investigations.
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Yew WW, Chang KC, Chan DP, Zhang Y. Can vitamin C help in managing tuberculosis associated with diabetes mellitus? Respirology 2019; 24:819-820. [PMID: 31106929 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Wai Yew
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Chiu Chang
- Department of Health, Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong, China
| | - Denise P Chan
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Vilchèze C, Jacobs WR. The Isoniazid Paradigm of Killing, Resistance, and Persistence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3450-3461. [PMID: 30797860 PMCID: PMC6703971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH) was the first synthesized drug that mediated bactericidal killing of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a major clinical breakthrough. To this day, INH remains a cornerstone of modern tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy. This review describes the serendipitous discovery of INH, its effectiveness on TB patients, and early studies to discover its mechanisms of bacteriocidal activity. Forty years after its introduction as a TB drug, the development of gene transfer in mycobacteria enabled the discovery of the genes encoding INH resistance, namely, the activator (katG) and the target (inhA) of INH. Further biochemical and x-ray crystallography studies on KatG and InhA proteins and mutants provided comprehensive understanding of INH mode of action and resistance mechanisms. Bacterial cultures can harbor subpopulations that are genetically or phenotypically resistant cells, the latter known as persisters. Treatment of exponentially growing cultures of M. tuberculosis with INH reproducibly kills 99% to 99.9% of cells in 3 days. Importantly, the surviving cells are slowly replicating or non-replicating cells expressing a unique stress response signature: these are the persisters. These persisters can be visualized using dual-reporter mycobacteriophages and their formation prevented using reducing compounds, such as N-acetylcysteine or vitamin C, that enhance M. tuberculosis' respiration. Altogether, this review portrays a detailed molecular analysis of INH killing and resistance mechanisms including persistence. The phenomenon of persistence is clearly the single greatest impediment to TB control, and research aimed at understanding persistence will provide new strategies to improve TB chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Vilchèze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Vitamin C: A Natural Inhibitor of Cell Wall Functions and Stress Response in Mycobacteria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 30637707 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3065-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has re-emerged as a threat to human race. Conventional antibiotic treatments are failing due to different stress response strategies adopted by bacterial pathogens. Since time immemorial, Vitamin C is known to protect against pathogens by boosting immunity in humans. Recently, Vitamin C has been shown to directly kill M. tuberculosis including multiple drug-resistant strains by generation of oxidative radicals through Fenton's reaction. Concurrently, it inhibits (p)ppGpp-mediated stringent response thus effectively shutting down long-term survival and persistence in mycobacteria. Here, we have discussed historical perspective and recent evidences on Vitamin C-mediated inhibition of several key pathways of M. tuberculosis such as (p)ppGpp synthesis and mycobacterial cell wall function. Several cell wall components including mycolic acids are critical for mycobacterial virulence. We observed downregulation of various mycolic acids in M. smegmatis upon treatment with Vitamin C, and data have been presented here. Vitamin C has been shown to inhibit the biofilm growth as well as disrupt the formed biofilm in mycobacteria. Additionally, Vitamin C role in cell-mediated and humoral immunity has been elucidated. Vitamin C is toxic at high concentration; therefore we have proposed the idea of derivatizing Vitamin C in order to lower the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) necessary to target M. tuberculosis.
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Reply to Yew et al., “Vitamin C and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Persisters”. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:62/11/e01709-18. [PMID: 30355748 PMCID: PMC6201072 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01709-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ong KS, Mawang CI, Daniel-Jambun D, Lim YY, Lee SM. Current anti-biofilm strategies and potential of antioxidants in biofilm control. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 16:855-864. [PMID: 30308132 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1535898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biofilm formation is a strategy for microorganisms to adapt and survive in hostile environments. Microorganisms that are able to produce biofilms are currently recognized as a threat to human health. Areas covered: Many strategies have been employed to eradicate biofilms, but several drawbacks from these methods had subsequently raised concerns on the need for alternative approaches to effectively prevent biofilm formation. One of the main mechanisms that drives a microorganism to transit from a planktonic to a biofilm-sessile state, is oxidative stress. Chemical agents that could target oxidative stress regulators, for instance antioxidants, could therefore be used to treat biofilm-associated infections. Expert commentary: The focus of this review is to summarize the function and limitation of the current anti-biofilm strategies and will propose the use of antioxidants as an alternative method to treat, prevent and eradicate biofilms. Studies have shown that water-soluble and lipid-soluble antioxidants can reduce and prevent biofilm formation, by influencing the expression of genes associated with oxidative stress. Further in vivo work should be conducted to ensure the efficacy of these antioxidants in a biological environment. Nevertheless, antioxidants are promising anti-biofilm agents, and thus is a potential solution for biofilm-associated infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Shion Ong
- a School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia
| | | | | | - Yau Yan Lim
- a School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Sui Mae Lee
- a School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia
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Petchiappan A, Chatterji D. Antibiotic Resistance: Current Perspectives. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7400-7409. [PMID: 30023551 PMCID: PMC6044581 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious challenges that the world is currently facing. The number of people succumbing to drug-resistant infections is increasing every day, but the rate of drug discovery has failed to match the requisite demands. Most of the currently known antibiotics target the three essential pathways of central dogma. However, bacteria have evolved multiple mechanisms to survive these antibiotics. Consequently, there is an urgent necessity to target auxiliary pathways for the discovery of new drugs. Metabolism-related and stress-associated pathways are ideal in this regard. The stringent response pathway regulated by the signaling nucleotides (p)ppGpp is an attractive target as inhibition of the pathway would in turn decrease the persistence and long-term survival of pathogenic bacteria. In this perspective, we focus on the recent design of small molecule analogues of (p)ppGpp that have yielded promising results in terms of growth and biofilm inhibition. Additionally, we discuss how targeting small RNAs and riboswitches, as well as antimicrobial peptides, would help combat drug-resistant infections in the near future.
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Enany S, Yoshida Y, Tateishi Y, Ozeki Y, Nishiyama A, Savitskaya A, Yamaguchi T, Ohara Y, Yamamoto T, Ato M, Matsumoto S. Mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 is critical for long term survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis and simultaneously coordinates cellular functions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6810. [PMID: 28754952 PMCID: PMC5533761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06480-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can proliferate perpetually without ageing, but they also face conditions where they must persist. Mycobacteria can survive for a long period. This state appears during mycobacterial diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy, which are chronic and develop after long-term persistent infections. However, the fundamental mechanisms of the long-term living of mycobacteria are unknown. Every Mycobacterium species expresses Mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 (MDP1), a histone-like nucleoid associated protein. Mycobacterium smegmatis is a saprophytic fast grower and used as a model of mycobacterial persistence, since it shares the characteristics of the long-term survival observed in pathogenic mycobacteria. Here we show that MDP1-deficient M. smegmatis dies more rapidly than the parental strain after entering stationary phase. Proteomic analyses revealed 21 upregulated proteins with more than 3-fold in MDP1-deficient strain, including DnaA, a replication initiator, NDH, a NADH dehydrogenase that catalyzes downhill electron transfer, Fas1, a critical fatty acid synthase, and antioxidants such as AhpC and KatG. Biochemical analyses showed elevated levels of DNA and ATP syntheses, a decreased NADH/NAD+ ratio, and a loss of resistance to oxidative stress in the MDP1-knockout strain. This study suggests the importance of MDP1-dependent simultaneous control of the cellular functions in the long-term survival of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shymaa Enany
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Department of Structural Pathology, Kidney Research Center, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateishi
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan
| | - Yuriko Ozeki
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan
| | - Akihito Nishiyama
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan.
| | - Anna Savitskaya
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ohara
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Biofluid Biomarker Center, Institute of Social innovation and Co-operation, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Sohkichi Matsumoto
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-9510, Japan.
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Syal K. Novel Method for Quantitative Estimation of Biofilms. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:1194-1199. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Synthetic (p)ppGpp Analogue Is an Inhibitor of Stringent Response in Mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00443-17. [PMID: 28396544 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00443-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria elicit an adaptive response against hostile conditions such as starvation and other kinds of stresses. Their ability to survive such conditions depends, in part, on stringent response pathways. (p)ppGpp, considered to be the master regulator of the stringent response, is a novel target for inhibiting the survival of bacteria. In mycobacteria, the (p)ppGpp synthetase activity of bifunctional Rel is critical for stress response and persistence inside a host. Our aim was to design an inhibitor of (p)ppGpp synthesis, monitor its efficiency using enzyme kinetics, and assess its phenotypic effects in mycobacteria. As such, new sets of inhibitors targeting (p)ppGpp synthesis were synthesized and characterized by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We observed significant inhibition of (p)ppGpp synthesis by RelMsm in the presence of designed inhibitors in a dose-dependent manner, which we further confirmed by monitoring the enzyme kinetics. The Rel enzyme inhibitor binding kinetics were investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry. Subsequently, the effects of the compounds on long-term persistence, biofilm formation, and biofilm disruption were assayed in Mycobacterium smegmatis, where inhibition in each case was observed. In vivo, (p)ppGpp levels were found to be downregulated in M. smegmatis treated with the synthetic inhibitors. The compounds reported here also inhibited biofilm formation by the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis The compounds were tested for toxicity by using an MTT assay with H460 cells and a hemolysis assay with human red blood cells, for which they were found to be nontoxic. The permeability of compounds across the cell membrane of human lung epithelial cells was also confirmed by mass spectrometry.
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Bose M, Tyagi G, Singh P, Varma-Basil M. Role of Vitamins B, C, and D in the fight against tuberculosis. Int J Mycobacteriol 2017; 6:328-332. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_80_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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