1
|
Demling P, Baier M, Deitert A, Fees J, Blank LM. Biotechnological polyphosphate as an opportunity to contribute to the circularization of the phosphate economy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 87:103107. [PMID: 38484421 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Polyphosphates, chains of polymerized phosphate subunits, are used as food additives for various applications such as conservation, water retention, and pH buffering. Currently, the value chain of phosphates is linear, based on mining fossil phosphate rock, which is anticipated to be depleted in a few hundred years. With no replacement available, a transition to a circular phosphate economy, to which biological systems can contribute, is required. Baker's yeast can hyperaccumulate phosphate from various phosphate-rich waste streams and form polyphosphates, which can be used directly or as polyphosphate-rich yeast extract with enhanced properties in the food industry. By maturing the technology to an industrial level and allowing upcycled waste streams for food applications, substantial contributions to a sustainable phosphate economy can be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Demling
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Makarius Baier
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Deitert
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jana Fees
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Steimann T, Wollborn D, Röck F, Horstmann R, Schmitt E, Christ JJ, Blank LM, Büchs J. Investigation into struvite precipitation: A commonly encountered problem during fermentations on chemically defined media. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1076-1089. [PMID: 38151908 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemically defined mineral media are widely used in bioprocesses, as these show less batch to batch variation compared with complex media. Nonetheless, the recommended media formulations often lead to the formation of precipitants at elevated pH values. These precipitates are insoluble and reduce the availability of macronutrients to the cells, which can result in limiting growth rates and lower productivity. They can also damage equipment by clogging pipes, hoses, and spargers in stirred tank fermenters. In this study, the observed precipitate was analyzed via X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and identified as the magnesium ammonium phosphate salt struvite (MgNH4 PO4 × 6H2 O). The solubility of struvite crystals is known to be extremely low, causing the macronutrients magnesium, phosphate, and ammonium to be bound in the struvite crystals. Here, it was shown that struvite precipitates can be redissolved under common fermentation conditions. Furthermore, it was found that the struvite particle size distribution has a significant effect on the dissolution kinetics, which directly affects macronutrient availability. At a certain particle size, struvite crystals rapidly dissolved and provided unlimiting growth conditions. Therefore, struvite formation should be considered during media and bioprocess development, to ensure that the dissolution kinetics of struvite are faster than the growth kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Steimann
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Wollborn
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Röck
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Horstmann
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elina Schmitt
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Lars Mathias Blank
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vučić V, Harms H, Müller S. Biological recovery of phosphorus (BioP-Rec) from wastewater streams using brewer's yeast on pilot-scale. Eng Life Sci 2024; 24:e2300208. [PMID: 38323269 PMCID: PMC10842340 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202300208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Most recent advances for phosphorus (P) recovery using brewery yeast on laboratory scale were used to scale up to a pilot-scale process (BioP-Rec module) and applied in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). A P balance was established for WWTP Markranstädt according to two thresholds: (1) the economic feasibility threshold for P recovery of 0.05 kg/m3 of free P, and (2) the German Sewage Sludge Ordinance (GSSO) threshold, which demands that all WWTPs with a P content in dry matter (DM) of biosolids of 20 gP/kgDM or higher in the coming years must perform mandatory P recovery. In terms of defined thresholds, return and excess sludges were identified as the most feasible WWTP process streams for P recovery. In a 1 m3 BioP-Rec module a 3 stage process was established. From the P-rich water-phase of the return sludge produced in stage 1, which contained 0.051 kg/m3 of free P, 77.56% was taken up by P-depleted brewer's yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus in 3 h in stage 2. In stage 3, the yeast was concentrated in 1 h to produce yeast sludge as a fertilizer product. We demonstrated a novel pilot-scale process for the production of bio-based P-rich fertilizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Vučić
- Department of Environmental Microbiology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Hauke Harms
- Department of Environmental Microbiology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Susann Müller
- Department of Environmental Microbiology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xin T, Cummins CC. Mechanochemical Phosphorylation of Acetylides Using Condensed Phosphates: A Sustainable Route to Alkynyl Phosphonates. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1575-1580. [PMID: 37637745 PMCID: PMC10451036 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In pursuit of a more sustainable route to phosphorus-carbon (P-C) bond-containing chemicals, we herein report that phosphonates can be prepared by mechanochemical phosphorylation of acetylides using polyphosphates in a single step, redox-neutral process, bypassing white phosphorus (P4) and other high-energy, environmentally hazardous intermediates. Using sodium triphosphate (Na5P3O10) and acetylides, alkynyl phosphonates 1 can be isolated in yields of up to 32%, while reaction of sodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7) and sodium carbide (Na2C2) engendered, in an optimized yield of 63%, ethynyl phosphonate 2, an easily isolable compound that can be readily converted to useful organophosphorus chemicals. Highly condensed phosphates like Graham's salt and bioproduced polyphosphate were also found to be compatible after reducing the chain length by grinding with orthophosphate. These results demonstrate the possibility of accessing organophosphorus chemicals directly from condensed phosphates and may offer an opportunity to move toward a "greener" phosphorus industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiansi Xin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher C. Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tao Z, Yuan H, Liu M, Liu Q, Zhang S, Liu H, Jiang Y, Huang D, Wang T. Yeast Extract: Characteristics, Production, Applications and Future Perspectives. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:151-166. [PMID: 36474327 PMCID: PMC9998214 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2207.07057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Yeast extract is a product prepared mainly from waste brewer's yeast, which is rich in nucleotides, proteins, amino acids, sugars and a variety of trace elements, and has the advantages of low production cost and abundant supply of raw material. Consequently, yeast extracts are widely used in various fields as animal feed additives, food flavoring agents and additives, cosmetic supplements, and microbial fermentation media; however, their full potential has not yet been realized. To improve understanding of current research knowledge, this review summarizes the ingredients, production technology, and applications of yeast extracts, and discusses the relationship between their properties and applications. Developmental trends and future prospects of yeast extract are also previewed, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the development and expansion of future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Siyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hongling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fees J, Christ JJ, Willbold S, Blank LM. Biotechnological production of polyphosphate from industrial wash water. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:456-464. [PMID: 36314689 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate is mined from phosphate rock, which is a limited resource on a human time scale. For a sustainable phosphate supply, strategies for efficient use and recycling of phosphate must be developed. A German chemical company produces annually wash water containing phosphate and other inorganic substances (e.g., sodium, potassium, sulfate, and chloride) at a ton scale. Chemical precipitation is mostly used for phosphate removal. In this study, a biotechnological process utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae to upcycle phosphate-containing wastewater into pure sodium polyphosphate in powder form was developed. The process comprises fermentation and downstream processing (polyphosphate yields: 25% and 36%, respectively). The polyphosphate quality was independent of the wash water composition. Polyphosphate with a purity of 23% molar ratio Na to Na, K, and Mg of > 90%, and with an average chain length of 12.5 phosphate subunits was produced. The upcycled polyphosphate can be reused compared to phosphate fertilizer in many different applications. Overall, the here developed process can contribute to truly slowing down phosphate mining and finally enable a sustainable utilization of phosphate. Thereby, the benefit of the process is the cascade use of phosphate, reducing the need for phosphate rock before the phosphate ends up in the soil and ultimately in the sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Fees
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonas J Christ
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Willbold
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Analytics (ZEA-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
PHM6 and PHM7 genes are essential for phosphate surplus in the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:47. [PMID: 36592238 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are capable for phosphate surplus: the increased uptake of phosphate (Pi) and accumulation of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) occur when the cells after Pi limitation were cultivated in a medium supplemented with Pi. We demonstrated that single knockout mutations in the PHO84, PHO87, and PHO89 genes encoding plasma membrane phosphate transporters suppressed the Pi uptake and polyP accumulation under phosphate surplus at nitrogen starvation. The knockout strains in the PHM6 and PHM7 genes encoding unannotated PHO-proteins showed decreased polyP accumulation under Pi surplus both at nitrogen starvation and in complete YPD medium. This is due to the suppression of Pi uptake in the cells of these mutant strains. We speculate that Pi transporters of plasma membrane, and Phm6 and Phm7 proteins function in concert providing increased Pi uptake at phosphate surplus conditions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Luo H, Li T, Zheng J, Zhang K, Qiao Z, Luo H, Zou W. Isolation, Identification, and Fermentation Medium Optimization of a Caproic Acid‑Producing Enterococcus casseliflavus Strain from Pit Mud of Chinese Strong Flavor Baijiu Ecosystem. Pol J Microbiol 2022; 71:563-575. [PMID: 36537057 PMCID: PMC9944964 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2022-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Caproic acid is the precursor material of ethyl hexanoate, a representative flavor substance in strong flavor baijiu (SFB). Increasing the content of caproic acid in SFB helps to improve its quality. In the present study, caproic acid-producing bacteria from the pit mud of an SFB ecosystem were isolated, purified, and characterized. Strain BF-1 with the highest caproic acid yield (0.88 g/l) was selected. The morphological and molecular identification analysis showed that strain BF-1 was Enterococcus casseliflavus. The genome of E. casseliflavus BF-1 was sequenced and was found to be 2,968,377 bp in length with 3,270 open reading frames (ORFs). The caproic acid biosynthesis pathway in E. casseliflavus BF-1 was predicted based on the KAAS annotation. The virulence factors in the genome of strain BF-1 were annotated, which showed that E. casseliflavus BF-1 is safe at the genetic level. After adding essential nutrients based on the KAAS annotation, the optimum medium conditions for acid production by strain BF-1 were obtained by performing orthogonal experiments. The caproic acid yield of strain BF-1 reached 3.03 g/l, which was 3.44-fold higher than the initial yield. The optimized fer- mentation of caproic acid production by BF-1 was reported for the first time. The strain could be further used to regulate the ecosystem in baijiu production to improve its quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, China
| | - Tao Li
- Sichuan Vocational College of Chemical Technology, Luzhou, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Wuliangye Yibin Co. Ltd., Yibin, China
| | - Kaizheng Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, China
| | | | - Huibo Luo
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, China
| | - Wei Zou
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, China, Wei Zou, College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qin W, Stärk HJ, Müller S, Reemtsma T. Exploring the Extent of Phosphorus and Heavy Metal Uptake by Single Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Their Effects on Intrinsic Elements by SC-ICP-TOF-MS. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:870931. [PMID: 35547146 PMCID: PMC9082303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.870931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of six heavy metals, namely, silver (Ag), lead (Pb), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr), on phosphorus (P) uptake by yeast was investigated by single-cell analysis using inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SC-ICP-TOF-MS). It was found that the P content in cells with 1.55 g L–1 P feeding after P starvation was increased by ∼70% compared to control cells. Heavy metals at 10 ppm, except Cu, had a negative impact on P accumulation by cells. Pd reduced the P content by 26% in single cells compared to control cells. Metal uptake was strongest for Ag and Pd (0.7 × 10–12 L cell–1) and weakest for Cr (0.05 × 10–12 L cell–1). Exposure to Cr markedly reduced (−50%) Mg in cells and had the greatest impact on the intrinsic element composition. The SC-ICP-TOF-MS shows the diversity of elemental content in single cells: for example, the P content under standard conditions varied between 12.4 and 890 fg cell–1. This technique allows studying both the uptake of elements and sublethal effects on physiology at a single-cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Stärk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susann Müller
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhai F, Xin T, Geeson MB, Cummins CC. Sustainable Production of Reduced Phosphorus Compounds: Mechanochemical Hydride Phosphorylation Using Condensed Phosphates as a Route to Phosphite. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:332-339. [PMID: 35350608 PMCID: PMC8949633 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In pursuit of a more sustainable production of phosphorous acid (H3PO3), a versatile chemical with phosphorus in the +3 oxidation state, we herein report that condensed phosphates can be employed to phosphorylate hydride reagents under solvent-free mechanochemical conditions to furnish phosphite (HPO3 2-). Using potassium hydride as the hydride source, sodium trimetaphosphate (Na3P3O9), triphosphate (Na5P3O10), pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), fluorophosphate (Na2PO3F), and polyphosphate ("(NaPO3) n ") engendered phosphite in optimized yields of 44, 58, 44, 84, and 55% based on total P content, respectively. Formation of overreduced products including hypophosphite (H2PO2 -) was identified as a competing process, and mechanistic investigations revealed that hydride attack on in-situ-generated phosphorylated phosphite species is a potent pathway for overreduction. The phosphite generated from our method was easily isolated in the form of barium phosphite, a useful intermediate for production of phosphorous acid. This method circumvents the need to pass through white phosphorus (P4) as a high-energy intermediate and mitigates involvement of environmentally hazardous chemicals. A bioproduced polyphosphate was found to be a viable starting material for the production of phosphite. These results demonstrate the possibility of accessing reduced phosphorus compounds in a more sustainable manner and, more importantly, a means to close the modern phosphorus cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhai
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tiansi Xin
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael B. Geeson
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher C. Cummins
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Infanzón B, Herrmann KR, Hofmann I, Willbold S, Ruff AJ, Schwaneberg U. Phytase blends for enhanced phosphorous mobilization of deoiled seeds. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 153:109953. [PMID: 34847439 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phytases are hydrolytic enzymes capable of a stepwise phosphate release from phytate which is the main phosphorous storage in seeds, cereals and legumes. Limitations such as low enzyme activity or incomplete phytate hydrolysis to inositol are a great challenge in phytase applications in food and feed. Herein we report a phytase blend of two enzymes with additive effects on phytate (InsP6) hydrolysis and its application in the enzymatic phosphorous recovery process. Blending the fast 6-phytase rPhyXT52 with the 3-phytase from Debaryomyces castellii, which is capable of fully hydrolyzing InsP6, we achieved rapid phosphate release with higher yields compared to the individual enzymes and a rapid disappearance of InsP6-3 intermediates, monitored by HPLC. NMR data suggest a nearly complete phytate hydrolysis to inositol and phosphate. The blend was applied for phosphate mobilization from phytate-rich biomass, such as deoiled seeds. For this emerging application, an up to 43% increased phosphate mobilization yield was achieved when using 1000 U of the blend per kg biomass compared to using only the E. coli phytase. Even so, the time of enzyme treatment was decreased by more than half (6 h instead of 16 h) when using 4000 U of blend, we reached a 78-90% reduction of the total phosphorous content in the explored deoiled seeds. In summary, the phytase blend of Dc phyt/rPhyXT52 was proven very efficient to obtain inositol phosphate depleted meal which has its potential application in animal feeding and is concomitant with the production of green phosphate from renewable resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Infanzón
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kevin R Herrmann
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Isabell Hofmann
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sabine Willbold
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Analytics (ZEA-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Anna Joëlle Ruff
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI-Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tachibana S, Chiou T, Konishi M. Machine learning modeling of the effects of media formulated with various yeast extracts on heterologous protein production in Escherichia coli. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1214. [PMID: 34180605 PMCID: PMC8236903 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In microbial manufacturing, yeast extract is an important component of the growth media. The production of heterologous proteins often varies because of the yeast extract composition. To identify why this reduces protein production, the effects of yeast extract composition on the growth and green fluorescent protein (GFP) production of engineered Escherichia coli were investigated using a deep neural network (DNN)-mediated metabolomics approach. We observed 205 peaks from the various yeast extracts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Principal component analyses of the peaks identified at least three different clusters. Using 20 different compositions of yeast extract in M9 media, the yields of cells and GFP in the yeast extract-containing media were higher than those in the control without yeast extract by approximately 3.0- to 5.0-fold and 1.5- to 2.0-fold, respectively. We compared machine learning models and found that DNN best fit the data. To estimate the importance of each variable, we performed DNN with a mean increase error calculation based on a permutation algorithm. This method identified the significant components of yeast extract. DNN learning with varying numbers of input variables provided the number of significant components. The influence of specific components on cell growth and GFP production was confirmed with a validation cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiga Tachibana
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKitami Institute of TechnologyKitamiJapan
| | - Tai‐Ying Chiou
- Biotechnology and Food Chemistry Course ProgramSchool of Regional Innovation and Social Design EngineeringKitami Institute of TechnologyKitamiJapan
| | - Masaaki Konishi
- Biotechnology and Food Chemistry Course ProgramSchool of Regional Innovation and Social Design EngineeringKitami Institute of TechnologyKitamiJapan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tomashevsky A, Kulakovskaya E, Trilisenko L, Kulakovskiy IV, Kulakovskaya T, Fedorov A, Eldarov M. VTC4 Polyphosphate Polymerase Knockout Increases Stress Resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:487. [PMID: 34070801 PMCID: PMC8227513 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is an important factor of alkaline, heavy metal, and oxidative stress resistance in microbial cells. In yeast, polyP is synthesized by Vtc4, a subunit of the vacuole transporter chaperone complex. Here, we report reduced but reliably detectable amounts of acid-soluble and acid-insoluble polyPs in the Δvtc4 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, reaching 10% and 20% of the respective levels of the wild-type strain. The Δvtc4 strain has decreased resistance to alkaline stress but, unexpectedly, increased resistance to oxidation and heavy metal excess. We suggest that increased resistance is achieved through elevated expression of DDR2, which is implicated in stress response, and reduced expression of PHO84 encoding a phosphate and divalent metal transporter. The decreased Mg2+-dependent phosphate accumulation in Δvtc4 cells is consistent with reduced expression of PHO84. We discuss a possible role that polyP level plays in cellular signaling of stress response mobilization in yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tomashevsky
- Federal Scientific Center, Pushchino Research Center for Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Nauki 5, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.T.); (E.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Ekaterina Kulakovskaya
- Federal Scientific Center, Pushchino Research Center for Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Nauki 5, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.T.); (E.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Ludmila Trilisenko
- Federal Scientific Center, Pushchino Research Center for Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Nauki 5, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.T.); (E.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Ivan V. Kulakovskiy
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kulakovskaya
- Federal Scientific Center, Pushchino Research Center for Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Nauki 5, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.T.); (E.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- Federal Scientific Center for Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 33-2, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.F.); (M.E.)
| | - Mikhail Eldarov
- Federal Scientific Center for Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 33-2, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.F.); (M.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vučić V, Müller S. New developments in biological phosphorus accessibility and recovery approaches from soil and waste streams. Eng Life Sci 2021; 21:77-86. [PMID: 33716607 PMCID: PMC7923555 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a non-renewable resource and is on the European Union's list of critical raw materials. It is predicted that the P consumption peak will occur in the next 10 to 20 years. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find accessible sources in the immediate environment, such as soil, and to use alternative resources of P such as waste streams. While enormous progress has been made in chemical P recovery technologies, most biological technologies for P recovery are still in the developmental stage and are not reaching industrial application. Nevertheless, biological P recovery could offer good solutions as these technologies can return P to the human P cycle in an environmentally friendly way. This mini-review provides an overview of the latest approaches to make P available in soil and to recover P from plant residues, animal and human waste streams by exploiting the universal trait of P accumulation and P turnover in microorganisms and plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Vučić
- Department of Environmental MicrobiologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZDepartment Environmental MicrobiologyLeipzigGermany
| | - Susann Müller
- Department of Environmental MicrobiologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZDepartment Environmental MicrobiologyLeipzigGermany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leo VV, Viswanath V, Deka P, Zothanpuia, Ramji DR, Pachuau L, Carrie W, Malvi Y, Singh G, Singh BP. Saccharomyces and Their Potential Applications in Food and Food Processing Industries. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
16
|
Trilisenko L, Valiakhmetov A, Kulakovskaya T. Phosphate efflux as a test of plasma membrane leakage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Can J Microbiol 2020; 67:226-230. [PMID: 32910859 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane integrity is a key to cell viability. Currently, the main approach to assessing plasma membrane integrity is the detection of penetration of special dyes, such as trypan blue and propidium iodide, into the cells. However, this method needs expensive equipment: a fluorescent microscope or a flow cytometer. Besides, staining with propidium iodide occasionally gives false-positive results. Here, we suggest the phosphate (Pi) leakage assay as an approach to assess the increase in permeability of the plasma membrane of yeast cells. We studied the dependence of phosphate efflux and uptake into Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells on the composition of the incubation medium, time, and ambient pH. The difference in optimal conditions for these processes suggests that Pi efflux is not conducted by the Pi uptake system. The Pi efflux in water correlated with the proportion of cells stained with propidium iodide. This indicated that Pi efflux is associated with cytoplasmic membrane disruption in a portion of the yeast cell population. The assay of Pi efflux was used to evaluate membrane disruption in S. cerevisiae cells treated with some heavy metal ions and detergents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Trilisenko
- FRC Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, pr. Nauki 5, Pushchino, 142290 Russia.,FRC Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, pr. Nauki 5, Pushchino, 142290 Russia
| | - Airat Valiakhmetov
- FRC Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, pr. Nauki 5, Pushchino, 142290 Russia.,FRC Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, pr. Nauki 5, Pushchino, 142290 Russia
| | - Tatiana Kulakovskaya
- FRC Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, pr. Nauki 5, Pushchino, 142290 Russia.,FRC Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, pr. Nauki 5, Pushchino, 142290 Russia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Christ JJ, Smith SA, Willbold S, Morrissey JH, Blank LM. Biotechnological synthesis of water-soluble food-grade polyphosphate with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2089-2099. [PMID: 32190899 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is the polymer of phosphate. Water-soluble polyPs with average chain lengths of 2-40 P-subunits are widely used as food additives and are currently synthesized chemically. An environmentally friendly highly scalable process to biosynthesize water-soluble food-grade polyP in powder form (termed bio-polyP) is presented in this study. After incubation in a phosphate-free medium, generally regarded as safe wild-type baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) took up phosphate and intracellularly polymerized it into 26.5% polyP (as KPO3 , in cell dry weight). The cells were lyzed by freeze-thawing and gentle heat treatment (10 min, 70°C). Protein and nucleic acid were removed from the soluble cell components by precipitation with 50 mM HCl. Two chain length fractions (42 and 11P-subunits average polyP chain length, purity on a par with chemically produced polyP) were obtained by fractional polyP precipitation (Fraction 1 was precipitated with 100 mM NaCl and 0.15 vol ethanol, and Fraction 2 with 1 final vol ethanol), drying, and milling. The physicochemical properties of bio-polyP were analyzed with an enzyme assay, 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, among others. An envisaged application of the process is phosphate recycling from waste streams into high-value bio-polyP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Johannes Christ
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology-ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephanie A Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sabine Willbold
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Analytics (ZEA-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - James H Morrissey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lars Mathias Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology-ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Christ JJ, Willbold S, Blank LM. Methods for the Analysis of Polyphosphate in the Life Sciences. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4167-4176. [PMID: 32039586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is the polymer of orthophosphate and can be found in all living organisms. For polyP characterization, one or more of six parameters are of interest: the molecular structure (linear, cyclic, or branched), the concentration, the average chain length, the chain length distribution, the cellular localization, and the cation composition. Here, the merits, limitations, and critical parameters of the state-of-the-art methods for the analysis of the six parameters from the life sciences are discussed. With this contribution, we aim to lower the entry barrier into the analytics of polyP, a molecule with prominent, yet often incompletely understood, contributions to cellular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Johannes Christ
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology-ABBt, Worringer Weg 1, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Willbold
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Analytics (ZEA-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Lars Mathias Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology-ABBt, Worringer Weg 1, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Andreeva N, Ledova L, Ryazanova L, Tomashevsky A, Kulakovskaya T, Eldarov M. Ppn2 endopolyphosphatase overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Comparison with Ppn1, Ppx1, and Ddp1 polyphosphatases. Biochimie 2019; 163:101-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
20
|
Christ JJ, Willbold S, Blank LM. Polyphosphate Chain Length Determination in the Range of Two to Several Hundred P-Subunits with a New Enzyme Assay and 31P NMR. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7654-7661. [PMID: 31082217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently, 31P NMR is the only analytical method that quantitatively determines the average chain length of long inorganic polyphosphate (>80 P-subunits). In this study, an enzyme assay is presented that determines the average chain length of polyphosphate in the range of two to several hundred P-subunits. In the enzyme assay, the average polyP chain length is calculated by dividing the total polyphosphate concentration by the concentration of the polyphosphate chains. The total polyphosphate is determined by enzymatic polyphosphate hydrolysis with Saccharomyces cerevisiae exopolyphosphatase 1 and S. cerevisiae inorganic pyrophosphatase 1, followed by colorimetric orthophosphate detection. Because the exopolyphosphatase leaves one pyrophosphate per polyphosphate chain, the polyphosphate chain concentration is assayed by coupling the enzymes exopolyphosphatase (polyP into pyrophosphate), ATP sulfurylase (pyrophosphate into ATP), hexokinase (ATP into glucose 6-phosphate), and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (glucose 6-phosphate into NADPH), followed by fluorometric NADPH detection. The ability of 31P NMR and the enzyme assay to size polyP was demonstrated with polyP lengths in the range from 2 to ca. 280 P-subunits (no polyP with a longer chain length was available). The small deviation between methods (-4 ± 4%) indicated that the new enzyme assay performed accurately. The limitations of 31P NMR (i.e., low throughput, high sample concentration, expensive instrument) are overcome by the enzyme assay that is presented here, which allows for high sample throughput and requires only a commonly available plate reader and micromole per liter concentrations of polyphosphate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Johannes Christ
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, Worringer Weg 1 , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen D-52074 , Germany
| | - Sabine Willbold
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Analytics (ZEA-3) , Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich D-52428 , Germany
| | - Lars Mathias Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, Worringer Weg 1 , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen D-52074 , Germany
| |
Collapse
|