1
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Mallard F, Noble L, Guzella T, Afonso B, Baer CF, Teotónio H. Phenotypic stasis with genetic divergence. PEER COMMUNITY JOURNAL 2023; 3:e119. [PMID: 39346701 PMCID: PMC11434230 DOI: 10.24072/pcjournal.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Whether or not genetic divergence in the short-term of tens to hundreds of generations is compatible with phenotypic stasis remains a relatively unexplored problem. We evolved predominantly outcrossing, genetically diverse populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans under a constant and homogeneous environment for 240 generations and followed individual locomotion behavior. Although founders of lab populations show highly diverse locomotion behavior, during lab evolution, the component traits of locomotion behavior - defined as the transition rates in activity and direction - did not show divergence from the ancestral population. In contrast, transition rates' genetic (co)variance structure showed a marked divergence from the ancestral state and differentiation among replicate populations during the final 100 generations and after most adaptation had been achieved. We observe that genetic differentiation is a transient pattern during the loss of genetic variance along phenotypic dimensions under drift during the last 100 generations of lab evolution. These results suggest that short-term stasis of locomotion behavior is maintained because of stabilizing selection, while the genetic structuring of component traits is contingent upon drift history.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mallard
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8197, Inserm U1024, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Luke Noble
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8197, Inserm U1024, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Thiago Guzella
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8197, Inserm U1024, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Afonso
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8197, Inserm U1024, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Charles F Baer
- Department of Biology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611, U.S.A
| | - Henrique Teotónio
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8197, Inserm U1024, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
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2
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Mallard F, Afonso B, Teotónio H. Selection and the direction of phenotypic evolution. eLife 2023; 12:e80993. [PMID: 37650381 PMCID: PMC10564456 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting adaptive phenotypic evolution depends on invariable selection gradients and on the stability of the genetic covariances between the component traits of the multivariate phenotype. We describe the evolution of six traits of locomotion behavior and body size in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans for 50 generations of adaptation to a novel environment. We show that the direction of adaptive multivariate phenotypic evolution can be predicted from the ancestral selection differentials, particularly when the traits were measured in the new environment. Interestingly, the evolution of individual traits does not always occur in the direction of selection, nor are trait responses to selection always homogeneous among replicate populations. These observations are explained because the phenotypic dimension with most of the ancestral standing genetic variation only partially aligns with the phenotypic dimension under directional selection. These findings validate selection theory and suggest that the direction of multivariate adaptive phenotypic evolution is predictable for tens of generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mallard
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8197, Inserm U1024, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Bruno Afonso
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8197, Inserm U1024, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Henrique Teotónio
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8197, Inserm U1024, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
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3
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Henry GA, Stinchcombe JR. Strong selection is poorly aligned with genetic variation in Ipomoea hederacea: implications for divergence and constraint. Evolution 2023; 77:1712-1719. [PMID: 37105946 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The multivariate evolution of populations is the result of the interactions between natural selection, drift, and the underlying genetic structure of the traits involved. Covariances among traits bias responses to selection, and the multivariate axis which describes the greatest genetic variation is expected to be aligned with patterns of divergence across populations. An exception to this expectation is when selection acts on trait combinations lacking genetic variance, which limits evolutionary change. Here we used a common garden field experiment of individuals from 57 populations of Ipomoea hederacea to characterize linear and nonlinear selection on 5 quantitative traits in the field. We then formally compare patterns of selection to previous estimates of within population genetic covariance structure (the G-matrix) and population divergence in these traits. We found that selection is poorly aligned with previous estimates of genetic covariance structure and population divergence. In addition, the trait combinations favored by selection were generally lacking genetic variation, possessing approximately 15%-30% as much genetic variation as the most variable combination of traits. Our results suggest that patterns of population divergence are likely the result of the interplay between adaptive responses, correlated responses, and selection favoring traits lacking genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia A Henry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John R Stinchcombe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Koffler Scientific Reserve at Joker's Hill, University of Toronto, King, ON, Canada
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4
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Dugand RJ, Blows MW, McGuigan K. Using inbreeding to test the contribution of non-additive genetic effects to additive genetic variance: a case study in Drosophila serrata. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222111. [PMID: 36919433 PMCID: PMC10015326 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive genetic variance, VA, is the key parameter for predicting adaptive and neutral phenotypic evolution. Changes in demography (e.g. increased close-relative inbreeding) can alter VA, but how they do so depends on the (typically unknown) gene action and allele frequencies across many loci. For example, VA increases proportionally with the inbreeding coefficient when allelic effects are additive, but smaller (or larger) increases can occur when allele frequencies are unequal at causal loci with dominance effects. Here, we describe an experimental approach to assess the potential for dominance effects to deflate VA under inbreeding. Applying a powerful paired pedigree design in Drosophila serrata, we measured 11 wing traits on half-sibling families bred via either random or sibling mating, differing only in homozygosity (not allele frequency). Despite close inbreeding and substantial power to detect small VA, we detected no deviation from the expected additive effect of inbreeding on genetic (co)variances. Our results suggest the average dominance coefficient is very small relative to the additive effect, or that allele frequencies are relatively equal at loci affecting wing traits. We outline the further opportunities for this paired pedigree approach to reveal the characteristics of VA, providing insight into historical selection and future evolutionary potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Dugand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072. Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Mark W Blows
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072. Australia
| | - Katrina McGuigan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072. Australia
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5
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Nafstad ÅM, Rønning B, Aase K, Ringsby TH, Hagen IJ, Ranke PS, Kvalnes T, Stawski C, Räsänen K, Saether BE, Muff S, Jensen H. Spatial variation in the evolutionary potential and constraints of basal metabolic rate and body mass in a wild bird. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:650-662. [PMID: 36811205 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
An organism's energy budget is strongly related to resource consumption, performance, and fitness. Hence, understanding the evolution of key energetic traits, such as basal metabolic rate (BMR), in natural populations is central for understanding life-history evolution and ecological processes. Here we used quantitative genetic analyses to study evolutionary potential of BMR in two insular populations of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). We obtained measurements of BMR and body mass (Mb ) from 911 house sparrows on the islands of Leka and Vega along the coast of Norway. These two populations were the source populations for translocations to create an additional third, admixed 'common garden' population in 2012. With the use of a novel genetic group animal model concomitant with a genetically determined pedigree, we differentiate genetic and environmental sources of variation, thereby providing insight into the effects of spatial population structure on evolutionary potential. We found that the evolutionary potential of BMR was similar in the two source populations, whereas the Vega population had a somewhat higher evolutionary potential of Mb than the Leka population. BMR was genetically correlated with Mb in both populations, and the conditional evolutionary potential of BMR (independent of body mass) was 41% (Leka) and 53% (Vega) lower than unconditional estimates. Overall, our results show that there is potential for BMR to evolve independently of Mb , but that selection on BMR and/or Mb may have different evolutionary consequences in different populations of the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ådne M Nafstad
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bernt Rønning
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Teacher Education, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kenneth Aase
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thor Harald Ringsby
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingerid J Hagen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Trondheim, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter S Ranke
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Kvalnes
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Clare Stawski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Katja Räsänen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylän, Finland
| | - Bernt-Erik Saether
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stefanie Muff
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Mallard F, Noble L, Baer CF, Teotónio H. Variation in mutational (co)variances. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkac335. [PMID: 36548954 PMCID: PMC9911065 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Because of pleiotropy, mutations affect the expression and inheritance of multiple traits and, together with selection, are expected to shape standing genetic covariances between traits and eventual phenotypic divergence between populations. It is therefore important to find if the M matrix, describing mutational variances of each trait and covariances between traits, varies between genotypes. We here estimate the M matrix for six locomotion behavior traits in lines of two genotypes of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that accumulated mutations in a nearly neutral manner for 250 generations. We find significant mutational variance along at least one phenotypic dimension of the M matrices, but neither their size nor their orientation had detectable differences between genotypes. The number of generations of mutation accumulation, or the number of MA lines measured, was likely insufficient to sample enough mutations and detect potentially small differences between the two M matrices. We then tested if the M matrices were similar to one G matrix describing the standing genetic (co)variances of a population derived by the hybridization of several genotypes, including the two measured for M, and domesticated to a lab-defined environment for 140 generations. We found that the M and G were different because the genetic covariances caused by mutational pleiotropy in the two genotypes are smaller than those caused by linkage disequilibrium in the lab population. We further show that M matrices differed in their alignment with the lab population G matrix. If generalized to other founder genotypes of the lab population, these observations indicate that selection does not shape the evolution of the M matrix for locomotion behavior in the short-term of a few tens to hundreds of generations and suggests that the hybridization of C. elegans genotypes allows selection on new phenotypic dimensions of locomotion behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mallard
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 8197, Inserm U1024, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Luke Noble
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 8197, Inserm U1024, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Charles F Baer
- Department of Biology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Henrique Teotónio
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 8197, Inserm U1024, F-75005 Paris, France
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7
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Iglesias PP, Machado FA, Llanes S, Hasson E, Soto EM. Opportunities and Constraints Imposed by the G matrix of Drosophila buzzatii Wings. Evol Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-022-09593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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8
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The contribution of mutation and selection to multivariate quantitative genetic variance in an outbred population of Drosophila serrata. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026217118. [PMID: 34326252 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026217118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variance is not equal for all multivariate combinations of traits. This inequality, in which some combinations of traits have abundant genetic variation while others have very little, biases the rate and direction of multivariate phenotypic evolution. However, we still understand little about what causes genetic variance to differ among trait combinations. Here, we investigate the relative roles of mutation and selection in determining the genetic variance of multivariate phenotypes. We accumulated mutations in an outbred population of Drosophila serrata and analyzed wing shape and size traits for over 35,000 flies to simultaneously estimate the additive genetic and additive mutational (co)variances. This experimental design allowed us to gain insight into the phenotypic effects of mutation as they arise and come under selection in naturally outbred populations. Multivariate phenotypes associated with more (less) genetic variance were also associated with more (less) mutational variance, suggesting that differences in mutational input contribute to differences in genetic variance. However, mutational correlations between traits were stronger than genetic correlations, and most mutational variance was associated with only one multivariate trait combination, while genetic variance was relatively more equal across multivariate traits. Therefore, selection is implicated in breaking down trait covariance and resulting in a different pattern of genetic variance among multivariate combinations of traits than that predicted by mutation and drift. Overall, while low mutational input might slow evolution of some multivariate phenotypes, stabilizing selection appears to reduce the strength of evolutionary bias introduced by pleiotropic mutation.
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9
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McGoey BV, Stinchcombe JR. Introduced populations of ragweed show as much evolutionary potential as native populations. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1436-1449. [PMID: 34025777 PMCID: PMC8127702 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species are a global economic and ecological problem. They also offer an opportunity to understand evolutionary processes in a colonizing context. The impacts of evolutionary factors, such as genetic variation, on the invasion process are increasingly appreciated, but there remain gaps in the empirical literature. The adaptive potential of populations can be quantified using genetic variance-covariance matrices (G), which encapsulate the heritable genetic variance in a population. Here, we use a multivariate Bayesian approach to assess the adaptive potential of invasive populations of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), a serious allergen and agricultural weed. We compared several aspects of genetic architecture and the structure of G matrices between three native and three introduced populations, based on phenotypic data collected in a field common garden experiment. We found moderate differences in the quantitative genetic architecture among populations, but we did not find that introduced populations suffer from a limited adaptive potential or increased genetic constraint compared with native populations. Ragweed has an annual life history, is an obligate outcrosser, and produces very large numbers of seeds and pollen grains. These characteristics, combined with the significant additive genetic variance documented here, suggest ragweed will be able to respond quickly to selection pressures in both its native and introduced ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brechann V. McGoey
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology DepartmentUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - John R. Stinchcombe
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology DepartmentUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Koffler Scientific ReserveUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
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10
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Loy A, Ciucci P, Guidarelli G, Roccotelli E, Colangelo P. Developmental instability and phenotypic evolution in a small and isolated bear population. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20200729. [PMID: 33878275 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and morphological integration (MI) in the skull of the small, highly inbred and divergent Apennine bear (Ursus arctos marsicanus), to explore its uniqueness and investigate any potential effects of inbreeding depression. We used 3D geometric morphometrics contrasting Apennine bears with other two large outbred bear populations from Scandinavia and Kamchatka as controls. Shape divergence and variability were explored by a principal component analysis on aligned coordinates of 39 landmarks. Procrustes ANOVA, morphological disparity and the global integration index were used to explore FA, shape variance and MI. By remarking Apennine bears as a highly divergent phenotype, we recorded the highest FA and deviation from self-similarity compared with the other two control populations. We conclude that Apennine bears are likely facing developmental instability as a consequence of inbreeding depression, whereas the divergent trait covariance pattern may represent a potential source of evolutionary novelties. We discuss the implications for the conservation and management of this imperiled taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Loy
- Envix Lab, Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche (IS), Italy
| | - P Ciucci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - G Guidarelli
- Envix Lab, Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche (IS), Italy
| | - E Roccotelli
- Envix Lab, Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche (IS), Italy
| | - P Colangelo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 00015 Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
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11
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Zu P, Schiestl FP, Gervasi D, Li X, Runcie D, Guillaume F. Floral signals evolve in a predictable way under artificial and pollinator selection in Brassica rapa. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:127. [PMID: 32972368 PMCID: PMC7517814 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiosperms employ an astonishing variety of visual and olfactory floral signals that are generally thought to evolve under natural selection. Those morphological and chemical traits can form highly correlated sets of traits. It is not always clear which of these are used by pollinators as primary targets of selection and which would be indirectly selected by being linked to those primary targets. Quantitative genetics tools for predicting multiple traits response to selection have been developed since long and have advanced our understanding of evolution of genetically correlated traits in various biological systems. We use these tools to predict the evolutionary trajectories of floral traits and understand the selection pressures acting on them. RESULTS We used data from an artificial selection and a pollinator (bumblebee, hoverfly) evolution experiment with fast cycling Brassica rapa plants to predict evolutionary changes of 12 floral volatiles and 4 morphological floral traits in response to selection. Using the observed selection gradients and the genetic variance-covariance matrix (G-matrix) of the traits, we showed that the observed responses of most floral traits including volatiles were predicted in the right direction in both artificial- and bumblebee-selection experiment. Genetic covariance had a mix of constraining and facilitating effects on evolutionary responses. We further revealed that G-matrices also evolved in the selection processes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our integrative study shows that floral signals, especially volatiles, evolve under selection in a mostly predictable way, at least during short term evolution. Evolutionary constraints stemming from genetic covariance affected traits evolutionary trajectories and thus it is important to include genetic covariance for predicting the evolutionary changes of a comprehensive suite of traits. Other processes such as resource limitation and selfing also need to be considered for a better understanding of floral trait evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjuan Zu
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gervasi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Daniel Runcie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Frédéric Guillaume
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
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12
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Population Divergence along a Genetic Line of Least Resistance in the Tree Species Eucalyptus globulus. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091095. [PMID: 32962131 PMCID: PMC7565133 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary response to selection depends on the distribution of genetic variation in traits under selection within populations, as defined by the additive genetic variance-covariance matrix (G). The structure and evolutionary stability of G will thus influence the course of phenotypic evolution. However, there are few studies assessing the stability of G and its relationship with population divergence within foundation tree species. We compared the G-matrices of Mainland and Island population groups of the forest tree Eucalyptus globulus, and determined the extent to which population divergence aligned with within-population genetic (co)variation. Four key wood property traits exhibiting signals of divergent selection were studied—wood density, extractive content, and lignin content and composition. The comparison of G-matrices of the mainland and island populations indicated that the G-eigenstructure was relatively well preserved at an intra-specific level. Population divergence tended to occur along a major direction of genetic variation in G. The observed conservatism of G, the moderate evolutionary timescale, and close relationship between genetic architecture and population trajectories suggest that genetic constraints may have influenced the evolution and diversification of the E. globulus populations for the traits studied. However, alternative scenarios, including selection aligning genetic architecture and population divergence, are discussed.
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13
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Renneville C, Millot A, Agostini S, Carmignac D, Maugars G, Dufour S, Le Rouzic A, Edeline E. Unidirectional response to bidirectional selection on body size. I. Phenotypic, life-history, and endocrine responses. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10571-10592. [PMID: 33072281 PMCID: PMC7548191 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic perturbations such as harvesting often select against a large body size and are predicted to induce rapid evolution toward smaller body sizes and earlier maturation. However, body‐size evolvability and, hence, adaptability to anthropogenic perturbations remain seldom evaluated in wild populations. Here, we use a laboratory experiment over 6 generations to measure the ability of wild‐caught medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) to evolve in response to bidirectional size‐dependent selection mimicking opposite harvest regimes. Specifically, we imposed selection against a small body size (Large line), against a large body size (Small line) or random selection (Control line), and measured correlated responses across multiple phenotypic, life‐history, and endocrine traits. As expected, the Large line evolved faster somatic growth and delayed maturation, but also evolved smaller body sizes at hatch, with no change in average levels of pituitary gene expressions of luteinizing, follicle‐stimulating, or growth hormones (GH). In contrast, the Small medaka line was unable to evolve smaller body sizes or earlier maturation, but evolved smaller body sizes at hatch and showed marginally significant signs of increased reproductive investment, including larger egg sizes and elevated pituitary GH production. Natural selection on medaka body size was too weak to significantly hinder the effect of artificial selection, indicating that the asymmetric body‐size response to size‐dependent selection reflected an asymmetry in body‐size evolvability. Our results show that trait evolvability may be contingent upon the direction of selection and that a detailed knowledge of trait evolutionary potential is needed to forecast population response to anthropogenic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Renneville
- Sorbonne Université Université Paris Diderot UPEC CNRS INRAE IRD Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris) Paris France
| | - Alexis Millot
- Ecole Normale Supérieure PSL Research University Département de biologie CNRS, UMS 3194 Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance) Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours France
| | - Simon Agostini
- Ecole Normale Supérieure PSL Research University Département de biologie CNRS, UMS 3194 Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance) Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours France
| | - David Carmignac
- Sorbonne Université Université Paris Diderot UPEC CNRS INRAE IRD Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris) Paris France
| | - Gersende Maugars
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR BOREA Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques CNRS 7208 IRD 207 SU UCN UA Paris France.,Norwegian University of Life Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Physiology Unit Oslo Norway
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR BOREA Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques CNRS 7208 IRD 207 SU UCN UA Paris France
| | - Arnaud Le Rouzic
- Laboratoire Évolution, Génomes, Comportement,Écologie CNRS IRD Univ. Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Eric Edeline
- Sorbonne Université Université Paris Diderot UPEC CNRS INRAE IRD Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris) Paris France.,ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health INRAE Agrocampus Ouest Rennes France
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14
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Sakata Y, Utsumi S, Craig TP, Itami JK, Ikemoto M, Ohgushi T. Environmentally triggered variability in the genetic variance-covariance of herbivory resistance of an exotic plant Solidago altissima. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3103-3111. [PMID: 32211180 PMCID: PMC7083677 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The variability in the genetic variance-covariance (G-matrix) in plant resistance and its role in the evolution of invasive plants have been long overlooked. We conducted an additional analysis of the data of a reciprocal transplant experiment with tall goldenrod, Solidago altissima, in multiple garden sites within its native range (USA) and introduced range (Japan). We explored the differences in G-matrix of resistance to two types of foliar herbivores: (a) a lace bug that is native to the USA and recently introduced to Japan, (b) and other herbivorous insects in response to plant origins and environments. A negative genetic covariance was found between plant resistances to lace bugs and other herbivorous insects, in all combinations of garden locations and plant origins except for US plants planted in US gardens. The G-matrix of the resistance indices did not differ between US and Japanese plants either in US or Japanese gardens, while it differed between US and Japanese gardens in both US and Japanese plants. Our results suggested that the G-matrix of the plant resistance may have changed in response to novel environmental differences including herbivore communities and/or other biotic and abiotic factors in the introduced range. This may have revealed a hidden trade-off between resistances, masked by the environmental factors in the origin range. These results suggest that the stability of the genetic covariance during invasion, and the environmentally triggered variability in the G-matrices of plant resistance may help to protect the plant against multiple herbivore species without changing its genetic architecture and that this may lead to a rapid adaptation of resistance in exotic plants. Local environments of the plant also have a critical effect on plant resistance and should be considered in order to understand trait evolution in exotic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzu Sakata
- Center for Ecological ResearchKyoto UniversityOtsuJapan
- Department of Biological EnvironmentAkita Prefectural UniversityAkitaJapan
| | - Shunsuke Utsumi
- Field Science Center for Northern BiosphereHokkaido UniversityHorokanaiJapan
| | | | | | - Mito Ikemoto
- Center for Ecological ResearchKyoto UniversityOtsuJapan
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
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15
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Comparative analysis of the multivariate genetic architecture of morphological traits in three species of Gomphocerine grasshoppers. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 124:367-382. [PMID: 31649325 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary change is the change in trait values across generations, and usually occurs in multidimensional trait space rather than along isolated traits. Genetic covariation influences the magnitude and direction of evolutionary change and can be statistically summarized by the additive genetic (co)variance matrix, G. While G can affect the response to selection, it is exposed to evolutionary change by selection and genetic drift, but the magnitude and speed of these changes are poorly understood. We use comparative G matrix analyses to assess evolution of the shape and orientation of G over longer timescales in three species of Gomphocerine grasshoppers. We estimate 10 × 10 G matrices for five morphological traits expressed in both sexes. We find low-to-moderate heritabilities (average 0.36), mostly large cross-sex correlations (average 0.54) and moderate between-trait correlations (average 0.34). G matrices differ significantly among species with wing length contributing most to these differences. Wing length is the trait that is most divergent among species, suggesting it has been under selection during species divergence. The more distantly related species, Pseudochorthippus parallelus, was the most different in the shape of G. Projection of contemporary genetic variation into the divergence space D illustrates that the major axis of genetic variation in Gomphocerippus rufus is aligned with divergence from Chorthippus biguttulus, while the major axis of genetic variation in neither of the species is aligned with the divergence between Pseudochorthippus parallelus and the other two species. Our results demonstrate significant differences in G matrices with a phylogenetic signal in the differentiation.
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16
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Hangartner S, Lasne C, Sgrò CM, Connallon T, Monro K. Genetic covariances promote climatic adaptation in Australian
Drosophila
*. Evolution 2019; 74:326-337. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hangartner
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Building 18 Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Clementine Lasne
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Building 18 Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Carla M. Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Building 18 Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Tim Connallon
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Building 18 Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Keyne Monro
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Building 18 Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
- Centre for Geometric Biology Monash University Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
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17
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Rifkin JL, Liao IT, Castillo AS, Rausher MD. Multiple aspects of the selfing syndrome of the morning glory Ipomoea lacunosa evolved in response to selection: A Qst-Fst comparison. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7712-7725. [PMID: 31346434 PMCID: PMC6635925 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequent transition from outcrossing to selfing in flowering plants is often accompanied by changes in multiple aspects of floral morphology, termed the "selfing syndrome." While the repeated evolution of these changes suggests a role for natural selection, genetic drift may also be responsible. To determine whether selection or drift shaped different aspects of the pollination syndrome and mating system in the highly selfing morning glory Ipomoea lacunosa, we performed multivariate and univariate Qst-Fst comparisons using a wide sample of populations of I. lacunosa and its mixed-mating sister species Ipomoea cordatotriloba. The two species differ in early growth, floral display, inflorescence traits, corolla size, nectar, and pollen number. Our analyses support a role for natural selection driving trait divergence, specifically in corolla size and nectar traits, but not in early growth, display size, inflorescence length, or pollen traits. We also find evidence of selection for reduced herkogamy in I. lacunosa, consistent with selection driving both the transition in mating system and the correlated floral changes. Our research demonstrates that while some aspects of the selfing syndrome evolved in response to selection, others likely evolved due to drift or correlated selection, and the balance between these forces may vary across selfing species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene T. Liao
- Department of BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina
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18
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Directional Selection Rather Than Functional Constraints Can Shape the G Matrix in Rapidly Adapting Asexuals. Genetics 2018; 211:715-729. [PMID: 30559325 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic covariances represent a combination of pleiotropy and linkage disequilibrium, shaped by the population's history. Observed genetic covariance is most often interpreted in pleiotropic terms. In particular, functional constraints restricting which phenotypes are physically possible can lead to a stable G matrix with high genetic variance in fitness-associated traits, and high pleiotropic negative covariance along the phenotypic curve of constraint. In contrast, population genetic models of relative fitness assume endless adaptation without constraint, through a series of selective sweeps that are well described by recent traveling wave models. We describe the implications of such population genetic models for the G matrix when pleiotropy is excluded by design, such that all covariance comes from linkage disequilibrium. The G matrix is far less stable than has previously been found, fluctuating over the timescale of selective sweeps. However, its orientation is relatively stable, corresponding to high genetic variance in fitness-associated traits and strong negative covariance-the same pattern often interpreted in terms of pleiotropic constraints but caused instead by linkage disequilibrium. We find that different mechanisms drive the instabilities along vs. perpendicular to the fitness gradient. The origin of linkage disequilibrium is not drift, but small amounts of linkage disequilibrium are instead introduced by mutation and then amplified during competing selective sweeps. This illustrates the need to integrate a broader range of population genetic phenomena into quantitative genetics.
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19
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Rittschof CC, Hughes KA. Advancing behavioural genomics by considering timescale. Nat Commun 2018; 9:489. [PMID: 29434301 PMCID: PMC5809431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal behavioural traits often covary with gene expression, pointing towards a genomic constraint on organismal responses to environmental cues. This pattern highlights a gap in our understanding of the time course of environmentally responsive gene expression, and moreover, how these dynamics are regulated. Advances in behavioural genomics explore how gene expression dynamics are correlated with behavioural traits that range from stable to highly labile. We consider the idea that certain genomic regulatory mechanisms may predict the timescale of an environmental effect on behaviour. This temporally minded approach could inform both organismal and evolutionary questions ranging from the remediation of early life social trauma to understanding the evolution of trait plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare C Rittschof
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| | - Kimberly A Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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20
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Abstract
Stabilizing selection is important in evolutionary theories of the maintenance of genetic variance and has been invoked as the key process determining macroevolutionary patterns of trait evolution. However, manipulative evidence for the extent of stabilizing selection, particularly on multivariate traits, is lacking. We used artificial disruptive selection in Drosophila serrata as a tool to determine the relative strength of stabilizing selection experienced by multivariate trait combinations with contrasting levels of genetic and mutational variance. Contrary to expectation, when disruptive selection was applied to the major axis of standing genetic variance, gmax, we observed a significant and repeatable decrease in its phenotypic variance. In contrast, the multivariate trait combination predicted to be under strong stabilizing selection showed a significant and repeatable increase in its phenotypic variance. Correlated responses were observed in all selection treatments, and viability selection operating on extreme phenotypes of traits genetically correlated with those directly selected on limited our ability to increase their phenotypic range. Our manipulation revealed that multivariate trait combinations were subject to stabilizing selection; however, we did not observe a direct relationship between the strength of stabilizing selection and the levels of standing genetic variance in multivariate trait combinations. Contrasting patterns of allele frequencies underlying traits with high versus low levels of standing genetic variance may be implicated in determining the response to artificial selection in multivariate trait combinations.
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21
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Chebib J, Guillaume F. What affects the predictability of evolutionary constraints using a G-matrix? The relative effects of modular pleiotropy and mutational correlation. Evolution 2017; 71:2298-2312. [PMID: 28755417 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic traits do not always respond to selection independently from each other and often show correlated responses to selection. The structure of a genotype-phenotype map (GP map) determines trait covariation, which involves variation in the degree and strength of the pleiotropic effects of the underlying genes. It is still unclear, and debated, how much of that structure can be deduced from variational properties of quantitative traits that are inferred from their genetic (co) variance matrix (G-matrix). Here we aim to clarify how the extent of pleiotropy and the correlation among the pleiotropic effects of mutations differentially affect the structure of a G-matrix and our ability to detect genetic constraints from its eigen decomposition. We show that the eigenvectors of a G-matrix can be predictive of evolutionary constraints when they map to underlying pleiotropic modules with correlated mutational effects. Without mutational correlation, evolutionary constraints caused by the fitness costs associated with increased pleiotropy are harder to infer from evolutionary metrics based on a G-matrix's geometric properties because uncorrelated pleiotropic effects do not affect traits' genetic correlations. Correlational selection induces much weaker modular partitioning of traits' genetic correlations in absence then in presence of underlying modular pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobran Chebib
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Guillaume
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Penna A, Melo D, Bernardi S, Oyarzabal MI, Marroig G. The evolution of phenotypic integration: How directional selection reshapes covariation in mice. Evolution 2017; 71:2370-2380. [PMID: 28685813 PMCID: PMC5655774 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Variation is the basis for evolution, and understanding how variation can evolve is a central question in biology. In complex phenotypes, covariation plays an even more important role, as genetic associations between traits can bias and alter evolutionary change. Covariation can be shaped by complex interactions between loci, and this genetic architecture can also change during evolution. In this article, we analyzed mouse lines experimentally selected for changes in size to address the question of how multivariate covariation changes under directional selection, as well as to identify the consequences of these changes to evolution. Selected lines showed a clear restructuring of covariation in their cranium and, instead of depleting their size variation, these lines increased their magnitude of integration and the proportion of variation associated with the direction of selection. This result is compatible with recent theoretical works on the evolution of covariation that take the complexities of genetic architecture into account. This result also contradicts the traditional view of the effects of selection on available covariation and suggests a much more complex view of how populations respond to selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Penna
- Laboratório de Evolução de Mamíferos, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diogo Melo
- Laboratório de Evolução de Mamíferos, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Bernardi
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología Básica. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Maria Inés Oyarzabal
- Cátedra de Producción de Bovinos para Carne, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Consejo de Investigaciones, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Marroig
- Laboratório de Evolução de Mamíferos, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Siren J, Ovaskainen O, Merilä J. Structure and stability of genetic variance-covariance matrices: A Bayesian sparse factor analysis of transcriptional variation in the three-spined stickleback. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5099-5113. [PMID: 28746754 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The genetic variance-covariance matrix (G) is a quantity of central importance in evolutionary biology due to its influence on the rate and direction of multivariate evolution. However, the predictive power of empirically estimated G-matrices is limited for two reasons. First, phenotypes are high-dimensional, whereas traditional statistical methods are tuned to estimate and analyse low-dimensional matrices. Second, the stability of G to environmental effects and over time remains poorly understood. Using Bayesian sparse factor analysis (BSFG) designed to estimate high-dimensional G-matrices, we analysed levels variation and covariation in 10,527 expressed genes in a large (n = 563) half-sib breeding design of three-spined sticklebacks subject to two temperature treatments. We found significant differences in the structure of G between the treatments: heritabilities and evolvabilities were higher in the warm than in the low-temperature treatment, suggesting more and faster opportunity to evolve in warm (stressful) conditions. Furthermore, comparison of G and its phenotypic equivalent P revealed the latter is a poor substitute of the former. Most strikingly, the results suggest that the expected impact of G on evolvability-as well as the similarity among G-matrices-may depend strongly on the number of traits included into analyses. In our results, the inclusion of only few traits in the analyses leads to underestimation in the differences between the G-matrices and their predicted impacts on evolution. While the results highlight the challenges involved in estimating G, they also illustrate that by enabling the estimation of large G-matrices, the BSFG method can improve predicted evolutionary responses to selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Siren
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O Ovaskainen
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Uesugi A, Connallon T, Kessler A, Monro K. Relaxation of herbivore-mediated selection drives the evolution of genetic covariances between plant competitive and defense traits. Evolution 2017; 71:1700-1709. [PMID: 28394414 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insect herbivores are important mediators of selection on traits that impact plant defense against herbivory and competitive ability. Although recent experiments demonstrate a central role for herbivory in driving rapid evolution of defense and competition-mediating traits, whether and how herbivory shapes heritable variation in these traits remains poorly understood. Here, we evaluate the structure and evolutionary stability of the G matrix for plant metabolites that are involved in defense and allelopathy in the tall goldenrod, Solidago altissima. We show that G has evolutionarily diverged between experimentally replicated populations that evolved in the presence versus the absence of ambient herbivory, providing direct evidence for the evolution of G by natural selection. Specifically, evolution in an herbivore-free habitat altered the orientation of G, revealing a negative genetic covariation between defense- and competition-related metabolites that is typically masked in herbivore-exposed populations. Our results may be explained by predictions of classical quantitative genetic theory, as well as the theory of acquisition-allocation trade-offs. The study provides compelling evidence that herbivory drives the evolution of plant genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Uesugi
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Tim Connallon
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - André Kessler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14850
| | - Keyne Monro
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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25
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Delahaie B, Charmantier A, Chantepie S, Garant D, Porlier M, Teplitsky C. Conserved G-matrices of morphological and life-history traits among continental and island blue tit populations. Heredity (Edinb) 2017; 119:76-87. [PMID: 28402327 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic variance-covariance matrix (G-matrix) summarizes the genetic architecture of multiple traits. It has a central role in the understanding of phenotypic divergence and the quantification of the evolutionary potential of populations. Laboratory experiments have shown that G-matrices can vary rapidly under divergent selective pressures. However, because of the demanding nature of G-matrix estimation and comparison in wild populations, the extent of its spatial variability remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigate spatial variation in G-matrices for morphological and life-history traits using long-term data sets from one continental and three island populations of blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) that have experienced contrasting population history and selective environment. We found no evidence for differences in G-matrices among populations. Interestingly, the phenotypic variance-covariance matrices (P) were divergent across populations, suggesting that using P as a substitute for G may be inadequate. These analyses also provide the first evidence in wild populations for additive genetic variation in the incubation period (that is, the period between last egg laid and hatching) in all four populations. Altogether, our results suggest that G-matrices may be stable across populations inhabiting contrasted environments, therefore challenging the results of previous simulation studies and laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Delahaie
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UMR5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France
| | - A Charmantier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UMR5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France
| | - S Chantepie
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine, Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5533 CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - D Garant
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Porlier
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Teplitsky
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UMR5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France
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26
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Kokko H, Chaturvedi A, Croll D, Fischer MC, Guillaume F, Karrenberg S, Kerr B, Rolshausen G, Stapley J. Can Evolution Supply What Ecology Demands? Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:187-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Hughes KA, Leips J. Pleiotropy, constraint, and modularity in the evolution of life histories: insights from genomic analyses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1389:76-91. [PMID: 27936291 PMCID: PMC5318229 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms display an enormous range of life history (LH) strategies and present an evolutionary conundrum; despite strong natural selection, LH traits are characterized by high levels of genetic variation. To understand the evolution of life histories and maintenance of this variation, the specific phenotypic effects of segregating alleles and the genetic networks in which they act need to be elucidated. In particular, the extent to which LH evolution is constrained by the pleiotropy of alleles contributing to LH variation is generally unknown. Here, we review recent empirical results that shed light on this question, with an emphasis on studies employing genomic analyses. While genome-scale analyses are increasingly practical and affordable, they face limitations of genetic resolution and statistical power. We describe new research approaches that we believe can produce new insights and evaluate their promise and applicability to different kinds of organisms. Two approaches seem particularly promising: experiments that manipulate selection in multiple dimensions and measure phenotypic and genomic response and analytical approaches that take into account genome-wide associations between markers and phenotypes, rather than applying a traditional marker-by-marker approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Hughes
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Jeff Leips
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
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28
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Melo D, Porto A, Cheverud JM, Marroig G. Modularity: genes, development and evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016; 47:463-486. [PMID: 28966564 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Modularity has emerged as a central concept for evolutionary biology, providing the field with a theory of organismal structure and variation. This theory has reframed long standing questions and serves as a unified conceptual framework for genetics, developmental biology and multivariate evolution. Research programs in systems biology and quantitative genetics are bridging the gap between these fields. While this synthesis is ongoing, some major themes have emerged and empirical evidence for modularity has become abundant. In this review, we look at modularity from an historical perspective, highlighting its meaning at different levels of biological organization and the different methods that can be used to detect it. We then explore the relationship between quantitative genetic approaches to modularity and developmental genetic studies. We conclude by investigating the dynamic relationship between modularity and the adaptive landscape and how this potentially shapes evolution and can help bridge the gap between micro- and macroevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Melo
- Laboratório de Evolução de Mamíferos, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Arthur Porto
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130, US
| | - James M Cheverud
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, US
| | - Gabriel Marroig
- Laboratório de Evolução de Mamíferos, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
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29
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Travers LM, Garcia-Gonzalez F, Simmons LW. Genetic variation but weak genetic covariation between pre- and post-copulatory episodes of sexual selection in Drosophila melanogaster. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1535-52. [PMID: 27159063 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
When females mate polyandrously, male reproductive success depends both on the male's ability to attain matings and on his ability to outcompete rival males in the fertilization of ova post-copulation. Increased investment in ejaculate components may trade off with investment in precopulatory traits due to resource allocation. Alternatively, pre- and post-copulatory traits could be positively related if individuals can afford to invest heavily in traits advantageous at both episodes of selection. There is empirical evidence for both positive and negative associations between pre- and post-copulatory episodes, but little is known about the genetic basis of these correlations. In this study, we measured morphological, chemical and behavioural precopulatory male traits and investigated their relationship with measures of male fitness (male mating success, remating inhibition and offensive sperm competitiveness) across 40 isofemale lines of Drosophila melanogaster. We found significant variation among isofemale lines, indicating a genetic basis for most of the traits investigated. However, we found weak evidence for genetic correlations between precopulatory traits and our indices of male fitness. Moreover, pre- and post-copulatory episodes of selection were uncorrelated, suggesting selection may act independently at the different episodes to maximize male reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Travers
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - F Garcia-Gonzalez
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Doñana Biological Station, Spanish Research Council CSIC, Isla de la Cartuja, Seville, Spain
| | - L W Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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30
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Maubecin CC, Cosacov A, Sérsic AN, Fornoni J, Benitez-Vieyra S. Drift effects on the multivariate floral phenotype of Calceolaria polyrhiza
during a post-glacial expansion in Patagonia. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1523-34. [PMID: 27124740 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. C. Maubecin
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV); CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - A. Cosacov
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV); CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - A. N. Sérsic
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV); CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - J. Fornoni
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV); CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México México
| | - S. Benitez-Vieyra
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV); CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
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31
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Abstract
DNA does not make phenotypes on its own. In this volume entitled "Genes and Phenotypic Evolution," the present review draws the attention on the process of phenotype construction-including development of multicellular organisms-and the multiple interactions and feedbacks between DNA, organism, and environment at various levels and timescales in the evolutionary process. First, during the construction of an individual's phenotype, DNA is recruited as a template for building blocks within the cellular context and may in addition be involved in dynamical feedback loops that depend on the environmental and organismal context. Second, in the production of phenotypic variation among individuals, stochastic, environmental, genetic, and parental sources of variation act jointly. While in controlled laboratory settings, various genetic and environmental factors can be tested one at a time or in various combinations, they cannot be separated in natural populations because the environment is not controlled and the genotype can rarely be replicated. Third, along generations, genotype and environment each have specific properties concerning the origin of their variation, the hereditary transmission of this variation, and the evolutionary feedbacks. Natural selection acts as a feedback from phenotype and environment to genotype. This review integrates recent results and concrete examples that illustrate these three points. Although some themes are shared with recent calls and claims to a new conceptual framework in evolutionary biology, the viewpoint presented here only means to add flesh to the standard evolutionary synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Félix
- Institut de Biologie Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Paris, France.
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32
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Griswold CK. Additive genetic variation and evolvability of a multivariate trait can be increased by epistatic gene action. J Theor Biol 2015; 387:241-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Blows MW, Allen SL, Collet JM, Chenoweth SF, McGuigan K. The Phenome-Wide Distribution of Genetic Variance. Am Nat 2015; 186:15-30. [DOI: 10.1086/681645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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34
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35
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Handelsman CA, Ruell EW, Torres-Dowdall J, Ghalambor CK. Phenotypic Plasticity Changes Correlations of Traits Following Experimental Introductions of Trinidadian Guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:794-804. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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36
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The divergence between ecotypes in a Littorina saxatilis hybrid zone is aligned with natural selection, not with intra-ecotype variation. Evol Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Alcántara JM, Jaime R, Bastida JM, Rey PJ. The role of genetic constraints on the diversification of Iberian taxa of the genusAquilegia(Ranunculaceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio M. Alcántara
- Departamento de Biología Animal; Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Jaén; E-23071 Jaén Spain
| | - Rafael Jaime
- Departamento de Biología Animal; Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Jaén; E-23071 Jaén Spain
| | - Jesús M. Bastida
- Laboratorio Ecología y Evolución de polinización y sistemas reproductivos en plantas; CIEco; UNAM; 58190 Morelia Michoacán Mexico
| | - Pedro J. Rey
- Departamento de Biología Animal; Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Jaén; E-23071 Jaén Spain
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38
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Matute DR. The role of founder effects on the evolution of reproductive isolation. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2299-311. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Matute
- Department of Human Genetics; The University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
- The Chicago Fellows Program; The University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
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39
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Andersson S, Ofori JK. Effects of mating system on adaptive potential for leaf morphology in Crepis tectorum (Asteraceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:947-55. [PMID: 23912696 PMCID: PMC3747809 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A shift from outcrossing to selfing is thought to reduce the long-term survival of populations by decreasing the genetic variation necessary for adaptation to novel ecological conditions. However, theory also predicts an increase in adaptive potential as more of the existing variation becomes expressed as homozygous genotypes. So far, relatively few studies have examined how a transition to selfing simultaneously affects means, variances and covariances for characters that might be under stabilizing selection for a spatially varying optimum, e.g. characters describing leaf morphology. METHODS Experimental crosses within an initially self-sterile population of Crepis tectorum were performed to produce an outbred and inbred progeny population to assess how a shift to selfing affects the adaptive potential for measures of leaf morphology, with special emphasis on the degree of leaf dissection, a major target of diversifying selection within the study species. KEY RESULTS Three consecutive generations of selfing had a minor impact on survival, the total number of heads produced and the mean leaf phenotype, but caused a proportional increase in the genetic (co)variance matrix for foliar characters. For the degree of leaf dissection, the lowest 50th percentile of the inbred progeny population showed a disproportionate increase in the genetic variance, consistent with the recessive nature of the weakly lobed phenotype observed in interpopulation crosses. Comparison of inbreeding response with large-scale patterns of variation indicates a potential for selection in a (recently) inbred population to drive a large evolutionary reduction in degree of leaf dissection by increasing the frequency of particular sibling lines. CONCLUSIONS The results point to a positive role for inbreeding in phenotypic evolution, at least during or immediately after a rapid shift in mating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Andersson
- Department of Biology, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 37, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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40
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Basal metabolic rate can evolve independently of morphological and behavioural traits. Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 111:175-81. [PMID: 23632896 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative genetic analyses of basal metabolic rate (BMR) can inform us about the evolvability of the trait by providing estimates of heritability, and also of genetic correlations with other traits that may constrain the ability of BMR to respond to selection. Here, we studied a captive population of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) in which selection lines for male courtship rate have been established. We measure BMR in these lines to see whether selection on male sexual activity would change BMR as a potentially correlated trait. We find that the genetic correlation between courtship rate and BMR is practically zero, indicating that the two traits can evolve independently of each other. Interestingly, we find that the heritability of BMR in our population (h(2)=0.45) is markedly higher than was previously reported for a captive zebra finch population from Norway. A comparison of the two studies shows that additive genetic variance in BMR has been largely depleted in the Norwegian population, especially the genetic variance in BMR that is independent of body mass. In our population, the slope of BMR increase with body mass differs not only between the sexes but also between the six selection lines, which we tentatively attribute to genetic drift and/or founder effects being strong in small populations. Our study therefore highlights two things. First, the evolvability of BMR may be less constrained by genetic correlations and lack of independent genetic variation than previously described. Second, genetic drift in small populations can rapidly lead to different evolvabilities across populations.
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41
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Pitchers WR, Brooks R, Jennions MD, Tregenza T, Dworkin I, Hunt J. Limited plasticity in the phenotypic variance-covariance matrix for male advertisement calls in the black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1060-78. [PMID: 23530814 PMCID: PMC3641675 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic integration and plasticity are central to our understanding of how complex phenotypic traits evolve. Evolutionary change in complex quantitative traits can be predicted using the multivariate breeders' equation, but such predictions are only accurate if the matrices involved are stable over evolutionary time. Recent study, however, suggests that these matrices are temporally plastic, spatially variable and themselves evolvable. The data available on phenotypic variance-covariance matrix (P) stability are sparse, and largely focused on morphological traits. Here, we compared P for the structure of the complex sexual advertisement call of six divergent allopatric populations of the Australian black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus. We measured a subset of calls from wild-caught crickets from each of the populations and then a second subset after rearing crickets under common-garden conditions for three generations. In a second experiment, crickets from each population were reared in the laboratory on high- and low-nutrient diets and their calls recorded. In both experiments, we estimated P for call traits and used multiple methods to compare them statistically (Flury hierarchy, geometric subspace comparisons and random skewers). Despite considerable variation in means and variances of individual call traits, the structure of P was largely conserved among populations, across generations and between our rearing diets. Our finding that P remains largely stable, among populations and between environmental conditions, suggests that selection has preserved the structure of call traits in order that they can function as an integrated unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Pitchers
- Department of Zoology, Program in Ecology Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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42
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Aguirre JD, Hine E, McGuigan K, Blows MW. Comparing G: multivariate analysis of genetic variation in multiple populations. Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 112:21-9. [PMID: 23486079 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The additive genetic variance-covariance matrix (G) summarizes the multivariate genetic relationships among a set of traits. The geometry of G describes the distribution of multivariate genetic variance, and generates genetic constraints that bias the direction of evolution. Determining if and how the multivariate genetic variance evolves has been limited by a number of analytical challenges in comparing G-matrices. Current methods for the comparison of G typically share several drawbacks: metrics that lack a direct relationship to evolutionary theory, the inability to be applied in conjunction with complex experimental designs, difficulties with determining statistical confidence in inferred differences and an inherently pair-wise focus. Here, we present a cohesive and general analytical framework for the comparative analysis of G that addresses these issues, and that incorporates and extends current methods with a strong geometrical basis. We describe the application of random skewers, common subspace analysis, the 4th-order genetic covariance tensor and the decomposition of the multivariate breeders equation, all within a Bayesian framework. We illustrate these methods using data from an artificial selection experiment on eight traits in Drosophila serrata, where a multi-generational pedigree was available to estimate G in each of six populations. One method, the tensor, elegantly captures all of the variation in genetic variance among populations, and allows the identification of the trait combinations that differ most in genetic variance. The tensor approach is likely to be the most generally applicable method to the comparison of G-matrices from any sampling or experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Aguirre
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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43
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Vehviläinen H, Kause A, Kuukka-Anttila H, Koskinen H, Paananen T. Untangling the positive genetic correlation between rainbow trout growth and survival. Evol Appl 2012; 5:732-45. [PMID: 23144659 PMCID: PMC3492898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Explanations for positive and negative genetic correlations between growth and fitness traits are essential for life-history theory and selective breeding. Here, we test whether growth and survival display genetic trade-off. Furthermore, we assess the potential of third-party traits to explain observed genetic associations. First, we estimated genetic correlations of growth and survival of rainbow trout. We then explored whether these associations are explained by genetic correlations with health, body composition and maturity traits. Analysis included 14 traits across life stages and environments. Data were recorded from 249 166 individuals belonging to 10 year classes of a pedigreed population. The results revealed that rapid growth during grow-out was genetically associated with enhanced survival (mean rG = 0.17). This resulted because genotypes with less nematode caused cataract grew faster and were more likely to survive. Fingerling survival was not genetically related to weight or to grow-out survival. Instead, rapid fingerling growth made fish prone to deformations (rG = 0.18). Evolutionary genetics provides a theoretical framework to study variation in genetic correlations. This study demonstrates that genetic correlation patterns of growth and survival can be explained by a set of key explanatory traits recorded at different life stages and that these traits can be simultaneously improved by selective breeding.
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44
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Dierks A, Kölzow N, Franke K, Fischer K. Does selection on increased cold tolerance in the adult stage confer resistance throughout development? J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1650-7. [PMID: 22686583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Artificial selection is a powerful approach to unravel constraints on genetic adaptation. Although it has been frequently used to reveal genetic trade-offs among different fitness-related traits, only a few studies have targeted genetic correlations across developmental stages. Here, we test whether selection on increased cold tolerance in the adult stage increases cold resistance throughout ontogeny in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. We used lines selected for decreased chill-coma recovery time and corresponding controls, which had originally been set up from three levels of inbreeding (outbred control, one or two full-sib matings). Four generations after having terminated selection, a response to selection was found in 1-day-old butterflies (the age at which selection took place). Older adults showed a very similar although weaker response. Nevertheless, cold resistance did not increase in either egg, larval or pupal stage in the selection lines but was even lower compared to control lines for eggs and young larvae. These findings suggest a cost of increased adult cold tolerance, presumably reducing resource availability for offspring provisioning and thereby stress tolerance during development, which may substantially affect evolutionary trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dierks
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Strasse 11 ⁄ 12, Greifswald, Germany.
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45
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Draghi JA, Whitlock MC. PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY FACILITATES MUTATIONAL VARIANCE, GENETIC VARIANCE, AND EVOLVABILITY ALONG THE MAJOR AXIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION. Evolution 2012; 66:2891-902. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Kolbe JJ, Revell LJ, Szekely B, Brodie ED, Losos JB. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION OF PHENOTYPIC INTEGRATION AND ITS ALIGNMENT WITH MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSIFICATION IN CARIBBEAN ANOLIS ECOMORPHS. Evolution 2011; 65:3608-24. [PMID: 22133229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Kolbe
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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47
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A new method to uncover signatures of divergent and stabilizing selection in quantitative traits. Genetics 2011; 189:621-32. [PMID: 21840853 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.129387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is well understood that the pace of evolution depends on the interplay between natural selection, random genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow, it is not always easy to disentangle the relative roles of these factors with data from natural populations. One popular approach to infer whether the observed degree of population differentiation has been influenced by local adaptation is the comparison of neutral marker gene differentiation (as reflected in FST) and quantitative trait divergence (as reflected in QST). However, this method may lead to compromised statistical power, because FST and QST are summary statistics which neglect information on specific pairs of populations, and because current multivariate tests of neutrality involve an averaging procedure over the traits. Further, most FST-QST comparisons actually replace QST by its expectation over the evolutionary process and are thus theoretically flawed. To overcome these caveats, we derived the statistical distribution of population means generated by random genetic drift and used the probability density of this distribution to test whether the observed pattern could be generated by drift alone. We show that our method can differentiate between genetic drift and selection as a cause of population differentiation even in cases with FST=QST and demonstrate with simulated data that it disentangles drift from selection more accurately than conventional FST-QST tests especially when data sets are small.
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48
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Jarvis JP, Cropp SN, Vaughn TT, Pletscher LS, King-Ellison K, Adams-Hunt E, Erickson C, Cheverud JM. The effect of a population bottleneck on the evolution of genetic variance/covariance structure. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:2139-52. [PMID: 21726329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that standard population genetic theory predicts decreased additive genetic variance (V(a) ) following a population bottleneck and that theoretical models including interallelic and intergenic interactions indicate such loss may be avoided. However, few empirical data from multicellular model systems are available, especially regarding variance/covariance (V/CV) relationships. Here, we compare the V/CV structure of seventeen traits related to body size and composition between control (60 mating pairs/generation) and bottlenecked (2 mating pairs/generation; average F = 0.39) strains of mice. Although results for individual traits vary considerably, multivariate analysis indicates that V(a) in the bottlenecked populations is greater than expected. Traits with patterns and amounts of epistasis predictive of enhanced V(a) also show the largest deviations from additive expectations. Finally, the correlation structure of weekly weights is not significantly different between control and experimental lines but correlations between necropsy traits do differ, especially those involving the heart, kidney and tail length.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Jarvis
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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49
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EROUKHMANOFF F, SVENSSON EI. Evolution and stability of the G-matrix during the colonization of a novel environment. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:1363-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Chenoweth SF, Rundle HD, Blows MW. The contribution of selection and genetic constraints to phenotypic divergence. Am Nat 2010; 175:186-96. [PMID: 20059364 DOI: 10.1086/649594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although divergent natural selection is common in nature, the extent to which genetic constraints bias evolutionary trajectories in its presence remains largely unknown. Here we develop a general framework to integrate estimates of divergent selection and genetic constraints to estimate their contributions to phenotypic divergence among natural populations. We apply these methods to estimates of phenotypic selection and genetic covariance from sexually selected traits that have undergone adaptive divergence among nine natural populations of the fly Drosophila serrata. Despite ongoing sexual selection within populations, differences in its direction among them, and genetic variance for all traits in all populations, divergent sexual selection only weakly resembled the observed pattern of divergence. Accounting for the influence of genetic covariance among the traits significantly improved the alignment between observed and predicted divergence. Our results suggest that the direction in which sexual selection generates divergence may depend on the pattern of genetic constraint in individual populations, ultimately restricting how sexually selected traits may diversify. More generally, we show how evolution is likely to proceed in the direction of major axes of genetic variance, rather than the direction of selection itself, when genetic variance-covariance matrices are ill conditioned and genetic variance is low in the direction of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Chenoweth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia 4072.
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