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Ohtsuka H, Ohara K, Shimasaki T, Hatta Y, Maekawa Y, Aiba H. A novel transcription factor Sdr1 involving sulfur depletion response in fission yeast. Genes Cells 2024; 29:667-680. [PMID: 39105351 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the response to sulfur depletion has been less studied compared to the response to nitrogen depletion. Our study reveals that the fission yeast gene, SPCC417.09c, plays a significant role in the sulfur depletion response. This gene encodes a protein with a Zn2Cys6 fungal-type DNA-binding domain and a transcription factor domain, and we have named it sdr1+ (sulfur depletion response 1). Interestingly, while sulfur depletion typically induces autophagy akin to nitrogen depletion, we found that autophagy was not induced under sulfur depletion in the absence of sdr1+. This suggests that sdr1+ is necessary for the induction of autophagy under conditions of sulfur depletion. Although sdr1+ is not essential for the growth of fission yeast, its overexpression, driven by the nmt1 promoter, inhibits growth. This implies that Sdr1 may possess cell growth-inhibitory capabilities. In addition, our analysis of Δsdr1 cells revealed that sdr1+ also plays a role in regulating the expression of genes associated with the phosphate depletion response. In conclusion, our study introduces Sdr1 as a novel transcription factor that contributes to an appropriate cellular nutrient starvation response. It does so by inhibiting inappropriate cell growth and inducing autophagy in response to sulfur depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ohara
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Hatta
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasukichi Maekawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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2
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Ohtsuka H, Kawai S, Otsubo Y, Shimasaki T, Yamashita A, Aiba H. Metarhizium robertsii COH1 functionally complements Schizosaccharomyces pombe Ecl family proteins. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2024; 69:335-338. [PMID: 37813640 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe ecl family genes respond to various starvation signals and induce appropriate intracellular responses, including the extension of chronological lifespan and induction of sexual differentiation. Herein, we propose that the colonization of hemocoel 1 (COH1) protein of Metarhizium robertsii, an insect-pathogenic fungus, is a functional homolog of S. pombe Ecl1 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
| | - Sawa Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
| | - Yoko Otsubo
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit, National Institute for Basic Biology
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
| | - Akira Yamashita
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit, National Institute for Basic Biology
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
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3
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Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Low-Molecular Weight Compounds that Extend the Chronological Lifespan of Yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2400138. [PMID: 38616173 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202400138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Yeast is an excellent model organism for research for regulating aging and lifespan, and the studies have made many contributions to date, including identifying various factors and signaling pathways related to aging and lifespan. More than 20 years have passed since molecular biological perspectives are adopted in this research field, and intracellular factors and signal pathways that control aging and lifespan have evolutionarily conserved from yeast to mammals. Furthermore, these findings have been applied to control the aging and lifespan of various model organisms by adjustment of the nutritional environment, genetic manipulation, and drug treatment using low-molecular weight compounds. Among these, drug treatment is easier than the other methods, and research into drugs that regulate aging and lifespan is consequently expected to become more active. Chronological lifespan, a definition of yeast lifespan, refers to the survival period of a cell population under nondividing conditions. Herein, low-molecular weight compounds are summarized that extend the chronological lifespan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, along with their intracellular functions. The low-molecular weight compounds are also discussed that extend the lifespan of other model organisms. Compounds that have so far only been studied in yeast may soon extend lifespan in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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4
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Garg A, Sanchez AM, Schwer B, Shuman S. Factors governing the transcriptome changes and chronological lifespan of fission yeast during phosphate starvation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105718. [PMID: 38311173 PMCID: PMC10910108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Starvation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe for inorganic phosphate elicits adaptive transcriptome changes in which mRNAs driving ribosome biogenesis, tRNA biogenesis, and translation are globally downregulated, while those for autophagy and phosphate mobilization are upregulated. Here, we interrogated three components of the starvation response: upregulated autophagy; the role of transcription factor Pho7 (an activator of the PHO regulon); and upregulated expression of ecl3, one of three paralogous genes (ecl1, ecl2, and ecl3) collectively implicated in cell survival during other nutrient stresses. Ablation of autophagy factor Atg1 resulted in early demise of phosphate-starved fission yeast, as did ablation of Pho7. Transcriptome profiling of phosphate-starved pho7Δ cells highlighted Pho7 as an activator of genes involved in phosphate acquisition and mobilization, not limited to the original three-gene PHO regulon, and additional starvation-induced genes (including ecl3) not connected to phosphate dynamics. Pho7-dependent gene induction during phosphate starvation tracked with the presence of Pho7 DNA-binding elements in the gene promoter regions. Fewer ribosome protein genes were downregulated in phosphate-starved pho7Δ cells versus WT, which might contribute to their shortened lifespan. An ecl3Δ mutant elicited no gene expression changes in phosphate-replete cells and had no impact on survival during phosphate starvation. By contrast, pan-ecl deletion (ecl123Δ) curtailed lifespan during chronic phosphate starvation. Phosphate-starved ecl123Δ cells experienced a more widespread downregulation of mRNAs encoding aminoacyl tRNA synthetases vis-à-vis WT or pho7Δ cells. Collectively, these results enhance our understanding of fission yeast phosphate homeostasis and survival during nutrient deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angad Garg
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ana M Sanchez
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Beate Schwer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stewart Shuman
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
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Ohtsuka H, Otsubo Y, Shimasaki T, Yamashita A, Aiba H. ecl family genes: Factors linking starvation and lifespan extension in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:645-657. [PMID: 37525511 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the duration of survival in the stationary phase, termed the chronological lifespan (CLS), is affected by various environmental factors and the corresponding gene activities. The ecl family genes were identified in the genomic region encoding non-coding RNA as positive regulators of CLS in S. pombe, and subsequently shown to encode relatively short proteins. Several studies revealed that ecl family genes respond to various nutritional starvation conditions via different mechanisms, and they are additionally involved in stress resistance, autophagy, sexual differentiation, and cell cycle control. Recent studies reported that Ecl family proteins strongly suppress target of rapamycin complex 1, which is a conserved eukaryotic nutrient-sensing kinase complex that also regulates longevity in a variety of organisms. In this review, we introduce the regulatory mechanisms of Ecl family proteins and discuss their emerging findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoko Otsubo
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Yamashita
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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6
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Yao R, Li R, Huang Y. Zinc homeostasis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:126. [PMID: 36943461 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Most metal ions such as iron, calcium, zinc, or copper are essential for all eukaryotes. Organisms must maintain homeostasis of these metal ions because excess or deficiency of metal ions could cause damage to organisms. The steady state of many metal ions such as iron and copper has been well studied in detail. However, how to regulate zinc homeostasis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is still confusing. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms that how S. pombe is able to maintain the balance of zinc levels in the changes of environment. In response to high levels of zinc, the transcription factor Loz1 represses the expression of several genes involved in the acquisition of zinc. Meanwhile, the CDF family proteins transport excess zinc to the secretory pathway. When zinc levels are limited, Loz1 was inactivated and could not inhibit the expression of zinc acquisition genes, and zinc stored in the secretory pathway is released for use by the cells. Besides, other factors that regulate zinc homeostasis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wen Yuanuan Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wen Yuanuan Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wen Yuanuan Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Ohtsuka H, Sakata H, Kitazaki Y, Tada M, Shimasaki T, Otsubo Y, Maekawa Y, Kobayashi M, Imada K, Yamashita A, Aiba H. The ecl family gene ecl3+ is induced by phosphate starvation and contributes to sexual differentiation in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:287015. [PMID: 36779416 PMCID: PMC10038150 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, ecl family genes are induced by several signals, such as starvation of various nutrients, including sulfur, amino acids and Mg2+, and environmental stress, including heat or oxidative stress. These genes mediate appropriate cellular responses and contribute to the maintenance of cell viability and induction of sexual differentiation. Although this yeast has three ecl family genes with overlapping functions, any environmental conditions that induce ecl3+ remain unidentified. We demonstrate that ecl3+ is induced by phosphate starvation, similar to its chromosomally neighboring genes, pho1+ and pho84+, which respectively encode an extracellular acid phosphatase and an inorganic phosphate transporter. ecl3+ expression was induced by the transcription factor Pho7 and affected by the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-activating kinase Csk1. Phosphate starvation induced G1 arrest and sexual differentiation via ecl family genes. Biochemical analyses suggested that this G1 arrest was mediated by the stabilization of the CDK inhibitor Rum1, which was dependent on ecl family genes. This study shows that ecl family genes are required for appropriate responses to phosphate starvation and provides novel insights into the diversity and similarity of starvation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakata
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuto Kitazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masanobu Tada
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoko Otsubo
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-858, Japan
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
- Center for Novel Science Initiatives, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yasukichi Maekawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mikuto Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuki Imada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Yamashita
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-858, Japan
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Ohtsuka H, Imada K, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Sporulation: A response to starvation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1303. [PMID: 35765188 PMCID: PMC9214231 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe employs two main strategies to adapt to the environment and survive when starved for nutrients. The strategies employ sporulation via sexual differentiation and extension of the chronological lifespan. When a cell is exposed to nutrient starvation in the presence of a cell of the opposite sex, the cells undergo fusion through conjugation and sporulation through meiosis. S. pombe spores are highly resistant to diverse stresses and may survive for a very long time. In this minireview, among the various sexual differentiation processes induced by starvation, we focused on and summarized the findings of the molecular mechanisms of spore formation in fission yeast. Furthermore, comparative measurements of the chronological lifespan of stationary phase cells and G0 cells and the survival period of spore cells revealed that the spore cells survived for a long period, indicating the presence of an effective mechanism for survival. Currently, many molecules involved in sporulation and their functions are being discovered; however, our understanding of these is not complete. Further understanding of spores may not only deepen our comprehension of sexual differentiation but may also provide hints for sustaining life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuki Imada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Ohtsuka H, Matsumoto T, Mochida T, Shimasaki T, Shibuya M, Yamamoto Y, Aiba H. Tschimganine has different targets for chronological lifespan extension and growth inhibition in fission yeast. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:775-779. [PMID: 35416247 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Tschimganine inhibits growth and extends the chronological lifespan in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We synthesized a Tschimganine analog, Mochimganine, which extends the lifespan similar to Tschimganine but exhibits a significantly weaker growth inhibition effect. Based on the comparative analysis of these compounds, we propose that Tschimganine has at least 2 targets: one extends the lifespan and the other inhibits growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuma Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mochida
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Shibuya
- Laboratory of Molecular Design, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Design, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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10
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Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Response to leucine in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast). FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6553821. [PMID: 35325114 PMCID: PMC9041340 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine (Leu) is a branched-chain, essential amino acid in animals, including humans. Fungi, including the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, can biosynthesize Leu, but deletion of any of the genes in this biosynthesis leads to Leu auxotrophy. In this yeast, although a mutation in the Leu biosynthetic pathway, leu1-32, is clearly inconvenient for this species, it has increased its usefulness as a model organism in laboratories worldwide. Leu auxotrophy produces intracellular responses and phenotypes different from those of the prototrophic strains, depending on the growing environment, which necessitates a certain degree of caution in the analysis and interpretation of the experimental results. Under amino acid starvation, the amino acid-auxotrophic yeast induces cellular responses, which are conserved in higher organisms without the ability of synthesizing amino acids. This mini-review focuses on the roles of Leu in S. pombe and discusses biosynthetic pathways, contribution to experimental convenience using a plasmid specific for Leu auxotrophic yeast, signaling pathways, and phenotypes caused by Leu starvation. An accurate understanding of the intracellular responses brought about by Leu auxotrophy can contribute to research in various fields using this model organism and to the understanding of intracellular responses in higher organisms that cannot synthesize Leu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Lee JW, Ong TG, Samian MR, Teh AH, Watanabe N, Osada H, Ong EBB. Screening of selected ageing-related proteins that extend chronological life span in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24148. [PMID: 34921163 PMCID: PMC8683414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing-related proteins play various roles such as regulating cellular ageing, countering oxidative stress, and modulating signal transduction pathways amongst many others. Hundreds of ageing-related proteins have been identified, however the functions of most of these ageing-related proteins are not known. Here, we report the identification of proteins that extended yeast chronological life span (CLS) from a screen of ageing-related proteins. Three of the CLS-extending proteins, Ptc4, Zwf1, and Sme1, contributed to an overall higher survival percentage and shorter doubling time of yeast growth compared to the control. The CLS-extending proteins contributed to thermal and oxidative stress responses differently, suggesting different mechanisms of actions. The overexpression of Ptc4 or Zwf1 also promoted rapid cell proliferation during yeast growth, suggesting their involvement in cell division or growth pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Whu Lee
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Malaysia, Penang
| | - Tee Gee Ong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Malaysia, Penang
| | - Mohammed Razip Samian
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Malaysia, Penang
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Aik-Hong Teh
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Malaysia, Penang
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nobumoto Watanabe
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Malaysia, Penang
- Bioprobe Application Research Unit, RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Malaysia, Penang
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Eugene Boon Beng Ong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia.
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Malaysia, Penang.
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12
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Zhang X, Meng Y, Huang Y, Zhang D, Fang W. A novel cascade allows Metarhizium robertsii to distinguish cuticle and hemocoel microenvironments during infection of insects. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001360. [PMID: 34347783 PMCID: PMC8366996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi precisely respond to dynamic microenvironments during infection, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii is a representative fungus in which to study broad themes of fungal pathogenicity as it resembles some major plant and mammalian pathogenic fungi in its pathogenesis. Here we report on a novel cascade that regulates response of M. robertsii to 2 distinct microenvironments during its pathogenesis. On the insect cuticle, the transcription factor COH2 activates expression of cuticle penetration genes. In the hemocoel, the protein COH1 is expressed due to the reduction in epigenetic repression conferred by the histone deacetylase HDAC1 and the histone 3 acetyltransferase HAT1. COH1 interacts with COH2 to reduce COH2 stability, and this down-regulates cuticle penetration genes and up-regulates genes for hemocoel colonization. Our work significantly advances the insights into fungal pathogenicity in insects. Pathogenic fungi respond precisely to dynamic microenvironments during infection, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study identifies a regulatory cascade in a fungal pathogen of insects that acts as a switch to turn genes on or off in response to two distinct host microenvironments; the insect cuticle and the hemocoel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yamin Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Response to sulfur in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6324000. [PMID: 34279603 PMCID: PMC8310684 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential component of various biologically important molecules, including methionine, cysteine and glutathione, and it is also involved in coping with oxidative and heavy metal stress. Studies using model organisms, including budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), have contributed not only to understanding various cellular processes but also to understanding the utilization and response mechanisms of each nutrient, including sulfur. Although fission yeast can use sulfate as a sulfur source, its sulfur metabolism pathway is slightly different from that of budding yeast because it does not have a trans-sulfuration pathway. In recent years, it has been found that sulfur starvation causes various cellular responses in S. pombe, including sporulation, cell cycle arrest at G2, chronological lifespan extension, autophagy induction and reduced translation. This MiniReview identifies two sulfate transporters in S. pombe, Sul1 (encoded by SPBC3H7.02) and Sul2 (encoded by SPAC869.05c), and summarizes the metabolic pathways of sulfur assimilation and cellular response to sulfur starvation. Understanding these responses, including metabolism and adaptation, will contribute to a better understanding of the various stress and nutrient starvation responses and chronological lifespan regulation caused by sulfur starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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14
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Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Extension of chronological lifespan in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genes Cells 2021; 26:459-473. [PMID: 33977597 PMCID: PMC9290682 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There are several examples in the nature wherein the mechanism of longevity control of unicellular organisms is evolutionarily conserved with that of higher multicellular organisms. The present microreview focuses on aging and longevity studies, particularly on chronological lifespan (CLS) concerning the unicellular eukaryotic fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In S. pombe, >30 compounds, 8 types of nutrient restriction, and >80 genes that extend CLS have been reported. Several CLS control mechanisms are known to be involved in nutritional response, energy utilization, stress responses, translation, autophagy, and sexual differentiation. In unicellular organisms, the control of CLS is directly linked to the mechanism by which cells are maintained in limited‐resource environments, and their genetic information is left to posterity. We believe that this important mechanism may have been preserved as a lifespan control mechanism for higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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15
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Ohtsuka H, Kobayashi M, Shimasaki T, Sato T, Akanuma G, Kitaura Y, Otsubo Y, Yamashita A, Aiba H. Magnesium depletion extends fission yeast lifespan via general amino acid control activation. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1176. [PMID: 33970532 PMCID: PMC8088111 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrients including glucose, nitrogen, sulfur, zinc, and iron are involved in the regulation of chronological lifespan (CLS) of yeast, which serves as a model of the lifespan of differentiated cells of higher organisms. Herein, we show that magnesium (Mg2+) depletion extends CLS of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe through a mechanism involving the Ecl1 gene family. We discovered that ecl1+ expression, which extends CLS, responds to Mg2+ depletion. Therefore, we investigated the underlying intracellular responses. In amino acid auxotrophic strains, Mg2+ depletion robustly induces ecl1+ expression through the activation of the general amino acid control (GAAC) pathway—the equivalent of the amino acid response of mammals. Polysome analysis indicated that the expression of Ecl1 family genes was required for regulating ribosome amount when cells were starved, suggesting that Ecl1 family gene products control the abundance of ribosomes, which contributes to longevity through the activation of the evolutionarily conserved GAAC pathway. The present study extends our understanding of the cellular response to Mg2+ depletion and its influence on the mechanism controlling longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikuto Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Teppei Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Genki Akanuma
- Department of Life Science, College of Sciences, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoko Otsubo
- Laboratory of Cell Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan.,National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Japan.,Center for Novel Science Initiatives, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Akira Yamashita
- Laboratory of Cell Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan.,Center for Novel Science Initiatives, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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16
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Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Genes affecting the extension of chronological lifespan in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast). Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:623-642. [PMID: 33064911 PMCID: PMC8246873 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
So far, more than 70 genes involved in the chronological lifespan (CLS) of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast) have been reported. In this mini‐review, we arrange and summarize these genes based on the reported genetic interactions between them and the physical interactions between their products. We describe the signal transduction pathways that affect CLS in S. pombe: target of rapamycin complex 1, cAMP‐dependent protein kinase, Sty1, and Pmk1 pathways have important functions in the regulation of CLS extension. Furthermore, the Php transcription complex, Ecl1 family proteins, cyclin Clg1, and the cyclin‐dependent kinase Pef1 are important for the regulation of CLS extension in S. pombe. Most of the known genes involved in CLS extension are related to these pathways and genes. In this review, we focus on the individual genes regulating CLS extension in S. pombe and discuss the interactions among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Eide DJ. Transcription factors and transporters in zinc homeostasis: lessons learned from fungi. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:88-110. [PMID: 32192376 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1742092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient for all organisms because this metal serves as a critical structural or catalytic cofactor for many proteins. These zinc-dependent proteins are abundant in the cytosol as well as within organelles of eukaryotic cells such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and storage compartments such as the fungal vacuole. Therefore, cells need zinc transporters so that they can efficiently take up the metal and move it around within cells. In addition, because zinc levels in the environment can vary drastically, the activity of many of these transporters and other components of zinc homeostasis is regulated at the level of transcription by zinc-responsive transcription factors. Mechanisms of post-transcriptional control are also important for zinc homeostasis. In this review, the focus will be on our current knowledge of zinc transporters and their regulation by zinc-responsive transcription factors and other mechanisms in fungi because these organisms have served as useful paradigms of zinc homeostasis in all organisms. With this foundation, extension to other organisms will be made where warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Eide
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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18
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Ohtsuka H, Kato T, Sato T, Shimasaki T, Kojima T, Aiba H. Leucine depletion extends the lifespans of leucine-auxotrophic fission yeast by inducing Ecl1 family genes via the transcription factor Fil1. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 294:1499-1509. [PMID: 31456006 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many studies show that lifespans of various model organisms can be extended by limiting the quantities of nutrients that are necessary for proliferation. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the Ecl1 family genes have been associated with lifespan control and are necessary for cell responses to nutrient depletion, but their functions and mechanisms of action remain uncharacterized. Herein, we show that leucine depletion extends the chronological lifespan (CLS) of leucine-auxotrophic cells. Furthermore, depletion of leucine extended CLS and caused cell miniaturization and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and all of these processes depended on Ecl1 family genes. Although depletion of leucine raises the expression of ecl1+ by about 100-fold in leucine-auxotrophic cells, these conditions did not affect ecl1+ expression in leucine-auxotrophic fil1 mutants that were isolated in deletion set screens using 79 mutants disrupting a transcription factor. Fil1 is a GATA-type zinc finger transcription factor that reportedly binds directly to the upstream regions of ecl1+ and ecl2+. Accordingly, we suggest that Ecl1 family genes are induced in response to environmental stresses, such as oxidative stress and heat stress, or by nutritional depletion of nitrogen or sulfur sources or the amino acid leucine. We also propose that these genes play important roles in the maintenance of cell survival until conditions that favor proliferation are restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takanori Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Teppei Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kojima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Hibi T, Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Inui S, Shibuya M, Tatsukawa H, Kanie K, Yamamoto Y, Aiba H. Tschimganine and its derivatives extend the chronological life span of yeast via activation of the Sty1 pathway. Genes Cells 2018; 23:620-637. [PMID: 29900664 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most antiaging factors or life span extenders are associated with calorie restriction (CR). Very few of these factors function independently of, or additively with, CR. In this study, we focused on tschimganine, a compound that was reported to extend chronological life span (CLS). Although tschimganine led to the extension of CLS, it also inhibited yeast cell growth. We acquired a Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutant with a tolerance for tschimganine due to the gene crm1. The resulting Crm1 protein appears to export the stress-activated protein kinase Sty1 from the nucleus to the cytosol even under stressful conditions. Furthermore, we synthesized two derivative compounds of tschimganine, α-hibitakanine and β-hibitakanine; these derivatives did not inhibit cell growth, as seen with tschimganine. α-hibitakanine extended the CLS, not only in S. pombe but also in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, indicating the possibility that life span regulation by tschimganine derivative may be conserved across various yeast species. We found that the longevity induced by tschimganine was dependent on the Sty1 pathway. Based on our results, we propose that tschimganine and its derivatives extend CLS by activating the Sty1 pathway in fission yeast, and CR extends CLS via two distinct pathways, one Sty1-dependent and the other Sty1-independent. These findings provide the potential for creating an additive life span extension effect when combined with CR, as well as a better understanding of the mechanism of CLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Hibi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shougo Inui
- Laboratory of Molecular Design, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Shibuya
- Laboratory of Molecular Design, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Tatsukawa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kei Kanie
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Bioengineering, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Design, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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