1
|
Chen W, Cheng S. Nomogram and calculator for predicting the prognosis of patients with giant hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38874538 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2024.2369129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the factors affecting the overall survival (OS) of giant hepatocellular carcinoma (G-HCC) patients and establish a nomogram and an Internet-based OS calculator for evaluating the OS of G-HCC patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 2445 G-HCC patients were searched in the SEER database. The independent variables affecting OS of G-HCC patients were determined by univariate and multivariate analyses, and a nomogram and Internet-based OS calculator were established. The accuracy of the nomogram was evaluated by the C-index, the AUC curve, and calibration curve. RESULTS Grade, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, T-staging, M-staging, AFP, and fibrosis were identified as independent variables affecting OS. These variables were included in the nomogram model and Internet-based OS calculator to evaluate OS in G-HCC patients. The C-indices and AUC of the nomogram are better than AJCC-staging system. Similarly, the calibration curves revealed that the actual survival was consistent with nomogram-based survival. CONCLUSION The nomogram and Internet-based OS calculator are superior to the traditional AJCC-staging system in the reliability and convenience of prognosis assessment for G-HCC patients, which is more conducive for clinicians to predict the survival of G-HCC patients and make the best treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengtao Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lv TR, Hu HJ, Ma WJ, Liu F, Jin YW, Li FY. Meta-analysis of prognostic factors for overall survival and disease-free survival among resected patients with combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2024; 50:107279. [PMID: 38000116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2023.107279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (CHCC-CC) is a rare subtype of primary liver malignancy and has been treated equally as intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC) according to the 8th AJCC staging system. Owing to its rarity, its prognostic factors have been rarely explored and defined. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched up till January 1st, 2023 and eligible studies were restricted to studies reported prognostic factors of resected CHCC-CC. Standard Parmar modifications were used to determine pooled univariable hazard ratios (HRs). RESULTS A total of eleven studies with 1286 patients with resected classical CHCC-CC were finally included. Pooled results indicated that serum tumor biomarkers, including AFP, CA199, and CEA, were prognostic factors for postoperative overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Moreover, liver cirrhosis (P = 0.010), HBV infection (P = 0.030), and HCV infection (P < 0.001) were prognostic factors for OS. Age (HR = 1.03, P = 0.005) was a prognostic factor for DFS. Tumor size (OS: HR = 2, P < 0.001, DFS: HR = 2.15, P < 0.001), tumor number (OS: HR = 2.05, P < 0.001; DFS: HR = 1.96, P = 0.006), surgical margin (OS: HR = 2.33, <0.001001; DFS: HR = 2.35, P < 0.001), node metastasis (OS: HR = 2.96, P < 0.001; DFS: HR = 2.1, P < 0.001), vascular invasion (OS: HR = 2.17, P < 0.001; DFS: HR = 2.64, P < 0.001), and postoperative prophylactic trans-arterial chemotherapy embolization (PPTACE) (OS: HR = 1.67, P = 0.04; DFS: HR = 2.31, P < 0.001) were common prognostic factors for OS and DFS. CONCLUSION Various risk factors unmentioned in the 8th AJCC staging system were identified. These promising findings would facilitate a more personalized predictive model and help clinicians to stratify patients with different survival outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Run Lv
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery, General Surgrey, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hai-Jie Hu
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery, General Surgrey, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wen-Jie Ma
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery, General Surgrey, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery, General Surgrey, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan-Wen Jin
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery, General Surgrey, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fu-Yu Li
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery, General Surgrey, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng C, Gu XT, Huang XL, Wei YC, Chen L, Luo NB, Lin HS, Jin-Yuan L. Nomogram based on clinical and preoperative CT features for predicting the early recurrence of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: a multicenter study. LA RADIOLOGIA MEDICA 2023; 128:1460-1471. [PMID: 37747668 PMCID: PMC10700214 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-023-01726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish and validate a multiparameter prediction model for early recurrence after radical resection in patients diagnosed with combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study reviewed the clinical characteristics and preoperative CT images of 143 cHCC-CC patients who underwent radical resection from three institutions. A total of 110 patients from institution 1 were randomly divided into training set (n = 78) and testing set (n = 32) in the ratio of 7-3. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to construct a nomogram prediction model in the training set, which was internally and externally validated in the testing set and the validation set (n = 33) from institutions 2 and 3. The area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics (ROC), decision curve analysis (DCA), and calibration analysis were used to evaluate the model's performance. RESULTS The combined model demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to the clinical model, the CT model, the pathological model and the clinic-CT model in predicting the early postoperative recurrence. The nomogram based on the combined model included AST, ALP, tumor size, tumor margin, arterial phase peritumoral enhancement, and MVI (Microvascular invasion). The model had AUCs of 0.89 (95% CI 0.81-0.96), 0.85 (95% CI 0.70-0.99), and 0.86 (95% CI 0.72-1.00) in the training, testing, and validation sets, respectively, indicating high predictive power. DCA showed that the combined model had good clinical value and correction effect. CONCLUSION A nomogram incorporating clinical characteristics and preoperative CT features can be utilized to effectively predict the early postoperative recurrence in patients with cHCC-CC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Tao Gu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chen Wei
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning-Bin Luo
- Department of Radiology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, No. 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Shan Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Diagnosis, GE Healthcare, Changsha, 410005, People's Republic of China
| | - Liao Jin-Yuan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peng S, Dong SC, Bai DS, Zhang C, Jin SJ, Jiang GQ. Radiofrequency ablation versus liver resection and liver transplantation for small combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma stratified by tumor size. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2023; 408:119. [PMID: 36918430 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-023-02858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been proven to provide a good survival benefit for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), there is limited information about RFA for combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC). The purpose of this study was to explore the clinicopathological features of cHCC-CC and the curative effect of RFA in small cHCC-CC without distant metastases compared with liver resection (LR) and liver transplantation (LT). METHODS Patients with cHCC-CC, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, or HCC were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. RESULTS cHCC-CC had the highest rate of poor pathological grade and the lowest rate of bone metastases compared with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and HCC (all P < 0.05). In patients with cHCC-CC after surgery, multivariate analysis showed that compared with RFA, LR and LT were independent protective factors for survival (all P < 0.05). But in cHCC-CC stratified by tumor size, for tumor size ≤ 3.0 cm, there was no significant difference among RFA, LR, and LT in univariate survival analysis (P = 0.285). For tumor size 3.0-5.0 cm, multivariate analysis showed that RFA for cHCC-CC yielded worse survival outcomes in comparison with that of LR (hazard ratio [HR]: 7.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.09-26.94, P = 0.002) and LT (HR: 4.48, 95% CI: 1.20-16.64, P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS In patients with cHCC-CC without distant metastases, for tumor size ≤ 3.0 cm, there was no significant survival difference among RFA, LR, and LT. However, for tumor size 3.0-5.0 cm, RFA may provide a worse survival benefit than LT and LR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 98 West Nantong Rd, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Clinical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Song-Chen Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 98 West Nantong Rd, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Clinical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Dou-Sheng Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 98 West Nantong Rd, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 98 West Nantong Rd, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng-Jie Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 98 West Nantong Rd, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Qing Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 98 West Nantong Rd, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Combining Preoperative Clinical and Imaging Characteristics to Predict MVI in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020246. [PMID: 36836479 PMCID: PMC9968216 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) is a rare form of primary liver malignancy. Microvascular invasion (MVI) indicates poor postsurgical prognosis in cHCC-CCA. The objective of this study was to investigate preoperative predictors of MVI in hepatitis B virus (HBV) -related cHCC-CCA patients. METHODS A total of 69 HBV-infected patients with pathologically confirmed cHCC-CCA who underwent hepatectomy were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine independent risk factors that were then incorporated into the predictive model associated with MVI. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to assess the predictive performance of the new model. RESULTS For the multivariate analysis, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (OR, 3.69; p = 0.034), multiple nodules (OR, 4.41; p = 0.042) and peritumoral enhancement (OR, 6.16; p = 0.004) were independently associated with MVI. Active replication of HBV indicated by positive HBeAg showed no differences between MVI-positive and MVI-negative patients. The prediction score using the independent predictors achieved an area under the curve of 0.813 (95% CI 0.717-0.908). A significantly lower recurrence-free survival was observed in the high-risk group with a score of ≥1 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, peritumoral enhancement and multiple nodules were independent preoperative predictors of MVI in HBV-related cHCC-CCA patients. The established prediction score demonstrated satisfactory performance in predicting MVI pre-operatively and may facilitate prognostic stratification.
Collapse
|
6
|
Deng G, Ren JK, Wang HT, Deng L, Chen ZB, Fan YW, Tang YJ, Zhang T, Tang D. Tumor burden score dictates prognosis of patients with combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma undergoing hepatectomy. Front Oncol 2023; 12:977111. [PMID: 36755864 PMCID: PMC9900097 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.977111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prognostic value of the tumor burden score (TBS) in patients with combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impact of TBS on long-term outcomes after surgery. Methods Patients who underwent radical-intent resection between June 2013 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to analyze patient survival, and disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were examined in relation to TBS. Results A total of 178 patients were included in this study, with 119 in the training cohort and 59 in the validation cohort. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that TBS was a strong prognostic indicator in patients with cHCC-CCA. Elevated TBS was associated with poorer DFS and OS (both P-value < 0.001) and was identified as an independent prognostic indicator. In addition, the prognostic value of TBS outperformed tumor size and number alone, microvascular invasion, and lymph node invasion. The prognostic significance of TBS was confirmed by the internal validation cohort. Conclusions The present study suggested the significance of tumor morphology in assessing the prognosis of patients with cHCC-CCA who undergoing curative resection. The TBS is a promising prognostic index in patients with cHCC-CCA. Elevated TBS was related to a lower long-term survival rate and was identified as an independent risk factor for poor DFS and OS. Further research is needed to verify our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Deng
- Department of General Surgery, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun-kai Ren
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-tao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Deng
- Department of General Surgery, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zu-bing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - You-wen Fan
- Department of General Surgery, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ya-jun Tang
- Department of General Surgery, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Di Tang, ; Tong Zhang,
| | - Di Tang
- Department of General Surgery, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Di Tang, ; Tong Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou C, Lu X, Wang Y, Qian X, Yang C, Zeng M. Histopathological components correlated with MRI features and prognosis in combined hepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma. Eur Radiol 2022; 32:6702-6711. [PMID: 35976399 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-09065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To distinguish MR features according to different proportions of the histopathological hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) component and to investigate whether the proportion of the HCC component can predict the prognosis of patients with cHCC-CCA. METHODS The study enrolled 106 cHCC-CCA patients confirmed by histopathology. The MR imaging features and clinicopathological findings were retrospectively evaluated and compared between two subgroups with different proportions of the HCC component. The recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and compared using the log-rank test. Moreover, whether the proportion of the HCC component was a predictor of RFS and OS was investigated using Cox regression analyses. RESULTS The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) category 4/5 was more prevalent in cHCC-CCAs with an HCC component > 50% (odds ratio (OR) = 5.559, p = 0.018), 70% (OR = 4.031, p = 0.008), and 90% (OR = 6.282, p = 0.012) than in those with an HCC component ≤ 50%, 70%, and 90%, respectively. In addition, cHCC-CCAs with an HCC component > 70% (HR: 0.241, p = 0.023) had a better OS prognosis than those with an HCC component ≤ 70%. CONCLUSIONS cHCC-CCAs categorized as LR-4/5 are mainly composed of HCC component, and cHCC-CCAs with an HCC component > 70% are associated with better OS than those with an HCC component ≤ 70%. These findings suggest that the proportion of HCC or CCA component can predict the prognosis of cHCC-CCA patients. KEY POINTS • cHCC-CCAs categorized as LR-4/5 are mainly composed of HCC component. • cHCC-CCAs with an HCC component > 70% are associated with better OS than those with an HCC component ≤ 70%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changwu Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianling Qian
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mengsu Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xia T, Li K, Niu N, Shao Y, Ding D, Thomas DL, Jing H, Fujiwara K, Hu H, Osipov A, Yuan C, Wolfgang CL, Thompson ED, Anders RA, He J, Mou Y, Murphy AG, Zheng L. Immune cell atlas of cholangiocarcinomas reveals distinct tumor microenvironments and associated prognoses. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:37. [PMID: 35346322 PMCID: PMC8962046 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy has demonstrated a limited clinical efficacy in approximately 5% of cholangiocarcinoma. The main challenges for an effective immunotherapy response in cholangiocarcinoma arise from the tumor microenvironment, which is poorly understood. METHODS For a comprehensive analysis of the tumor microenvironment in cholangiocarcinoma, we performed multiplex immunohistochemistry with two 15-marker immune panels and Nanostring assays for a comprehensive analysis of 104 surgically resected cholangiocarcinomas including intrahepatic, hilar, and distal cholangiocarcinoma. We also validated some key findings with a batch integration analysis of published single cell RNA sequencing data. RESULTS This study found that natural killer cells occupy the largest immune cell compartment in cholangiocarcinoma. Granzyme-B+CD8+ effector T cells are significantly associated with better overall survival in both intrahepatic and distal cholangiocarcinoma. Above 85% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas with higher density of PD-1-EOMES-CD8+ effector T cells are associated with long-term survival. However, only the density of PD-1-EOMES-CD8+ T cells in the tumor areas, but not in the peripheries of the tumors, is prognostic. In all three cholangiocarcinoma subtypes, T regulator cells are significantly associated with a poor prognosis; however, M1 and M2 tumor-associated macrophages or PD-L1+ tumor-associated macrophage demonstrate different prognostic values. Combining PD-L1+ M1 or M2, PD-L1- M1 or M2 tumor-associated macrophages, and T regulator cells to subgroup intrahepatic and distal cholangiocarcinoma, the prognosis is significantly better distinguished. Moreover, PD-L1- M2 tumor-associated macrophages is associated with a good prognosis in intrahepatic and distal cholangiocarcinoma, suggesting this subtype of M2 tumor-associated macrophages may be antitumoral. Interestingly, lower densities of various types of immunosuppressive cells are associated with decreased infiltration of effector T cells in distal and hilar cholangiocarcinoma, but not in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, PD-L1+ tumor-associated macrophages exert their immunosuppressive function likely through promoting T cell exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the densities of Granzyme-B+CD8+ effector T cells and non-exhausted PD-1-EOMES-CD8+ T cells and the PD-L1 status in the tumor-associated macrophages are prognostic makers in cholangiocarcinomas. The study also supports targeting PD-L1+ tumor-associated macrophages as the immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xia
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, and Cancer Center, The Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and the Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keyu Li
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Niu
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, and Cancer Center, The Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and the Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingkuan Shao
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Zhejiang University Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dwayne L Thomas
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hao Jing
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenji Fujiwara
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haijie Hu
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arsen Osipov
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chunhui Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher L Wolfgang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Anders
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jin He
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiping Mou
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, and Cancer Center, The Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and the Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Adrian G Murphy
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB1 Room 351, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou C, Wang Y, Ma L, Qian X, Yang C, Zeng M. Combined hepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma: MRI features correlated with tumor biomarkers and prognosis. Eur Radiol 2021; 32:78-88. [PMID: 34279688 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine how MRI features are correlated to biomarkers, and to the prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in combined hepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) patients. METHODS The study enrolled 160 cHCC-CCA patients pathologically confirmed according to the 2019 WHO classification. The preoperative MRI features and clinical data were retrospectively evaluated and compared between patients grouped by AFP or CA19-9 level and with pathological findings. The RFS and OS of cHCC-CCA patients were estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and compared using the log-rank test. Moreover, predictors of RFS and OS were investigated using Cox regression analyses. RESULTS One hundred and sixty patients (mean age, males vs. females: 55.7 ± 10.2 years vs. 54.9 ± 14.0 years) were evaluated. The incidence of nodule-in-nodule architecture, mosaic architecture, intratumoral hemorrhage, hepatic capsule retraction, arterial phase peritumoral enhancement, and portal vein thrombus was significantly higher in patients with AFP > 20 ng/ml (all p < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that age (HR 1.031, p = 0.03), CA19-9 > 37 U/ml (HR 1.880, p = 0.04), arterial phase peritumoral enhancement (HR 2.287, p = 0.01), and delayed enhancement (HR 0.377, p = 0.02) were independent predictors of poor RFS, while arterial phase peripheral enhancement (HR 2.391, p = 0.04) was an independent predictor of poor OS. CONCLUSIONS cHCC-CCA imaging features are complex and not correlated with AFP or CA19-9. Age, CA19-9 > 37 U/ml, arterial phase peritumoral enhancement, and delayed enhancement are independent predictors of poor RFS. Arterial phase peripheral enhancement is an independent predictor of poor OS. KEY POINTS • The imaging features of combined hepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma are complex and are not correlated with the alpha fetoprotein or CA19-9 levels. • Age, CA19-9 > 37 U/ml, arterial phase peritumoral enhancement, and delayed enhancement are independent predictors of poor recurrence-free survival in combined hepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma patients. • Arterial phase peripheral enhancement is an independent predictor of poor overall survival in patients with combined hepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changwu Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianling Qian
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Mengsu Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang J, Li Z, Liao Y, Li J, Dong H, Peng H, Xu W, Fan Z, Gao F, Liu C, Liu D, Zhang Y. Prediction of Survival and Analysis of Prognostic Factors for Patients With Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma: A Population-Based Study. Front Oncol 2021; 11:686972. [PMID: 34336671 PMCID: PMC8322675 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.686972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (CHC) is an uncommon subtype of primary liver cancer. Because of limited epidemiological data, prognostic risk factors and therapeutic strategies for patients with CHC tend to be individualized. This study aimed to identify independent prognostic factors and develop a nomogram-based model for predicting the overall survival (OS) of patients with CHC. Methods We recruited eligible individuals from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2004 and 2015 and randomly divided them into the training or verification cohort. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent variables associated with OS. Based on multivariate analysis, the nomogram was established, and its prediction performance was evaluated using the consistency index (C-index) and calibration curve. Results In total, 271 patients with CHC were included in our study. The median OS was 14 months, and the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 52.3%, 27.1%, and 23.3%, respectively. In the training cohort, multivariate analysis showed that the pathological grade (hazard ratio [HR], 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96–1.66), TNM stage (HR, 1.21; 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.44), and surgery (HR, 0.26; 95% CI: 0.17 - 0.40) were independent indicators of OS. The nomogram-based model related C-indexes were 0.76 (95% CI: 0.72 - 0.81) and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.66 - 0.79) in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. The calibration of the nomogram showed good consistency of 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates between the actual observed survival and predicted survival in both cohorts. The TNM stage (HR, 1.23; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.49), and M stage (HR, 1.87; 95% CI: 1.14 3.05) were risk factors in the surgical treatment group. Surgical resection and liver transplantation could significantly prolong the survival, with no statistical difference observed. Conclusions The pathological grade, TNM stage, and surgery were independent prognostic factors for patients with CHC. We developed a nomogram model, in the form of a static nomogram or an online calculator, for predicting the OS of patients with CHC, with a good predictive performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitao Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Xingtai Institute of Cancer Control, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Infection Management, Xingtai General Hospital of North China Healthcare Group, Xingtai, China
| | - Yong Liao
- Xingtai Institute of Cancer Control, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Xingtai Institute of Cancer Control, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Peng
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Fan
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengxiao Gao
- Xingtai Institute of Cancer Control, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Xingtai Institute of Cancer Control, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Dengxiang Liu
- Xingtai Institute of Cancer Control, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Yewei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang F, Hu KS, Lu SX, Li M, Chen RX, Ren ZG, Shi YH, Yin X. Prognostic significance of preoperative systemic immune-inflammation index in combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2021; 31:211-225. [PMID: 33896819 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-200643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation-based prognostic scores have been increasingly used for prognosis prediction in malignant tumors. However, no existing study has comprehensively evaluated these scores in combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify a robust inflammation-based prognostic predictor for cHCC-CCA. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 220 patients pathologically confirmed as Allen type C cHCC-CCA. The univariate and multivariate analyses were used to explore the associations between clinical variables and prognosis of cHCC-CCA. The propensity score-matching (PSM) was performed to reduce the effects of potential cofounders and selection bias. Finally, the predictive values of different inflammation-based indices were compared by using time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) were identified as independent prognostic predictors in multivariate analysis. After PSM, the survival differences were still significant between SII-high group and SII-low group (P= 0.016 for RFS and P= 0.001 for OS). Further ROC analysis showed that the SII harbored the largest 1-, 3- and 5-year area under the curves (AUC) values as compared with other scores. CONCLUSIONS The SII may serve as a preferable predictor of both recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with cHCC-CCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Shu Hu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen-Xin Lu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Li
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong-Xin Chen
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Gang Ren
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Hong Shi
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|