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Bland WA, Mitra D, Owens S, McEvoy K, Hogan CH, Boccuzzi L, Kirillov V, Meyer TJ, Khairallah C, Sheridan BS, Forrest JC, Krug LT. A replication-deficient gammaherpesvirus vaccine protects mice from lytic disease and reduces latency establishment. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:116. [PMID: 38914546 PMCID: PMC11196663 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are oncogenic viruses that establish lifelong infections and are significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Vaccine strategies to limit gammaherpesvirus infection and disease are in development, but there are no FDA-approved vaccines for Epstein-Barr or Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus. As a new approach to gammaherpesvirus vaccination, we developed and tested a replication-deficient virus (RDV) platform, using murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a well-established mouse model for gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis studies and preclinical therapeutic evaluations. We employed codon-shuffling-based complementation to generate revertant-free RDV lacking expression of the essential replication and transactivator protein encoded by ORF50 to arrest viral gene expression early after de novo infection. Inoculation with RDV-50.stop exposes the host to intact virion particles and leads to limited lytic gene expression in infected cells yet does not produce additional infectious particles. Prime-boost vaccination of mice with RDV-50.stop elicited virus-specific neutralizing antibody and effector T cell responses in the lung and spleen. In contrast to vaccination with heat-inactivated WT MHV68, vaccination with RDV-50.stop resulted in a near complete abolishment of virus replication in the lung 7 days post-challenge and reduction of latency establishment in the spleen 16 days post-challenge with WT MHV68. Ifnar1-/- mice, which lack the type I interferon receptor, exhibit severe disease and high mortality upon infection with WT MHV68. RDV-50.stop vaccination of Ifnar1-/- mice prevented wasting and mortality upon challenge with WT MHV68. These results demonstrate that prime-boost vaccination with a gammaherpesvirus that is unable to undergo lytic replication offers protection against acute replication, impairs the establishment of latency, and prevents severe disease upon the WT virus challenge. Our study also reveals that the ability of a gammaherpesvirus to persist in vivo despite potent pre-existing immunity is an obstacle to obtaining sterilizing immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley A Bland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Environment, Health and Safety, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dipanwita Mitra
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shana Owens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kyle McEvoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Chad H Hogan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luciarita Boccuzzi
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Doctor of Medicine Program, Rush University Medical Center, 1650, West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Brian S Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - J Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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2
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Maple PA, Tanasescu R, Constantinescu CS, Valentino P, Capobianco M, D’Orso S, Borsellino G, Battistini L, Ristori G, Mechelli R, Salvetti M, Gran B. Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, Herpes Simplex Virus, and Varicella Zoster Virus Infection Dynamics in People with Multiple Sclerosis from Northern Italy. Pathogens 2024; 13:499. [PMID: 38921797 PMCID: PMC11206421 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous exposure to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is strongly associated with the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). By contrast, past cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may have no association, or be negatively associated with MS. This study aimed to investigate the associations of herpesvirus infections with MS in an Italian population. Serum samples (n = 200) from Italian people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) classified as the relapsing-and-remitting clinical phenotype and (n = 137) healthy controls (HCs) were obtained from the CRESM Biobank, Orbassano, Italy. Both PwMS and HCs samples were selected according to age group (20-39 years, and 40 or more years) and sex. EBV virus capsid antigen (VCA) IgG, EBV nucleic acid-1 antigen (EBNA-1) IgG, CMV IgG, herpes simplex virus (HSV) IgG, and varicella zoster virus (VZV) IgG testing was undertaken using commercial ELISAs. EBV VCA IgG and EBNA-1 IgG seroprevalences were 100% in PwMS and 93.4% and 92.4%, respectively, in HCs. EBV VCA IgG and EBNA-1 IgG levels were higher (p < 0.001) in PwMS compared with HCs. For PwMS, the EBNA-1 IgG levels decreased with age, particularly in females. The CMV IgG seroprevalence was 58.7% in PwMS and 62.9% in HCs. CMV IgG seroprevalence increased with age. The HSV IgG seroprevalence was 71.2% in PwMS and 70.8% in HCs. HSV IgG levels were lower (p = 0.0005) in PwMS compared with HCs. VZV IgG seroprevalence was 97.5% in PwMS and 98.5% in HCs. In the population studied, several herpesvirus infections markers may have been influenced by the age and sex of the groups studied. The lack of a negative association of MS with CMV infection, and the observation of lower levels of HSV IgG in PwMS compared with HCs are findings worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Maple
- Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience Academic Unit, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK (B.G.)
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Radu Tanasescu
- Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience Academic Unit, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK (B.G.)
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Cris S. Constantinescu
- Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience Academic Unit, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK (B.G.)
- Cooper Neurological Institute, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Paola Valentino
- Neuroscience Institute, Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (P.V.)
| | - Marco Capobianco
- Neuroscience Institute, Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (P.V.)
| | - Silvia D’Orso
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, IRCSS Foundation Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Borsellino
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, IRCSS Foundation Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Battistini
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, IRCSS Foundation Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, IRCSS Foundation Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosella Mechelli
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS, San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Bruno Gran
- Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience Academic Unit, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK (B.G.)
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
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3
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Caduff N, Rieble L, Böni M, McHugh D, Roshan R, Miley W, Labo N, Barman S, Trivett M, Bosma DMT, Rühl J, Goebels N, Whitby D, Münz C. KSHV infection of B cells primes protective T cell responses in humanized mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4841. [PMID: 38844783 PMCID: PMC11156630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with around 1% of all human tumors, including the B cell malignancy primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), in which co-infection with the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) can almost always be found in malignant cells. Here, we demonstrate that KSHV/EBV co-infection of mice with reconstituted human immune systems (humanized mice) leads to IgM responses against both latent and lytic KSHV antigens, and expansion of central and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Among these, KSHV/EBV dual-infection allows for the priming of CD8+ T cells that are specific for the lytic KSHV antigen K6 and able to kill KSHV/EBV infected B cells. This suggests that K6 may represent a vaccine antigen for the control of KSHV and its associated pathologies in high seroprevalence regions, such as Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Caduff
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lisa Rieble
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Böni
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Donal McHugh
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Pfizer, Medical Department, Schärenmoosstrasse 99, 8052, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Romin Roshan
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wendell Miley
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sumanta Barman
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthew Trivett
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Douwe M T Bosma
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Julia Rühl
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Goebels
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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4
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Münz C. Altered EBV specific immune control in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 390:578343. [PMID: 38615370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Since the 1980s it is known that immune responses to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are elevated in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Recent seroepidemiologial data have shown that this alteration after primary EBV infection identifies individuals with a more than 30-fold increased risk to develop MS. The mechanisms by which EBV infection might erode tolerance for the central nervous system (CNS) in these individuals, years prior to clinical MS onset, remain unclear. In this review I will discuss altered frequencies of EBV life cycle stages and their tissue distribution, EBV with CNS autoantigen cross-reactive immune responses and loss of immune control for autoreactive B and T cells as possible mechanisms. This discussion is intended to stimulate future studies into these mechanisms with the aim to identify candidates for interventions that might correct EBV specific immune control and/or resulting cross-reactivities with CNS autoantigens in MS patients and thereby ameliorate disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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Huang J, Pan Z, Wang L, Zhang Z, Huang J, Jiang C, Cai G, Yin T. Early T-cell reconstitution predicts risk of EBV reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:22. [PMID: 38280072 PMCID: PMC10821970 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The quality of immune reconstitution (IR) is crucial for the outcome of patients who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), and is closely connected with infection, relapse and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) which are the most important causes for transplantation failure. However, the IR pattern in the early stage after allo-HSCT, particularly haploidentical (HID) HSCT, remains unclear. In this retrospective study, we examined the T cell reconstitution of patients within the initial 30 days (n = 173) and 100 days (n = 122) after allo-HSCT with myeloablative condition (MAC), of which > 70% were HID HSCT, to assess the influence of IR on the transplant outcomes. By comparing 78 patients with good IR (GIR) to 44 patients with poor IR (PIR), we observed that GIR was associated with lower risk for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation and cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation, but had no significant impacts on the survival outcomes (i.e., overall survival, event-free survival) and cumulative incidences of GvHD. Importantly, we found lymphocyte reconstitution pattern at day 30 after allo-HSCT would be a surrogate for IR evaluated at day 100. In the Cox proportional hazard model, early reconstitution of CD4+, CD4+CD25+, CD4+CD45RO+, CD4+CD25+CD27low, and CD8+ T cells at day 30 was reversely correlated with risk of EBV reactivation. Finally, we constructed a predictive model for EBV reactivation with CD8+ and CD4+CD45RO+ T cell proportions of the training cohort (n = 102), which was validated with a validation cohort (n = 37). In summary, our study found that the quality of IR at day 30 had a predictive value for the risk of EBV reactivation, and might provide guidance for close monitoring for EBV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengkai Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Luxiang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilu Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanhe Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tong Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Münz C. Modulation of Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV)-Associated Cancers by Co-Infections. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5739. [PMID: 38136285 PMCID: PMC10741436 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic and persistent Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is carried by more than 95% of the human adult population. While asymptomatic in most of these, EBV can cause a wide variety of malignancies of lymphoid or epithelial cell origin. Some of these are also associated with co-infections that either increase EBV-induced tumorigenesis or weaken its immune control. The respective pathogens include Kaposi-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Plasmodium falciparum and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this review, I will discuss the respective tumor entities and possible mechanisms by which co-infections increase the EBV-associated cancer burden. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms could allow us to identify crucial features of EBV-associated malignancies and defects in their immune control. These could then be explored to develop therapies against the respective cancers by targeting EBV and/or the respective co-infections with pathogen-specific therapies or vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Roe K. Pathogen regulatory RNA usage enables chronic infections, T-cell exhaustion and accelerated T-cell exhaustion. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2505-2516. [PMID: 36941498 PMCID: PMC10027582 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens evade or disable cellular immune defenses using regulatory ribonucleic acids (RNAs), including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs. Pathogenic usage of regulatory RNA enables chronic infections. Chronic infections, using host regulatory RNAs and/or creating pathogenic regulatory RNAs against cellular defenses, can cause T-cell exhaustion and latent pathogen reactivations. Concurrent pathogen infections of cells enable several possibilities. A first pathogen can cause an accelerated T-cell exhaustion for a second pathogen cellular infection. Accelerated T-cell exhaustion for the second pathogen weakens T-cell targeting of the second pathogen and enables a first-time infection by the second pathogen to replicate quickly and extensively. This can induce a large antibody population, which may be inadequately targeted against the second pathogen. Accelerated T-cell exhaustion can explain the relatively short median and average times from diagnosis to mortality in some viral epidemics, e.g., COVID-19, where the second pathogen can lethally overwhelm individuals' immune defenses. Alternatively, if an individual survives, the second pathogen could induce a very high titer of antigen-antibody immune complexes. If the antigen-antibody immune complex titer quickly becomes very high, it can exceed the immune system's phagocytic capability in immuno-deficient individuals, resulting in a Type III hypersensitivity immune reaction. Accelerated T-cell exhaustion in immuno-deficient individuals can be a fundamental cause of several hyperinflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. This would be possible when impaired follicular helper CD4+ T-cell assistance to germinal center B-cell somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation and isotype switching of antibodies results in high titers of inadequate antibodies, and this initiates a Type III hypersensitivity immune reaction with proteinase releases which express or expose autoantigens.
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Bland WA, Owens S, McEvoy K, Hogan CH, Boccuzzi L, Kirillov V, Khairallah C, Sheridan BS, Forrest JC, Krug LT. Replication-dead gammaherpesvirus vaccine protects against acute replication, reactivation from latency, and lethal challenge in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.26.559621. [PMID: 37808844 PMCID: PMC10557649 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.26.559621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) are oncogenic viruses that establish lifelong infections and are significant causes of human morbidity and mortality. While several vaccine strategies to limit GHV infection and disease are in development, there are no FDA-approved vaccines for human GHVs. As a new approach to gammaherpesvirus vaccination, we developed and tested a replication-dead virus (RDV) platform, using murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a well-established mouse model for gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis studies and preclinical therapeutic evaluations. We employed codon-shuffling-based complementation to generate revertant-free RDV lacking expression of the essential replication and transactivator protein (RTA) encoded by ORF50 to arrest viral gene expression early after de novo infection. Inoculation with RDV-50.stop exposes the host to intact virion particles and leads to limited lytic gene expression in infected cells. Prime-boost vaccination of mice with RDV-50.stop elicited virus-specific neutralizing antibody and effector T cell responses in the lung and spleen. Vaccination with RDV-50.stop resulted in a near complete abolishment of virus replication in the lung 7 days post-challenge and virus reactivation from spleen 16 days post-challenge with WT MHV68. Ifnar1-/- mice, which lack the type I interferon receptor, exhibit severe disease upon infection with WT MHV68. RDV-50.stop vaccination of Ifnar1-/- mice prevented wasting and mortality upon challenge with WT MHV68. These results demonstrate that prime-boost vaccination with a GHV that is unable to undergo lytic replication offers protection against acute replication, reactivation, and severe disease upon WT virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley A Bland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Shana Owens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kyle McEvoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Chad H Hogan
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luciarita Boccuzzi
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Brian S Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - J Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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9
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Ramaswami R, Tagawa T, Mahesh G, Serquina A, Koparde V, Lurain K, Dremel S, Li X, Mungale A, Beran A, Ohler ZW, Bassel L, Warner A, Mangusan R, Widell A, Ekwede I, Krug LT, Uldrick TS, Yarchoan R, Ziegelbauer JM. Transcriptional landscape of Kaposi sarcoma tumors identifies unique immunologic signatures and key determinants of angiogenesis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:653. [PMID: 37740179 PMCID: PMC10517594 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a multicentric tumor caused by Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) that leads to morbidity and mortality among people with HIV worldwide. KS commonly involves the skin but can occur in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) in severe cases. METHODS RNA sequencing was used to compare the cellular and KSHV gene expression signatures of skin and GI KS lesions in 44 paired samples from 19 participants with KS alone or with concurrent KSHV-associated diseases. Analyses of KSHV expression from KS lesions identified transcriptionally active areas of the viral genome. RESULTS The transcript of an essential viral lytic gene, ORF75, was detected in 91% of KS lesions. Analyses of host genes identified 370 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) unique to skin KS and 58 DEGs unique to GI KS lesions as compared to normal tissue. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 gene expression were higher in skin lesions as compared to normal skin but not in GI KS lesions. Twenty-six cellular genes were differentially expressed in both skin and GI KS tissues: these included Fms-related tyrosine kinase 4 (FLT4), encoding an angiogenic receptor, and Stanniocalcin 1 (STC1), a secreted glycoprotein. FLT4 and STC1 were further investigated in functional studies using primary lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). In these models, KSHV infection of LECs led to increased tubule formation that was impaired upon knock-down of STC1 or FLT4. CONCLUSIONS This study of transcriptional profiling of KS tissue provides novel insights into the characteristics and pathogenesis of this unique virus-driven neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Ramaswami
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Guruswamy Mahesh
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anna Serquina
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vishal Koparde
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn Lurain
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sarah Dremel
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xiaofan Li
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ameera Mungale
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alex Beran
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zoe Weaver Ohler
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Laura Bassel
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Warner
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ralph Mangusan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anaida Widell
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Irene Ekwede
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas S Uldrick
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joseph M Ziegelbauer
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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10
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Al-Khreisat MJ, Ismail NH, Tabnjh A, Hussain FA, Mohamed Yusoff AA, Johan MF, Islam MA. Worldwide Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus in Patients with Burkitt Lymphoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2068. [PMID: 37370963 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13122068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a form of B-cell malignancy that progresses aggressively and is most often seen in children. While Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that has been linked to a variety of cancers, it can transform B lymphocytes into immortalized cells, as shown in BL. Therefore, the estimated prevalence of EBV in a population may assist in the prediction of whether this population has a high risk of increased BL cases. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in patients with Burkitt lymphoma. Using the appropriate keywords, four electronic databases were searched. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tool. The results were reported as percentages with a 95% confidence interval using a random-effects model (CI). PROSPERO was used to register the protocol (CRD42022372293), and 135 studies were included. The prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in patients with Burkitt lymphoma was 57.5% (95% CI: 51.5 to 63.4, n = 4837). The sensitivity analyses demonstrated consistent results, and 65.2% of studies were of high quality. Egger's test revealed that there was a significant publication bias. EBV was found in a significantly high proportion of BL patients (more than 50% of BL patients). This study recommends EBV testing as an alternative for predictions and the assessment of the clinical disease status of BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutaz Jamal Al-Khreisat
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hayati Ismail
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abedelmalek Tabnjh
- Department of Applied Dental Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Faezahtul Arbaeyah Hussain
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Farid Johan
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Md Asiful Islam
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Global Women's Health, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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11
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Bjornevik K, Münz C, Cohen JI, Ascherio A. Epstein-Barr virus as a leading cause of multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and implications. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:160-171. [PMID: 36759741 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have provided compelling evidence that multiple sclerosis (MS) is a rare complication of infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a herpesvirus that infects more than 90% of the global population. This link was long suspected because the risk of MS increases markedly after infectious mononucleosis (symptomatic primary EBV infection) and with high titres of antibodies to specific EBV antigens. However, it was not until 2022 that a longitudinal study demonstrated that MS risk is minimal in individuals who are not infected with EBV and that it increases over 30-fold following EBV infection. Over the past few years, a number of studies have provided clues on the underlying mechanisms, which might help us to develop more targeted treatments for MS. In this Review, we discuss the evidence linking EBV to the development of MS and the mechanisms by which the virus is thought to cause the disease. Furthermore, we discuss implications for the treatment and prevention of MS, including the use of antivirals and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Bjornevik
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Münz C. Immune checkpoints in T cells during oncogenic γ-herpesvirus infections. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e27840. [PMID: 35524342 PMCID: PMC9790391 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are two persistent oncogenic γ-herpesviruses with an exclusive tropism for humans. They cause cancers of lymphocyte, epithelial and endothelial cell origin, such as Burkitt's and Hodgkin's lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Kaposi sarcoma. Mutations in immune-related genes but also adverse events during immune checkpoint inhibition in cancer patients have revealed molecular requirements for immune control of EBV and KSHV. These include costimulatory and coinhibitory receptors on T cells that are currently explored or already therapeutically targeted in tumor patients. This review discusses these co-receptors and their influence on EBV- and KSHV-associated diseases. The respective studies reveal surprising specificities of some of these receptors for immunity to these tumor viruses, benefits of their blockade for some but not other virus-associated diseases, and that EBV- and KSHV-specific immune control should be monitored during immune checkpoint inhibition to prevent adverse events that might be associated with their reactivation during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology Department, Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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13
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Co-Infection of the Epstein-Barr Virus and the Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122709. [PMID: 36560713 PMCID: PMC9782805 DOI: 10.3390/v14122709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The two human tumor viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), have been mostly studied in isolation. Recent studies suggest that co-infection with both viruses as observed in one of their associated malignancies, namely primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), might also be required for KSHV persistence. In this review, we discuss how EBV and KSHV might support each other for persistence and lymphomagenesis. Moreover, we summarize what is known about their innate and adaptive immune control which both seem to be required to ensure asymptomatic persistent co-infection with these two human tumor viruses. A better understanding of this immune control might allow us to prepare for vaccination against EBV and KSHV in the future.
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14
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Engelmann C, Schuhmachers P, Zdimerova H, Virdi S, Hauri-Hohl M, Pachlopnik Schmid J, Grundhoff A, Marsh RA, Wong WWL, Münz C. Epstein Barr virus-mediated transformation of B cells from XIAP-deficient patients leads to increased expression of the tumor suppressor CADM1. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:892. [PMID: 36270981 PMCID: PMC9587222 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is either caused by loss of the SLAM-associated protein (SAP; XLP-1) or the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP; XLP-2). In both instances, infection with the oncogenic human Epstein Barr virus (EBV) leads to pathology, but EBV-associated lymphomas only emerge in XLP-1 patients. Therefore, we investigated the role of XIAP during B cell transformation by EBV. Using humanized mice, IAP inhibition in EBV-infected mice led to a loss of B cells and a tendency to lower viral titers and lymphomagenesis. Loss of memory B cells was also observed in four newly described patients with XIAP deficiency. EBV was able to transform their B cells into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) with similar growth characteristics to patient mothers' LCLs in vitro and in vivo. Gene expression analysis revealed modest elevated lytic EBV gene transcription as well as the expression of the tumor suppressor cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1). CADM1 expression on EBV-infected B cells might therefore inhibit EBV-associated lymphomagenesis in patients and result in the absence of EBV-associated malignancies in XLP-2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Engelmann
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schuhmachers
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hana Zdimerova
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sanamjeet Virdi
- grid.418481.00000 0001 0665 103XVirus Genomics, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Hauri-Hohl
- grid.412341.10000 0001 0726 4330Division of Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jana Pachlopnik Schmid
- grid.412341.10000 0001 0726 4330Division of Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- grid.418481.00000 0001 0665 103XVirus Genomics, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca A. Marsh
- grid.24827.3b0000 0001 2179 9593Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Wendy Wei-Lynn Wong
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Cell Death and Regulation of Inflammation, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Altered Immune Response to the Epstein-Barr Virus as a Prerequisite for Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172757. [PMID: 36078165 PMCID: PMC9454695 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong epidemiologic evidence links Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection and its altered immune control to multiple sclerosis (MS) development. Clinical MS onset occurs years after primary EBV infection and the mechanisms linking them remain largely unclear. This review summarizes the epidemiological evidence for this association and how the EBV specific immune control is altered in MS patients. The two main possibilities of mechanisms for this association are further discussed. Firstly, immune responses that are induced during a symptomatic primary EBV infection, namely infectious mononucleosis, might be amplified during the following years to finally cause central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and demyelination. Secondly, genetic predisposition and environmental factors might not allow for an efficient immune control of the EBV-infected B cells that might drive autoimmune T cell stimulation or CNS inflammation. These two main hypotheses for explaining the association of the EBV with MS would implicate opposite therapeutic interventions, namely either dampening CNS inflammatory EBV-reactive immune responses or strengthening them to eliminate the autoimmunity stimulating EBV-infected B cell compartment. Nevertheless, recent findings suggest that EBV is an important puzzle piece in the pathogenesis of MS, and understanding its contribution could open new treatment possibilities for this autoimmune disease.
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16
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Jiang J, Ying H. Revealing the crosstalk between nasopharyngeal carcinoma and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:244. [PMID: 35964134 PMCID: PMC9375932 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) arises from the epithelial cells located in the nasopharynx and has a distinct geographic distribution. Chronic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, as its most common causative agents, can be detected in 100% of NPC types. In-depth studies of the cellular and molecular events leading to immunosuppression in NPC have revealed new therapeutic targets and diverse combinations that promise to benefit patients with highly refractory, advanced and metastatic NPC. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which NPC cells to circumvent immune surveillance and approaches being attempted to restore immunity. We integrate existing insights into anti-NPC immunity and molecular signaling pathways as well as targeting therapies in anticipation of broader applicability and effectiveness in advanced metastatic NPC.
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17
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Paganelli R. Resurrecting Epstein–Barr Virus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070772. [PMID: 35890017 PMCID: PMC9318925 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Paganelli
- UniCamillus International Medical University, Via di Sant'Alessandro, 8, 00131 Rome, Italy
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18
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Palmer WH, Telford M, Navarro A, Santpere G, Norman PJ. Human herpesvirus diversity is altered in HLA class I binding peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123248119. [PMID: 35486690 PMCID: PMC9170163 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123248119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous, genetically diverse DNA viruses, with long-term presence in humans associated with infrequent but significant pathology. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I presents intracellularly derived peptide fragments from infected tissue cells to CD8+ T and natural killer cells, thereby directing antiviral immunity. Allotypes of highly polymorphic HLA class I are distinguished by their peptide binding repertoires. Because this HLA class I variation is a major determinant of herpesvirus disease, we examined if sequence diversity of virus proteins reflects evasion of HLA presentation. Using population genomic data from Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and Varicella–Zoster virus, we tested whether diversity differed between the regions of herpesvirus proteins that can be recognized, or not, by HLA class I. Herpesviruses exhibit lytic and latent infection stages, with the latter better enabling immune evasion. Whereas HLA binding peptides of lytic proteins are conserved, we found that EBV and HCMV proteins expressed during latency have increased peptide sequence diversity. Similarly, latent, but not lytic, herpesvirus proteins have greater population structure in HLA binding than nonbinding peptides. Finally, we found patterns consistent with EBV adaption to the local HLA environment, with less efficient recognition of EBV isolates by high-frequency HLA class I allotypes. Here, the frequency of CD8+ T cell epitopes inversely correlated with the frequency of HLA class I recognition. Previous analyses have shown that pathogen-mediated natural selection maintains exceptional polymorphism in HLA residues that determine peptide recognition. Here, we show that HLA class I peptide recognition impacts diversity of globally widespread pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Palmer
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Marco Telford
- Neurogenomics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Arcadi Navarro
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Universitat Pompeu Fabra - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Beta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Santpere
- Neurogenomics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Paul J. Norman
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
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19
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Herpesvirus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040628. [PMID: 35455377 PMCID: PMC9029921 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
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20
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Fevang B, Wyller VBB, Mollnes TE, Pedersen M, Asprusten TT, Michelsen A, Ueland T, Otterdal K. Lasting Immunological Imprint of Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infection With Associations to Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation and Fatigue. Front Immunol 2022; 12:715102. [PMID: 34987499 PMCID: PMC8721200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis (IM) that can lead to chronic fatigue syndrome. The CEBA-project (Chronic fatigue following acute EBV infection in Adolescents) has followed 200 patients with IM and here we present an immunological profiling of adolescents with IM related to clinical characteristics. Methods Patients were sampled within 6 weeks of debut of symptoms and after 6 months. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured and stimulated in vitro (n=68), and supernatants analyzed for cytokine release. Plasma was analyzed for inflammatory markers (n=200). The Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire diagnosed patients with and without chronic fatigue at 6 months (CF+ and CF- group, respectively) (n=32 and n=91, in vitro and plasma cohorts, respectively. Results Broad activation of PBMC at baseline, with high levels of RANTES (Regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) in the CF+ group, and broad inflammatory response in plasma with high levels of T-cell markers was obeserved. At 6 months, there was an increased β-agonist response and RANTES was still elevated in cultures from the CF+ group. Plasma showed decrease of inflammatory markers except for CRP which was consistently elevated in the CF+ group. Conclusion Patients developing chronic fatigue after IM have signs of T-cell activation and low-grade chronic inflammation at baseline and after 6 months. Clinical Trial Registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT02335437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Børre Fevang
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vegard Bruun Bratholm Wyller
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø and Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristian Gerhard Jebsen - Senter for Tromboseforskning (TREC), University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria Pedersen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Tarjei Tørre Asprusten
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Annika Michelsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Otterdal
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Münz C. Natural killer cell responses to human oncogenic γ-herpesvirus infections. Semin Immunol 2022; 60:101652. [PMID: 36162228 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The two γ-herpesviruses Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are each associated with more than 1% of all tumors in humans. While EBV establishes persistent infection in nearly all adult individuals, KSHV benefits from this widespread EBV prevalence for its own persistence. Interestingly, EBV infection expands early differentiated NKG2A+KIR- NK cells that protect against lytic EBV infection, while KSHV co-infection drives accumulation of poorly functional CD56-CD16+ NK cells. Thus persistent γ-herpesvirus infections are sculptors of human NK cell repertoires and the respectively stimulated NK cell subsets should be considered for immunotherapies of EBV and KSHV associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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22
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Münz C. Co-Stimulatory Molecules during Immune Control of Epstein Barr Virus Infection. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010038. [PMID: 35053187 PMCID: PMC8774114 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is one of the prominent human tumor viruses, and it is efficiently immune-controlled in most virus carriers. Cytotoxic lymphocytes strongly expand during symptomatic primary EBV infection and in preclinical in vivo models of this tumor virus infection. In these models and patients with primary immunodeficiencies, antibody blockade or deficiencies in certain molecular pathways lead to EBV-associated pathologies. In addition to T, NK, and NKT cell development, as well as their cytotoxic machinery, a set of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules was found to be required for EBV-specific immune control. The role of CD27/CD70, 4-1BB, SLAMs, NKG2D, CD16A/CD2, CTLA-4, and PD-1 will be discussed in this review. Some of these have just been recently identified as crucial for EBV-specific immune control, and for others, their important functions during protection were characterized in in vivo models of EBV infection and its immune control. These insights into the phenotype of cytotoxic lymphocytes that mediate the near-perfect immune control of EBV-associated malignancies might also guide immunotherapies against other tumors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Meier UC, Cipian RC, Karimi A, Ramasamy R, Middeldorp JM. Cumulative Roles for Epstein-Barr Virus, Human Endogenous Retroviruses, and Human Herpes Virus-6 in Driving an Inflammatory Cascade Underlying MS Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:757302. [PMID: 34790199 PMCID: PMC8592026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Roles for viral infections and aberrant immune responses in driving localized neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS) are the focus of intense research. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as a persistent and frequently reactivating virus with major immunogenic influences and a near 100% epidemiological association with MS, is considered to play a leading role in MS pathogenesis, triggering localized inflammation near or within the central nervous system (CNS). This triggering may occur directly via viral products (RNA and protein) and/or indirectly via antigenic mimicry involving B-cells, T-cells and cytokine-activated astrocytes and microglia cells damaging the myelin sheath of neurons. The genetic MS-risk factor HLA-DR2b (DRB1*1501β, DRA1*0101α) may contribute to aberrant EBV antigen-presentation and anti-EBV reactivity but also to mimicry-induced autoimmune responses characteristic of MS. A central role is proposed for inflammatory EBER1, EBV-miRNA and LMP1 containing exosomes secreted by viable reactivating EBV+ B-cells and repetitive release of EBNA1-DNA complexes from apoptotic EBV+ B-cells, forming reactive immune complexes with EBNA1-IgG and complement. This may be accompanied by cytokine- or EBV-induced expression of human endogenous retrovirus-W/-K (HERV-W/-K) elements and possibly by activation of human herpesvirus-6A (HHV-6A) in early-stage CNS lesions, each contributing to an inflammatory cascade causing the relapsing-remitting neuro-inflammatory and/or progressive features characteristic of MS. Elimination of EBV-carrying B-cells by antibody- and EBV-specific T-cell therapy may hold the promise of reducing EBV activity in the CNS, thereby limiting CNS inflammation, MS symptoms and possibly reversing disease. Other approaches targeting HHV-6 and HERV-W and limiting inflammatory kinase-signaling to treat MS are also being tested with promising results. This article presents an overview of the evidence that EBV, HHV-6, and HERV-W may have a pathogenic role in initiating and promoting MS and possible approaches to mitigate development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute-Christiane Meier
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abbas Karimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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24
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Münz C. Modification of EBV-Associated Pathologies and Immune Control by Coinfections. Front Oncol 2021; 11:756480. [PMID: 34778072 PMCID: PMC8581224 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.756480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) persistently infects more than 95% of the human adult population. Even so it can readily transform human B cells after infection in vitro, it only rarely causes tumors in patients. A substantial proportion of the 1% of all human cancers that are associated with EBV occurs during coinfections, including those with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the also oncogenic and closely EBV-related Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). In this review, I will discuss how these infections interact with EBV, modify its immune control, and shape its tumorigenesis. The underlying mechanisms reveal new aspects of EBV-associated pathologies and point toward treatment possibilities for their prevention by the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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New Look of EBV LMP1 Signaling Landscape. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215451. [PMID: 34771613 PMCID: PMC8582580 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection is associated with various lymphomas and carcinomas as well as other diseases in humans. The transmembrane protein LMP1 plays versatile roles in EBV life cycle and pathogenesis, by perturbing, reprograming, and regulating a large range of host cellular mechanisms and functions, which have been increasingly disclosed but not fully understood so far. We summarize recent research progress on LMP1 signaling, including the novel components LIMD1, p62, and LUBAC in LMP1 signalosome and LMP1 novel functions, such as its induction of p62-mediated selective autophagy, regulation of metabolism, induction of extracellular vehicles, and activation of NRF2-mediated antioxidative defense. A comprehensive understanding of LMP1 signal transduction and functions may allow us to leverage these LMP1-regulated cellular mechanisms for clinical purposes. Abstract The Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) principal oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) is a member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) superfamily with constitutive activity. LMP1 shares many features with Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs), including the use of TRAFs, adaptors, and kinase cascades, for signal transduction leading to the activation of NFκB, AP1, and Akt, as well as a subset of IRFs and likely the master antioxidative transcription factor NRF2, which we have gradually added to the list. In recent years, we have discovered the Linear UBiquitin Assembly Complex (LUBAC), the adaptor protein LIMD1, and the ubiquitin sensor and signaling hub p62, as novel components of LMP1 signalosome. Functionally, LMP1 is a pleiotropic factor that reprograms, balances, and perturbs a large spectrum of cellular mechanisms, including the ubiquitin machinery, metabolism, epigenetics, DNA damage response, extracellular vehicles, immune defenses, and telomere elongation, to promote oncogenic transformation, cell proliferation and survival, anchorage-independent cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis and invasion, as well as the development of the tumor microenvironment. We have recently shown that LMP1 induces p62-mediated selective autophagy in EBV latency, at least by contributing to the induction of p62 expression, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. We have also been collecting evidence supporting the hypothesis that LMP1 activates the Keap1-NRF2 pathway, which serves as the key antioxidative defense mechanism. Last but not least, our preliminary data shows that LMP1 is associated with the deregulation of cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway in EBV latency. A comprehensive understanding of the LMP1 signaling landscape is essential for identifying potential targets for the development of novel strategies towards targeted therapeutic applications.
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Läderach F, Münz C. Epstein Barr Virus Exploits Genetic Susceptibility to Increase Multiple Sclerosis Risk. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112191. [PMID: 34835317 PMCID: PMC8625064 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) for which both genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified. The strongest synergy among them exists between the MHC class II haplotype and infection with the Epstein Barr virus (EBV), especially symptomatic primary EBV infection (infectious mononucleosis) and elevated EBV-specific antibodies. In this review, we will summarize the epidemiological evidence that EBV infection is a prerequisite for MS development, describe altered EBV specific immune responses in MS patients, and speculate about possible pathogenic mechanisms for the synergy between EBV infection and the MS-associated MHC class II haplotype. We will also discuss how at least one of these mechanisms might explain the recent success of B cell-depleting therapies for MS. While a better mechanistic understanding of the role of EBV infection and its immune control during MS pathogenesis is required and calls for the development of innovative experimental systems to test the proposed mechanisms, therapies targeting EBV-infected B cells are already starting to be explored in MS patients.
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Bauer M, Jasinski-Bergner S, Mandelboim O, Wickenhauser C, Seliger B. Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies and Immune Escape: The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Cell Evasion Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205189. [PMID: 34680337 PMCID: PMC8533749 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Epstein–Barr virus, also termed human herpes virus 4, is a human pathogenic double-stranded DNA virus. It is highly prevalent and has been linked to the development of 1–2% of cancers worldwide. EBV-associated malignancies encompass various structural and epigenetic alterations. In addition, EBV-encoded gene products and microRNAs interfere with innate and adaptive immunity and modulate the tumor microenvironment. This review provides an overview of the characteristic features of EBV with a focus on the intrinsic and extrinsic immune evasion strategies, which contribute to EBV-associated malignancies. Abstract The detailed mechanisms of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in the initiation and progression of EBV-associated malignancies are not yet completely understood. During the last years, new insights into the mechanisms of malignant transformation of EBV-infected cells including somatic mutations and epigenetic modifications, their impact on the microenvironment and resulting unique immune signatures related to immune system functional status and immune escape strategies have been reported. In this context, there exists increasing evidence that EBV-infected tumor cells can influence the tumor microenvironment to their own benefit by establishing an immune-suppressive surrounding. The identified mechanisms include EBV gene integration and latent expression of EBV-infection-triggered cytokines by tumor and/or bystander cells, e.g., cancer-associated fibroblasts with effects on the composition and spatial distribution of the immune cell subpopulations next to the infected cells, stroma constituents and extracellular vesicles. This review summarizes (i) the typical stages of the viral life cycle and EBV-associated transformation, (ii) strategies to detect EBV genome and activity and to differentiate various latency types, (iii) the role of the tumor microenvironment in EBV-associated malignancies, (iv) the different immune escape mechanisms and (v) their clinical relevance. This gained information will enhance the development of therapies against EBV-mediated diseases to improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bauer
- Department of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 14, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Simon Jasinski-Bergner
- Department of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, En Kerem, P.O. Box 12271, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Department of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 14, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Department of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(345)-557-1357
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Biswas A, Zhou D, Fiches GN, Wu Z, Liu X, Ma Q, Zhao W, Zhu J, Santoso NG. Inhibition of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) facilitates reactivation of gamma-herpesviruses and their elimination. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009764. [PMID: 34297745 PMCID: PMC8336821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establish the persistent, life-long infection primarily at the latent status, and associate with certain types of tumors, such as B cell lymphomas, especially in immuno-compromised individuals including people living with HIV (PLWH). Lytic reactivation of these viruses can be employed to kill tumor cells harboring latently infected viral episomes through the viral cytopathic effects and the subsequent antiviral immune responses. In this study, we identified that polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is induced by KSHV de novo infection as well as lytic switch from KSHV latency. We further demonstrated that PLK1 depletion or inhibition facilitates KSHV reactivation and promotes cell death of KSHV-infected lymphoma cells. Mechanistically, PLK1 regulates Myc that is critical to both maintenance of KSHV latency and support of cell survival, and preferentially affects the level of H3K27me3 inactive mark both globally and at certain loci of KSHV viral episomes. Furthremore, we recognized that PLK1 inhibition synergizes with STAT3 inhibition to efficiently induce KSHV reactivation. We also confirmed that PLK1 depletion or inhibition yields the similar effect on EBV lytic reactivation and cell death of EBV-infected lymphoma cells. Lastly, we noticed that PLK1 in B cells is elevated in the context of HIV infection and caused by HIV Nef protein to favor KSHV/EBV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Biswas
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Unversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dawei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Guillaume N. Fiches
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Qin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Weiqiang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Netty G. Santoso
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Münz C. Immune Escape by Non-coding RNAs of the Epstein Barr Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:657387. [PMID: 34234755 PMCID: PMC8257079 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.657387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most successful pathogens of humans, persistently colonizing more than 95% of the adult human population. At the same time EBV encodes oncogenes that can readily transform human B cells in culture and threaten healthy virus carriers with lymphomagenesis. Cytotoxic lymphocytes have been identified in experimental models and by primary immunodeficiencies as the main protective immune compartments controlling EBV. EBV has reached a stalemate with these cytotoxic T and innate lymphocytes to ensure persistence in most infected humans. Recent evidence suggests that the non-coding RNAs of the virus contribute to viral immune escape to prevent immune eradication. This knowledge might be used in the future to attenuate EBV for vaccine development against this human tumor virus that was discovered more than 55 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Natural Killer Cell Responses during Human γ-Herpesvirus Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060655. [PMID: 34203904 PMCID: PMC8232711 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are main sculptors of natural killer (NK) cell repertoires. While the β-herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (CMV) drives the accumulation of adaptive NKG2C-positive NK cells, the human γ-herpesvirus Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) expands early differentiated NKG2A-positive NK cells. While adaptive NK cells support adaptive immunity by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, NKG2A-positive NK cells seem to preferentially target lytic EBV replicating B cells. The importance of this restriction of EBV replication during γ-herpesvirus pathogenesis will be discussed. Furthermore, the modification of EBV-driven NK cell expansion by coinfections, including by the other human γ-herpesvirus Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), will be summarized.
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Šudomová M, Berchová-Bímová K, Marzocco S, Liskova A, Kubatka P, Hassan ST. Berberine in Human Oncogenic Herpesvirus Infections and Their Linked Cancers. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061014. [PMID: 34071559 PMCID: PMC8229678 DOI: 10.3390/v13061014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are known to induce a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from common cold sores to cancer, and infections with some types of these viruses, known as human oncogenic herpesviruses (HOHVs), can cause cancer. Challenges with viral latency, recurrent infections, and drug resistance have generated the need for finding new drugs with the ability to overcome these barriers. Berberine (BBR), a naturally occurring alkaloid, is known for its multiple biological activities, including antiviral and anticancer effects. This paper comprehensively compiles all studies that have featured anti-HOHV properties of BBR along with promising preventive effects against the associated cancers. The mechanisms and pathways induced by BBR via targeting the herpesvirus life cycle and the pathogenesis of the linked malignancies are reviewed. Approaches to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of BBR and its use in clinical practice as an anti-herpesvirus drug are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Šudomová
- Museum of Literature in Moravia, Klášter 1, 66461 Rajhrad, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Berchová-Bímová
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy;
| | - Alena Liskova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Sherif T.S. Hassan
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-774-630-604
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32
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Regulation of the Macroautophagic Machinery, Cellular Differentiation, and Immune Responses by Human Oncogenic γ-Herpesviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050859. [PMID: 34066671 PMCID: PMC8150893 DOI: 10.3390/v13050859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human γ-herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encode oncogenes for B cell transformation but are carried by most infected individuals without symptoms. For this purpose, they manipulate the anti-apoptotic pathway macroautophagy, cellular proliferation and apoptosis, as well as immune recognition. The mechanisms and functional relevance of these manipulations are discussed in this review. They allow both viruses to strike the balance between efficient persistence and dissemination in their human hosts without ever being cleared after infection and avoiding pathologies in most of their carriers.
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KSHV infection drives poorly cytotoxic CD56-negative natural killer cell differentiation in vivo upon KSHV/EBV dual infection. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109056. [PMID: 33951431 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus infections shape the human natural killer (NK) cell compartment. While Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) expands immature NKG2A+ NK cells, human cytomegalovirus (CMV) drives accumulation of adaptive NKG2C+ NK cells. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a close relative of EBV, and both are associated with lymphomas, including primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), which nearly always harbors both viruses. In this study, KSHV dual infection of mice with reconstituted human immune system components leads to the accumulation of CD56-CD16+CD38+CXCR6+ NK cells. CD56-CD16+ NK cells were also more frequently found in KSHV-seropositive Kenyan children. This NK cell subset is poorly cytotoxic against otherwise-NK-cell-susceptible and antibody-opsonized targets. Accordingly, NK cell depletion does not significantly alter KSHV infection in humanized mice. These data suggest that KSHV might escape NK-cell-mediated immune control by driving CD56-CD16+ NK cell differentiation.
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34
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CD27 is required for protective lytic EBV antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell expansion. Blood 2021; 137:3225-3236. [PMID: 33827115 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies in the costimulatory molecule CD27 and its ligand, CD70, predispose for pathologies of uncontrolled Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in nearly all affected patients. We demonstrate that both depletion of CD27+ cells and antibody blocking of CD27 interaction with CD70 cause uncontrolled EBV infection in mice with reconstituted human immune system components. While overall CD8+ T-cell expansion and composition are unaltered after antibody blocking of CD27, only some EBV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, exemplified by early lytic EBV antigen BMLF1-specific CD8+ T cells, are inhibited in their proliferation and killing of EBV-transformed B cells. This suggests that CD27 is not required for all CD8+ T-cell expansions and cytotoxicity but is required for a subset of CD8+ T-cell responses that protect us from EBV pathology.
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35
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Münz C. The Role of Lytic Infection for Lymphomagenesis of Human γ-Herpesviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:605258. [PMID: 33842383 PMCID: PMC8034291 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.605258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are two oncogenic human γ-herpesviruses that are each associated with 1-2% of human tumors. They encode bona fide oncogenes that they express during latent infection to amplify their host cells and themselves within these. In contrast, lytic virus particle producing infection has been considered to destroy host cells and might be even induced to therapeutically eliminate EBV and KSHV associated tumors. However, it has become apparent in recent years that early lytic replication supports tumorigenesis by these two human oncogenic viruses. This review will discuss the evidence for this paradigm change and how lytic gene products might condition the microenvironment to facilitate EBV and KSHV associated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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36
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Schuhmachers P, Münz C. Modification of EBV Associated Lymphomagenesis and Its Immune Control by Co-Infections and Genetics in Humanized Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640918. [PMID: 33833760 PMCID: PMC8021763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most successful pathogens in humans with more than 95% of the human adult population persistently infected. EBV infects only humans and threatens these with its potent growth transforming ability that readily allows for immortalization of human B cells in culture. Accordingly, it is also found in around 1-2% of human tumors, primarily lymphomas and epithelial cell carcinomas. Fortunately, however, our immune system has learned to control this most transforming human tumor virus in most EBV carriers, and it requires modification of EBV associated lymphomagenesis and its immune control by either co-infections, such as malaria, Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or genetic predispositions for EBV positive tumors to emerge. Some of these can be modelled in humanized mice that, therefore, provide a valuable platform to test curative immunotherapies and prophylactic vaccines against these EBV associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schuhmachers
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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37
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Rühl J, Leung CS, Münz C. Vaccination against the Epstein-Barr virus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4315-4324. [PMID: 32367191 PMCID: PMC7223886 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first human tumor virus being discovered and remains to date the only human pathogen that can transform cells in vitro. 55 years of EBV research have now brought us to the brink of an EBV vaccine. For this purpose, recombinant viral vectors and their heterologous prime-boost vaccinations, EBV-derived virus-like particles and viral envelope glycoprotein formulations are explored and are discussed in this review. Even so, cell-mediated immune control by cytotoxic lymphocytes protects healthy virus carriers from EBV-associated malignancies, antibodies might be able to prevent symptomatic primary infection, the most likely EBV-associated pathology against which EBV vaccines will be initially tested. Thus, the variety of EBV vaccines reflects the sophisticated life cycle of this human tumor virus and only vaccination in humans will finally be able to reveal the efficacy of these candidates. Nevertheless, the recently renewed efforts to develop an EBV vaccine and the long history of safe adoptive T cell transfer to treat EBV-associated malignancies suggest that this oncogenic γ-herpesvirus can be targeted by immunotherapies. Such vaccination should ideally implement the very same immune control that protects healthy EBV carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rühl
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carol S Leung
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Gene drives are genetic modifications designed to propagate in a population with high efficiency. Current gene drive strategies rely on sexual reproduction and are thought to be restricted to sexual organisms. Here, we report on a gene drive system that allows the spread of an engineered trait in populations of DNA viruses and, in particular, herpesviruses. We describe the successful transmission of a gene drive sequence between distinct strains of human cytomegalovirus (human herpesvirus 5) and show that gene drive viruses can efficiently target and replace wildtype populations in cell culture experiments. Moreover, by targeting sequences necessary for viral replication, our results indicate that a viral gene drive can be used as a strategy to suppress a viral infection. Taken together, this work offers a proof of principle for the design of a gene drive in viruses. Current gene drive strategies are restricted to sexually reproducing species. Here the authors develop a gene drive in herpesviruses that allows the spread of an engineered trait through a viral population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Walter
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
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39
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Münz C. Probing Reconstituted Human Immune Systems in Mice With Oncogenic γ-Herpesvirus Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581419. [PMID: 33013936 PMCID: PMC7509489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with reconstituted human immune systems can mount cell-mediated immune responses against the human tumor viruses Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Primarily cytotoxic lymphocytes protect the vast majority of persistently infected carriers of these tumor viruses from the respective malignancies for life. Thus, EBV and KSHV infection can teach us how this potent immune control is induced, what phenotype and functions characterize the protective lymphocyte compartments and if similar immune responses could be induced by vaccination. This review will summarize similarities and differences between EBV and KSHV associated pathologies and their immune control in patients and mice with reconstituted human immune systems. Furthermore, it will high-light which aspects of the near perfect immune control can be modeled in the latter preclinical animal models and discuss their relevance for cancer immunology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland
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40
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Cytotoxicity in Epstein Barr virus specific immune control. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 46:1-8. [PMID: 32771660 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is the most common human tumor virus, persistently infecting more than 95% of the human adult population and readily transforming human B cell in culture. Fortunately, only a small minority of EBV carriers develops virus associated malignancies. The majority controls persistent EBV infection with cytotoxic lymphocytes, mainly NK, γδ and CD8+ T cells and the characteristics of the required immune responses get more and more defined by primary immunodeficiencies that affect molecules of these cytotoxic lymphocytes and their investigation in mice with reconstituted human immune system components (humanized mice) that are susceptible to EBV infection and associated lymphomagenesis. The gained information should be able to guide us to develop immunotherapies against EBV and tumors in general.
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Münz C. Redirecting T Cells against Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Associated Oncogenesis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061400. [PMID: 32512847 PMCID: PMC7349826 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with lymphomas and carcinomas. For some of these, the adoptive transfer of EBV specific T cells has been therapeutically explored, with clinical success. In order to avoid naturally occurring EBV specific autologous T cell selection from every patient, the transgenic expression of latent and early lytic viral antigen specific T cell receptors (TCRs) to redirect T cells, to target the respective tumors, is being developed. Recent evidence suggests that not only TCRs against transforming latent EBV antigens, but also against early lytic viral gene products, might be protective for the control of EBV infection and associated oncogenesis. At the same time, these approaches might be more selective and cause less collateral damage than targeting general B cell markers with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Thus, EBV specific TCR transgenic T cells constitute a promising therapeutic strategy against EBV associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Messick TE, Tolvinski L, Zartler ER, Moberg A, Frostell Å, Smith GR, Reitz AB, Lieberman PM. Biophysical Screens Identify Fragments That Bind to the Viral DNA-Binding Proteins EBNA1 and LANA. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071760. [PMID: 32290261 PMCID: PMC7180839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gamma-herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (HHV-4) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) (HHV-8) are responsible for a number of diseases, including various types of cancer. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) from EBV and latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) from KSHV are viral-encoded DNA-binding proteins that are essential for the replication and maintenance of their respective viral genomes during latent, oncogenic infection. As such, EBNA1 and LANA are attractive targets for the development of small-molecule inhibitors. To this end, we performed a biophysical screen of EBNA1 and LANA using a fragment library by saturation transfer difference (STD)-NMR spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). We identified and validated a number of unique fragment hits that bind to EBNA1 or LANA. We also determined the high-resolution crystal structure of one fragment bound to EBNA1. Results from this screening cascade provide new chemical starting points for the further development of potent inhibitors for this class of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy E. Messick
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Correspondence: (T.E.M.); (P.M.L.); Tel.: +215-898-3896 (T.E.M.); +215-898-9523 (P.M.L.)
| | - Lois Tolvinski
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | | | - Anna Moberg
- GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, Björkgatan 30, SE-751 84 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.M.); (Å.F.)
| | - Åsa Frostell
- GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, Björkgatan 30, SE-751 84 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.M.); (Å.F.)
| | - Garry R. Smith
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; (G.R.S.); (A.B.R.)
| | - Allen B. Reitz
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; (G.R.S.); (A.B.R.)
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Correspondence: (T.E.M.); (P.M.L.); Tel.: +215-898-3896 (T.E.M.); +215-898-9523 (P.M.L.)
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Zelazowska MA, Dong Q, Plummer JB, Zhong Y, Liu B, Krug LT, McBride KM. Gammaherpesvirus-infected germinal center cells express a distinct immunoglobulin repertoire. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/3/e201900526. [PMID: 32029571 PMCID: PMC7012147 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal center B cells infected with gammaherpesvirus display altered repertoire with biased usage of lambda light chain and skewed utilization of IGHV genes. The gammaherpesviruses (γHVs), human Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), EBV, and murine γHV68 are prevalent infections associated with lymphocyte pathologies. After primary infection, EBV and γHV68 undergo latent expansion in germinal center (GC) B cells and persists in memory cells. The GC reaction evolves and selects antigen-specific B cells for memory development but whether γHV passively transients or manipulates this process in vivo is unknown. Using the γHV68 infection model, we analyzed the Ig repertoire of infected and uninfected GC cells from individual mice. We found that infected cells displayed the hallmarks of affinity maturation, hypermutation, and isotype switching but underwent clonal expansion. Strikingly, infected cells displayed distinct repertoire, not found in uninfected cells, with recurrent utilization of certain Ig heavy V segments including Ighv10-1. In a manner observed with KSHV, γHV68 infected cells also displayed lambda light chain bias. Thus, γHV68 subverts GC selection to expand in a specific B cell subset during the process that develops long-lived immunologic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Zelazowska
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Qiwen Dong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Graduate Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Joshua B Plummer
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kevin M McBride
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
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Immune Control and Vaccination against the Epstein-Barr Virus in Humanized Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040217. [PMID: 31861045 PMCID: PMC6963577 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with reconstituted human immune system components (humanized mice) offer the unique opportunity to test vaccines preclinically in the context of vaccine adjuvant sensing by human antigen presenting cells and priming of human cytotoxic lymphocyte populations. These features are particularly attractive for immune control of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which represents the most potent growth-transforming pathogen in man and exclusively relies on cytotoxic lymphocytes for its asymptomatic persistence in the vast majority of healthy virus carriers. This immune control is particularly impressive because EBV infects more than 95% of the human adult population and persists without pathology for more than 50 years in most of them. This review will discuss the pathologies that EBV elicits in humanized mice, which immune responses control it in this model, as well as which passive and active vaccination schemes with adoptive T cell transfer and with virus-like particles or individual antigens, respectively, have been explored in this model so far. EBV-specific CD8+ T cell priming in humanized mice could provide crucial insights into how cytotoxic lymphocytes against other viruses and tumors might be elicited by vaccination in humans.
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The Role of Dendritic Cells in Immune Control and Vaccination against -Herpesviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121125. [PMID: 31817510 PMCID: PMC6950272 DOI: 10.3390/v11121125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The two human oncogenic -herpesviruses, Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), are prototypic pathogens that are controlled by T cell responses. Despite their ubiquitous distribution, persistent infections and transforming potential, most carriers' immune systems control them for life. Therefore, they serve as paradigms of how near-perfect cell-mediated immune control can be initiated and maintained for decades. Interestingly, EBV especially quite efficiently avoids dendritic cell (DC) activation, and little evidence exists that these most potent antigen-presenting cells of the human body are involved in the priming of immune control against this tumor virus. However, DCs can be harnessed therapeutically to expand virus-specific T cells for adoptive transfer therapy of patients with virus-associated malignancies and are also currently explored for vaccinations. Unfortunately, despite 55 and 25 years of research on EBV and KSHV, respectively, the priming of their immune control that belongs to the most robust and durable immune responses in humans still remains unclear.
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Münz C. Latency and lytic replication in Epstein-Barr virus-associated oncogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:691-700. [PMID: 31477887 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first tumour virus identified in humans. The virus is primarily associated with lymphomas and epithelial cell cancers. These tumours express latent EBV antigens and the oncogenic potential of individual latent EBV proteins has been extensively explored. Nevertheless, it was presumed that the pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic functions of these oncogenes allow the virus to persist in humans; however, recent evidence suggests that cellular transformation is not required for virus maintenance. Vice versa, lytic EBV replication was assumed to destroy latently infected cells and thereby inhibit tumorigenesis, but at least the initiation of the lytic cycle has now been shown to support EBV-driven malignancies. In addition to these changes in the roles of latent and lytic EBV proteins during tumorigenesis, the function of non-coding RNAs has become clearer, suggesting that they might mainly mediate immune escape rather than cellular transformation. In this Review, these recent findings will be discussed with respect to the role of EBV-encoded oncogenes in viral persistence and the contributions of lytic replication as well as non-coding RNAs in virus-driven tumour formation. Accordingly, early lytic EBV antigens and attenuated viruses without oncogenes and microRNAs could be harnessed for immunotherapies and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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