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A cytogenetic photomap from ovarian nurse cell polytene chromosome of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae): a comparative study. THE NUCLEUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-018-0241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Sim S, Ramirez JL, Dimopoulos G. Molecular discrimination of mosquito vectors and their pathogens. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 9:757-65. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Shi YY, Sun LX, Huang ZY, Wu XB, Zhu YQ, Zheng HJ, Zeng ZJ. A SNP based high-density linkage map of Apis cerana reveals a high recombination rate similar to Apis mellifera. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76459. [PMID: 24130775 PMCID: PMC3794977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Eastern honey bee, Apis cerana Fabricius, is distributed in southern and eastern Asia, from India and China to Korea and Japan and southeast to the Moluccas. This species is also widely kept for honey production besides Apis mellifera. Apis cerana is also a model organism for studying social behavior, caste determination, mating biology, sexual selection, and host-parasite interactions. Few resources are available for molecular research in this species, and a linkage map was never constructed. A linkage map is a prerequisite for quantitative trait loci mapping and for analyzing genome structure. We used the Chinese honey bee, Apis cerana cerana to construct the first linkage map in the Eastern honey bee. Results F2 workers (N = 103) were genotyped for 126,990 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). After filtering low quality and those not passing the Mendel test, we obtained 3,000 SNPs, 1,535 of these were informative and used to construct a linkage map. The preliminary map contains 19 linkage groups, we then mapped the 19 linkage groups to 16 chromosomes by comparing the markers to the genome of A. mellfiera. The final map contains 16 linkage groups with a total of 1,535 markers. The total genetic distance is 3,942.7 centimorgans (cM) with the largest linkage group (180 loci) measuring 574.5 cM. Average marker interval for all markers across the 16 linkage groups is 2.6 cM. Conclusion We constructed a high density linkage map for A. c. cerana with 1,535 markers. Because the map is based on SNP markers, it will enable easier and faster genotyping assays than randomly amplified polymorphic DNA or microsatellite based maps used in A. mellifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan Shi
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liang Xian Sun
- Molecular Biology and Pharmacology Key Laboratory of Fujian Advanced Education, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zachary Y. Huang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xiao Bo Wu
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yong Qiang Zhu
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Jun Zheng
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (HJZ); (ZJZ)
| | - Zhi Jiang Zeng
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- * E-mail: (HJZ); (ZJZ)
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Sharakhova MV, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Xia A, Ndo C, Awono-Ambene P, Simard F, Sharakhov IV. Cytogenetic map for Anopheles nili: application for population genetics and comparative physical mapping. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2011; 11:746-54. [PMID: 20603229 PMCID: PMC3036789 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles nili is one of the major malaria vectors in Africa with a wide geographic distribution. However, the taxonomic and population genetic studies on this species are scarce. New research tools are urgently needed to genetically characterize this important malaria vector. In this study, a high-resolution cytogenetic map was developed for An. nili polytene chromosomes. Chromosomes were straightened and subdivided into 46 numbered divisions according to the banding pattern. Population analysis of An. nili females collected in Burkina Faso revealed the presence of two highly polymorphic inversions on the 2R chromosomal arm. A statistically significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to a deficit in heterozygotes was detected for inversion 2Rb. To determine chromosome homologies and gene order conservation between An. nili and other major malaria vectors, PCR probes based on the An. gambiae coding sequences were mapped to An. nili chromosomes. Comparative mapping demonstrated that An. nili chromosomes have an An. stephensi-like arm association and that whole-arm translocations and paracentric inversions were the major types of rearrangement in evolution of these mosquitoes. The minimum number of fixed inversions among An. nili, An. gambiae, and An. stephensi was calculated using the Multiple Genome Rearrangements (MGR), Genome Rearrangements In Man and Mouse (GRIMM), and Sorting Permutation by Reversals and block-INterchanGes (SPRING) programs. The data suggest that the An. nili is, at least, as diverged from An. gambiae as An. stephensi. We provide evidence that 2La/a arrangement of An. gambiae is present in outgroup species An. nili and An. stephensi confirming the ancestral status of the 2La inversion in the An. gambiae complex. Availability of the new polytene chromosome map, polymorphic inversions, and physically mapped DNA markers for An. nili will further stimulate population genetic, taxonomic, and genomic studies of this neglected malaria vector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ai Xia
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Malaria Research Laboratory OCEAC, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), RU#16, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Frederic Simard
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), RU#16, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Sharakhova MV, Xia A, Tu Z, Shouche YS, Unger MF, Sharakhov IV. A physical map for an Asian malaria mosquito, Anopheles stephensi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83:1023-7. [PMID: 21036831 PMCID: PMC2963963 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical mapping is a useful approach for studying genome organization and evolution as well as for genome sequence assembly. The availability of polytene chromosomes in malaria mosquitoes provides a unique opportunity to develop high-resolution physical maps. We report a 0.6-Mb-resolution physical map consisting of 422 DNA markers hybridized to 379 chromosomal sites of the Anopheles stephensi polytene chromosomes. This makes An. stephensi second only to Anopheles gambiae in density of a physical map among malaria mosquitoes. Three hundred sixty-three (363) probes hybridized to single chromosomal sites, whereas 59 clones yielded multiple signals. This physical map provided a suitable basis for comparative genomics, which was used for determining inversion breakpoints, duplications, and origin of novel genes across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Sharakhova
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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Genome-based microsatellite development in the Culex pipiens complex and comparative microsatellite frequency with Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20927334 PMCID: PMC2948009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquitoes in the Culex pipiens complex are among the most medically important vectors for human disease worldwide and include major vectors for lymphatic filariasis and West Nile virus transmission. However, detailed genetic studies in the complex are limited by the number of genetic markers available. Here, we describe methods for the rapid and efficient identification and development of single locus, highly polymorphic microsatellite markers for Cx. pipiens complex mosquitoes via in silico screening of the Cx. quinquefasciatus genome sequence. Methodology/Principal Findings Six lab colonies representing four Cx. pipiens and two Cx. quinquefasciatus populations were utilized for preliminary assessment of 38 putative loci identified within 16 Cx. quinquefasciatus supercontig assemblies (CpipJ1) containing previously mapped genetic marker sequences. We identified and validated 12 new microsatellite markers distributed across all three linkage groups that amplify consistently among strains representing the complex. We also developed four groups of 3–5 microsatellite loci each for multiplex-ready PCR. Field collections from three cities in Indiana were used to assess the multiplex groups for their application to natural populations. All were highly polymorphic (Mean = 13.0 alleles) per locus and reflected high polymorphism information content (PIC) (Mean = 0.701). Pairwise FST indicated population structuring between Terre Haute and Fort Wayne and between Terre Haute and Indianapolis, but not between Fort Wayne and Indianapolis. In addition, we performed whole genome comparisons of microsatellite motifs and abundance between Cx. quinquefasciatus and the primary vectors for dengue virus and malaria parasites, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae, respectively. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrate a systematic approach for isolation and validation of microsatellites for the Cx. pipiens complex by direct screen of the Cx. quinquefasciatus genome supercontig assemblies. The genome density of microsatellites is greater in Cx. quinquefasciatus (0.26%) than in Ae. aegypti (0.14%), but considerably lower than in An. gambiae (0.77%).
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Beaty BJ, Prager DJ, James AA, Jacobs-Lorena M, Miller LH, Law JH, Collins FH, Kafatos FC. From Tucson to genomics and transgenics: the vector biology network and the emergence of modern vector biology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e343. [PMID: 19333394 PMCID: PMC2659576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Beaty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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Wang-Sattler R, Blandin S, Ning Y, Blass C, Dolo G, Touré YT, Torre AD, Lanzaro GC, Steinmetz LM, Kafatos FC, Zheng L. Mosaic genome architecture of the Anopheles gambiae species complex. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1249. [PMID: 18043756 PMCID: PMC2082662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Attempts over the last three decades to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the Anopheles gambiae species complex have been important for developing better strategies to control malaria transmission. Methodology We used fingerprint genotyping data from 414 field-collected female mosquitoes at 42 microsatellite loci to infer the evolutionary relationships of four species in the A. gambiae complex, the two major malaria vectors A. gambiae sensu stricto (A. gambiae s.s.) and A. arabiensis, as well as two minor vectors, A. merus and A. melas. Principal Findings We identify six taxonomic units, including a clear separation of West and East Africa A. gambiae s.s. S molecular forms. We show that the phylogenetic relationships vary widely between different genomic regions, thus demonstrating the mosaic nature of the genome of these species. The two major malaria vectors are closely related and closer to A. merus than to A. melas at the genome-wide level, which is also true if only autosomes are considered. However, within the Xag inversion region of the X chromosome, the M and two S molecular forms are most similar to A. merus. Near the X centromere, outside the Xag region, the two S forms are highly dissimilar to the other taxa. Furthermore, our data suggest that the centromeric region of chromosome 3 is a strong discriminator between the major and minor malaria vectors. Conclusions Although further studies are needed to elucidate the basis of the phylogenetic variation among the different regions of the genome, the preponderance of sympatric admixtures among taxa strongly favor introgression of different genomic regions between species, rather than lineage sorting of ancestral polymorphism, as a possible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang-Sattler
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (RW); (FK)
| | | | - Ye Ning
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Blass
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guimogo Dolo
- Faculté de Médicine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-Stomatologie, Université du Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Yeya T. Touré
- Faculté de Médicine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-Stomatologie, Université du Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Alessandra della Torre
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Parassitologia, Università degli Studi di Roma-La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - Gregory C. Lanzaro
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | - Fotis C. Kafatos
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (RW); (FK)
| | - Liangbiao Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai, China
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Cytogenetic analysis of metaphase chromosomes from pupal testes of four mosquito species using fluorescence in situ hybridization technique (FISH). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-004-2394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Castiglioni L, de Campos Bicudo HEM. Molecular characterization, relatedness of Haematobia irritans (horn fly) populations, by RAPD-PCR. Genetica 2005; 124:11-21. [PMID: 16010999 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-004-4309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Haematobia irritans is a hematophagous parasite of cattle that causes significant economic losses in many parts of the world, including Brazil. In the present work, one American and four Brazilian populations of this species were studied by Random Amplified Polymorpht DNA (RAPD) to assess basically genetic variability within and between populations. Ten different decamer random primers were employed in the genomic DNA amplification, yielding 117 fragments in the five H. irritans populations. In Drosophila prosaltans, used as an outgroup, 81 fragments were produced. Forty-three of these fragments were shared by both species. Among the H. irritans samples, that from Rio Branco (Acre State, Brazil) produced the smallest numbers of fragments and polymorphic bands. This high genetic homogenity may be ascribed to its geographic origin (in the Northwest of Brazil), which causes high isolation and low gene flow, unlike the other Brazilian populations, from the South Central region, in which cattle trade is very intensive. Marker fragments (exclusive bands) detected in every sample enabled the population origin to be characterized, but they are also potentially useful for further approaches such as the putative origin of Brazilian populations from North America. Similarity indices [Nei & Li, 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 5269-5273] and phylogenetic trees, rooted by using the outgroup and produced by the Phylogenetic Analysis using Parsimony (PAUP 4.0-Swofford, 2001) program showed the closest relationships between flies from Sao Jose do Rio Preto and Turúba (both from São Paulo State, Brazil) while flies from the geographically distant Rio Branco showed the greatest differentiation relative to the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Castiglioni
- Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, IBILCE-Departamento de Biologia, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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Chaudhry S, Gupta S, Chhilar JS. Salivary polytene chromosome mapping ofAnopheles(Cellia)subpictusGrassi (Culicidae: Diptera). Genome 2005; 48:241-6. [PMID: 15838546 DOI: 10.1139/g04-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the introduction of molecular taxonomy of mosquitoes, polytene chromosome maps have become indispensable as standard references for locating genes, puffs, and inversion breakpoints of unique DNA sequences. We present a line map and a photomap of the salivary polytene chromosomes of Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus Grassi, an important emerging vector of malaria in India. In addition, we discuss the nature of this species complex consisting of sibling species A, B, C, and D. The comparative study is in relevance to the X chromosome heterozygous inversion differences between 2 allopatric populations of the species and the recognition of 4 X-chromosome inversion genotypes viz: species A–X+a+b, B–Xab, C–Xa+band D–X+ab.Key words: Anopheles subpictus, polytene chromosome map.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chaudhry
- Mosquito Cytogenetics Unit, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Ullmann AJ, Lima CMR, Guerrero FD, Piesman J, Black WC. Genome size and organization in the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis and the Southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 14:217-222. [PMID: 15796755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2005.00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Genome sizes and the organization of repetitive DNA were determined in the hard ticks Ixodes scapularis and Boophilus microplus using reassociation kinetics. The I. scapularis genome contains approximately 2.15 pg (2.1x10(3) Mbp) of DNA and consists of no foldback (FB), 27% highly repetitive (HR), 39% moderately repetitive (MR), and 34% unique DNA. The B. microplus genome contains 7.5 pg (7.1x10(3) Mbp) DNA, and consists of 0.82% FB, 31% HR, 38% MR, and 30% unique DNA. In both species, repetitive sequences occur in a mixture of long and short period interspersion but most (65-80%) of the DNA follows a pattern of short period interspersion. Genome size and organization in the three tick species so far examined are distinct from other arthropods in having a greater proportion of MR, a lower proportion of unique and HR DNA of very low sequence complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ullmann
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA.
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Solignac M, Vautrin D, Baudry E, Mougel F, Loiseau A, Cornuet JM. A microsatellite-based linkage map of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. Genetics 2005; 167:253-62. [PMID: 15166152 PMCID: PMC1470837 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.167.1.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A linkage map for the honeybee (Apis mellifera) was constructed mainly from the progeny of two hybrid queens (A. m. ligustica x A. m. mellifera). A total of 541 loci were mapped; 474 were microsatellite loci; a few were additional bands produced during PCRs, one of the two rDNA loci (using ITS), the MDH locus, and three sex-linked markers (Q and FB loci and one RAPD band). Twenty-four linkage groups were estimated of which 5 were minute (between 7.1 and 22.8 cM) and 19 were major groups (>76.5 cM). The number of major linkage groups exceeded by three the number of chromosomes of the complement (n = 16). The sum of the lengths of all linkage groups amounts to 4061 cM to which must be added at least 320 cM to link groups in excess, making a total of at least 4381 cM. The length of the largest linkage group I was 630 cM. The average density of markers was 7.5 cM and the average resolution was about one marker every 300 kb. For most of the large groups, the centromeric region was determined genetically, as described in (accompanying article in this issue), using half-tetrad analysis of thelytokous parthenogens in which diploid restoration occurs through central fusion. Several cases of segregation distortion that appreared to result from deleterious recessives were discovered. A low positive interference was also detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Solignac
- Laboratoire Populations, Génétique et Evolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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Carton Y, Nappi AJ, Poirie M. Genetics of anti-parasite resistance in invertebrates. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 29:9-32. [PMID: 15325520 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Revised: 04/21/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes and compares available data on genetic and molecular aspects of resistance in four well-described invertebrate host-parasite systems: snail-schistosome, mosquito-malaria, mosquito-filarial worm, and Drosophila-wasp associations. It underlies that the major components of the immune reaction, such as hemocyte proliferation and/or activation, and production of cytotoxic radicals are common to invertebrate hosts. Identifying genes responsible for naturally occurring resistance will then be helpful to understand the mechanisms of invertebrate immune defenses and to determine how virulence factors are used by parasites to overcome host resistance. Based on these four well-studied models, invertebrate resistance appears as generally determined by one major locus or a few loci, displaying at least partial dominance. Interestingly, specificity of resistance is highly variable and would involve processes other than simple recognition mechanisms. Finally, resistance was shown to be generally costly but is nevertheless observed at high frequencies in many natural populations, suggesting a high potential for host parasite coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Carton
- Laboratoire Populations, Génétique et Evolution, CNRS, 91198 Gif, Yvette, France.
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Zheng L, Wang S, Romans P, Zhao H, Luna C, Benedict MQ. Quantitative trait loci in Anopheles gambiae controlling the encapsulation response against Plasmodium cynomolgi Ceylon. BMC Genet 2003; 4:16. [PMID: 14577840 PMCID: PMC280672 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-4-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles gambiae females are the world's most successful vectors of human malaria. However, a fraction of these mosquitoes is refractory to Plasmodium development. L3-5, a laboratory selected refractory strain, encapsulates transforming ookinetes/early oocysts of a wide variety of Plasmodium species. Previous studies on these mosquitoes showed that one major (Pen1) and two minor (Pen2, Pen3) autosomal dominant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) control the melanotic encapsulation response against P. cynomolgi B, a simian malaria originating in Malaysia. Results We have investigated the response of L3-5 to infection with P. cynomolgi Ceylon, a different but related parasite species, in crosses with the susceptible strain 4Arr. Refractoriness to this parasite is incompletely recessive. Infection and genotyping of F2 intercross females at genome-spanning microsatellite loci revealed that 3 autosomal QTLs control encapsulation of this species. Two loci map to the regions containing Pen2 and Pen3. The novel QTL maps to chromosome 3R, probably to polytene division 32 or 33. Thus the relative contribution of any QTL to oocyst encapsulation varies with the species of parasite. Further, different QTLs were most readily identified in different F2 families. This, like the F1 data, suggests that L3-5 is not genetically homogeneous and that somewhat different pathways may be used to achieve an encapsulation response. Conclusion We have shown here that different QTLs are involved in responses against different Plasmodium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbiao Zheng
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shuang Wang
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patricia Romans
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Coralia Luna
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mark Q Benedict
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop F22, Chamblee, GA 30334, USA
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Yezerski A, Stevens L, Ametrano J. A genetic linkage map for Tribolium confusum based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs and recombinant inbred lines. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 12:517-526. [PMID: 12974957 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2003.00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tribolium beetles provide an excellent and easily manipulated model system for the study of genetics. However, despite significant increases in the availability of molecular markers for the study of genetics in recent years, a significant genetic linkage map for these beetles remains undeveloped. We present the first molecular genetic linkage map for Tribolium confusum using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. The linkage map contains 137 loci mapped on to eight linkage groups totaling 968.5 cM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yezerski
- King's College, Biology Department, 133 North River Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18711, USA.
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Ullmann AJ, Piesman J, Dolan MC, Iv WCB. A preliminary linkage map of the hard tick, Ixodes scapularis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 12:201-210. [PMID: 12653942 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2003.00402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A linkage map of the Ixodes scapularis genome was constructed, based upon segregation amongst 127 loci. These included 84 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, 32 Sequence-Tagged RAPD (STAR) markers, 5 cDNAs, and 5 microsatellites in 232 F1 intercross progeny from a single, field-collected P1 female. A preliminary linkage map of 616 cM was generated across 14 linkage groups with one marker every 10.8 cM. Assuming a genome size of approximately 109 bp, the relationship of physical to genetic distance was found to be approximately 300 kb/cM in the I. scapularis genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ullmann
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Genomics is the study of the structure and function of the genome: the set of genetic information encoded in the DNA of the nucleus and organelles of an organism. It is a dynamic field that combines traditional paths of inquiry with new approaches that would have been impossible without recent technological developments. Much of the recent focus has been on obtaining the sequence of entire genomes, determining the order and organization of the genes, and developing libraries that provide immediate physical access to any desired DNA fragment. This has enabled functional studies on a genome-wide level, including analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits, quantification of global patterns of gene expression, and systematic gene disruption projects. The successful contribution of genomics to problems in applied entomology requires the cooperation of the private and public sectors to build upon the knowledge derived from the Drosophila genome and effectively develop models for other insect Orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Heckel
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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19
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Abstract
Genome projects and associated technologies are now being established for mosquito species that are vectors of human disease. The recent announcement of an award by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to Celera Genomics to sequence the Anopheles gambiae genome will further accelerate the completion of the sequencing of this genome. Completion of the An. gambiae sequence will mean that the genomes of all three organisms involved in the transmission of falciparum malaria--the mosquito, the parasite, and the human--will have been sequenced. This will greatly facilitate the identification of genes and pathways involved in the transmission of malaria. The recent genetic transformation of An. gambiae with the piggyBac transposable element and the transformation of another important malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi using the Minos element, now provide researchers with powerful tools with which to genetically manipulate these medically important vector species. Here we review the recent progress made in the extension of contemporary tools of modern genetics and genomics into these medically important insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Atkinson
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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20
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Bolshakov VN, Topalis P, Blass C, Kokoza E, della Torre A, Kafatos FC, Louis C. A comparative genomic analysis of two distant diptera, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Genome Res 2002; 12:57-66. [PMID: 11779831 PMCID: PMC155254 DOI: 10.1101/gr.196101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genome evolution entails changes in the DNA sequence of genes and intergenic regions, changes in gene numbers, and also changes in gene order along the chromosomes. Genes are reshuffled by chromosomal rearrangements such as deletions/insertions, inversions, translocations, and transpositions. Here we report a comparative study of genome organization in the main African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, relative to the recently determined sequence of the Drosophila melanogaster genome. The ancestral lines of these two dipteran insects are thought to have separated approximately 250 Myr, a long period that makes this genome comparison especially interesting. Sequence comparisons have identified 113 pairs of putative orthologs of the two species. Chromosomal mapping of orthologous genes reveals that each polytene chromosome arm has a homolog in the other species. Between 41% and 73% of the known orthologous genes remain linked in the respective homologous chromosomal arms, with the remainder translocated to various nonhomologous arms. Within homologous arms, gene order is extensively reshuffled, but a limited degree of conserved local synteny (microsynteny) can be recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav N Bolshakov
- Genome Research Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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21
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Ullmann AJ, Piesman J, Dolan MC, Black WC. A preliminary linkage map of the tick, Ixodes scapularis. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2002; 28:107-126. [PMID: 14570121 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025302316882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A linkage map of the Ixodes scapularis genome was constructed based upon segregation amongst 127 loci. These included 84 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, 32 Sequence-Tagged RAPD (STAR) markers, 5 cDNAs, and 5 microsatellites in 232 F1 intercross progeny from a single, field-collected P1 female. A preliminary linkage map of 616 cM was generated across 14 linkage groups with one marker every 10.8 cM. Assuming a genome size of approximately 10(9) bp, the relationship of physical to genetic distance is approximately 300 kb/cM in the I. scapularis genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Ullmann
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Rampart Road, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA.
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22
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Abstract
A great deal of information has been accumulated on chromosome numbers and heterochromatin distribution as well as on genome size and organization in the mosquito family Culicidae. A number of trends in genome evolution emerge when these data are reviewed in light of recent cladistic phylogenies of Culicidae and its sister families. Anophelinae have heteromorphic sex chromosomes and a small genome size, and repetitive elements are distributed in a long-period interspersion pattern. In contrast, Culicinae have homomorphic sex chromosomes, and repetitive DNA is organized in a short-period interspersion pattern. There has been a general increase in genome size during the evolution of culicine tribes. The organization of the ancestral culicid genome remains uncertain awaiting studies on genome organization in Chaoboridae-Corethrellidae taxa. The most parsimonious hypothesis for the evolution of sex chromosomes and genome organization in Culicidae would be that homomorphic sex chromosomes and a long-period interspersion pattern was ancestral in lineages leading to Toxorhynchitinae and Culcinae. Larger genomes developed in subsequent culicine lineages through accumulation of short-period interspersed repetitive elements. Heteromorphic sex chromosomes evolved early in the evolution of Anophelinae, and a long-period interspersion pattern was retained. The alternative scenario proposed by Rao and Rai (1987a) is that Culicidae arose from a chaoborid Mochlonyx-like ancestor with heteromorphic sex chromosomes and possibly short-period interspersion. This scenario would require the loss of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in the lineage leading to Toxorhynchitinae and Culicinae and the "shedding" of repetitive elements in the lineage leading to Anophelinae. Several interesting patterns have emerged from studies of C-banding, and the distribution of heterochromatin in Culicidae and phylogenies derived from these studies are supported by the modern cladistic analyses. Recent intensive multipoint linkage map studies suggest that recombination frequencies per genome have remained relatively constant over the course of culicid evolution such that Anophelinae, with a relatively small genome size, has a linkage map of similar size to Aedini. As a consequence, taxa in Anophelinae have higher amounts of recombination per haploid genome size than Culicinae. Although several key questions have yet to be addressed, the Culicidae remain one of the best-studied systems of genome evolution in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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23
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Brown SE, Severson DW, Smith LA, Knudson DL. Integration of the Aedes aegypti mosquito genetic linkage and physical maps. Genetics 2001; 157:1299-305. [PMID: 11238414 PMCID: PMC1461557 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/157.3.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two approaches were used to correlate the Aedes aegypti genetic linkage map to the physical map. STS markers were developed for previously mapped RFLP-based genetic markers so that large genomic clones from cosmid libraries could be found and placed to the metaphase chromosome physical maps using standard FISH methods. Eight cosmids were identified that contained eight RFLP marker sequences, and these cosmids were located on the metaphase chromosomes. Twenty-one cDNAs were mapped directly to metaphase chromosomes using a FISH amplification procedure. The chromosome numbering schemes of the genetic linkage and physical maps corresponded directly and the orientations of the genetic linkage maps for chromosomes 2 and 3 were inverted relative to the physical maps. While the chromosome 2 linkage map represented essentially 100% of chromosome 2, approximately 65% of the chromosome 1 linkage map mapped to only 36% of the short p-arm and 83% of the chromosome 3 physical map contained the complete genetic linkage map. Since the genetic linkage map is a RFLP cDNA-based map, these data also provide a minimal estimate for the size of the euchromatic regions. The implications of these findings on positional cloning in A. aegypti are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Brown
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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24
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Severson DW, Brown SE, Knudson DL. Genetic and physical mapping in mosquitoes: molecular approaches. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2001; 46:183-219. [PMID: 11112168 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The genetic background of individual mosquito species and populations within those species influences the transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens to humans. Technical advances in contemporary genomics are contributing significantly to the detailed genetic analysis of this mosquito-pathogen interaction as well as all other aspects of mosquito biology, ecology, and evolution. A variety of DNA-based marker types are being used to develop genetic maps for a number of mosquito species. Complex phenotypic traits such as vector competence are being dissected into their discrete genetic components, with the intention of eventually using this information to develop new methods to prevent disease transmission. Both genetic- and physical-mapping techniques are being used to define and compare genome architecture among and within mosquito species. The integration of genetic- and physical-map information is providing a sound framework for map-based positional cloning of target genes of interest. This review focuses on advances in genome-based analysis and their specific applications to mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Severson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become such a popular model organism for studying human disease that it is often described as a little person with wings. This view has been strengthened with the sequencing of the Drosophila genome and the discovery that 60% of human disease genes have homologues in the fruit fly. In this review, I discuss the approach of using Drosophila not only as a model for metazoans in general but as a model insect in particular. Specifically, I discuss recent work on the use of Drosophila to study the transmission of disease by insect vectors and to investigate insecticide function and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schneider
- Whitehead Institute, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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26
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Laayouni H, Santos M, Fontdevila A. Toward a physical map of Drosophila buzzatii. Use of randomly amplified polymorphic dna polymorphisms and sequence-tagged site landmarks. Genetics 2000; 156:1797-816. [PMID: 11102375 PMCID: PMC1461379 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/156.4.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a physical map based on RAPD polymorphic fragments and sequence-tagged sites (STSs) for the repleta group species Drosophila buzzatii. One hundred forty-four RAPD markers have been used as probes for in situ hybridization to the polytene chromosomes, and positive results allowing the precise localization of 108 RAPDs were obtained. Of these, 73 behave as effectively unique markers for physical map construction, and in 9 additional cases the probes gave two hybridization signals, each on a different chromosome. Most markers (68%) are located on chromosomes 2 and 4, which partially agree with previous estimates on the distribution of genetic variation over chromosomes. One RAPD maps close to the proximal breakpoint of inversion 2z(3) but is not included within the inverted fragment. However, it was possible to conclude from this RAPD that the distal breakpoint of 2z(3) had previously been wrongly assigned. A total of 39 cytologically mapped RAPDs were converted to STSs and yielded an aggregate sequence of 28,431 bp. Thirty-six RAPDs (25%) did not produce any detectable hybridization signal, and we obtained the DNA sequence from three of them. Further prospects toward obtaining a more developed genetic map than the one currently available for D. buzzatii are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Laayouni
- Grup de Biologia Evolutiva (GBE), Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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27
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Boakye DA, Cornel AJ, Meredith SE, Brakefield PM, Collins FH. DNA in situ hybridization on polytene chromosomes of Simulium sanctipauli at loci relevant to insecticide resistance. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2000; 14:217-222. [PMID: 10872868 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2000.00230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A DNA technique for in situ hybridization developed by Kumar & Collins (1994) for use on polytene chromosomes of adult Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) was modified for use with Simulium larval salivary gland chromosomes (Diptera: Simuliidae). Cloned fragments of several Simulium genes (coding for aspartate amino transferase, cytochrome P450 and DNA polymerase) were successfully mapped physically by assigning specific band locations in Simulim sanctipauli V. & D. This represents the first attempt at locating genes beyond the resolution of linkage to inversions in any blackfly species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Boakye
- Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences, Section of Evolutionary Biology, University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
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28
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Dermitzakis ET, Masly JP, Waldrip HM, Clark AG. Non-Mendelian segregation of sex chromosomes in heterospecific Drosophila males. Genetics 2000; 154:687-94. [PMID: 10655222 PMCID: PMC1460945 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/154.2.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific hybrids and backcrossed organisms generally suffer from reduced viability and/or fertility. To identify and genetically map these defects, we introgressed regions of the Drosophila sechellia genome into the D. simulans genome. A female-biased sex ratio was observed in 24 of the 221 recombinant inbred lines, and subsequent tests attributed the skew to failure of Y-bearing sperm to fertilize the eggs. Apparently these introgressed lines fail to suppress a normally silent meiotic drive system. Using molecular markers we mapped two regions of the Drosophila genome that appear to exhibit differences between D. simulans and D. sechellia in their regulation of sex chromosome segregation distortion. The data indicate that the sex ratio phenotype results from an epistatic interaction between at least two factors. We discuss whether this observation is relevant to the meiotic drive theory of hybrid male sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Dermitzakis
- Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. exd158@psu-edu
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29
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Wang R, Kafatos FC, Zheng L. Microsatellite markers and genotyping procedures for Anopheles gambiae. PARASITOLOGY TODAY (PERSONAL ED.) 1999; 15:33-7. [PMID: 10234176 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4758(98)01360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The procedures outlined in this article by Rui Wang, Fotis Kafatos and Liangbiao Zheng are well suited to studies of field mosquito populations, and also to the genetic mapping of qualitative and quantitative traits of Anopheles gambiae, a major malaria vector in Africa. An accurate, reproducible and high-throughput microsatellite genotyping procedure has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Yasukochi Y. A dense genetic map of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, covering all chromosomes based on 1018 molecular markers. Genetics 1998; 150:1513-25. [PMID: 9832528 PMCID: PMC1460425 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/150.4.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A dense linkage map was constructed for the silkworm, Bombyx mori, containing 1018 genetic markers on all 27 autosomes and the Z chromosome. Most of the markers, covering approximately 2000 cM, were randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs amplified with primer-pairs in combinations of 140 commercially available decanucleotides. In addition, eight known genes and five visible mutations were mapped. Bombyx homologues of engrailed and invected genes were found to be closely linked, as in Drosophila melanogaster. The average interval between markers was approximately 2 cM, equal to approximately 500 kb. The correspondence of seven linkage groups to counterparts of the conventional linkage map was determined. This map is the first linkage map in insects having a large number of chromosomes (n = 28) that covers all chromosomes without any gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yasukochi
- National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science (NISES), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
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31
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32
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Collins FH, Zheng L, Paskewitz SM, Kafatos FC. Progress in the map-based cloning of the Anopheles gambiaegenes responsible for the encapsulation of malarial parasites. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1997.11813169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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33
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Zheng L, Cornel AJ, Wang R, Erfle H, Voss H, Ansorge W, Kafatos FC, Collins FH. Quantitative trait loci for refractoriness of Anopheles gambiae to Plasmodium cynomolgi B. Science 1997; 276:425-8. [PMID: 9103203 DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5311.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The severity of the malaria pandemic in the tropics is aggravated by the ongoing spread of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs and mosquito resistance to insecticides. A strain of Anopheles gambiae, normally a major vector for human malaria in Africa, can encapsulate and kill the malaria parasites within a melanin-rich capsule in the mosquito midgut. Genetic mapping revealed one major and two minor quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for this encapsulation reaction. Understanding such antiparasite mechanisms in mosquitoes may lead to new strategies for malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zheng
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hi
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34
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della Torre A, Favia G, Mariotti G, Coluzzi M, Mathiopoulos KD. Physical map of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Genetics 1996; 143:1307-11. [PMID: 8807302 PMCID: PMC1207399 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/143.3.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Random cDNA clones, cosmid clones and RAPD polymorphic fragments have been localized by in situ hybridization to the ovarian nurse cell polytene chromosomes of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. We thus established 85 molecular markers for 110 sites within the whole A. gambiae polytene chromosome complement. The cDNA clones analyzed were isolated at random, and their exact localizations were determined by in situ hybridization. For 15 of the cDNA clones, a partial nucleotide sequence has been obtained; for nine of them sequence searches in the GenBank database revealed high degrees of similarity with published sequences. The cosmid clones analyzed were obtained as the result of screening with a few of the aforementioned cDNA clones of particular interest, or taken from a small set of randomly isolated cosmid clones. The RAPD clones are polymorphic fragments, potentially diagnostic for the various chromosomal forms of A. gambiae that are currently being analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A della Torre
- Istituto di Parassitologia, Fondazione Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma, La Sapienza, Italy
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35
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Zheng L, Benedict MQ, Cornel AJ, Collins FH, Kafatos FC. An integrated genetic map of the African human malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Genetics 1996; 143:941-52. [PMID: 8725240 PMCID: PMC1207350 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/143.2.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a genetic map based on microsatellite polymorphisms for the African human malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. Polymorphisms in laboratory strains were detected for 89% of the tested microsatellite markers. Genotyping was performed for individual mosquitos from 13 backcross families that included 679 progeny. Three linkage groups were identified, corresponding to the three chromosomes. We added 22 new markers to the existing X chromosome map, for a total of 46 microsatellite markers spanning a distance of 48.9 cM. The second chromosome has 57 and the third 28 microsatellite markers spanning a distance of 72.4 and 93.7 cM, respectively. The overall average distance between markers is 1.6 cM (or 1.1, 1.2, and 3.2 cM for the X, second, and third chromosomes, respectively). In addition to the 131 microsatellite markers, the current map also includes a biochemical selectable markers, Dieldrin resistance (Dl), on the second chromosome and five visible markers, pink-eye (p) and white (w) on the X, collarless (c) and lunate (lu) on the second, and red-eye (r) on the third. The cytogenetic locations on the nurse cell polytene chromosomes have been determined for 47 markers, making this map an integrated tool for cytogenetic, genetic, and molecular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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