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Sepúlveda D, Hansen MJ, Dalsgaard I, Skov J, Lorenzen N. Antigenic variability of Vibrio anguillarum serotype O2a: A hurdle for vaccine efficacy against vibriosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:300-311. [PMID: 36202204 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite vaccination, outbreaks of vibriosis still occur in sea-reared rainbow trout in Denmark. Vibriosis outbreaks are caused mainly by V. anguillarum serotypes O1 and O2a, and bacterins of both serotypes are included in the commonly used vaccine against this disease in Danish aquaculture. However, while the strains belonging to serotype O1 are genetically similar, the strains belonging to serotype O2a are highly diverse. This work aimed first at examining how the antibody response and protection induced by bacterin-based vaccines were affected by the antigenic variability within V. anguillarum serotype O2a strains. Following vaccination of rainbow trout with either a commercial or an experimental vaccine, specific antibody reactivity in serum from vaccinated fish was examined by ELISA against 23 strains of V. anguillarum serotype O2a (VaO2a). The strains were divided into 4 distinct subgroups according to the observed detection pattern. Seven strains were strongly recognized only by sera from fish vaccinated with the experimental vaccine (EV-I antisera), while 13 other strains were primarily recognized by sera from fish vaccinated with the commercial vaccine (CV antisera). Two strains were recognized by both EV-I and CV antisera, but with intermediate reactivity, while one strain was not recognized at all. A partly similar recognition pattern was observed when purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as antigen in the examination of antibody reactivity in Western blotting. The level of protection was highly dependent on both the vaccine and the strain used for challenge and showed no consistent correlation with antibody reactivity. Secondly, we attempted to use a bacterin vaccine based on one of the V. anguillarum O2a strains intermediately recognized by both EV-I and CV antisera to investigate whether that could potentially provide protection across strain variability. The immunized fish did mount a cross-reactive antibody response, but protection still varied depending on the strain used for challenge. Interestingly, the grouping of strains according to antibody reactivity correlated not only with genotyping based on single nucleotides polymorphisms analysis (SNP) but also with variability in the accessory genome, indicating that presence or absence of protein antigens or proteins associated with the biosynthesis of antigenic epitopes may explain the observed distinct serological subgrouping within VaO2a strains by trout immune sera. In terms of vaccination against VaO2a, our results demonstrate that it is important to take (local) antigen variations into account when using bacterin-based vaccines but also that alternatives to traditional bacterin-based vaccines might be needed to induce protection against the highly virulent Vibrio anguillarum serotype O2a strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagoberto Sepúlveda
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Mie Johanne Hansen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels Lorenzen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
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Liu J, Li W, Yao C, Yu J, Zhang H. Comparative genomic analysis revealed genetic divergence between Bifidobacterium catenulatum subspecies present in infant versus adult guts. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:158. [PMID: 35710325 PMCID: PMC9202165 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The two subspecies of Bifidobacterium catenulatum, B. catenulatum subsp. kashiwanohense and B. catenulatum subsp. catenulatum, are usually from the infant and adult gut, respectively. However, the genomic analysis of their functional difference and genetic divergence has been rare. Here, 16 B. catenulatum strains, including 2 newly sequenced strains, were analysed through comparative genomics. RESULTS A phylogenetic tree based on 785 core genes indicated that the two subspecies of B. catenulatum were significantly separated. The comparison of genomic characteristics revealed that the two subspecies had significantly different genomic sizes (p < 0.05) but similar GC contents. The functional comparison revealed the most significant difference in genes of carbohydrate utilisation. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZyme) present two clustering patterns in B. catenulatum. The B. catenulatum subsp. kashiwanohense specially including the glycoside hydrolases 95 (GH95) and carbohydrate-binding modules 51 (CBM51) families involved in the metabolism of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) common in infants, also, the corresponding fucosylated HMO gene clusters were detected. Meanwhile, B. catenulatum subsp. catenulatum rich in GH3 may metabolise more plant-derived glycan in the adult intestine. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide genomic evidence of carbohydrate utilisation bias, which may be a key cause of the genetic divergence of two B. catenulatum subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Weicheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Caiqing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
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Hansen MJ, Kudirkiene E, Dalsgaard I. Analysis of 44 Vibrio anguillarum genomes reveals high genetic diversity. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10451. [PMID: 33344086 PMCID: PMC7719292 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibriosis, a hemorrhagic septicemic disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio anguillarum, is an important bacterial infection in Danish sea-reared rainbow trout. Despite of vaccination, outbreaks still occur, likely because the vaccine is based on V. anguillarum strains from abroad/other hosts than rainbow trout. Information about the genetic diversity of V. anguillarum specifically in Danish rainbow trout, is required to investigate this claim. Consequently, the aim of the present investigation was to sequence and to characterize a collection of 44 V. anguillarum strains obtained primarily from vibriosis outbreaks in Danish rainbow trout. The strains were sequenced, de novo assembled, and the genomes examined for the presence of plasmids, virulence, and acquired antibiotic resistance genes. To investigate the phylogeny, single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified, and the pan-genome was calculated. All strains carried tet(34) encoding tetracycline resistance, and 36 strains also contained qnrVC6 for increased fluoroquinolone/quinolone resistance. But interestingly, all strains were phenotypic sensitive to both oxytetracycline and oxolinic acid. Almost all serotype O1 strains contained a pJM1-like plasmid and nine serotype O2A strains carried the plasmid p15. The distribution of virulence genes was rather similar across the strains, although evident variance among serotypes was observed. Most significant, almost all serotype O2 and O3 strains, as well as the serotype O1 strain without a pJM1-like plasmid, carried genes encoding piscibactin biosynthesis. Hence supporting the hypothesis, that piscibactin plays a crucial role in virulence for pathogenic strains lacking the anguibactin system. The phylogenetic analysis and pan-genome calculations revealed great diversity within V. anguillarum. Serotype O1 strains were in general very similar, whereas considerable variation was found among serotype O2A strains. The great diversity within the V. anguillarum serotype O2A genomes is most likely the reason why vaccines provide good protection from some strains, but not from others. Hopefully, the new genomic data and knowledge provided in this study might help develop an optimized vaccine against V. anguillarum in the future to reduce the use of antibiotics, minimize economic losses and improve the welfare of the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Johanne Hansen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Whole-Genome Analysis of Clinical Vibrio cholerae O1 in Kolkata, India, and Dhaka, Bangladesh, Reveals Two Lineages of Circulating Strains, Indicating Variation in Genomic Attributes. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01227-20. [PMID: 33172996 PMCID: PMC7667034 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01227-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera continues to be a global concern, as large epidemics have occurred recently in Haiti, Yemen, and countries of sub-Saharan Africa. A single lineage of Vibrio cholerae O1 has been considered to be introduced into these regions from South Asia and to cause the spread of cholera. Using genomic epidemiology, we showed that two distinct lineages exist in Bengal, one of which is linked to the global lineage. The other lineage was found only in Iran, Iraq, and countries in Asia and differed from the global lineage regarding cholera toxin variant and drug resistance profile. Therefore, the potential transmission of this lineage to other regions would likely cause worldwide cholera spread and may result in this lineage replacing the current global lineage. Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 is responsible for epidemic and pandemic cholera and remains a global public health threat. This organism has been well established as a resident flora of the aquatic environment that alters its phenotypic and genotypic attributes for better adaptation to the environment. To reveal the diversity of clinical isolates of V. cholerae O1 in the Bay of Bengal, we performed whole-genome sequencing of isolates from Kolkata, India, and Dhaka, Bangladesh, collected between 2009 and 2016. Comparison with global isolates by phylogenetic analysis placed the current isolates in two Asian lineages, with lineages 1 and 2 predominant in Dhaka and Kolkata, respectively. Each lineage possessed different genetic traits in the cholera toxin B subunit gene, Vibrio seventh pandemic island II, integrative and conjugative element, and antibiotic-resistant genes. Thus, although recent global transmission of V. cholerae O1 from South Asia has been attributed only to isolates of lineage 2, another distinct lineage exists in Bengal.
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Vasquez I, Cao T, Chakraborty S, Gnanagobal H, O’Brien N, Monk J, Boyce D, Westcott JD, Santander J. Comparative Genomics Analysis of Vibrio anguillarum Isolated from Lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus) in Newfoundland Reveal Novel Chromosomal Organizations. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1666. [PMID: 33121102 PMCID: PMC7716436 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio anguillarum is a Gram-negative marine pathogen causative agent of vibriosis in a wide range of hosts, including invertebrates and teleosts. Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus), a native fish of the North Atlantic Ocean, is utilized as cleaner fish to control sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestations in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture industry. V. anguillarum is one of the most frequent bacterial pathogens affecting lumpfish. Here, we described the phenotype and genomic characteristics of V. anguillarum strain J360 isolated from infected cultured lumpfish in Newfoundland, Canada. Koch's postulates determined in naïve lumpfish showed lethal acute vibriosis in lumpfish. The V. anguillarum J360 genome was shown to be composed of two chromosomes and two plasmids with a total genome size of 4.56 Mb with 44.85% G + C content. Phylogenetic and comparative analyses showed that V. anguillarum J360 is closely related to V. anguillarum strain VIB43, isolated in Scotland, with a 99.8% genome identity. Differences in the genomic organization were identified and associated with insertion sequence elements (ISs). Additionally, V. anguillarum J360 does not possess a pJM1-like plasmid, typically present in virulent isolates from the Pacific Ocean, suggesting that acquisition of this extrachromosomal element and the virulence of V. anguillarum J360 or other Atlantic isolates could increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Vasquez
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, Logy Bay, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (I.V.); (T.C.); (S.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Trung Cao
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, Logy Bay, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (I.V.); (T.C.); (S.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Setu Chakraborty
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, Logy Bay, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (I.V.); (T.C.); (S.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Hajarooba Gnanagobal
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, Logy Bay, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (I.V.); (T.C.); (S.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Nicole O’Brien
- Department of Fisheries and Land Resources, Aquatic Animal Health Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, NL A1E 3Y5, Canada;
| | - Jennifer Monk
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building (JBARB), Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Logy Bay, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (J.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Danny Boyce
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building (JBARB), Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Logy Bay, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (J.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Jillian D. Westcott
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3, Canada;
| | - Javier Santander
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, Logy Bay, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (I.V.); (T.C.); (S.C.); (H.G.)
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Coyle NM, Bartie KL, Bayliss SC, Bekaert M, Adams A, McMillan S, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Desbois AP, Feil EJ. A Hopeful Sea-Monster: A Very Large Homologous Recombination Event Impacting the Core Genome of the Marine Pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1430. [PMID: 32695083 PMCID: PMC7336808 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio anguillarum is the causative agent of vibriosis in many species important to aquaculture. We generated whole genome sequence (WGS) data on a diverse collection of 64 V. anguillarum strains, which we supplemented with 41 publicly available genomes to produce a combined dataset of 105 strains. These WGS data resolved six major lineages (L1-L6), and the additional use of multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) clarified the association of L1 with serotype O1 and Salmonidae hosts (salmon/trout), and L2 with serotypes O2a/O2b/O2c and Gadidae hosts (cod). Our analysis also revealed a large-scale homologous replacement of 526-kb of core genome in an L2 strain from a con-specific donor. Although the strains affected by this recombination event are exclusively associated with Gadidae, we find no clear genetic evidence that it has played a causal role in host specialism. Whilst it is established that Vibrio species freely recombine, to our knowledge this is the first report of a contiguous recombinational replacement of this magnitude in any Vibrio genome. We also note a smaller accessory region of high single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density and gene content variation that contains lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis genes which may play a role in determining serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Coyle
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry L Bartie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Sion C Bayliss
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Michaël Bekaert
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart McMillan
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew P Desbois
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J Feil
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Zago V, Veschetti L, Patuzzo C, Malerba G, Lleo MM. Resistome, Mobilome and Virulome Analysis of Shewanella algae and Vibrio spp. Strains Isolated in Italian Aquaculture Centers. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040572. [PMID: 32326629 PMCID: PMC7232470 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health concern restricted not only to healthcare settings but also to veterinary and environmental ones. In this study, we analyzed, by whole genome sequencing (WGS) the resistome, mobilome and virulome of 12 multidrug-resistant (MDR) marine strains belonging to Shewanellaceae and Vibrionaceae families collected at aquaculture centers in Italy. The results evidenced the presence of several resistance mechanisms including enzyme and efflux pump systems conferring resistance to beta-lactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, polymyxins, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin, erythromycin, detergents and heavy metals. Mobilome analysis did not find circular elements but class I integrons, integrative and conjugative element (ICE) associated modules, prophages and different insertion sequence (IS) family transposases. These mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are usually present in other aquatic bacteria but also in Enterobacteriaceae suggesting their transferability among autochthonous and allochthonous bacteria of the resilient microbiota. Regarding the presence of virulence factors, hemolytic activity was detected both in the Shewanella algae and in Vibrio spp. strains. To conclude, these data indicate the role as a reservoir of resistance and virulence genes in the environment of the aquatic microbiota present in the examined Italian fish farms that potentially might be transferred to bacteria of medical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zago
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Laura Veschetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; (L.V.); (C.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Cristina Patuzzo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; (L.V.); (C.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; (L.V.); (C.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria M. Lleo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-045-802-7194
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Balado M, Lages MA, Fuentes-Monteverde JC, Martínez-Matamoros D, Rodríguez J, Jiménez C, Lemos ML. The Siderophore Piscibactin Is a Relevant Virulence Factor for Vibrio anguillarum Favored at Low Temperatures. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1766. [PMID: 30116232 PMCID: PMC6083037 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio anguillarum causes vibriosis, a hemorrhagic septicaemia that affects many cultured marine fish species worldwide. Two catechol siderophores, vanchrobactin and anguibactin, were previously identified in this bacterium. While vanchrobactin is a chromosomally encoded system widespread in all pathogenic and environmental strains, anguibactin is a plasmid-encoded system restricted to serotype O1 strains. In this work, we have characterized, from a serotype O2 strain producing vanchrobactin, a novel genomic island containing a cluster of genes that would encode the synthesis of piscibactin, a siderophore firstly described in the fish pathogen Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. The chemical characterization of this siderophore confirmed that some strains of V. anguillarum produce piscibactin. An in silico analysis of the available genomes showed that this genomic island is present in many of the highly pathogenic V. anguillarum strains lacking the anguibactin system. The construction of single and double biosynthetic mutants for vanchrobactin and piscibactin allowed us to study the contribution of each siderophore to iron uptake, cell fitness, and virulence. Although both siderophores are simultaneously produced, piscibactin constitute a key virulence factor to infect fish, while vanchrobactin seems to have a secondary role in virulence. In addition, a transcriptional analysis of the gene cluster encoding piscibactin in V. anguillarum showed that synthesis of this siderophore is favored at low temperatures, being the transcriptional activity of the biosynthetic genes three-times higher at 18°C than at 25°C. We also show that iron levels and temperature contribute to balance the synthesis of both siderophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Balado
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Aquaculture, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta A Lages
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Aquaculture, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan C Fuentes-Monteverde
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Center for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Diana Martínez-Matamoros
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Center for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jaime Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Center for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Center for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Manuel L Lemos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Aquaculture, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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