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Azzman N, Gill MSA, Hassan SS, Christ F, Debyser Z, Mohamed WAS, Ahemad N. Pharmacological advances in anti-retroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection: A comprehensive review. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2529. [PMID: 38520650 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs over the past 36 years has introduced various classes, including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitor, fusion, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors inhibitors. The introduction of combined highly active anti-retroviral therapies in 1996 was later proven to combat further ARV drug resistance along with enhancing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suppression. As though the development of ARV therapies was continuously expanding, the variation of action caused by ARV drugs, along with its current updates, was not comprehensively discussed, particularly for HIV-1 infection. Thus, a range of HIV-1 ARV medications is covered in this review, including new developments in ARV therapy based on the drug's mechanism of action, the challenges related to HIV-1, and the need for combination therapy. Optimistically, this article will consolidate the overall updates of HIV-1 ARV treatments and conclude the significance of HIV-1-related pharmacotherapy research to combat the global threat of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursyuhada Azzman
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang Kampus Bertam, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Shoaib Ali Gill
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wan Ahmad Syazani Mohamed
- Nutrition Unit, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre (NMCRC), Level 3, Block C, Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Complex, Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Batran RZ, Sabt A, Khedr MA, Allayeh AK, Pannecouque C, Kassem AF. 4-Phenylcoumarin derivatives as new HIV-1 NNRTIs: Design, synthesis, biological activities, and computational studies. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106918. [PMID: 37866206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of 4-phenylcoumarin derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for their cellular anti-HIV-1 and HIV-2 activities as well as their inhibitory effects against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). The hydrazone compound 8b and the ethylthiosemicarbazide derivative 4c showed the best inhibition activity against wild-type (WT) HIV-1. The promising compounds were further evaluated against HIV-1 RT and exhibited significant inhibitory activity with compound 8b showing comparable effect to the reference NNRTI Efavirenz (IC50 = 9.01 nM). Structure activity relationship study revealed the importance of 6-chloro and 4-phenyl substituents for optimum activity, as well as the 5-atoms linker (=N-NH-CO-CH2-O-) at position 7 of coumarin scaffold that can support the rotation and flexibility of compound 8b to fit well in the binding pocket. The molecular docking of compound 8b demonstrated a typical seahorse binding mode with better binding interactions that covered more residues when compared to Efavirenz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Z Batran
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Sabt
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Khedr
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Abdou K Allayeh
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Asmaa F Kassem
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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Kang JX, Zhao GK, Yang XM, Huang MX, Hui WQ, Zeng R, Ouyang Q. Recent advances on dual inhibitors targeting HIV reverse transcriptase associated polymerase and ribonuclease H. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115196. [PMID: 36787657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) plays an indispensable role in the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through its associated polymerase and ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities during the viral RNA genome transformation into proviral DNA. Due to the fact that HIV is a highly mutagenic virus and easily resistant to single-target RT inhibitors, dual inhibitors targeting HIV RT associated polymerase and RNase H have been developed. These dual inhibitors have the advantages of increasing efficacy, reducing drug resistance, drug-drug interactions, and cytotoxicity, as well as improving patient compliance. In this review, we summarize recent advances in polymerase/RNase H dual inhibitors focusing on drug design strategies, and structure-activity relationships and share new insights into developing anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiong Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Armed Police Forces Hospital of Sichuan, 614000, Leshan, China
| | - Guang-Kuan Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Ming Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Mou-Xin Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Qi Hui
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Fifth Hospital, Xian, 710082, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China.
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4
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Antibiofilm and Anti-Quorum-Sensing Activities of Novel Pyrazole and Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidine Derivatives as Carbonic Anhydrase I and II Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, Radiosterilization, and Molecular Docking Studies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010128. [PMID: 36671329 PMCID: PMC9854762 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, searching for new anti-infective agents with diverse mechanisms of action has become necessary. In this study, 16 pyrazole and pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and assessed for their preliminary antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. All these derivatives were initially screened for their antibacterial activity against six clinically isolated multidrug resistance by agar well-diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The initial screening presented significant antibacterial activity with a bactericidal effect for five compounds, namely 3a, 5a, 6, 9a, and 10a, compared with Erythromycin and Amikacin. These five derivatives were further evaluated for their antibiofilm activity against both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, which showed strong biofilm-forming activity at their MICs by >60%. The SEM analysis confirmed the biofilm disruption in the presence of these derivatives. Furthermore, anti-QS activity was observed for the five hybrids at their sub-MICs, as indicated by the visible halo zone. In addition, the presence of the most active derivatives reduces the violacein production by CV026, confirming that these compounds yielded anti-QS activity. Furthermore, these compounds showed strong inhibitory action against human carbonic anhydrase (hCA-I and hCA-II) isoforms with IC50 values ranging between 92.34 and 168.84 nM and between 73.2 and 161.22 nM, respectively. Finally, radiosterilization, ADMET, and a docking simulation were performed.
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Kumar A, Wahan SK, Virendra SA, Chawla PA. Recent Advances on the Role of Nitrogen‐Based Heterocyclic Scaffolds in Targeting HIV through Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy GT Road Ghal Kalan Moga 142001 India
| | - Simranpreet K. Wahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy GT Road Ghal Kalan Moga 142001 India
| | - Sharma Arvind Virendra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy GT Road Ghal Kalan Moga 142001 India
| | - Pooja A. Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy GT Road Ghal Kalan Moga 142001 India
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Current medicinal chemistry strategies in the discovery of novel HIV-1 ribonuclease H inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114760. [PMID: 36152387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During HIV-1 genome replication, the viral reverse transcriptase-associated ribonuclease H (RT-associated RNase H) activity hydrolyzes the RNA strand of RNA/DNA heteroduplex intermediates. As of today, HIV-1 RNase H inhibitors (RHIs) remain at an investigational level, although none of them reached clinical trials. Therefore, RNase H remains as an attractive target for drug design and development. In this paper, we review the current status of medicinal chemistry strategies aimed at the discovery of novel RHIs, while discussing problems encountered in their characterization and further development, thereby providing an update on recent progress in the field.
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Ban Y, Wang Y, Li H, Wang Y, Li D, Yang J. Thioamide directed iridium(I)-catalyzed C-H arylation of ferrocenes with aryl boronic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5759-5763. [PMID: 35801428 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00863g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first Ir(I)-catalyzed thioamide-assisted C-H arylation of ferrocenes with aryl boronic acids under base-free mild reaction conditions in the presence of Ag2CO3 as an oxidant with eco-friendly 2-MeTHF as a solvent was developed. This reaction has a wide range of substrates (37 examples) and functional group tolerance (18-94% yields), and provides promising access to aryl thioamide-ferrocene compounds with good yields and regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ban
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianjun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, PR China.
| | - Jinhui Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, PR China.
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Angeli A, Kartsev V, Petrou A, Lichitsky B, Komogortsev A, Pinteala M, Geronikaki A, Supuran CT. Pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine Sulfonamides as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological and In Silico Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030316. [PMID: 35337114 PMCID: PMC8955975 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) catalyze the essential reaction of CO2 hydration in all living organisms, being actively involved in the regulation of a plethora of patho-/physiological conditions. A series of chromene-based sulfonamides were synthesized and tested as possible CA inhibitors. On the other hand, in microorganisms, the β- and γ- classes are expressed in addition to the α- class, showing substantial structural differences to the human isoforms. In this scenario, not only human but also bacterial CAs are of particular interest as new antibacterial agents with an alternative mechanism of action for fighting the emerging problem of extensive drug resistance afflicting most countries worldwide. Pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine sulfonamides were synthesized using methods of organic chemistry. Their inhibitory activity, assessed against the cytosolic human isoforms hCA I and hCA II, the transmembrane hCA IX and XII, and β- and γ-CAs from three different bacterial strains, was evaluated by a stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay. Several of the investigated derivatives showed interesting inhibition activity towards the cytosolic associate isoforms hCA I and hCA II, as well as the 3β- and 3γ-CAs. Furthermore, computational procedures were used to investigate the binding mode of this class of compounds within the active site of hCA IX. Four compounds (1f, 1g, 1h and 1k) were more potent than AAZ against hCA I. Furthermore, compound 1f also showed better activity than AAZ against the hCA II isoform. Moreover, ten compounds out of eleven appeared to be very potent against the γ-CA from E.coli, with a Ki much lower than that of the reference drug. Most of the compounds showed better activity than AAZ against hCA I as well as the γ-CA from E.coli and the β-CA from Burkholderia pseudomallei (BpsCAβ). Compounds 1f and 1k showed a good selectivity index against hCA I and hCA XII, while 1b was selective against all 3β-CA isoforms from E.coli, BpsCA, and VhCA and all 3γ-CA isoforms from E.coli, BpsCA and PgiCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, NeuroFarba Department, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda, no. 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | | | - Anthi Petrou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Boris Lichitsky
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (B.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrey Komogortsev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (B.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda, no. 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Athina Geronikaki
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, NeuroFarba Department, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (C.T.S.)
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9
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Angeli A, Kartsev V, Petrou A, Pinteala M, Brovarets V, Vydzhak R, Panchishin S, Geronikaki A, Supuran CT. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition with Sulfonamides Incorporating Pyrazole- and Pyridazinecarboxamide Moieties Provides Examples of Isoform-Selective Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:7023. [PMID: 34834114 PMCID: PMC8625619 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of benzenesulfonamides incorporating pyrazole- and pyridazinecarboxamides decorated with several bulky moieties has been obtained by original procedures. The new derivatives were investigated for the inhibition of four physiologically crucial human carbonic anhydrase (hCA, EC 4.2.2.1.1) isoforms, hCA I and II (cytosolic enzymes) as well as hCA IX and XII (transmembrane, tumor-associated isoforms). Examples of isoform-selective inhibitors were obtained for all four enzymes investigated here, and a computational approach was employed for explaining the observed selectivity, which may be useful in drug design approaches for obtaining inhibitors with pharmacological applications useful as antiglaucoma, diuretic, antitumor or anti-cerebral ischemia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- NeuroFarba Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda, no. 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Victor Kartsev
- InterBioScreen, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow Region, Russia;
| | - Anthi Petrou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda, no. 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Volodymyr Brovarets
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Bases, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine 1, Murmanska St, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.); (R.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Roman Vydzhak
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Bases, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine 1, Murmanska St, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.); (R.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Svitlana Panchishin
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Bases, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine 1, Murmanska St, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.); (R.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Athina Geronikaki
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- NeuroFarba Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
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Sanna C, Marengo A, Acquadro S, Caredda A, Lai R, Corona A, Tramontano E, Rubiolo P, Esposito F. In Vitro Anti-HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Properties of Punica granatum L. Leaves, Bark, and Peel Extracts and Their Main Compounds. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2124. [PMID: 34685933 PMCID: PMC8539310 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In a search for natural compounds with anti-HIV-1 activity, we studied the effect of the ethanolic extract obtained from leaves, bark, and peels of Punica granatum L. for the inhibition of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT)-associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) and integrase (IN) LEDGF-dependent activities. The chemical analyses led to the detection of compounds belonging mainly to the phenolic and flavonoid chemical classes. Ellagic acid, flavones, and triterpenoid molecules were identified in leaves. The bark and peels were characterized by the presence of hydrolyzable tannins, such as punicalins and punicalagins, together with ellagic acid. Among the isolated compounds, the hydrolyzable tannins and ellagic acid showed a very high inhibition (IC50 values ranging from 0.12 to 1.4 µM and 0.065 to 0.09 µM of the RNase H and IN activities, respectively). Of the flavonoids, luteolin and apigenin were found to be able to inhibit RNase H and IN functions (IC50 values in the 3.7-22 μM range), whereas luteolin 7-O-glucoside showed selective activity for HIV-1 IN. In contrast, betulinic acid, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid were selective for the HIV-1 RNase H activity. Our results strongly support the potential of non-edible P. granatum organs as a valuable source of anti-HIV-1 compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Sanna
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (A.M.); (S.A.); (P.R.)
| | - Stefano Acquadro
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (A.M.); (S.A.); (P.R.)
| | - Alessia Caredda
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, ss554, km 4500, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (E.T.); (F.E.)
| | - Roberta Lai
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Angela Corona
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, ss554, km 4500, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (E.T.); (F.E.)
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, ss554, km 4500, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (E.T.); (F.E.)
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (A.M.); (S.A.); (P.R.)
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, ss554, km 4500, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (E.T.); (F.E.)
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Pyrroles as Privileged Scaffolds in the Search for New Potential HIV Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090893. [PMID: 34577593 PMCID: PMC8468532 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and remains a global health problem four decades after the report of its first case. Despite success in viral load suppression and the increase in patient survival due to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), the development of new drugs has become imperative due to strains that have become resistant to antiretrovirals. In this context, there has been a continuous search for new anti-HIV agents based on several chemical scaffolds, including nitrogenated heterocyclic pyrrole rings, which have been included in several compounds with antiretroviral activity. Thus, this review aims to describe pyrrole-based compounds with anti-HIV activity as a new potential treatment against AIDS, covering the period between 2015 and 2020. Our research allowed us to conclude that pyrrole derivatives are still worth exploring, as they may provide highly active compounds targeting different steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle and act with an innovative mechanism.
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12
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Marinescu M. Synthesis of Antimicrobial Benzimidazole-Pyrazole Compounds and Their Biological Activities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1002. [PMID: 34439052 PMCID: PMC8389006 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of new compounds with antimicrobial and antiviral properties is a central objective today in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Benzimidazole and pyrazole compounds have remarkable biological properties, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, antiulcer, antidiabetic. Moreover, recent literature mentions the syntheses and antimicrobial properties of some benzimidazole-pyrazole hybrids, as well as other biological properties thereof. In this review, we aim to review the methods of synthesis of these hybrids, the antimicrobial activities of the compounds, their correlation with various groups present on the molecule, as well as their pharmaceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marinescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Soseaua Panduri, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Galenko EE, Kaminskiy NA, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF. Synthesis of Water-Soluble α-Aminopyrroles, 1-(2-Amino-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)pyridinium Chlorides. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221070239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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14
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Recent studies of nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds as novel antiviral agents: A review. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105076. [PMID: 34157555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N-heterocycles are important, not only because of their abundance, but above all because of their chemical, biological and technical significance. They play an important role in biological investigation such as anticancer, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-tumor, antidiabetic, etc. In this study, we focused on examining synthesized some 5- or 6-ring N-heterocyclic compounds that showed the antiviral activity in last 5 years, and investigation of these compounds structure-activity relationship studies. This review will be useful to scientists in research fields of organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacology.
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15
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Zhu M, Shan Q, Ma L, Wen J, Dong B, Zhang G, Wang M, Wang J, Zhou J, Cen S, Wang Y. Design and biological evaluation of cinnamic and phenylpropionic amide derivatives as novel dual inhibitors of HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113498. [PMID: 33933756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Upon the basis of both possible ligand-binding site interactions and the uniformity of key residues in active sites, a novel class of HIV-1 PR/RT dual inhibitors was designed and evaluated. Cinnamic acids or phenylpropionic acids with more flexible chain and smaller steric hindrance were introduced into the inhibitors, giving rise to significant improvement in HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity by one or two orders of magnitude, with comparable or even improved potency against PR at the same time, compared with coumarin anologues in our previous studies. Among these inhibitors, 38d displayed a 19-fold improvement in anti-PR activity with IC50 value of 0.081 nM compared to the control DRV. In addition, inhibitor 38c exhibited an excellent anti-RT IC50 value of 0.43 μM, only a 4.7-fold less potent activity than the control EFV. More significantly, the disparate ratio between HIV-1 PR and RT inhibition became more reasonable with ratio of 1: 10.4, just as 37b. Furthermore, the assays on HIV-1 late stage and early stage supported the rationality of designing dual inhibitors. The SAR data as well as molecular modeling studies provided new insight for further optimization of more potent HIV-1 PR/RT dual inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qi Shan
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiajia Wen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Biao Dong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guoning Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Juxian Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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16
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Bąchor U, Mączyński M. Selected β 2-, β 3- and β 2,3-Amino Acid Heterocyclic Derivatives and Their Biological Perspective. Molecules 2021; 26:438. [PMID: 33467741 PMCID: PMC7829935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic moieties, especially five and six-membered rings containing nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms, are broadly distributed in nature. Among them, synthetic and natural alike are pharmacologically active compounds and have always been at the forefront of attention due to their pharmacological properties. Heterocycles can be divided into different groups based on the presence of characteristic structural motifs. The presence of β-amino acid and heterocyclic core in one compound is very interesting; additionally, it very often plays a vital role in their biological activity. Usually, such compounds are not considered to be chemicals containing a β-amino acid motif; however, considering them as this class of compounds may open new routes of their preparation and application as new drug precursors or even drugs. The possibility of their application as nonproteinogenic amino acid residues in peptide or peptide derivatives synthesis to prepare a new class of compounds is also promising. This review highlights the actual state of knowledge about β-amino acid moiety-containing heterocycles presenting antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial compounds, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors, as well as agonist and antagonists of the receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Bąchor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
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17
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Search for new therapeutics against HIV-1 via dual inhibition of RNase H and integrase: current status and future challenges. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:269-286. [PMID: 33399497 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase and integrase are key enzymes that play a pivotal role in HIV-1 viral maturation and replication. Reverse transcriptase consists of two active sites: RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and RNase H. The catalytic domains of integrase and RNase H share striking similarity, comprising two aspartates and one glutamate residue, also known as the catalytic DDE triad, and a Mg2+ pair. The simultaneous inhibition of reverse transcriptase and integrase can be a rational drug discovery approach for combating the emerging drug resistance problem. In the present review, the dual inhibition of RNase H and integrase is systematically discussed, including rationality of design, journey of development, advancement and future perspective.
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18
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Tripathi G, Singh AK, Kumar A. Arylpyrazoles: Heterocyclic Scaffold of Immense Therapeutic Application. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570179417999200628035645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the major class of heterocycles, the N-heterocycles, such as pyrazoles,
are scaffolds of vast medicinal values. Various drugs and other biologically active molecules
are known to contain these N-heterocycles as core motifs. Specifically, arylpyrazoles
have exhibited a diverse range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancerous,
antimicrobial and various others. For instance, arylpyrazoles are present as
core moieties in various insecticides, fungicides and drugs such as Celebrex and Trocoxil.
The present review will be highlighting the significant therapeutic importance of pyrazole
derivatives developed in the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, T. N. B. College, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Bihar, India
| | - Abhijeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Bihar, India
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19
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Li Petri G, Spanò V, Spatola R, Holl R, Raimondi MV, Barraja P, Montalbano A. Bioactive pyrrole-based compounds with target selectivity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112783. [PMID: 32916311 PMCID: PMC7455853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of novel synthetic compounds with drug-like properties is an ongoing challenge in medicinal chemistry. Natural products have inspired the synthesis of compounds for pharmaceutical application, most of which are based on N-heterocyclic motifs. Among these, the pyrrole ring is one of the most explored heterocycles in drug discovery programs for several therapeutic areas, confirmed by the high number of pyrrole-based drugs reaching the market. In the present review, we focused on pyrrole and its hetero-fused derivatives with anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities, reported in the literature between 2015 and 2019, for which a specific target was identified, being responsible for their biological activity. It emerges that the powerful pharmaceutical and pharmacological features provided by the pyrrole nucleus as pharmacophore unit of many drugs are still recognized by medicinal chemists. Pyrrole nucleus is one of the most explored heterocycle in drug discovery. Pyrrole derivatives exhibit antitumor, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. Targets involved in their biological activities were identified. SAR to underline their most important features were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Li Petri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Spatola
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ralph Holl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Valeria Raimondi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Paola Barraja
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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20
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Corona A, Onnis V, Del Vecchio C, Esposito F, Cheng YC, Tramontano E. 2-(Arylamino)-6-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinic Acid Derivatives: New HIV-1 RT Dual Inhibitors Active on Viral Replication. Molecules 2020; 25:E1338. [PMID: 32183488 PMCID: PMC7144554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of the AIDS epidemic, and the life-long treatment required, indicate the constant need of novel HIV-1 inhibitors. In this scenario the HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) function is a promising drug target. Here we report a series of compounds, developed on the 2-amino-6-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinic acid scaffold, studied as promising RNase H dual inhibitors. Among the 44 tested compounds, 34 inhibited HIV-1 RT-associated RNase H function in the low micromolar range, and seven of them showed also to inhibit viral replication in cell-based assays with a selectivity index up to 10. The most promising compound, 21, inhibited RNase H function with an IC50 of 14 µM and HIV-1 replication in cell-based assays with a selectivity index greater than 10. Mode of action studies revealed that compound 21 is an allosteric dual-site compound inhibiting both HIV-1 RT functions, blocking the polymerase function also in presence of mutations carried by circulating variants resistant to non-nucleoside inhibitors, and the RNase H function interacting with conserved regions within the RNase H domain. Proving compound 21 as a promising lead for the design of new allosteric RNase H inhibitors active against viral replication with not significant cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.O.); (F.E.)
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.O.); (F.E.)
| | - Claudia Del Vecchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.O.); (F.E.)
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA;
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.O.); (F.E.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA;
- Genetics and Biomedical Research Institute, National Research Council, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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21
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Massari S, Corona A, Distinto S, Desantis J, Caredda A, Sabatini S, Manfroni G, Felicetti T, Cecchetti V, Pannecouque C, Maccioni E, Tramontano E, Tabarrini O. From cycloheptathiophene-3-carboxamide to oxazinone-based derivatives as allosteric HIV-1 ribonuclease H inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:55-74. [PMID: 30362381 PMCID: PMC6211256 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1523901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper focussed on a step-by-step structural modification of a cycloheptathiophene-3-carboxamide derivative recently identified by us as reverse transcriptase (RT)-associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) inhibitor. In particular, its conversion to a 2-aryl-cycloheptathienoozaxinone derivative and the successive thorough exploration of both 2-aromatic and cycloheptathieno moieties led to identify oxazinone-based compounds as new anti-RNase H chemotypes. The presence of the catechol moiety at the C-2 position of the scaffold emerged as critical to achieve potent anti-RNase H activity, which also encompassed anti-RNA dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP) activity for the tricyclic derivatives. Benzothienooxazinone derivative 22 resulted the most potent dual inhibitor exhibiting IC50s of 0.53 and 2.90 μM against the RNase H and RDDP functions. Mutagenesis and docking studies suggested that compound 22 binds two allosteric pockets within the RT, one located between the RNase H active site and the primer grip region and the other close to the DNA polymerase catalytic centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Massari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jenny Desantis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Caredda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Sabatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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22
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Zhu M, Ma L, Wen J, Dong B, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhou J, Zhang G, Wang J, Guo Y, Liang C, Cen S, Wang Y. Rational design and Structure-Activity relationship of coumarin derivatives effective on HIV-1 protease and partially on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111900. [PMID: 31771827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since dual inhibitors may yield lower toxicity and reduce the likelihood of drug resistance, as well as inhibitors of HIV-1 PR and RT constitute the core of chemotherapy for AIDS treatment, we herein designed and synthesized new coumarin derivatives characterized by various linkers that exhibited excellent potency against PR and a weak inhibition of RT. Among which, compounds 6f and 7c inhibited PR with IC50 values of 15.5 and 62.1 nM, respectively, and weakly affected also RT with IC50 values of 241.8 and 188.7 μM, respectively, showing the possibility in the future of developing dual HIV-1 PR/RT inhibitors. Creative stimulation for further research of more potent dual HIV-1 inhibitors was got according to the molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiajia Wen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Biao Dong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guoning Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Juxian Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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23
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Tramontano E, Corona A, Menéndez-Arias L. Ribonuclease H, an unexploited target for antiviral intervention against HIV and hepatitis B virus. Antiviral Res 2019; 171:104613. [PMID: 31550450 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleases H (RNases H) are endonucleolytic enzymes, evolutionarily related to retroviral integrases, DNA transposases, resolvases and numerous nucleases. RNases H cleave RNA in RNA/DNA hybrids and their activity plays an important role in the replication of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, as well as in the replication of reverse-transcribing viruses. During reverse transcription, the RNase H activity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) degrades the viral genomic RNA to facilitate the synthesis of viral double-stranded DNA. HIV and HBV reverse transcriptases contain DNA polymerase and RNase H domains that act in a coordinated manner to produce double-stranded viral DNA. Although RNase H inhibitors have not been developed into licensed drugs, recent progress has led to the identification of a number of small molecules with inhibitory activity at low micromolar or even nanomolar concentrations. These compounds can be classified into metal-chelating active site inhibitors and allosteric inhibitors. Among them, α-hydroxytropolones, N-hydroxyisoquinolinediones and N-hydroxypyridinediones represent chemotypes active against both HIV and HBV RNases H. In this review we summarize recent developments in the field including the identification of novel RNase H inhibitors, compounds with dual inhibitory activity, broad specificity and efforts to decrease their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Chromenone derivatives as a versatile scaffold with dual mode of inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-associated Ribonuclease H function and integrase activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111617. [PMID: 31442684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A number of compounds targeting different processes of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) life cycle have been developed in the continuing fight against AIDS. Coumarin-based molecules already proved to act as HIV-1 Protease (PR) or Integrase (IN) inhibitors and also to target HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), blocking the DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase activity or the RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase activity working as common NNRTIs. In the present study, with the aim to exploit a coumarin-based scaffold to achieve the inhibition of multiple viral coded enzymatic functions, novel 4-hydroxy-2H, 5H-pyrano (3, 2-c) chromene-2, 5-dione derivatives were synthesized. The modeling studies calculated the theoretical binding affinity of the synthesized compounds on both HIV-1 IN and RT-associated Ribonuclease H (RNase H) active sites, which was confirmed by biological assays. Our results provide a basis for the identification of dual HIV-1 IN and RT RNase H inhibitors compounds.
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25
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New targets for HIV drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1139-1147. [PMID: 30885676 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent estimates suggest close to one million people per year die globally owing to HIV-related illnesses. Therefore, there is still a need to identify new targets to develop future treatments. Many of the more recently identified targets are host-related and these might be more difficult for the virus to develop drug resistance to. In addition, there are virus-related targets (capsid and RNAse H) that have yet to be exploited clinically. Several of the newer targets also address virulence factors, virus latency or target persistence. The targets highlighted in this review could represent the next generation of viable candidates for drug discovery projects as well as continue the search for a cure for this disease.
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26
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Arandkar V, Vaarla K, Vedula RR. Facile one pot multicomponent synthesis of novel 4-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-(3-(aryl/heteryl)-5-(aryl/heteryl)-4,5-dihydro-1 H-pyrazol-1yl)thiazole derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1440600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Arandkar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Krishnaiah Vaarla
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Rajeswar Rao Vedula
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, India
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27
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Sanna C, Scognamiglio M, Fiorentino A, Corona A, Graziani V, Caredda A, Cortis P, Montisci M, Ceresola ER, Canducci F, Poli F, Tramontano E, Esposito F. Prenylated phloroglucinols from Hypericum scruglii, an endemic species of Sardinia (Italy), as new dual HIV-1 inhibitors effective on HIV-1 replication. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195168. [PMID: 29601601 PMCID: PMC5877874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a search for new potential multitarget anti-HIV compounds from natural products, we have identified in Hypericum scruglii, an endemic and exclusive species of Sardinia (Italy), a potent plant lead. The phytochemical study of the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from its leaves led to the isolation of its most abundant secondary metabolites, belonging to different chemical classes. In particular, three phloroglucinols derivatives were identified, confirming their significance as chemotaxonomic markers of the Hypericum genus. Among them, the 3-(13-hydroxygeranyl)-1-(2'-methylbutanoyl)phloroglucinol was reported here for the first time. All six isolated compounds have been evaluated firstly for the inhibition of both Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-associated DNA Polymerase (RDDP) and Ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities, for the inhibition of HIV-1 integrase (IN) in biochemical assays, and also for their effect on viral replication. Among the isolated metabolites, three phloroglucinol derivatives and quercitrin were effective on both RT-associated RDDP and RNase H activities in biochemical assays. The same active compounds affected also HIV-1 IN strand transfer function, suggesting the involvement of the RNase H active site. Furthermore, phloroglucinols compounds, included the newly identified compound, were able to inhibit the HIV-1 replication in cell based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Antonio Fiorentino
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania, Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vittoria Graziani
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania, Caserta, Italy
| | - Alessia Caredda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Cortis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariofilippo Montisci
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisa Rita Ceresola
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Filippo Canducci
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology, San Raffaele Hospital, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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