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Ahrens CW, Murray K, Mazanec RA, Ferguson S, Jones A, Tissue DT, Byrne M, Borevitz JO, Rymer PD. Genomic determinants, architecture, and constraints in drought-related traits in Corymbia calophylla. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:640. [PMID: 38937661 PMCID: PMC11209971 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought adaptation is critical to many tree species persisting under climate change, however our knowledge of the genetic basis for trees to adapt to drought is limited. This knowledge gap impedes our fundamental understanding of drought response and application to forest production and conservation. To improve our understanding of the genomic determinants, architecture, and trait constraints, we assembled a reference genome and detected ~ 6.5 M variants in 432 phenotyped individuals for the foundational tree Corymbia calophylla. RESULTS We found 273 genomic variants determining traits with moderate heritability (h2SNP = 0.26-0.64). Significant variants were predominantly in gene regulatory elements distributed among several haplotype blocks across all chromosomes. Furthermore, traits were constrained by frequent epistatic and pleiotropic interactions. CONCLUSIONS Our results on the genetic basis for drought traits in Corymbia calophylla have several implications for the ability to adapt to climate change: (1) drought related traits are controlled by complex genomic architectures with large haplotypes, epistatic, and pleiotropic interactions; (2) the most significant variants determining drought related traits occurred in regulatory regions; and (3) models incorporating epistatic interactions increase trait predictions. Our findings indicate that despite moderate heritability drought traits are likely constrained by complex genomic architecture potentially limiting trees response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin W Ahrens
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia.
- Cesar Australia, Brunswick, VIC, 3058, Australia.
| | - Kevin Murray
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Richard A Mazanec
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Western Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Scott Ferguson
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Ashley Jones
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Western Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Justin O Borevitz
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Paul D Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
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Zhang Z, Gomes Viana JP, Zhang B, Walden KKO, Müller Paul H, Moose SP, Morris GP, Daum C, Barry KW, Shakoor N, Hudson ME. Major impacts of widespread structural variation on sorghum. Genome Res 2024; 34:286-299. [PMID: 38479835 PMCID: PMC10984582 DOI: 10.1101/gr.278396.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Genetic diversity is critical to crop breeding and improvement, and dissection of the genomic variation underlying agronomic traits can both assist breeding and give insight into basic biological mechanisms. Although recent genome analyses in plants reveal many structural variants (SVs), most current studies of crop genetic variation are dominated by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The extent of the impact of SVs on global trait variation, as well as their utility in genome-wide selection, is not yet understood. In this study, we built an SV data set based on whole-genome resequencing of diverse sorghum lines (n = 363), validated the correlation of photoperiod sensitivity and variety type, and identified SV hotspots underlying the divergent evolution of cellulosic and sweet sorghum. In addition, we showed the complementary contribution of SVs for heritability of traits related to sorghum adaptation. Importantly, inclusion of SV polymorphisms in association studies revealed genotype-phenotype associations not observed with SNPs alone. Three-way genome-wide association studies (GWAS) based on whole-genome SNP, SV, and integrated SNP + SV data sets showed substantial associations between SVs and sorghum traits. The addition of SVs to GWAS substantially increased heritability estimates for some traits, indicating their important contribution to functional allelic variation at the genome level. Our discovery of the widespread impacts of SVs on heritable gene expression variation could render a plausible mechanism for their disproportionate impact on phenotypic variation. This study expands our knowledge of SVs and emphasizes the extensive impacts of SVs on sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Zhang
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Joao Paulo Gomes Viana
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Bosen Zhang
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Kimberly K O Walden
- High Performance Computing in Biology, Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Hans Müller Paul
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Stephen P Moose
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Geoffrey P Morris
- Department of Soil and Crop Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Chris Daum
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Kerrie W Barry
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nadia Shakoor
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Matthew E Hudson
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA;
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Xu X, Yu Z, Ai N, Liufu S, Liu X, Chen B, Li X, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Ma H, Yin Y. Molecular Mechanism of MYL4 Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Development in Pigs. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1267. [PMID: 37372447 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The processes of muscle growth and development, including myoblast proliferation, migration, differentiation, and fusion, are modified by a variety of regulatory factors. MYL4 plays an important role in atrial development, atrial cardiomyopathy, muscle-fiber size, and muscle development. The structural variation (SV) of MYL4 was found via the de novo sequencing of Ningxiang pigs, and the existence of SV was verified in the experiments. The genotype distribution of Ningxiang pigs and Large White pigs was detected, and it was found that Ningxiang pigs were mainly of the BB genotype and that Large White pigs were mainly of the AB genotype. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the MYL4-mediated regulation of skeletal muscle development need to be deeply explored. Therefore, RT-qPCR, 3'RACE, CCK8, EdU, Western blot, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and bioinformation analysis were used to explore the function of MYL4 in myoblast development. The cDNA of MYL4 was successfully cloned from Ningxiang pigs, and its physicochemical properties were predicted. The expression profiles in six tissues and four stages of Ningxiang pigs and Large White pigs were found to be the highest in the lungs and 30 days after birth. The expression of MYL4 increased gradually with the extension of the myogenic differentiation time. The myoblast function test showed that the overexpression of MYL4 inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis and differentiation. The knockdown of MYL4 showed the opposite result. These results enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of muscle development and provide a solid theoretical foundation for further exploring the role of the MYL4 gene in muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zonggang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Nini Ai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Sui Liufu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Bohe Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xintong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuebo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Haiming Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
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Lopez-Moreno H, Basurto-Garduño AC, Torres-Meraz MA, Diaz-Valenzuela E, Arellano-Arciniega S, Zalapa J, Sawers RJH, Cibrián-Jaramillo A, Diaz-Garcia L. Genetic analysis and QTL mapping of domestication-related traits in chili pepper ( Capsicum annuum L .). Front Genet 2023; 14:1101401. [PMID: 37255716 PMCID: PMC10225550 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the oldest and most phenotypically diverse pre-Columbian crops of the Americas. Despite the abundance of genetic resources, the use of wild germplasm and landraces in chili pepper breeding is limited. A better understanding of the evolutionary history in chili peppers, particularly in the context of traits of agronomic interest, can contribute to future improvement and conservation of genetic resources. In this study, an F2:3 mapping population derived from a cross between a C. annuum wild accession (Chiltepin) and a cultivated variety (Puya) was used to identify genomic regions associated with 19 domestication and agronomic traits. A genetic map was constructed consisting of 1023 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers clustered into 12 linkage groups and spanning a total of 1,263.87 cM. A reciprocal translocation that differentiates the domesticated genome from its wild ancestor and other related species was identified between chromosomes 1 and 8. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis detected 20 marker-trait associations for 13 phenotypes, from which 14 corresponded to previously identified loci, and six were novel genomic regions related to previously unexplored domestication-syndrome traits, including form of unripe fruit, seedlessness, deciduous fruit, and growth habit. Our results revealed that the genetic architecture of Capsicum domestication is similar to other domesticated species with few loci with large effects, the presence of QTLs clusters in different genomic regions, and the predominance of domesticated recessive alleles. Our analysis indicates the domestication process in chili pepper has also had an effect on traits not directly related to the domestication syndrome. The information obtained in this study provides a more complete understanding of the genetic basis of Capsicum domestication that can potentially guide strategies for the exploitation of wild alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Lopez-Moreno
- Ecological and Evolutionary Genomics Laboratory, Unidad de Genomica Avanzada (Langebio), Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Ana Celia Basurto-Garduño
- Ecological and Evolutionary Genomics Laboratory, Unidad de Genomica Avanzada (Langebio), Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Eric Diaz-Valenzuela
- Ecological and Evolutionary Genomics Laboratory, Unidad de Genomica Avanzada (Langebio), Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Sergio Arellano-Arciniega
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias Campo Experimental AGS, Pabellón de Arteaga, Mexico
| | - Juan Zalapa
- Department of Horticulture, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- USDA-ARS Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Department of Horticulture University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ruairidh J. H. Sawers
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Angelica Cibrián-Jaramillo
- Ecological and Evolutionary Genomics Laboratory, Unidad de Genomica Avanzada (Langebio), Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Luis Diaz-Garcia
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias Campo Experimental AGS, Pabellón de Arteaga, Mexico
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Voelker WG, Krishnan K, Chougule K, Alexander LC, Lu Z, Olson A, Ware D, Songsomboon K, Ponce C, Brenton ZW, Boatwright JL, Cooper EA. Ten new high-quality genome assemblies for diverse bioenergy sorghum genotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1040909. [PMID: 36684744 PMCID: PMC9846640 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1040909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an agriculturally and economically important staple crop that has immense potential as a bioenergy feedstock due to its relatively high productivity on marginal lands. To capitalize on and further improve sorghum as a potential source of sustainable biofuel, it is essential to understand the genomic mechanisms underlying complex traits related to yield, composition, and environmental adaptations. Methods Expanding on a recently developed mapping population, we generated de novo genome assemblies for 10 parental genotypes from this population and identified a comprehensive set of over 24 thousand large structural variants (SVs) and over 10.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Results We show that SVs and nonsynonymous SNPs are enriched in different gene categories, emphasizing the need for long read sequencing in crop species to identify novel variation. Furthermore, we highlight SVs and SNPs occurring in genes and pathways with known associations to critical bioenergy-related phenotypes and characterize the landscape of genetic differences between sweet and cellulosic genotypes. Discussion These resources can be integrated into both ongoing and future mapping and trait discovery for sorghum and its myriad uses including food, feed, bioenergy, and increasingly as a carbon dioxide removal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. Voelker
- Dept. of Bioinformatics & Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Krittika Krishnan
- Dept. of Bioinformatics & Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Kapeel Chougule
- Cold Spring Harbor Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Louie C. Alexander
- Dept. of Bioinformatics & Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Zhenyuan Lu
- Cold Spring Harbor Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Andrew Olson
- Cold Spring Harbor Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Doreen Ware
- Cold Spring Harbor Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service in the North Atlantic Area (USDA-ARS NAA), Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kittikun Songsomboon
- Dept. of Bioinformatics & Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Cristian Ponce
- Dept. of Bioinformatics & Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Zachary W. Brenton
- Carolina Seed Systems, Darlington, SC, United States
- Advanced Plant Technology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - J. Lucas Boatwright
- Advanced Plant Technology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
- Dept. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Cooper
- Dept. of Bioinformatics & Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
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6
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Jankowicz-Cieslak J, Hofinger BJ, Jarc L, Junttila S, Galik B, Gyenesei A, Ingelbrecht IL, Till BJ. Spectrum and Density of Gamma and X-ray Induced Mutations in a Non-Model Rice Cultivar. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3232. [PMID: 36501272 PMCID: PMC9741009 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Physical mutagens are a powerful tool used for genetic research and breeding for over eight decades. Yet, when compared to chemical mutagens, data sets on the effect of different mutagens and dosages on the spectrum and density of induced mutations remain lacking. To address this, we investigated the landscape of mutations induced by gamma and X-ray radiation in the most widely cultivated crop species: rice. A mutant population of a tropical upland rice, Oryza sativa L., was generated and propagated via self-fertilization for seven generations. Five dosages ranging from 75 Gy to 600 Gy in both X-ray and gamma-irradiated material were applied. In the process of a forward genetic screens, 11 unique rice mutant lines showing phenotypic variation were selected for mutation analysis via whole-genome sequencing. Thousands of candidate mutations were recovered in each mutant with single base substitutions being the most common, followed by small indels and structural variants. Higher dosages resulted in a higher accumulation of mutations in gamma-irradiated material, but not in X-ray-treated plants. The in vivo role of all annotated rice genes is yet to be directly investigated. The ability to induce a high density of single nucleotide and structural variants through mutagenesis will likely remain an important approach for functional genomics and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jankowicz-Cieslak
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Joint Division, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Bernhard J. Hofinger
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Joint Division, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Luka Jarc
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Joint Division, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Sini Junttila
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Computing Core, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH, Dr-Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Medical Bioinformatics Centre, Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Medical Bioinformatics Centre, Turku Bioscience Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Bence Galik
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Computing Core, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH, Dr-Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7622 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Computing Core, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH, Dr-Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7622 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Ivan L. Ingelbrecht
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Joint Division, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Bradley J. Till
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Joint Division, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Old Davis Road, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Boatwright JL, Sapkota S, Jin H, Schnable JC, Brenton Z, Boyles R, Kresovich S. Sorghum Association Panel whole-genome sequencing establishes cornerstone resource for dissecting genomic diversity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:888-904. [PMID: 35653240 PMCID: PMC9544330 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Association mapping panels represent foundational resources for understanding the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity and serve to advance plant breeding by exploring genetic variation across diverse accessions. We report the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 400 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) accessions from the Sorghum Association Panel (SAP) at an average coverage of 38× (25-72×), enabling the development of a high-density genomic marker set of 43 983 694 variants including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (approximately 38 million), insertions/deletions (indels) (approximately 5 million), and copy number variants (CNVs) (approximately 170 000). We observe slightly more deletions among indels and a much higher prevalence of deletions among CNVs compared to insertions. This new marker set enabled the identification of several novel putative genomic associations for plant height and tannin content, which were not identified when using previous lower-density marker sets. WGS identified and scored variants in 5-kb bins where available genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data captured no variants, with half of all bins in the genome falling into this category. The predictive ability of genomic best unbiased linear predictor (GBLUP) models was increased by an average of 30% by using WGS markers rather than GBS markers. We identified 18 selection peaks across subpopulations that formed due to evolutionary divergence during domestication, and we found six Fst peaks resulting from comparisons between converted lines and breeding lines within the SAP that were distinct from the peaks associated with historic selection. This population has served and continues to serve as a significant public resource for sorghum research and demonstrates the value of improving upon existing genomic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Lucas Boatwright
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
- Advanced Plant TechnologyClemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
| | - Sirjan Sapkota
- Advanced Plant TechnologyClemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
| | - Hongyu Jin
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraska68588USA
| | - James C. Schnable
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraska68588USA
| | | | - Richard Boyles
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
- Pee Dee Research and Education CenterClemson UniversityFlorenceSouth Carolina29506USA
| | - Stephen Kresovich
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
- Advanced Plant TechnologyClemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Crop ImprovementCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14850USA
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