1
|
Wintachai P, Jaroensawat N, Harding P, Wiwasuku T, Mitsuwan W, Septama AW. Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of Solanum lasiocarpum root extract synthesized silver/silver chloride nanoparticles against Staphylococcus haemolyticus associated with bovine mastitis. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106724. [PMID: 38834135 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a cause of bovine mastitis, leading to inflammation in the mammary gland. This bacterial infection adversely affects animal health, reducing milk quality and yield. Its emergence has been widely reported, representing a significant economic loss for dairy farms. Interestingly, S. haemolyticus exhibits higher levels of antimicrobial resistance than other coagulase-negative Staphylococci. In this study, we synthesized silver/silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag/AgCl-NPs) using Solanum lasiocarpum root extract and evaluated their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against S. haemolyticus. The formation of the Ag/AgCl-NPs was confirmed using UV-visible spectroscopy, which revealed maximum absorption at 419 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated the crystalline nature of the Ag/AgCl-NPs, exhibiting a face-centered cubic lattice. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy elucidated the functional groups potentially involved in the Ag/AgCl-NPs synthesis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the average particle size of the Ag/AgCl-NPs was 10 nm. Antimicrobial activity results indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and maximum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the Ag/AgCl-NPs treatment were 7.82-15.63 μg/mL towards S. haemolyticus. Morphological changes in bacterial cells treated with the Ag/AgCl-NPs were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Ag/AgCl-NPs reduced both the biomass of biofilm formation and preformed biofilm by approximately 20.24-94.66 % and 13.67-88.48 %. Bacterial viability within biofilm formation and preformed biofilm was reduced by approximately 21.56-77.54 % and 18.9-71.48 %, respectively. This study provides evidence of the potential of the synthesized Ag/AgCl-NPs as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent against S. haemolyticus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phitchayapak Wintachai
- School of Science, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand; Functional Materials and Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand.
| | - Nannapat Jaroensawat
- School of Science, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand
| | - Phimphaka Harding
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Theanchai Wiwasuku
- School of Science, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand; Functional Materials and Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand
| | - Watcharapong Mitsuwan
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand; One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil and Bio-active Compound, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wiśniewski P, Gajewska J, Zadernowska A, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W. Identification of the Enterotoxigenic Potential of Staphylococcus spp. from Raw Milk and Raw Milk Cheeses. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:17. [PMID: 38251234 PMCID: PMC10819113 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to genotypic and phenotypic analyses of the enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from raw milk and raw milk cheeses. The presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), including the classical enterotoxins (sea-see), non-classical enterotoxins (seg-seu), exfoliative toxins (eta-etd) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst-1) were investigated. Isolates positive for classical enterotoxin genes were then tested by SET-RPLA methods for toxin expression. Out of 75 Staphylococcus spp. (19 Staphylococcus aureus and 56 CoNS) isolates from raw milk (49/65.3%) and raw milk cheese samples (26/34.7%), the presence of enterotoxin genes was confirmed in 73 (97.3%) of them. Only one isolate from cheese sample (1.3%) was able to produce enterotoxin (SED). The presence of up to eight different genes encoding enterotoxins was determined simultaneously in the staphylococcal genome. The most common toxin gene combination was sek, eta present in fourteen isolates (18.7%). The tst-1 gene was present in each of the analyzed isolates from cheese samples (26/34.7%). Non-classical enterotoxins were much more frequently identified in the genome of staphylococcal isolates than classical SEs. The current research also showed that genes tagged in S. aureus were also identified in CoNS, and the total number of different genes detected in CoNS was seven times higher than in S. aureus. The obtained results indicate that, in many cases, the presence of a gene in Staphylococcus spp. is not synonymous with the ability of enterotoxins production. The differences in the number of isolates with genes encoding SEs and enterotoxin production may be mainly due to the limit of detection of the toxin production method used. This indicates the need to use high specificity and sensitivity methods for detecting enterotoxin in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Wiśniewski
- Department of Food Microbiology, Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.G.); (A.Z.); (W.C.-W.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
De Gaetano GV, Lentini G, Famà A, Coppolino F, Beninati C. Antimicrobial Resistance: Two-Component Regulatory Systems and Multidrug Efflux Pumps. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:965. [PMID: 37370284 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12060965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of multidrug-resistant bacteria is rapidly spreading worldwide. Among the various mechanisms determining resistance to antimicrobial agents, multidrug efflux pumps play a noteworthy role because they export extraneous and noxious substrates from the inside to the outside environment of the bacterial cell contributing to multidrug resistance (MDR) and, consequently, to the failure of anti-infective therapies. The expression of multidrug efflux pumps can be under the control of transcriptional regulators and two-component systems (TCS). TCS are a major mechanism by which microorganisms sense and reply to external and/or intramembrane stimuli by coordinating the expression of genes involved not only in pathogenic pathways but also in antibiotic resistance. In this review, we describe the influence of TCS on multidrug efflux pump expression and activity in some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Taking into account the strict correlation between TCS and multidrug efflux pumps, the development of drugs targeting TCS, alone or together with already discovered efflux pump inhibitors, may represent a beneficial strategy to contribute to the fight against growing antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Germana Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Agata Famà
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Coppolino
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
- Scylla Biotech Srl, 98124 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Soundararajan M, Marincola G, Liong O, Marciniak T, Wencker FDR, Hofmann F, Schollenbruch H, Kobusch I, Linnemann S, Wolf SA, Helal M, Semmler T, Walther B, Schoen C, Nyasinga J, Revathi G, Boelhauve M, Ziebuhr W. Farming Practice Influences Antimicrobial Resistance Burden of Non-Aureus Staphylococci in Pig Husbandries. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010031. [PMID: 36677324 PMCID: PMC9865537 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are ubiquitous bacteria in livestock-associated environments where they may act as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes for pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Here, we tested whether housing conditions in pig farms could influence the overall AMR-NAS burden. Two hundred and forty porcine commensal and environmental NAS isolates from three different farm types (conventional, alternative, and organic) were tested for phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility and subjected to whole genome sequencing. Genomic data were analysed regarding species identity and AMR gene carriage. Seventeen different NAS species were identified across all farm types. In contrast to conventional farms, no AMR genes were detectable towards methicillin, aminoglycosides, and phenicols in organic farms. Additionally, AMR genes to macrolides and tetracycline were rare among NAS in organic farms, while such genes were common in conventional husbandries. No differences in AMR detection existed between farm types regarding fosfomycin, lincosamides, fusidic acid, and heavy metal resistance gene presence. The combined data show that husbandry conditions influence the occurrence of resistant and multidrug-resistant bacteria in livestock, suggesting that changing husbandry practices may be an appropriate means of limiting the spread of AMR bacteria on farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriella Marincola
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Olivia Liong
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Marciniak
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Freya D. R. Wencker
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franka Hofmann
- Department of Agriculture; South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494 Soest, Germany
| | - Hannah Schollenbruch
- Department of Agriculture; South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494 Soest, Germany
| | - Iris Kobusch
- Department of Agriculture; South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494 Soest, Germany
| | - Sabrina Linnemann
- Department of Agriculture; South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494 Soest, Germany
| | - Silver A. Wolf
- Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mustafa Helal
- Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Walther
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS4), Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Schoen
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Justin Nyasinga
- Department of Pathology, Aga-Khan-University Hospital Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gunturu Revathi
- Department of Pathology, Aga-Khan-University Hospital Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marc Boelhauve
- Department of Agriculture; South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494 Soest, Germany
| | - Wilma Ziebuhr
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)931-31-2578
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Banu MG, Zewdu Geberemedhin E. Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy farms and personnel in selected towns of West Shewa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277805. [PMID: 36409697 PMCID: PMC9678306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the foodborne disease-causing bacterial pathogens. A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected towns of the West Shewa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia from December 2020 to April 2021. The objectives of the study were to estimate the occurrence and load of S. aureus in raw cows' milk, the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the S. aureus isolates, and assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the farmers on factors of antimicrobial resistance. A total of 311 samples from raw cows' milk (212), milkers' hands (44), and milking buckets (55) swabs were collected and tested. The disc diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the factors of milk contamination with S. aureus and antimicrobial resistance. The Chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance, and logistic regression analysis were used for data analyses. The result indicated that 16.72% (52/311) (95% CI: 12.75-21.34%) of the samples were positive for S. aureus. The occurrence of S. aureus was 22.73%, 16.51%, and 12.73% in milkers' hand swabs, cow milk, and milking bucket swabs, respectively. The mean count of S. aureus from raw cows' milk was 4.3± 1.45 log10 CFU/ml. About 88% of S aureus isolates were resistant to ampicillin while 82.9% and 70.7% of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime respectively. The majority of the S. aureus isolates (61%) showed multi-drug resistance. The odds of S. aureus isolation from the milk of cows were significantly high in older cows (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 5.54; p = 0.001), in late lactation stages (AOR: 3.6; p = 0.012), and in farms where house cleaning was done twice per week (AOR: 8.7; p = 0.001). A high percentage of farmers had insufficient knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) about the factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, the poor milk hygienic practices, high rate of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and inadequate KAP of farmers about factors of AMR suggest potential public health risks thus requiring training and surveillance programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Endrias Zewdu Geberemedhin
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
- * E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Multidrug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Healthy Poultry Slaughtered for Human Consumption. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030365. [PMID: 35326828 PMCID: PMC8944763 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci are commensals that are known to be prevalent in most environments, and they are also an important reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant genes. Staphylococcal infections in animal husbandry are a high economic burden. Thus, we aimed to determine the prevalence and species diversity of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) in poultry slaughtered for human consumption and to study the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Swab samples were recovered from 220 commercial chickens, homebred chickens and quails. Species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method against 14 antimicrobials. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant genes was investigated by polymerase chain reaction. Totals of 11 (19.6%), 13 (20.3%), and 51 (51%) MRCoNS were isolated from commercial chickens, homebred chickens and quails, respectively. S. lentus was isolated from all homebred chickens, whereas 11 S. lentus and 2 S. urealyticus were isolated from commercial chickens. As for quails, the most prevalent MRCoNS were S. urealyticus. Almost all isolates had a multidrug-resistant profile and carried the mecA gene. Most isolates showed resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and fusidic acid and harbored the ermA, ermB, ermC, mphC tetK, tetL, tetM and tetO genes. This study showed a frequent occurrence of multidrug resistance in MRCoNS isolated from healthy poultry in Portugal.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abed AH, Hegazy EF, Omar SA, Abd El-Baky RM, El-Beih AA, Al-Emam A, Menshawy AMS, Khalifa E. Carvacrol Essential Oil: A Natural Antibiotic against Zoonotic Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Diseased Livestock and Humans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1328. [PMID: 34827266 PMCID: PMC8614821 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus species cause diseases in animals and humans. The prevalence and antimicrobial profiles of Staphylococcus spp. in animals and human samples in the Minya Governorate, Egypt, were determined, and resistance- and virulence-associated genes were observed in multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. Moreover, the antibacterial effect of carvacrol essential oil (EO) on the MDR isolates was studied. A total of 216 samples were aseptically collected from subclinically mastitic cow's milk (n = 100), sheep abscesses (n = 25) and humans (n = 91). Out of 216 samples, a total of 154 single Staphylococcus species (71.3%) were isolated. The most frequent bacterial isolates were S. aureus (43%), followed by S. schleiferi (25%), S. intermedius (12%), S. xylosus (12%), S. haemolyticus (4.5%), S. epidermidis (2%) and S. aurecularis (1%). Haemolytic activity and biofilm production were detected in 77 and 47% of isolates, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed a high degree of resistance to the most commonly used antimicrobials in human and veterinary practices. The mecA, vanA, vanC1 and ermC resistance genes were detected in 93, 42, 83 and 13% of isolates, respectively. Moreover, hla, icaA and icaD virulence genes were detected in 50, 75 and 78% of isolates, respectively. Carvacrol effectively inhibited the growth of all tested isolates at concentrations of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.04% while a concentration of 0.03% inhibited 75% of isolates. Interestingly, some phenotypic changes were observed upon treatment with a carvacrol oil concentration of 0.03%. All the treated MDR Staphylococcus isolates changed from multidrug resistant to either susceptible or intermediately susceptible to 2-3 antimicrobials more than parental bacterial isolates. Real-time PCR was applied for the detection of the differential expression of mecA and vanC1 genes before and after treatment with carvacrol which revealed a mild reduction in both genes' expression after treatment. Staphylococcus spp. Containing MDR genes are more likely to spread between humans and animals. From these results, carvacrol EO is a promising natural alternative to conventional antimicrobials for pathogens impacting human health and agriculture due to its potential antimicrobial effect on MDR pathogens; even in sub-lethal doses, carvacrol EO can affect their phenotypic properties and genes' expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. Abed
- Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
| | - Esraa F. Hegazy
- Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
| | - Sherif A. Omar
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt;
| | - Rehab M. Abd El-Baky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. El-Beih
- Chemistry of Natural & Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Emam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. S. Menshawy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; or
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh 51511, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Riccardi C, Di Filippo P, Pomata D, Simonetti G, Castellani F, Uccelletti D, Bruni E, Federici E, Buiarelli F. Comparison of analytical approaches for identifying airborne microorganisms in a livestock facility. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147044. [PMID: 34088133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An intensive study, applied to a site characterized by multiple sources of microorganisms, was aimed at understanding the best approach to study bioaerosol. Culture-based, molecular biological, and chemical methods were applied to Particulate Matter (PM) samples collected in a livestock facility, during spring and autumn seasons, in two different outdoor areas. The first one was close to a place where feed was stored and handled and the second next to an open cowshed. Qualitative analysis of bacteria was performed by sequencing techniques applied to DNA extracted from both isolated culturable bacteria and particulate matter samples. Quantification of microorganisms was achieved through three distinct approaches. Microorganism colonies were counted, after incubation at 28 °C, and expressed as colony-forming units (CFU) per m3. Chemical method consisted in the identification of individual biomarkers, and their conversion to number of microorganisms per m3, using proper conversion factors. Finally, qPCR was applied to DNA extracted from PM samples, and the results were expressed as total amount of bacteria present in the bioaerosol (UG/m3). The presence of airborne sterols was also studied to broaden the knowledge of bioaerosol components in atmosphere. Small seasonal differences and major sampling site differences occurred. Obviously, culture-dependent method identified less and different bacteria, than culture-independent approach. The chemical approach and the culture independent metagenomic method were in good agreement. As expected, CFU/m3 accounted for not more than 0.3% of bacteria calculated as the average of chemical and culture independent metagenomic methods. The complexity of the obtained results shows that the different approaches are complementary to obtain an exhaustive description of bioaresol in terms of concentration, speciation, viability, pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giulia Simonetti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Uccelletti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Bruni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ermanno Federici
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Ruiz-Ripa L, Fernández-Fernández R, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Ecology and Genetic Lineages of Nasal Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Carriage in Healthy Persons with or without Animal-Related Occupational Risks of Colonization: A Review of Global Reports. Pathogens 2021; 10:1000. [PMID: 34451464 PMCID: PMC8400700 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this conceptual review, we thoroughly searched for appropriate English articles on nasal staphylococci carriage among healthy people with no reported risk of colonization (Group A), food handlers (Group B), veterinarians (Group C), and livestock farmers (Group D) published between 2000 and 2021. Random-effects analyses of proportions were performed to determine the pooled prevalence of S. aureus, MRSA, MRSA-CC398, and MSSA-CC398, as well as the prevalence of PVL-positive S. aureus from all eligible studies. A total of 166 eligible papers were evaluated for Groups A/B/C/D (n = 58/31/26/51). The pooled prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in healthy humans of Groups A to D were 15.9, 7.8, 34.9, and 27.1%, and 0.8, 0.9, 8.6, and 13.5%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of MRSA-CC398 nasal carriage among healthy humans was as follows: Group A/B (<0.05%), Group C (1.4%), Group D (5.4%); and the following among Group D: pig farmers (8.4%) and dairy farmers (4.7%). The pooled prevalence of CC398 lineage among the MSSA and MRSA isolates from studies of the four groups were Group A (2.9 and 6.9%), B (1.5 and 0.0%), C (47.6% in MRSA), and D (11.5 and 58.8%). Moreover, MSSA-CC398 isolates of Groups A and B were mostly of spa-t571 (animal-independent clade), while those of Groups C and D were spa-t011 and t034. The MRSA-CC398 was predominately of t011 and t034 in all the groups (with few other spa-types, livestock-associated clades). The pooled prevalence of MSSA and MRSA isolates carrying the PVL encoding genes were 11.5 and 9.6% (ranges: 0.0-76.9 and 0.0-28.6%), respectively. Moreover, one PVL-positive MSSA-t011-CC398 isolate was detected in Group A. Contact with livestock and veterinary practice seems to increase the risk of carrying MRSA-CC398, but not in food handlers. Thus, this emphasizes the need for integrated molecular epidemiology of zoonotic staphylococci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (C.L.); (L.R.-R.); (R.F.-F.); (M.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chenouf NS, Mama OM, Messaï CR, Ruiz-Ripa L, Fernández-Fernández R, Carvalho I, Zitouni A, Hakem A, Torres C. Detection of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and PVL/mecA genes in cefoxitin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (t044/ST80) from unpasteurized milk sold in stores in Djelfa, Algeria. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:2684-2692. [PMID: 33455787 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes and virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) in unpasteurized milk sold in Djelfa, Algeria. Eighty-two unpasteurized cow milk samples were randomly obtained from 82 retail stores in Djelfa and tested to detect staphylococci. Species were identified by biochemical tests and MALDI-TOF. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes were determined by disk diffusion test, PCR, and sequencing. The Staph. aureus isolates were subjected to spa typing, multilocus sequence typing, and detection of virulence genes and the scn gene by PCR and sequencing. Forty-five (54.9%) milk samples were contaminated by staphylococci and 45 isolates were recovered: 10 Staph. aureus (12.2% of total samples) and 35 CNS (42.7%). Resistance to penicillin (blaZ), tetracycline (tetL/tetK), and erythromycin (ermB/msrA/ermC) were the most common phenotypes (genotypes). Three CNS were methicillin-resistant and all were mecA-positive. The Staph. aureus isolates were ascribed to the following lineages [spa type/sequence type/associated clonal complex (number of isolates)]: t267/ST479/CC479 (n = 6), t1510/ST5651/CC45 (n = 1), t359/ST97/CC97/ (n = 1), t346/ST15/CC15 (n = 1), and t044/ST80 (n = 1). The mecA gene was detected in the cefoxitin-susceptible t044/ST80 isolate and co-harbored the lukF/lukS-PV and scn genes. The detection of mecA-PVL-positive Staph. aureus, methicillin-resistant CNS, and multidrug-resistant staphylococcal species indicates a potentially serious health issue and reveals that unpasteurized milk sold in Djelfa city could be a potential vehicle for pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant staphylococci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Safia Chenouf
- Laboratoire d'Exploration et de Valorisation des Ecosystèmes Steppiques, BP3117, University of Djelfa, 17000 Algeria; Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, BP3117, University of Djelfa, 17000 Algeria; Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), BP92, 16050, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria; Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Olouwafemi Mistourah Mama
- Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Chafik Redha Messaï
- Laboratoire de Santé et Productions Animales, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar 16000, Ecole Supérieure Nationale Vétérinaire, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Laura Ruiz-Ripa
- Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Rosa Fernández-Fernández
- Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Isabel Carvalho
- Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain; University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Abdelghani Zitouni
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), BP92, 16050, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Ahcène Hakem
- Laboratoire d'Exploration et de Valorisation des Ecosystèmes Steppiques, BP3117, University of Djelfa, 17000 Algeria; Center of Research in Agropastoralism, Djelfa, 17000, Algeria
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
da Silva Cândido TJ, da Silva AC, de Matos LG, da Silva do Nascimento M, Camargo CH, Cobo Zanella R, Mores Rall VL, Cirone Silva NC. Enterotoxigenic potential and molecular typing of Staphylococcus sp. isolated from organic and conventional fresh minas cheese in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|