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Balant M, Garnatje T, Vitales D, Hidalgo O, Chitwood DH. Intra-leaf modeling of Cannabis leaflet shape produces leaf models that predict genetic and developmental identities. New Phytol 2024. [PMID: 38757746 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The iconic, palmately compound leaves of Cannabis have attracted significant attention in the past. However, investigations into the genetic basis of leaf shape or its connections to phytochemical composition have yielded inconclusive results. This is partly due to prominent changes in leaflet number within a single plant during development, which has so far prevented the proper use of common morphometric techniques. Here, we present a new method that overcomes the challenge of nonhomologous landmarks in palmate, pinnate, and lobed leaves, using Cannabis as an example. We model corresponding pseudo-landmarks for each leaflet as angle-radius coordinates and model them as a function of leaflet to create continuous polynomial models, bypassing the problems associated with variable number of leaflets between leaves. We analyze 341 leaves from 24 individuals from nine Cannabis accessions. Using 3591 pseudo-landmarks in modeled leaves, we accurately predict accession identity, leaflet number, and relative node number. Intra-leaf modeling offers a rapid, cost-effective means of identifying Cannabis accessions, making it a valuable tool for future taxonomic studies, cultivar recognition, and possibly chemical content analysis and sex identification, in addition to permitting the morphometric analysis of leaves in any species with variable numbers of leaflets or lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manica Balant
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, IBB (CSIC-CMCNB), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratori de Botànica, Unitat Associada al CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Teresa Garnatje
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, IBB (CSIC-CMCNB), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038, Barcelona, Spain
- Jardí Botànic Marimurtra - Fundació Carl Faust, pg. Carles Faust, 9, 17300, Blanes, Spain
| | - Daniel Vitales
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, IBB (CSIC-CMCNB), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriane Hidalgo
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, IBB (CSIC-CMCNB), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038, Barcelona, Spain
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Daniel H Chitwood
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Fang X, Zhu Z, Li J, Wang X, Wei C, Zhang X, Dai Z, Liu S, Luan F. Identification of Chromosomal Regions and Candidate Genes for Round leaf Locus in Cucumis melo L. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:1134. [PMID: 38674543 PMCID: PMC11054961 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Leaf morphology plays a crucial role in plant classification and provides a significant model for studying plant diversity while directly impacting photosynthetic efficiency. In the case of melons, leaf shape not only influences production and classification but also represents a key genetic trait that requires further exploration. In this study, we utilized forward genetics to pinpoint a recessive locus, dubbed Cmrl (Round leaf), which is responsible for regulating melon leaf shape. Through bulked segregant analysis sequencing and extensive evaluation of a two-year F2 population, we successfully mapped the Cmrl locus to a 537.07 kb region on chromosome 8 of the melon genome. Subsequent genetic fine-mapping efforts, leveraging a larger F2 population encompassing 1322 plants and incorporating F2:3 phenotypic data, further refined the locus to an 80.27 kb interval housing five candidate genes. Promoter analysis and coding sequence cloning confirmed that one of these candidates, MELO3C019152.2 (Cmppr encoding a pentatricopeptide repeat-containing family protein, Cmppr), stands out as a strong candidate gene for the Cmrl locus. Notably, comparisons of Cmrl expressions across various stages of leaf development and different leaf regions suggest a pivotal role of Cmrl in the morphogenesis of melon leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zicheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Junyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xuezheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chunhua Wei
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zuyun Dai
- Anhui Jianghuai Horticulture Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei 230031, China;
| | - Shi Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Feishi Luan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
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Marković M, Vidaković V, Popović Z. A Geometric Morphometrics Approach to the Study of Natural Variations and Hybrid Detection in Populations of Alnus incana (L.) Moench and Alnus rohlenae Vít, Douda and Mandák. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:993. [PMID: 38611522 PMCID: PMC11013130 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Landmark-based geometric morphometrics (GM) was used to examine, for the first time, spontaneous hybridization between Alnus incana (L.) Moench and Alnus rohlenae Vít, Douda and Mandák, and to assess inter- and intrapopulation variability in leaf shape, leaf size and venation in natural populations in Serbia (Western Balkans). Two geographically distant (30 km) and two close (1.2 km) populations were selected to examine hybridization. The variability in leaf shapes was assessed by canonical variate analysis and linear discriminant analysis performed on the symmetric component of variation. Covariation between the symmetric component of shape variation and the number of pairs of secondary leaf veins was investigated with partial least squares analysis. Static allometry was examined for the first time in the genus Alnus Mill. A higher proportion of A. incana leaves was classified as A. rohlenae in geographically close populations, which is in accordance with the hypothesis about spontaneous hybridization. No single leaf of A. rohlenae was classified as A. incana, indicating that putative hybrids can only be found in grey alder populations. This study demonstrates that GM is a powerful tool for species delimitation and hybrid detection in the genus Alnus and it can be used for preliminary screening in hybrid zones.
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Everingham SE, Offord CA, Sabot MEB, Moles AT. Leaf morphological traits show greater responses to changes in climate than leaf physiological traits and gas exchange variables. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10941. [PMID: 38510539 PMCID: PMC10951557 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to changing conditions is one of the strategies plants may use to survive in the face of climate change. We aimed to determine whether plants' leaf morphological and physiological traits/gas exchange variables have changed in response to recent, anthropogenic climate change. We grew seedlings from resurrected historic seeds from ex-situ seed banks and paired modern seeds in a common-garden experiment. Species pairs were collected from regions that had undergone differing levels of climate change using an emerging framework-Climate Contrast Resurrection Ecology, allowing us to hypothesise that regions with greater changes in climate (including temperature, precipitation, climate variability and climatic extremes) would be greater trait responses in leaf morphology and physiology over time. Our study found that in regions where there were greater changes in climate, there were greater changes in average leaf area, leaf margin complexity, leaf thickness and leaf intrinsic water use efficiency. Changes in leaf roundness, photosynthetic rate, stomatal density and the leaf economic strategy of our species were not correlated with changes in climate. Our results show that leaves do have the ability to respond to changes in climate, however, there are greater inherited responses in morphological leaf traits than in physiological traits/variables and greater responses to extreme measures of climate than gradual changes in climatic means. It is vital for accurate predictions of species' responses to impending climate change to ensure that future climate change ecology studies utilise knowledge about the difference in both leaf trait and gas exchange responses and the climate variables that they respond to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Everingham
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- The Australian Institute of Botanical Science, The Australian PlantBank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Australian Botanic Garden Mount AnnanMount AnnanNew South WalesAustralia
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Catherine A. Offord
- The Australian Institute of Botanical Science, The Australian PlantBank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Australian Botanic Garden Mount AnnanMount AnnanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Manon E. B. Sabot
- Climate Change Research CentreUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate ExtremesUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Angela T. Moles
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Luo X, Guo L, Tagliere E, Yang Z, Liu Z. Leaf dissection and margin serration are independently regulated by two regulators converging on the CUC2-auxin module in strawberry. Curr Biol 2024; 34:769-780.e5. [PMID: 38272030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The remarkable diversity of leaf forms allows plants to adapt to their living environment. In general, leaf diversity is shaped by leaf complexity (compound or simple) and leaf margin pattern (entire, serrated, or lobed). Prior studies in multiple species have uncovered a conserved module of CUC2-auxin that regulates both leaf complexity and margin serration. How this module is regulated in different species to contribute to the species-specific leaf form is unclear. Furthermore, the mechanistic connection between leaf complexity and leaf serration regulation is not well studied. Strawberry has trifoliate compound leaves with serrations at the margin. In the wild strawberry Fragaria vesca, a mutant named salad was isolated that showed deeper leaf serrations but normal leaf complexity. SALAD encodes a single-Myb domain protein and is expressed at the leaf margin. Genetic analysis showed that cuc2a is epistatic to salad, indicating that SALAD normally limits leaf serration depth by repressing CUC2a expression. When both Arabidopsis homologs of SALAD were knocked out, deeper serrations were observed in Arabidopsis rosette leaves, supporting a conserved function of SALAD in leaf serration regulation. We incorporated the analysis of a third strawberry mutant simple leaf 1 (sl1) with reduced leaf complexity but normal leaf serration. We showed that SL1 and SALAD independently regulate CUC2a at different stages of leaf development to, respectively, regulate leaf complexity and leaf serration. Our results provide a clear and simple mechanism of how leaf complexity and leaf serration are coordinately as well as independently regulated to achieve diverse leaf forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ethan Tagliere
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Li M, Cai Q, Liang Y, Zhao Y, Hao Y, Qin Y, Qiao X, Han Y, Li H. Mapping and Screening of Candidate Gene Regulating the Biomass Yield of Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:796. [PMID: 38255870 PMCID: PMC10815252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomass yield is one of the important traits of sorghum, which is greatly affected by leaf morphology. In this study, a lobed-leaf mutant (sblob) was screened and identified, and its F2 inbred segregating line was constructed. Subsequently, MutMap and whole-genome sequencing were employed to identify the candidate gene (sblob1), the locus of which is Sobic.003G010300. Pfam and homologous analysis indicated that sblob1 encodes a Cytochrome P450 protein and plays a crucial role in the plant serotonin/melatonin biosynthesis pathway. Structural and functional changes in the sblob1 protein were elucidated. Hormone measurements revealed that sblob1 regulates both leaf morphology and sorghum biomass through regulation of the melatonin metabolic pathway. These findings provide valuable insights for further research and the enhancement of breeding programs, emphasizing the potential to optimize biomass yield in sorghum cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China; (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.Q.)
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China;
| | - Qizhe Cai
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China; (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.Q.)
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China
| | - Yinpei Liang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China; (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.Q.)
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China
| | - Yaofei Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China; (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.Q.)
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China
| | - Yaoshan Hao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China; (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.Q.)
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China;
| | - Yingying Qin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China; (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.Q.)
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China;
| | - Xinrui Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China;
| | - Yuanhuai Han
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China; (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.Q.)
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China
| | - Hongying Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China; (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.Q.)
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030800, China
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Yan Q, Xu L, Duan Y, Pan L, Wu Z, Chen X. Influence of leaf morphological characteristics on the dynamic changes of particulate matter retention and grain size distributions. Environ Technol 2024; 45:108-119. [PMID: 35815364 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTPlant leaves can retain atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and thus alleviate air pollution. Herein, four plant species (Cerasus. serrulata, H. syriacus, H. tuberosus, and E. japonicus) from the central part of Shanxi Province, China, were investigated to analyse the dynamic changes in their PM retention capacity and grain size over five periods. The relationship between leaf morphological characteristics (leaf size and leaf surface microstructure) and dynamic changes were discussed in PM retention, revealing the influence of leaf morphological characteristics on the amount of PM retention and its composition. The results showed that amount and grain sizes of the retained PM differed significantly among the various studied species; however, the trends in PM retention of different species in the time series were the same. The grain size distributions of PM from the four species displayed a bimodal distribution, in which the main peak distribution range was 5-60 μm and the secondary peak distribution range was 0.4-1 μm. Leaves of smaller sizes and those with rough surfaces had a high PM retention capacity. Leaves with deep grooves are conductive to retaining PM2.5 and PM2.5-10, while leaves with hair are conductive to retaining PM>10. Therefore, the morphological characteristics of leaves should be considered when selecting the use of plant species to alleviate air pollution.Highlights Dynamics of PM retention capacity and grain size distributions of four plant species were analysed.Grain size distributions of PM retained on leaves had a bimodal distribution.Small leaves with grooves or hair are conductive to PM retention.Grooves are conductive to fine PM retention while hairs are conductive to coarse PM retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yan
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lishuai Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Duan
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lichao Pan
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangwei Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangling Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People's Republic of China
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Wu A, Anderegg LDL, Dawson TE, Trugman AT. Leaf trait coordination and variation of blue oak across topo-environmental scales. Tree Physiol 2023; 43:2098-2108. [PMID: 37847600 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Trees are arguably the most diverse and complex macro-organisms on Earth. The equally diverse functions of trees directly impact fluxes of carbon, water and energy from the land surface. A number of recent studies have shed light on the substantial within-species variability across plant traits, including aspects of leaf morphology and plant allocation of photosynthates to leaf biomass. Yet, within-tree variability in leaf traits due to microclimatic variations, leaf hydraulic coordination across traits at different physiological scales and variations in leaf traits over a growing season remain poorly studied. This knowledge gap is stymieing the fundamental understanding of what drives trait variation and covariation from tissues to trees to landscapes. Here, we present an extensive dataset measuring within-tree heterogeneity in leaf traits in California's blue oak (Quercus douglasii) across an edaphic gradient and over the course of a growing season at an oak-grass savanna in Southern CA, USA. We found a high level of within-tree crown leaf area:sapwood area variation that was not attributable to sample height or aspect. We also found a higher level of trait integration at the tree level, rather than branch level, suggesting that trees optimize water use at the organismal level. Despite the large variance in traits within a tree crown and across trees, we did not find strong evidence for adaptive plasticity or acclimation in leaf morphological traits (e.g., changes to phenotype which increased fitness) across temporal and spatial water availability gradients. Collectively, our results highlight strong variation in drought-related physiology, but limited evidence for adaptive trait plasticity over shorter time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Wu
- Department of Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Leander D L Anderegg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, Noble Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, Ellison Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Lafont Rapnouil T, Gallant Canguilhem M, Julien F, Céréghino R, Leroy C. Light intensity mediates phenotypic plasticity and leaf trait regionalization in a tank bromeliad. Ann Bot 2023; 132:443-454. [PMID: 37647886 PMCID: PMC10667009 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Phenotypic plasticity allows plants to cope with environmental variability. Plastic responses to the environment have mostly been investigated at the level of individuals (plants) but can also occur within leaves. Yet the latter have been underexplored, as leaves are often treated as functional units with no spatial structure. We investigated the effect of a strong light gradient on plant and leaf traits and examined whether different portions of a leaf show similar or differential responses to light intensity. METHODS We measured variation in 27 morpho-anatomical and physiological traits of the rosette and leaf portions (i.e. base and apex) of the tank bromeliad Aechmea aquilega (Bromeliaceae) when naturally exposed to a marked gradient of light intensity. KEY RESULTS The light intensity received by A. aquilega had a strong effect on the structural, biochemical and physiological traits of the entire rosette. Plants exposed to high light intensity were smaller and had wider, shorter, more rigid and more vertical leaves. They also had lower photosynthetic performance and nutrient levels. We found significant differences between the apex and basal portions of the leaf under low-light conditions, and the differences declined or disappeared for most of the traits as light intensity increased (i.e. leaf thickness, adaxial trichome density, abaxial and adaxial trichome surface, and vascular bundle surface and density). CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal a strong phenotypic plasticity in A. aquilega, particularly in the form of a steep functional gradient within the leaf under low-light conditions. Under high-light conditions, trait values were relatively uniform along the leaf. This study sheds interesting new light on the functional complexity of tank bromeliad leaves, and on the effect of environmental conditions on leaf trait regionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Lafont Rapnouil
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, France
- EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Campus agronomique, Kourou, France
| | - Matthieu Gallant Canguilhem
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, France
- EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Campus agronomique, Kourou, France
| | - Frédéric Julien
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Régis Céréghino
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Leroy
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, France
- EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Campus agronomique, Kourou, France
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Hesami M, Pepe M, Jones AMP. Morphological Characterization of Cannabis sativa L. Throughout Its Complete Life Cycle. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3646. [PMID: 37896109 PMCID: PMC10610221 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
This study extensively characterizes the morphological characteristics, including the leaf morphology, plant structure, flower development, and trichome features throughout the entire life cycle of Cannabis sativa L. cv. White Widow. The developmental responses to photoperiodic variations were investigated from germination to mature plant senescence. The leaf morphology showed a progression of complexity, beginning with serrations in the 1st true leaves, until the emergence of nine leaflets in the 6th true leaves, followed by a distinct shift to eight, then seven leaflets with the 14th and 15th true leaves, respectively. Thereafter, the leaf complexity decreased, culminating in the emergence of a single leaflet from the 25th node. The leaf area peaked with the 12th leaves, which coincided with a change from opposite to alternate phyllotaxy. The stipule development at nodes 5 and 6 signified the vegetative phase, followed by bract and solitary flower development emerging in nodes 7-12, signifying the reproductive phase. The subsequent induction of short-day photoperiod triggered the formation of apical inflorescence. Mature flowers displayed abundant glandular trichomes on perigonal bracts, with stigma color changing from whitish-yellow to reddish-brown. A pronounced increase in trichome density was evident, particularly on the abaxial bract surface, following the onset of flowering. The trichomes exhibited simultaneous growth in stalk length and glandular head diameter and pronounced shifts in color. Hermaphroditism occurred well after the general harvest date. This comprehensive study documents the intricate photoperiod-driven morphological changes throughout the complete lifecycle of Cannabis sativa L. cv. White Widow. The developmental responses characterized provide valuable insights for industrial and research applications.
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Jurkšienė G, Danusevičius D, Kembrytė-Ilčiukienė R, Baliuckas V. Dendrological Secrets of the Pazaislis Monastery in Central Lithuania: DNA Markers and Morphology Reveal Tilia × europaea L. Hybrids of an Impressive Age. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3567. [PMID: 37896030 PMCID: PMC10610045 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
We benefited from the availability of a species-specific DNA marker to describe the morphometry of T. cordata × platyphyllos hybrids of an impressive age (ca. 150 years) grown in the Pazaislis baroque monastery yard in Central Lithuania. In an earlier study on a country-wide set of 543 T. cordata individuals from natural forest populations in Lithuania, we detected a nuclear microsatellite locus Tc8 well-differentiating between T. cordata and T. platyphyllos. The Tc8 locus contained a 140 bp allele in T. cordata (541 sampled individuals) and alleles above 160 bp in the two trees with a T. platyphyllos-like morphology (sampled in a national park). To verify the Tc8 locus as species specific, we sampled a further four T. platyphyllos-like individuals, which all contained the Tc8 locus alleles above 160 bp. We subsequently genotyped the six old-growth individuals from the Pazaislis monastery with mixed T. cordata × platyphyllos morphology. Results revealed that all six old-growth Tilia individuals from the Pazaislis monastery were heterozygous for the Tc8 locus with alleles of 140 bp (indicative of T. cordata) and 162 bp (indicative of T. platyphyllos). This finding confirms the morphological observations that these individuals are hybrids between T. cordata and T. platyphyllos. Additionally, the genotyping of a set of 14 nuclear microsatellite loci revealed that all six trees from the Pazaislis monastery are clones, possessing identical microsatellite genotypes. After the molecular identification, we morphotyped leaves, bracts, twigs, and nuts of the 6 old-growth T. cordata × platyphyllos hybrids from the Pazaislis monastery, 16 T. cordata old-growth trees, 4 T. × europaea var. europaea 'Pallida' trees growing near the Pazaislis monastery, and 4 mature T. platyphyllos trees from a nearby Girionys park. The morphotyping showed that T. cordata × platyphyllos hybrids may be the easiest to distinguish from T. cordata by raised and horizontally tertiary veins of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girmantė Jurkšienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Liepu Str. 1 Girionys, LT-53101 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Darius Danusevičius
- Faculty of Forest Sciences and Ecology, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičo g. 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.D.); (R.K.-I.)
| | - Rūta Kembrytė-Ilčiukienė
- Faculty of Forest Sciences and Ecology, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičo g. 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.D.); (R.K.-I.)
| | - Virgilijus Baliuckas
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Liepu Str. 1 Girionys, LT-53101 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Van de Velde E, Steppe K, Van Labeke MC. Leaf morphology, optical characteristics and phytochemical traits of butterhead lettuce affected by increasing the far-red photon flux. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1129335. [PMID: 37600174 PMCID: PMC10433762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1129335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Light and its spectral characteristics are crucial for plant growth and development. The far-red photon flux mediates many plant processes through the action of phytochrome and also accelerates the photosynthetic electron transfer rate. In this study, we assessed the effects of far-red addition on butterhead lettuce morphology, light use efficiency, optical properties, and phytochemical characteristics. Three-week-old lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Alyssa) were grown for up to 28 days under a 10% blue and 90% red light spectrum (200 µmol m-2 s-1, 16 h photoperiod) to which five different intensities of far-red light (peak at 735 nm) were added (0-9-18-36-72 µmol m-2 s-1). White light-emitting diodes were included as a proxy for sunlight. Increasing supplemental far-red photon flux from zero to 21% increased the light use efficiency (g per mol) by 37% on day 14; 43% on day 21; and 39% on day 28. Measurements of projected head area suggest that this was associated with an increase in leaf expansion and photon capture and not necessarily a direct effect on photosynthesis. Moreover, vegetation indices based on leaf reflectance showed a decrease in chlorophyll-related indices under a high far-red photon flux. This decrease in pigment content was confirmed by chemical analyses, suggesting that the plants may not reach their full potential in terms of photon capture, limiting the overall photosynthetic performance. Furthermore, the stress-related Carter 1 index increased in plants grown under a high far-red photon flux, indicating early plant stress. Far-red tended to decrease the content of total phenolics and increase soluble sugars. The higher sugar levels can be attributed to an improved photochemical efficiency due to photosystem I excitation by far-red wavelengths, also known as the Emerson Enhancement effect. Despite these higher sugar levels, no effect on foliar nitrate content was observed. Our results show that far-red supplementation has the potential to enhance light interception at the early growth stages, although higher intensities of far-red may cause plant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Van de Velde
- Horticultural Sciences, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Christine Van Labeke
- Horticultural Sciences, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Wang J, Xu J, Wang L, Zhou M, Nian J, Chen M, Lu X, Liu X, Wang Z, Cen J, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zeng D, Hu J, Zhu L, Dong G, Ren D, Gao Z, Shen L, Zhang Q, Li Q, Guo L, Yu S, Qian Q, Zhang G. SEMI-ROLLED LEAF 10 stabilizes catalase isozyme B to regulate leaf morphology and thermotolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Biotechnol J 2023; 21:819-838. [PMID: 36597711 PMCID: PMC10037157 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant architecture and stress tolerance play important roles in rice breeding. Specific leaf morphologies and ideal plant architecture can effectively improve both abiotic stress resistance and rice grain yield. However, the mechanism by which plants simultaneously regulate leaf morphogenesis and stress resistance remains elusive. Here, we report that SRL10, which encodes a double-stranded RNA-binding protein, regulates leaf morphology and thermotolerance in rice through alteration of microRNA biogenesis. The srl10 mutant had a semi-rolled leaf phenotype and elevated sensitivity to high temperature. SRL10 directly interacted with catalase isozyme B (CATB), and the two proteins mutually increased one other's stability to enhance hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) scavenging, thereby contributing to thermotolerance. The natural Hap3 (AGC) type of SRL10 allele was found to be present in the majority of aus rice accessions, and was identified as a thermotolerant allele under high temperature stress in both the field and the growth chamber. Moreover, the seed-setting rate was 3.19 times higher and grain yield per plant was 1.68 times higher in near-isogenic line (NIL) carrying Hap3 allele compared to plants carrying Hap1 allele under heat stress. Collectively, these results reveal a new locus of interest and define a novel SRL10-CATB based regulatory mechanism for developing cultivars with high temperature tolerance and stable yield. Furthermore, our findings provide a theoretical basis for simultaneous breeding for plant architecture and stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene ResearchCollege of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang ProvinceResearch Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryHangzhouChina
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Mengyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Jinqiang Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Minmin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Xueli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Xiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Zian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Jiangsu Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Yiting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Zhihai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Lan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Sibin Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene ResearchCollege of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed LaboratorySanyaChina
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesSanyaChina
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed LaboratorySanyaChina
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesSanyaChina
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Oberprieler C, Ott T, Vogt R. Picks in the Fabric of a Polyploidy Complex: Integrative Species Delimitation in the Tetraploid Leucanthemum Mill. (Compositae, Anthemideae) Representatives. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12. [PMID: 36829565 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on the results of a preceding species-delimitation analysis for the diploid representatives of the genus Leucanthemum (Compositae, Anthemideae), the present study aims at the elaboration of a specific and subspecific taxonomic treatment of the tetraploid members of the genus. Following an integrative taxonomic approach, species-level decisions on eight predefined morphotaxon hypotheses were based on genetic/genealogical, morphological, ecological, and geographical differentiation patterns. ddRADseq fingerprinting and SNP-based clustering revealed genetic integrity for six of the eight morphotaxa, with no clear differentiation patterns observed between the widespread L. ircutianum subsp. ircutianum and the N Spanish (Cordillera Cantábrica) L. cantabricum and the S French L. delarbrei subsp. delabrei (northern Massif Central) and L. meridionale (western Massif Central). The inclusion of differentiation patterns in morphological (leaf dissection and shape), ecological (climatological and edaphic niches), and geographical respects (pair-wise tests of sympatry vs. allopatry) together with the application of a procedural protocol for species-rank decisions (the 'Wettstein tesseract') led to the proposal of an acknowledgement of the eight predefined morphotaxon hypotheses as six species (two of them with two subspecies). Nomenclatural consequences following from these results are drawn and lead to the following new combinations: Leucanthemum delarbrei subsp. meridionale (Legrand) Oberpr., T.Ott & Vogt, comb. nov. and Leucanthemum ruscinonense (Jeanb. & Timb.-Lagr.) Oberpr., T.Ott & Vogt, comb. et stat. nov.
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15
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Bodor-Pesti P, Taranyi D, Deák T, Nyitrainé Sárdy DÁ, Varga Z. A Review of Ampelometry: Morphometric Characterization of the Grape ( Vitis spp.) Leaf. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:452. [PMID: 36771536 PMCID: PMC9918979 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Grape (Vitis spp.) is one of the most important horticultural crops, cultivated worldwide on more than 7.3 million hectares for various purposes such as winemaking, fresh fruit consumption, rootstock, and ornamental plants. Based on the inter- and intraspecific morphological variability, several descriptor lists, manuals and ampelographic studies are available for identification. Among the organs, leaves have the most traits, while the young shoot, bunch and berry are also important in the characterization of the genotypes. Vitis species and cultivars are described by leaf morphological characterization developed in many ways for the identification of genotypes, to clarify synonymies and distinct clones or evaluate the diversity of wild Vitis taxa. Morphometric-also known as ampelometric-evaluation has an extensive background in the literature. However, for some reasons, only a part of the literature is cited, despite its significant scientific value. In this paper, we summarize the efforts of metric characterization of the grapevine leaf with the introduction of the scientific objectives and reviewing the studies showing the innovations in phenotyping during the past 120 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bodor-Pesti
- Department of Viticulture, Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, Buda Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi Str. 29-43., H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Taranyi
- Department of Viticulture, Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, Buda Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi Str. 29-43., H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Deák
- Department of Viticulture, Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, Buda Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi Str. 29-43., H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diána Ágnes Nyitrainé Sárdy
- Department of Oenology, Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, Buda Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi Str. 29-43., H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Varga
- Department of Viticulture, Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, Buda Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi Str. 29-43., H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
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Wu C, Zhou S, Cheng X, Wei X. Alternating processes of dry and wet nitrogen deposition have different effects on the function of canopy leaves: Implications for leaf photosynthesis. Front Plant Sci 2023; 13:1105075. [PMID: 36699842 PMCID: PMC9868767 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Canopy leaves are sinks of dry and wet nitrogen (N) deposition, most studies have not considered the response of canopy leaves to the alternating processes of dry and wet N deposition. We manipulated a close top chamber experiment to observe the effects of simulated N deposition with the same total deposition flux but different dry to wet ratios on leaf structure and physiology by spraying NH4Cl solution or supplying gaseous NH3 over the canopy of seedlings of three species (Betula platyphylla, Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis) placed in the chamber. After 32 days of N deposition and relative to the control, the leaf morphology and mesophyll tissue structure of the three species had no significant changes under all N deposition treatments. With the increase in the ratio of dry to wet N deposition, the N concentration, N metabolizing enzyme activity and soluble protein concentration in leaves of all three species increased continuously, but for the leaf light-saturated net photosynthesis rate, B. platyphylla showed a continuous increase, F. mandshurica showed a continuous decrease, and P. koraiensis showed no significant change. We found that F. mandshurica was the only species whose foliar chlorophyll and potassium concentration decreased with the increase in the ratio of dry to wet N deposition and its leaf light-saturated net photosynthesis rate was positively correlated with foliar chlorophyll and potassium concentration, respectively. Our results indicate that dry deposition is relatively more important on leaf physiological functions in alternating deposition. B. platyphylla and P. koraiensis may better acclimate to canopy NH3/NH4 + deposition than F. mandshurica. Most importantly, the results indicate that a single simulated dry and wet deposition would overestimate and underestimate the response of leaf function to atmospheric N deposition, respectively. Alternating processes of dry and wet deposition should be considered for more realistic assessments of the effects of atmospheric N deposition in forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunze Wu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Siyu Zhou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xing Wei
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Zhou R, Fan M, Zhao M, Jiang X, Liu Q. Overexpression of LtKNOX1 from Lilium tsingtauense in Nicotiana benthamiana affects the development of leaf morphology. Plant Signal Behav 2022; 17:2031783. [PMID: 35139775 PMCID: PMC9176240 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2031783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are the main vegetative organs of the aboveground part of plants and play an important role in plant morphogenesis. KNOTTED-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) plays a crucial role in regulating leaf cell fate and maintaining leaf development. In this study, we analyzed LtKNOX1 from Lilium tsingtauense and illustrated its function in transgenic plants. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that LtKNOX1 was highly expressed in stems, young flower buds, and shoot apical meristems (SAMs). Ectopic overexpression of LtKNOX1 in Nicotiana benthamiana suggested that transformants with mild phenotypes were characterized by foliar wrinkles and mildly curled leaves; transformants with intermediate phenotypes showed severely crimped blades and narrow leaf angles, and the most severe phenotypes lacked normal SAMs and leaves. Moreover, the expression levels of genes involved in the regulation of KNOX in transgenic plants were detected, including ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1, PIN-FORMED 1, GA20-oxidase, CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 2, CLAVATA 1 and WUSCHEL(WUS), and the expression of other genes were down-regulated except WUS. This study contributes to our understanding of the LtKNOX1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Menglong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xinqiang Jiang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Kilpeläinen J, Domisch T, Lehto T, Kivimäenpää M, Martz F, Piirainen S, Repo T. Separating the effects of air and soil temperature on silver birch. Part II. The relation of physiology and leaf anatomy to growth dynamics. Tree Physiol 2022; 42:2502-2520. [PMID: 35939341 PMCID: PMC9743009 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aboveground parts of boreal forest trees grow earlier in the growing season, the roots mostly later. The idea was to examine whether root growth followed soil temperature, or whether shoot growth also demanded most resources in the early growing season (soil temperature vs internal sink strengths for resources). The linkage between air and soil temperature was broken by switching the soil temperature. We aimed here to identify the direct effects of different soil temperature patterns on physiology, leaf anatomy and their interactions, and how they relate to the control of the growth dynamics of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). Sixteen 2-year-old seedlings were grown in a controlled environment for two 14-week simulated growing seasons (GS1, GS2). An 8-week dormancy period interposed the GSs. In GS2, soil temperature treatments were applied: constant 10 °C (Cool), constant 18 °C (Warm), early growing season at 10 °C switched to 18 °C later (Early Cool Late Warm) and 18 °C followed by 10 °C (Early Warm Late Cool) were applied during GS2. The switch from cool to warm enhanced the water status, net photosynthesis, chlorophyll content index, effective yield of photosystem II (ΔF/Fm') and leaf expansion of the seedlings. Warm treatment increased the stomatal number per leaf. In contrast, soil cooling increased glandular trichomes. This investment in increasing the chemical defense potential may be associated with the decreased growth in cool soil. Non-structural carbohydrates were accumulated in leaves at a low soil temperature showing that growth was more hindered than net photosynthesis. Leaf anatomy differed between the first and second leaf flush of silver birch, which may promote tree fitness in the prevailing growing conditions. The interaction of birch structure and function changes with soil temperature, which can further reflect to ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Kilpeläinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, Joensuu 80100, Finland
| | - Timo Domisch
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, Joensuu 80100, Finland
| | - Tarja Lehto
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Juntintie 154, 77600 Suonenjoki, Finland
| | - Françoise Martz
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Ounasjoentie 6, 96200 Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Sirpa Piirainen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, Joensuu 80100, Finland
| | - Tapani Repo
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, Joensuu 80100, Finland
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Wohlfahrt Y, Krüger K, Papsdorf D, Tittmann S, Stoll M. Grapevine leaf physiology and morphological characteristics to elevated CO 2 in the VineyardFACE (Free air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) experiment. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1085878. [PMID: 36570950 PMCID: PMC9782973 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1085878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has continuously increased since pre-industrial times and has currently reached an average growth rate of 2.3 ppm per year. For the majority of plant species elevated CO2 (eCO2) improves photosynthesis and thus plant biomass production. To investigate the effects of eCO2 on leaf physiology and morphological leaf characteristics two Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon, grown in the VineyardFACE (Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) system were used. The VineyardFACE is located at Geisenheim, Rheingau comparing future atmospheric CO2-concentrations (eCO2, predicted for the mid-21st century) with current ambient CO2-conditions (aCO2). Experiments were operated under rain-fed conditions for two consecutive years (2015 and 2016). For both varieties and CO2 treatments, leaf gas exchange measurements were performed as well as measures of epidermal flavonoid (Flav) and leaf chlorophyll (Chl) indices by using a portable leaf clip. Furthermore, leaves were sampled for spectrophotometric analysis of the leaf pigments chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) and carotenoid (Car). Additionally, leaf cross-sections were produced as permanent preparations to investigate morphological characteristics of the leaf structure. Both cultivars did not differ in leaf chlorophyll meter readings or leaf pigments between the two CO2 treatments while net assimilation was highly stimulated under elevated CO2 for both seasons. Differences found in leaf cross-sections were detected in palisade parenchyma and epidermal thickness of Cabernet Sauvignon under eCO2, whereas Riesling net assimilation increased by 40% under a 20% CO2 enrichment while remaining unaffected in different leaf layer thickness. The observed results within grapevine leaf tissues provide insights to seasonal adaptation strategies of grapevines under elevated CO2 concentrations predicted in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Wohlfahrt
- Department of General and Organic Viticulture, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Katja Krüger
- University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Erfurt Research Centre for Horticultural Crops (FGK), Erfurt, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Erfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Papsdorf
- Department of Applied Ecology, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Susanne Tittmann
- Department of General and Organic Viticulture, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Manfred Stoll
- Department of General and Organic Viticulture, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
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Petrik P, Petek-Petrik A, Kurjak D, Mukarram M, Klein T, Gömöry D, Střelcová K, Frýdl J, Konôpková A. Interannual adjustments in stomatal and leaf morphological traits of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) demonstrate its climate change acclimation potential. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2022; 24:1287-1296. [PMID: 35238138 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current projections of climate change might exceed the ability of European forest trees to adapt to upcoming environmental conditions. However, stomatal and leaf morphological traits could greatly influence the acclimation potential of forest tree species subjected to global warming, including the single most important forestry species in Europe, European beech. We analysed stomatal (guard cell length, stomatal density and potential conductance index) and leaf (leaf area, leaf dry weight and leaf mass per area) morphological traits of ten provenances from two provenance trials with contrasting climates between 2016 and 2020. The impact of meteorological conditions of the current and preceding year on stomatal and leaf traits was tested by linear and quadratic regressions. Ecodistance was used to capture the impact of adaptation after the transfer of provenances to new environments. Interactions of trial-provenance and trial-year factors were significant for all measured traits. Guard cell length was lowest and stomatal density was highest across beech provenances in the driest year, 2018. Adaptation was also reflected in a significant relationship between aridity ecodistance and measured traits. Moreover, the meteorological conditions of the preceding year affected the interannual variability of stomatal and leaf traits more than the meteorological conditions of the spring of the current year, suggesting the existence of plant stress memory. High intraspecific variability of stomatal and leaf traits controlled by the interaction of adaptation, acclimation and plant memory suggests a high acclimation potential of European beech provenances under future conditions of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Petrik
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Petek-Petrik
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - D Kurjak
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - M Mukarram
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
- Advance Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - T Klein
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - D Gömöry
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - K Střelcová
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - J Frýdl
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Jíloviště, Czech Republic
| | - A Konôpková
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
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21
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Weithmann G, Schuldt B, Link RM, Heil D, Hoeber S, John H, Müller-Haubold H, Schüller LM, Schumann K, Leuschner C. Leaf trait modification in European beech trees in response to climatic and edaphic drought. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2022; 24:1272-1286. [PMID: 34854183 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf morphological and physiological traits control the carbon and water relations of mature trees and are determinants of drought tolerance, but it is not well understood how they are modified in response to water deficits. We analysed five sun-canopy leaf traits (mean leaf size (LS), specific leaf area (SLA), Huber value (HV), water potential at turgor loss point (Ψtlp ) and foliar carbon isotope signature (δ13 C)) in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) across three precipitation gradients sampled in moist (2010), dry (2019) and very dry (2018) summers, and tested their response to short-term water deficits (climatic water balance (CWB) preceding sample collection) and long-term water availability (mean annual precipitation (MAP), plant-available soil water capacity (AWC) and neighbourhood competition). Across the 34 sites, LS varied seven-fold (3.9-27.0 cm2 ), SLA four-fold (77.1-306.9 cm²·g-1 ) and HV six-fold (1.0-6.65 cm2 ·m-2 ). In the 2018 dataset, LS showed a negative and HV a positive relationship to MAP, which contradicts relations found in multi-species samples. Average Ψtlp ranged from -1.90 to -2.62 MPa and decreased across the sites with decreasing CWB in the month prior to measurement, as well as with decreasing MAP and AWC in 2019. Studied leaf traits varied considerably between years, suggesting that mast fruiting and the severe 2018 drought caused the formation of smaller leaves. We conclude that sun-canopy leaf traits of European beech exhibit considerable plasticity in response to climatic and edaphic aridity, and that osmotic adjustment may be an important element in the drought response strategy of this anisohydric tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weithmann
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - B Schuldt
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R M Link
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - D Heil
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Hoeber
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - H John
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - H Müller-Haubold
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - L-M Schüller
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K Schumann
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Leuschner
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Shi S, Shi R, Li T, Zhou D. UV-B Radiation Effects on the Alpine Plant Kobresia humilis in a Qinghai-Tibet Alpine Meadow. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:3102. [PMID: 36432831 PMCID: PMC9698231 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced UV-B radiation resulting from stratospheric ozone depletion has been documented both globally and on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. The response of Kobresia humilis, an important alpine meadow plant species, to enhanced UV-B radiation was experimentally investigated at the Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station (37°29′−37°45′ N, 101°12′−101°23′ E; alt. 3200 m). K. humilis was exposed to UV-B radiation including ambient UV-B and enhanced UV-B (simulating a 14% reduction in the ozone layer) in a randomized design with three replications of each treatment. Enhanced UV-B radiation resulted in a significant increase of both leaf area and fresh weight chlorophyll and carotenoid but had no effect on UV-B absorbing pigments. Similarly, enhanced UV-B radiation did not significantly change the photosynthetic O2 elevation rate while leaf thickness, width, and length significantly increased (p < 0.01). The enhanced UV-B radiation was associated with 2−3 days earlier flowering and a larger number of flowers per spikelet. The enhanced UV-B generally resulted in larger leaves and more flowers but earlier phenology. In summary, these findings suggest that alpine species of K. humilis have adapted to the strong solar UV-B radiation intensity presented on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but the interspecies differences and their influence on trophic level should be more concerning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biology, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology of Cold Area and Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Desertification and Aeolian Sand Disaster Combating, Gansu Desert Control Research Institute, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Guangdong Berkgen Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shaoguan Advanced Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Guangzhou 512000, China
| | - Tiancai Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biology, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology of Cold Area and Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China
| | - Dangwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biology, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology of Cold Area and Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China
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23
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Okumu MN, Robbertse PJ, Vorster BJ, Reinhardt CF. The Molecular, Morphological and Genetic Characterization of Glyphosate Resistance in Conyza bonariensis from South Africa. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:2830. [PMID: 36365283 PMCID: PMC9654701 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Six Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist populations were screened in a pot experiment at the University of Pretoria's Hatfield experimental farm to evaluate and confirm the degree of glyphosate response. Resistance factors ranged from 2.7- to 24.8-fold compared to the most susceptible biotype. Partial sequencing of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene found no mutation at the Thr102, Ala103 or Pro106 positions. EPSPS mRNA expression levels in glyphosate-resistant biotypes (Swellendam and Piketberg seed sampling sites) were comparable or lower than those in susceptible biotypes (George and Fauresmith sites). Additionally, the highest expression level was reported in the susceptible Fauresmith biotype. These results indicate that glyphosate resistance in the tested resistant biotypes is not caused by target-site mutations and EPSPS gene amplification. Leaf surface characteristics can influence the spread and subsequent absorption of glyphosate. The study established non-significant results in the amount of leaf wax and insufficient mean separations in cuticle thickness and trichome density data. Therefore, the observed differences in response of biotypes to glyphosate treatment could not be attributed conclusively to differences in the leaf morphological characteristics investigated. Results from the inheritance study were consistent with glyphosate resistance being inherited in an incompletely dominant manner when plants were treated with glyphosate herbicide at 900 g ae ha-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha N. Okumu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Petrus J. Robbertse
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Barend J. Vorster
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Carl F. Reinhardt
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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24
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Rodríguez-Santamaría K, Zafra-Mejía CA, Rondón-Quintana HA. Macro-Morphological Traits of Leaves for Urban Tree Selection for Air Pollution Biomonitoring: A Review. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:812. [PMID: 36290949 PMCID: PMC9599504 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Urban trees provide different ecosystem benefits, such as improving air quality due to the retention of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on their leaves. The main objective of this paper was to study, through a systematic literature review, the leaf macro-morphological traits (LMTs) most used for the selection of urban trees as air pollution biomonitors. A citation frequency index was used in scientific databases, where the importance associated with each variable was organized by quartiles (Q). The results suggest that the most biomonitored air pollutants by the LMTs of urban trees were PM between 1-100 µm (Q1 = 0.760), followed by O3 (Q2 = 0.586), PM2.5 (Q2 = 0.504), and PM10 (Q3 = 0.423). PM was probably the most effective air pollutant for studying and evaluating urban air quality in the context of tree LMTs. PM2.5 was the fraction most used in these studies. The LMTs most used for PM monitoring were leaf area (Q1) and specific leaf area (Q4). These LMTs were frequently used for their easy measurement and quantification. In urban areas, it was suggested that leaf area was directly related to the amount of PM retained on tree leaves. The PM retained on tree leaves was also used to study other f associated urban air pollutants associated (e.g., heavy metals and hydrocarbons).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rodríguez-Santamaría
- Grupo de Investigación INDESOS, Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 5 Este #15-82, Bogotá DC E-111711, Colombia
| | - Carlos Alfonso Zafra-Mejía
- Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería Ambiental—GIIAUD, Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 5 Este #15-82, Bogotá DC E-111711, Colombia
| | - Hugo Alexander Rondón-Quintana
- Ingeniería Topográfica, Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 5 Este #15-82, Bogotá DC E-111711, Colombia
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Wang J, Sun L, Zhu H, Lv Y, Meng W, Lv G, Zhang D, Liu K. Aneuploidy promotes intraspecific diversification of the endemic East Asian herb Lycoris aurea complex. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:955724. [PMID: 36247539 PMCID: PMC9558133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.955724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy has received considerable interest in the past, but aneuploidy and partial rearrangements may also influence genomic divergence. In this study, we reported a comprehensive cytogeographic, morphological and genetic analysis of Lycoris aurea complex throughout its range and attempted to explore the association between aneuploidy and species diversification. The karyotypes of this complex presented aneuploidy variations mainly divided into four cytotypes: I (2n = 10m + 2T), II (2n = 8m + 6T), III (2n = 7m + 8T), and IV (2n = 6m + 10T). Cytotype distributions were highly structured geographically. Two main cytotypes, II and IV, are geographically allopatric. The populations with cytotype II are mainly distributed in central China and the southern islands of Japan. Cytotypes IV is disjunctly distributed in southwestern and southeastern China. The cytotypes with fewer chromosome numbers tend to occur at high latitudes. For analyzing the phylogeographic pattern and genetic structure of this complex, we sequenced four chloroplast DNA fragments (4,748 bp in total) of 241 individuals from 42 populations. Extremely high diversity of cpDNA haplotypes was found, with genetic diversity index (H d) being 0.932 and 98.61% of the genetic variation occurring among populations, indicating that this complex has undergone strong intraspecific differentiation. The cytotype II had the highest haplotype diversity (H d = 0.885), while cytotype IV harbored the highest nucleotide diversity (π = 4.09 × 10-3). We detected significant leaf morphological differences not only between cytotype II and IV but also between west lineage and east lineage within cytotype IV. These results illustrated that aneuploidy contributed to extensive morphological and genetic differentiation in L. aurea complex. It was suggested that L. aurea complex should comprise multiple independent evolutionary lineages, and accurate species delimitation needs to be established further in an integrative taxonomic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Yanni Lv
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Weiqi Meng
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing, China
| | - Guosheng Lv
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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Dobrikova A, Apostolova E, Adamakis IDS, Hanć A, Sperdouli I, Moustakas M. Combined Impact of Excess Zinc and Cadmium on Elemental Uptake, Leaf Anatomy and Pigments, Antioxidant Capacity, and Function of Photosynthetic Apparatus in Clary Sage ( Salvia sclarea L.). Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11182407. [PMID: 36145808 PMCID: PMC9500708 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) is a medicinal plant that has the potential to be used for phytoextraction of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) from contaminated soils by accumulating these metals in its tissues. Additionally, it has been found to be more tolerant to excess Zn than to Cd stress alone; however, the interactive effects of the combined treatment with Zn and Cd on this medicinal herb, and the protective strategies of Zn to alleviate Cd toxicity have not yet been established in detail. In this study, clary sage plants grown hydroponically were simultaneously exposed to Zn (900 µM) and Cd (100 μM) for 8 days to obtain more detailed information about the plant responses and the role of excess Zn in mitigating Cd toxicity symptoms. The leaf anatomy, photosynthetic pigments, total phenolic and anthocyanin contents, antioxidant capacity (by DPPH and FRAP analyses), and the uptake and distribution of essential elements were investigated. The results showed that co-exposure to Zn and Cd leads to an increased leaf content of Fe and Mg compared to the control, and to increased leaf Ca, Mn, and Cu contents compared to plants treated with Cd only. This is most likely involved in the defense mechanisms of excess Zn against Cd toxicity to protect the chlorophyll content and the functions of both photosystems and the oxygen-evolving complex. The data also revealed that the leaves of clary sage plants subjected to the combined treatment have an increased antioxidant capacity attributed to the higher content of polyphenolic compounds. Furthermore, light microscopy indicated more alterations in the leaf morphology after Cd-only treatment than after the combined treatment. The present study shows that excess Zn could mitigate Cd toxicity in clary sage plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelia Dobrikova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
| | - Emilia Apostolova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Anetta Hanć
- Department of Trace Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ilektra Sperdouli
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation–Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael Moustakas
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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27
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Marina SM, Pamela DK. Within-individual leaf allometry and the evolution of leaf morphology: A multilevel analysis of leaf allometry in temperate Viburnum (Adoxaceae) species. Evol Dev 2022; 24:145-157. [PMID: 35971627 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A critical issue in evolutionary biology is understanding the relationship between macroevolutionary patterns of diversity and the origin of variation at the organismal level. Among-individual allometry, the relationship between the size and shape of a structure among organisms at a fixed developmental stage, is often similar to evolutionary allometry, the relationship between the size and shape of a structure among populations or species, and the genetic and developmental process that underlie allometric relationships at both levels are thought to influence evolutionary diversification. Metameric organisms present an additional level of allometry: the relationship between the size and shape of structures within individuals. We propose that within-individual allometry is also related to evolutionary diversification among metameric organisms. We explore this idea in temperate deciduous Viburnum (Adoxaceae) species that bear two types of leaves, that is, preformed and neoformed leaves, with contrasting patterns of development. Examination of within-individual, among-individual, among-population, and among-species allometry of leaf shape in both leaf types showed that the slopes of all allometric relationships were significantly different from isometry, and their sign was consistent across allometric hierarchies. Although the allometric slope of preformed leaves was constant across allometry levels, the allometric slope of neoformed leaves became increasingly steeper. We suggest that allometric variation underlying evolutionary diversification in metameric organisms may manifest among individuals and also among their repeated structures. Moreover, structures with contrasting patterns of development within metameric organisms can experience different degrees of developmental constraint, and this can in turn affect morphological diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Strelin M Marina
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, Quintral, Bariloche, Grupo de Ecología de la Polinización (EcoPol), Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Diggle K Pamela
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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28
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Migicovsky Z, Swift JF, Helget Z, Klein LL, Ly A, Maimaitiyiming M, Woodhouse K, Fennell A, Kwasniewski M, Miller AJ, Cousins P, Chitwood DH. Increases in vein length compensate for leaf area lost to lobing in grapevine. Am J Bot 2022; 109:1063-1073. [PMID: 35851467 PMCID: PMC9545854 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Leaf lobing and leaf size vary considerably across and within species, including among grapevines (Vitis spp.), some of the best-studied leaves. We examined the relationship between leaf lobing and leaf area across grapevine populations that varied in extent of leaf lobing. METHODS We used homologous landmarking techniques to measure 2632 leaves across 2 years in 476 unique, genetically distinct grapevines from five biparental crosses that vary primarily in the extent of lobing. We determined to what extent leaf area explained variation in lobing, vein length, and vein to blade ratio. RESULTS Although lobing was the primary source of variation in shape across the leaves we measured, leaf area varied only slightly as a function of lobing. Rather, leaf area increases as a function of total major vein length, total branching vein length, and vein to blade ratio. These relationships are stronger for more highly lobed leaves, with the residuals for each model differing as a function of distal lobing. CONCLUSIONS For leaves with different extents of lobing but the same area, the more highly lobed leaves have longer veins and higher vein to blade ratios, allowing them to maintain similar leaf areas despite increased lobing. These findings show how more highly lobed leaves may compensate for what would otherwise result in a reduced leaf area, allowing for increased photosynthetic capacity through similar leaf size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Migicovsky
- Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of AgricultureDalhousie UniversityTruroNova ScotiaCanada B2N 5E3
| | - Joel F. Swift
- Department of BiologySaint Louis UniversitySt. LouisMO63103‐2010USA
| | - Zachary Helget
- Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant ScienceSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSD57007USA
| | - Laura L. Klein
- Department of BiologySaint Louis UniversitySt. LouisMO63103‐2010USA
| | - Anh Ly
- Department of Natural and Applied SciencesMissouri State UniversitySpringfieldMO65897USA
| | | | - Karoline Woodhouse
- Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant ScienceSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSD57007USA
| | - Anne Fennell
- Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant ScienceSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSD57007USA
| | - Misha Kwasniewski
- Division of Food SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
- Department of Food SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | | | | | - Daniel H. Chitwood
- Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48823USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & EngineeringMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48823USA
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Do VG, Lee Y, Kim S, Kweon H, Do G. Antisense Expression of Apple TFL1-like Gene ( MdTFL1) Promotes Early Flowering and Causes Phenotypic Changes in Tobacco. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6006. [PMID: 35682686 PMCID: PMC9181507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) require up to several years for flowering and bearing fruits. The transition from vegetative to reproductive phase is controlled by floral regulators such as TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). TFL1 mediates the maintenance of vegetative phase, unlike the antagonistic function of FT to promote the transition into reproductive phase. In this study, we isolated apple TFL1-like gene (MdTFL1) to elucidate various phenotypic traits triggered by the antisense expression of MdTFL1 in tobacco apart from its floral induction function. Early flowering was observed in the tobacco line with MdTFL1 knockout, indicating the reduced time for transition to vegetative phases. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR showed upregulation of genes involved in the regulation of floral induction, including NtAP1, NtSOC1, NFL1, and NtFTs, and downregulation of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) and CEN-like genes in transgenic lines. Interestingly, transgenic tobacco expressing antisense MdTFL1 exhibited distinct morphological changes in lateral shoot outgrowth, internode length, and the development of leaves, flowers, and fruits. The results suggested that using the antisense expression of MdTFL1 gene is one of the approaches to shorten the vegetable phase and proposed improvement of plant architecture in horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Giap Do
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Korea;
| | - Youngsuk Lee
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Korea;
| | - Seonae Kim
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Korea;
| | - Hunjoong Kweon
- Posthavest Technology Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea;
| | - Gyungran Do
- Planning and Coordination Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea;
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Feng Y, Zheng K, Lin X, Huang J. Plant growth, physiological variation and homological relationship of Cyclocarya species in ex situ conservation. Conserv Physiol 2022; 10:coac016. [PMID: 35539008 PMCID: PMC9082347 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural forests of Cyclocarya paliurus have been seriously damaged because of the extreme demand for leaf medicinal uses, making conservation of this valuable, medicinal woody species necessary. Because of geographical differentiation and diverse adaptability, in this study we analysed the variations in plant growth and physiological response to environmental factors at a resource plantation of ex situ conservation and determined the homological relationships between local provenance (from Fujian Province, FJ) and introduced provenances showing high-survival rate and better growth (from Zhejiang, Hubei, Guizhou and Jiangxi Province). Our results suggested the following: (i) Plant growth: FJ had the highest plant height but not the largest basal diameter in comparison to that of other provenances. (ii) Physiological responses during the growth periods: water content in leaf of FJ had similar change with that of other provenances, except for the provenance from Guizhou Province; total soluble sugar content in leaf of FJ was more than that of other provenances; calcium content in leaf of all provenances was higher as compared to K, Mg and Na; the highest activity among four kinds of antioxidant enzymes in all provenances was superoxide dismutase, then was polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, finally was catalase; and total flavonoid among three kinds of secondary metabolites in all provenances showed the greatest content, followed by polysaccharides and total triterpenoid. (iii) Relation analysis: plant growth and physiological responses related with environmental factors, especially temperature and precipitation. (iv) Homological relationships: leaf characteristics among six provenances varied in colour, area and common petiole length, but not the shape of leaf base or apex. Cyclocarya paliurus distributed in Fujian Province showed a very close homological relationship with that distributed in Zhejiang Province by simple sequence repeat. These findings will provide knowledge on physiological response to environmental factors and aid to select suitable provenances for Cyclocarya cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kailing Zheng
- Quanzhou Institute of Agricultural Science, Chidian Town, Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, 362000, China
| | - Xiulian Lin
- Horticulture Department, Huizhou Engineering Vocational College, Xiaojinkou Street, Guangdong Province, 561023, China
| | - Junpo Huang
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Donghai Street, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362000, China
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31
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Moraes TS, Rossi ML, Martinelli AP, Dornelas MC. Morphological and anatomical traits during development: Highlighting extrafloral nectaries in Passiflora organensis. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2784-2794. [PMID: 35421272 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Passiflora organensis is a small herbaceous vine with characteristic morphological variations throughout its development. The plant bears button-shaped extrafloral nectaries exclusively in adult leaves. Extrafloral nectaries are structures that secrete nectar and play an important role in plant-animal interactions as a strategy for protecting plants against herbivory. In this work, we performed anatomical and ultrastructural studies to characterize P. organensis extrafloral nectaries during their secretory phase. We showed extrafloral nectaries in Passiflora organensis are composed of three distinct regions: nectary epidermis, nectariferous parenchyma, and subnectariferous parenchyma. Our data suggests that all nectary regions constitute a functional unit involved in nectar production and release. The high metabolic activity in the nectary cells is characterized by the juxtaposition of organelles such as mitochondria and plastids together plasmalemma. In addition, calcium oxalate crystals are frequently associated to the nectaries. An increasing concentration of calcium during leaf development and nectary differentiation was observed, corresponding to the calcium deposition as calcium oxalate crystals. This is the first description of extrafloral nectaries in Passiflora organensis that is a promising tropical model species for several studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Moraes
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica Lanzoni Rossi
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana P Martinelli
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Dornelas
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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32
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Teboul N, Magder A, Zilberberg M, Peleg Z. Elucidating the pleiotropic effects of sesame KANADI1 locus on leaf and capsule development. Plant J 2022; 110:88-102. [PMID: 34964536 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous seed dispersal is a critical trait for wild plants in natural ecosystems; however, for domesticated crop-plants it can lead to significant yield losses. While seed shattering was a major selection target during the initial domestication of many crops, this trait is still targeted in breeding programs, especially in 'orphan crops' such as sesame, whose capsules dehisce upon ripening. Here we used a mapping population derived from a cross between wild-type (dehiscent) × indehiscent lines to test the hypothesis that the selection against indehiscent alleles in sesame is a consequence of complex genetic interactions associated with yield reduction. We identified a major pleiotropic locus, SiKANADI1, associated with abnormal hyponastic leaf and indehiscent capsule, and genetically dissected its underlying mechanism using a set of near-isogenic lines. Transcriptional, anatomical and physiological information shed light, for the first time, on the polar regulatory gene network in sesame. The pleiotropic effect of SiKANADI1 on leaf and capsule structure and its influence on photosynthetic capacity and final yield are thoroughly characterized. Overall, our results provide new insights on the genetic and morphological mechanisms regulating capsule indehiscence in sesame, and discuss their evolutionary consequences and potential for future sesame breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Teboul
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Asher Magder
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Michael Zilberberg
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Zvi Peleg
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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Wang N, Ji T, Liu X, Li Q, Sairebieli K, Wu P, Song H, Wang H, Du N, Zheng P, Wang R. Defoliation Significantly Suppressed Plant Growth Under Low Light Conditions in Two Leguminosae Species. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:777328. [PMID: 35069632 PMCID: PMC8776832 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Seedlings in regenerating layer are frequently attacked by herbivorous insects, while the combined effects of defoliation and shading are not fully understood. In the present study, two Leguminosae species (Robinia pseudoacacia and Amorpha fruticosa) were selected to study their responses to combined light and defoliation treatments. In a greenhouse experiment, light treatments (L+, 88% vs L-, 8% full sunlight) and defoliation treatments (CK, without defoliation vs DE, defoliation 50% of the upper crown) were applied at the same time. The seedlings' physiological and growth traits were determined at 1, 10, 30, and 70 days after the combined treatment. Our results showed that the effects of defoliation on growth and carbon allocation under high light treatments in both species were mainly concentrated in the early stage (days 1-10). R. pseudoacacia can achieve growth recovery within 10 days after defoliation, while A. fruticosa needs 30 days. Seedlings increased SLA and total chlorophyll concentration to improve light capture efficiency under low light treatments in both species, at the expense of reduced leaf thickness and leaf lignin concentration. The negative effects of defoliation treatment on plant growth and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) concentration in low light treatment were significantly higher than that in high light treatment after recovery for 70 days in R. pseudoacacia, suggesting sufficient production of carbohydrate would be crucial for seedling growth after defoliation. Plant growth was more sensitive to defoliation and low light stress than photosynthesis, resulting in NSCs accumulating during the early period of treatment. These results illustrated that although seedlings could adjust their resource allocation strategy and carbon dynamics in response to combined defoliation and light treatments, individuals grown in low light conditions will be more suppressed by defoliation. Our results indicate that we should pay more attention to understory seedlings' regeneration under the pressure of herbivorous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianyu Ji
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kulihong Sairebieli
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pan Wu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huijia Song
- Beijing Museum of Natural History, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Du
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peiming Zheng
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Renqing Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Jishi T, Matsuda R, Fujiwara K. Manipulation of Intraday Durations of Blue- and Red-Light Irradiation to Improve Cos Lettuce Growth. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:778205. [PMID: 34899805 PMCID: PMC8660965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.778205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of plants growing under combined blue- and red-light irradiation is affected by the presence or absence of time slots of blue- and red-light mono-irradiation. The purposes of this study were to investigate the morphology and growth of cos lettuce grown under light irradiation combining several durations of blue and red light simultaneously and independent mono-irradiations of blue and red light during the day, and to clarify the effects of the durations of blue-light mono-irradiation and blue-light irradiation. Young cos lettuce seedlings were grown under 24-h blue-light irradiation with a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 110μmol m-2 s-1 (B+0R) or under 24-h blue-light irradiation with a PPFD of 100μmol m-2 s-1 supplemented with 8 (B+8R), 16 (B+16R), and 24-h (B+24R) red-light irradiation with PPFDs of 30, 15, and 10μmol m-2 s-1, respectively (Experiment 1). The daily light integral was 9.50mol m-2 in all treatments. In Experiment 1, leaf elongation was promoted as the duration of red-light irradiation decreased and the duration of blue-light mono-irradiation increased. The maximum shoot dry weight was observed under the B+8R treatment. Growth was likely promoted by the expansion of the light-receptive area caused by moderate leaf elongation without tilting. In Experiment 2, young cos lettuce seedlings were grown as for Experiment 1, but blue- and red-light irradiation intensities were reversed (R+0B, R+8B, R+16B, and R+24B). Leaf elongation was promoted by the absence of blue-light irradiation (R+0B). The leaf surface was increasingly flattened, and the shoot dry weight was enhanced, as the duration of blue-light irradiation increased. Thus, cos lettuce leaf morphology may be manipulated by adjusting each duration of blue-light mono-irradiation, red-light mono-irradiation, and blue- and red-light simultaneous irradiation, which can, in turn, promote cos lettuce growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Jishi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Grid Innovation Research Laboratory, ENIC Division, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Abiko, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsuda
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Fujiwara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Schrader J, Shi P, Royer DL, Peppe DJ, Gallagher RV, Li Y, Wang R, Wright IJ. Leaf size estimation based on leaf length, width and shape. Ann Bot 2021; 128:395-406. [PMID: 34157097 PMCID: PMC8414912 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leaf size has considerable ecological relevance, making it desirable to obtain leaf size estimations for as many species worldwide as possible. Current global databases, such as TRY, contain leaf size data for ~30 000 species, which is only ~8% of known species worldwide. Yet, taxonomic descriptions exist for the large majority of the remainder. Here we propose a simple method to exploit information on leaf length, width and shape from species descriptions to robustly estimate leaf areas, thus closing this considerable knowledge gap for this important plant functional trait. METHODS Using a global dataset of all major leaf shapes measured on 3125 leaves from 780 taxa, we quantified scaling functions that estimate leaf size as a product of leaf length, width and a leaf shape-specific correction factor. We validated our method by comparing leaf size estimates with those obtained from image recognition software and compared our approach with the widely used correction factor of 2/3. KEY RESULTS Correction factors ranged from 0.39 for highly dissected, lobed leaves to 0.79 for oblate leaves. Leaf size estimation using leaf shape-specific correction factors was more accurate and precise than estimates obtained from the correction factor of 2/3. CONCLUSION Our method presents a tractable solution to accurately estimate leaf size when only information on leaf length, width and shape is available or when labour and time constraints prevent usage of image recognition software. We see promise in applying our method to data from species descriptions (including from fossils), databases, field work and on herbarium vouchers, especially when non-destructive in situ measurements are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schrader
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Peijian Shi
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Dana L Royer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Daniel J Peppe
- Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Department of Geosciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Rachael V Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Yirong Li
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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Bellaloui N, Turley RB, Stetina SR. Influence of Curly Leaf Trait on Cottonseed Micro-Nutrient Status in Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) Lines. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:1701. [PMID: 34451746 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cottonseed is a source of nutrients, including protein, oil, and macro- and micro-nutrients. Micro-nutrients such as boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) are essential for plant and human health. Deficiencies of these micro-nutrients in soil lead to poor crop production and poor seed quality. Micro-nutrient deficiencies in the human diet lead to malnutrition and serious health issues. Therefore, identifying new cotton lines containing high nutritional qualities such as micro-nutrients, and understanding plant traits influencing micro-nutrients are essential. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of leaf shape (curly leaf: CRL) on cottonseed B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni (nickel), and Zn in two near-isogenic cotton lines differing in leaf shape (DP 5690 wild-type with normal leaves and DP 5690 CRL). We also used Uzbek CRL, the source of the curly leaf trait, for comparison. A field experiment was conducted in 2014 and 2015 in Stoneville, MS, USA. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results showed that, in 2014, both DP 5690 wild-type and Uzbek CRL had higher seed B, Cu, Fe, and Ni than in DP 5690 CRL. The accumulation of Mn and Zn in seeds of DP 5690 CRL was higher than in DP 5690 wild-type and Uzbek CRL. However, in 2015, the concentrations of B, Cu, Fe, and Ni, including Mn and Zn, were higher in both DP 5690 wild-type and Uzbek CRL than in DP 5690 CRL. Positive and negative correlations existed in 2014; however, only positive correlations existed between all nutrients in 2015. This research demonstrated that leaf shape can alter cottonseed micro-nutrients status. As Uzbek CRL behaved similar to wild-type, both leaf shape and other factors contributed to the alteration in seed micronutrients, affecting seed nutritional qualities. Therefore, leaf-shape partially contributed to the changes in micro-nutrients in cottonseed. The negative and positive correlations in 2014, and only positive correlations in 2015, were likely due to the heat difference between 2014 and 2015 as 2015 was warmer than 2014. Significant levels of seed micro-nutrients were shown between these lines, providing opportunities for breeders to select for high seed micro-nutrients in cotton. Additionally, the current research provides researchers with physiological information on the impact of leaf shape on seed nutritional quality. The leaf shape trait can also be used as a tool to study leaf development, physiological, biochemical, and morphological processes.
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Maslova NP, Karasev EV, Xu SL, Spicer RA, Liu XY, Kodrul TM, Spicer TEV, Jin JH. Variations in morphological and epidermal features of shade and sun leaves of two species: Quercus bambusifolia and Q. myrsinifolia. Am J Bot 2021; 108:1441-1463. [PMID: 34431508 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Microclimatic differences between the periphery and the interior of tree crowns result in a variety of adaptive leaf macromorphological and anatomical features. Our research was designed to reveal criteria for sun/shade leaf identification in two species of evergreen oaks, applicable to both modern and fossil leaves. We compared our results with those in other species similarly studied. METHODS For both Quercus bambusifolia and Q. myrsinifolia (section Cyclobalanopsis), leaves from single mature trees with well-developed crowns were collected in the South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China. We focus on leaf characters often preserved in fossil material. SVGm software was used for macromorphological measurement. Quantitative analyses were performed and box plots generated using R software with IDE Rstudio. Leaf cuticles were prepared using traditional botanical techniques. RESULTS Principal characters for distinguishing shade and sun leaves in the studied oaks were identified as leaf lamina length to width ratio (L/W), and the degree of development of venation networks. For Q. myrsinifolia, shade and sun leaves differ in tooth morphology and the ratio of toothed lamina length to overall lamina length. The main epidermal characters are ordinary cell size and anticlinal wall outlines. For both species, plasticity within shade leaves exceeds that of sun leaves. CONCLUSIONS Morphological responses to sun and shade in the examined oaks are similar to those in other plant genera, pointing to useful generalizations for recognizing common foliar polymorphisms that must be taken into account when determining the taxonomic position of both modern and fossil plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Maslova
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117647, Russia
| | - Eugeny V Karasev
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117647, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Respublika Tatarstan, 420000, Russia
| | - Sheng-Lan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Robert A Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Tatiana M Kodrul
- Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119017, Russia
| | - Teresa E V Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Jian-Hua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Corrado G, De Micco V, Lucini L, Miras-Moreno B, Senizza B, Zengin G, El-Nakhel C, De Pascale S, Rouphael Y. Isosmotic Macrocation Variation Modulates Mineral Efficiency, Morpho-Physiological Traits, and Functional Properties in Hydroponically Grown Lettuce Varieties ( Lactuca sativa L.). Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:678799. [PMID: 34149779 PMCID: PMC8212932 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.678799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The management of mineral elements in agriculture is important for their nutritional role for plants and dietary value for humans, sparking interest in strategies that can increase mineral use efficiency and accumulation in plant food. In this work, we evaluated the effects of the isosmotic variations of the concentration on three macrocations (K, Ca, and Mg) in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Our aim was to improve the nutritional components of this valuable dietary source of minerals. Using a full factorial design, we analyzed mineral utilization efficiency (UtE), leaf morphology, gas exchange parameters, phenolic profiles (through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole-time-of-flight (UHPLC-QTOF) mass spectrometry), and enzymatic activities in two phytochemically diverse butterhead lettuce varieties (red or green). Plants were fed in hydroponics with three nutrient solutions (NSs) with different ratios of K, Ca, and Mg. The variation of these minerals in the edible product was associated with alterations of the morphology and physiology of the leaves, and of the quality and functional properties of lettuce, with a trade-off between total accumulation and mineral UtE. Moreover, in non-limiting conditions of nutrient availability, significant mineral interactions were also present. The flexibility of the plant response to the different ratios of macrocations, and the observed large intraspecific variation, were adequate to provide mineral-specific phytochemical profiles to the edible product. Specifically, the full-red lettuce provided more interesting results in regard to the compositional and functional attributes of the leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giandomenico Corrado
- Deparment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Veronica De Micco
- Deparment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Begoña Miras-Moreno
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Senizza
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Christophe El-Nakhel
- Deparment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Stefania De Pascale
- Deparment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Deparment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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Sritharan MS, Hemmings FA, Moles AT. Few changes in native Australian alpine plant morphology, despite substantial local climate change. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4854-4865. [PMID: 33976853 PMCID: PMC8093687 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid evolution is likely to be an important mechanism allowing native species to adapt to changed environmental conditions. Many Northern Hemisphere species have undergone substantial recent changes in phenology and morphology. However, we have little information about how native species in the Southern Hemisphere are responding to climate change. We used herbarium specimens from 21 native alpine plant species in Kosciuszko National Park, Australia, to make over 1,500 measurements of plant size, leaf thickness, leaf mass per area, leaf shape, and leaf size across the last 126 years. Only two out of 21 species (9%) showed significant changes in any of the measured traits. The number of changes we observed was not significantly different to what we would expect by chance alone, based on the number of analyses performed. This lack of change is not attributable to methodology-an earlier study using the same methods found significant changes in 70% of species introduced to southeast Australia. Australia's native alpine plants do not appear to be adapting to changed conditions, and because of the low elevation of Australia's mountains, they do not have much scope for uphill migration. Thus, our findings suggest that Australia's native alpine plants are at even greater risk in the face of future climate change than was previously understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena S. Sritharan
- Fenner School of Environment & SocietyANU College of ScienceAustralian National UniversityActonACTAustralia
- Evolution & Ecology Research CentreSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Frank A. Hemmings
- Evolution & Ecology Research CentreSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Angela T. Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research CentreSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
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Sánchez-Vicente I, Lechón T, Fernández-Marcos M, Sanz L, Lorenzo O. Nitric Oxide Alters the Pattern of Auxin Maxima and PIN-FORMED1 During Shoot Development. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:630792. [PMID: 34122465 PMCID: PMC8189175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.630792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hormone patterns tailor cell fate decisions during plant organ formation. Among them, auxins and cytokinins are critical phytohormones during early development. Nitric oxide (NO) modulates root architecture by the control of auxin spatial patterns. However, NO involvement during the coordination of shoot organogenesis remains unclear. Here, we explore the effect of NO during shoot development by using a phenotypic, cellular, and genetic analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana and get new insights into the characterization of NO-mediated leaf-related phenotypes. NO homeostasis mutants are impaired in several shoot architectural parameters, including phyllotactic patterns, inflorescence stem elongation, silique production, leaf number, and margin. Auxin distribution is a key feature for tissue differentiation and need to be controlled at different levels (i.e., synthesis, transport, and degradation mechanisms). The phenotypes resulting from the introduction of the cue1 mutation in the axr1 auxin resistant and pin1 backgrounds exacerbate the relationship between NO and auxins. Using the auxin reporter DR5:GUS, we observed an increase in auxin maxima under NO-deficient mutant backgrounds and NO scavenging, pointing to NO-ASSOCIATED 1 (NOA1) as the main player related to NO production in this process. Furthermore, polar auxin transport is mainly regulated by PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1), which controls the flow along leaf margin and venations. Analysis of PIN1 protein levels shows that NO controls its accumulation during leaf development, impacting the auxin mediated mechanism of leaf building. With these findings, we also provide evidence for the NO opposite effects to determine root and shoot architecture, in terms of PIN1 accumulation under NO overproduction.
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Chitwood DH, Mullins J, Migicovsky Z, Frank M, VanBuren R, Londo JP. Vein-to-blade ratio is an allometric indicator of leaf size and plasticity. Am J Bot 2021; 108:571-579. [PMID: 33901305 PMCID: PMC8252563 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE As a leaf expands, its shape dynamically changes. Previously, we documented an allometric relationship between vein and blade area in grapevine leaves. Larger leaves have a smaller ratio of primary and secondary vein area relative to blade area compared to smaller leaves. We sought to use allometry as an indicator of leaf size and plasticity. METHODS We measured the ratio of vein-to-blade area from the same 208 vines across four growing seasons (2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017). Matching leaves by vine and node, we analyzed the correlation between the size and shape of grapevine leaves as repeated measures with climate variables across years. RESULTS The proportion of leaf area occupied by vein and blade exponentially decreased and increased, respectively, during leaf expansion making their ratio a stronger indicator of leaf size than area itself. Total precipitation and leaf wetness hours of the previous year but not the current showed strong negative correlations with vein-to-blade ratio, whereas maximum air temperature from the previous year was positively correlated. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that vein-to-blade ratio is a strong allometric indicator of leaf size and plasticity in grapevines measured across years. Grapevine leaf primordia are initiated in buds the year before they emerge, and we found that total precipitation and maximum air temperature of the previous growing season exerted the largest statistically significant effects on leaf morphology. Vein-to-blade ratio is a promising allometric indicator of relationships between leaf morphology and climate, the robustness of which should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Chitwood
- Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & EngineeringMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Joey Mullins
- Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Zoë Migicovsky
- Department of Plant, Food and Environmental SciencesFaculty of AgricultureDalhousie UniversityTruroNSB2N 5E3Canada
| | - Margaret Frank
- School of Integrative Plant SciencePlant Biology SectionCornell UniversityIthacaNY14850USA
| | - Robert VanBuren
- Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Jason P. Londo
- U.S. Department of AgricultureAgriculture Research ServiceGrape Genetics Research UnitGenevaNY14456USA
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Stegmann UE. A willow drawing from 1786: the earliest depiction of intraspecific trait variation in plants? Ann Bot 2021; 127:411-412. [PMID: 32386293 PMCID: PMC7988514 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The study of intraspecific trait variation (ITV) in plants has a long history, dating back to the fourth century BC. Its existence was widely acknowledged by the end of the 18th century, although systematic and experimental studies commenced only a century later. However, the historiography of ITV has many gaps, especially with regard to early observations and visual documents. This note identifies an early depiction of plant ITV. METHODS The botanical works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), a German writer and naturalist, were subjected to close reading. This included all publications and unpublished sources related to botany between 1785 and 1832 (e.g. notes, drafts, diaries, letters, drawings). This material is accessible in the multi-volume historical-critical edition of Goethe's studies in natural science (Leopoldina-Ausgabe). KEY RESULTS A diary entry from 9 September 1786 described changes in leaf morphology along an elevation gradient in the Bavarian Alps. The leaves of an unidentified species of willow (Spix sp.) and gentian (Gentiana sp.) were said to become narrower with increasing elevation; leaves also stood further apart on twigs, and the latter became thinner. A crude drawing of two willow twigs illustrated the differences. Goethe conjectured that the differences were due to environmental conditions. CONCLUSIONS Goethe's notes were anecdotal, and it is unclear whether the observed plant individuals actually belonged to the same species. Nevertheless, the notes represent an early and clear articulation of the hypothesis that changes in environmental conditions can cause ITV in a natural plant population. The drawing may be the earliest visual record of environmentally caused plant ITV in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich E Stegmann
- School of Divinity, History and Philosophy, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- E-mail
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Legendre R, van Iersel MW. Supplemental Far-Red Light Stimulates Lettuce Growth: Disentangling Morphological and Physiological Effects. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:166. [PMID: 33467138 PMCID: PMC7829796 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes allow for the application of specific wavelengths of light to induce various morphological and physiological responses. In lettuce (Lactuca sativa), far-red light (700-800 nm) is integral to initiating shade responses which can increase plant growth. In the first of two studies, plants were grown with a similar photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) but different intensities of far-red light. The second study used perpendicular gradients of far-red light and PPFD, allowing for examination of interactive effects. The far-red gradient study revealed that increasing supplemental far-red light increased leaf length and width, which was associated with increased projected canopy size (PCS). The higher PCS was associated with increased cumulative incident light received by plants, which increased dry matter accumulation. In the perpendicular gradient study, far-red light was 57% and 183% more effective at increasing the amount of light received by the plant, as well as 92.5% and 162% more effective at increasing plant biomass at the early and late harvests, respectively, as compared to PPFD. Light use efficiency (LUE, biomass/mol incident light) was generally negatively correlated with specific leaf area (SLA). Far-red light provided by LEDs increases the canopy size to capture more light to drive photosynthesis and shows promise for inclusion in the growth light spectrum for lettuce under sole-source lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc W. van Iersel
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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Kang X, Li Y, Zhou J, Zhang S, Li C, Wang J, Liu W, Qi W. Response of Leaf Traits of Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Broad-Leaved Woody Plants to Climatic Factors. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:679726. [PMID: 34394139 PMCID: PMC8363248 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.679726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant ecologists have long been interested in quantifying how leaf traits vary with climate factors, but there is a paucity of knowledge on these relationships given a large number of the relevant leaf traits and climate factors to be considered. We examined the responses of 11 leaf traits (including leaf morphology, stomatal structure and chemical properties) to eight common climate factors for 340 eastern Qinghai-Tibetan woody species. We showed temperature as the strongest predictor of leaf size and shape, stomatal size and form, and leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, implying the important role of local heat quantity in determining the variation in the cell- or organ-level leaf morphology and leaf biochemical properties. The effects of moisture-related climate factors (including precipitation and humidity) on leaf growth were mainly through variability in leaf traits (e.g., specific leaf area and stomatal density) related to plant water-use physiological processes. In contrast, sunshine hours affected mainly cell- and organ-level leaf size and shape, with plants developing small/narrow leaves and stomata to decrease leaf damage and water loss under prolonged solar radiation. Moreover, two sets of significant leaf trait-climate relationships, i.e., the leaf/stomata size traits co-varying with temperature, and the water use-related leaf traits co-varying with precipitation, were obtained when analyzing multi-trait relationships, suggesting these traits as good indicators of climate gradients. Our findings contributed evidence to enhance understanding of the regional patterns in leaf trait variation and its environmental determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jieyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shiting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juhong Wang
- College of Life Science and Food Technology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Qi,
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Khan A, Sun J, Zarif N, Khan K, Jamil MA, Yang L, Clothier B, Rewald B. Effects of Increased N Deposition on Leaf Functional Traits of Four Contrasting Tree Species in Northeast China. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1231. [PMID: 32962033 PMCID: PMC7570078 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Northeast China is persistently affected by heavy nitrogen (N) deposition. Studying the induced variation in leaf traits is pivotal to develop an understanding of the adaptive plasticity of affected species. This study thus assesses effects of increased N deposition on leaf morphological and anatomical traits and their correlation among and with biomass allocation patterns. A factorial experiment was conducted utilizing seedlings of two gymnosperms (Larix gmelinii, Pinus koraiensis) and two angiosperms (Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia amurensis). Leaf mass per area and leaf density decreased and leaf thickness increased under high N deposition but trait interrelations remained stable. In gymnosperms, leaf mass per area was correlated to both leaf thickness and area, while being correlated to leaf density only in angiosperms. Epidermis, mesophyll thickness, conduit and vascular bundle diameter increased. Despite the differences in taxonomic groups and leaf habits, the common patterns of variation suggest that a certain degree of convergence exists between the species' reaction towards N deposition. However, stomata pore length increased in angiosperms, and decreased in gymnosperms under N deposition. Furthermore, biomass and leaf mass fraction were correlated to leaf traits in gymnosperms only, suggesting a differential coordination of leaf traits and biomass allocation patterns under high N deposition per taxonomic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attaullah Khan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150040, China; (A.K.); (J.S.); (N.Z.); (K.K.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Jingjue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150040, China; (A.K.); (J.S.); (N.Z.); (K.K.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Nowsherwan Zarif
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150040, China; (A.K.); (J.S.); (N.Z.); (K.K.); (M.A.J.)
- Pakistan Forest Institute Peshawar (PFI), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Khan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150040, China; (A.K.); (J.S.); (N.Z.); (K.K.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Muhammad Atif Jamil
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150040, China; (A.K.); (J.S.); (N.Z.); (K.K.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Lixue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150040, China; (A.K.); (J.S.); (N.Z.); (K.K.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Brent Clothier
- Sustainable Production, New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
| | - Boris Rewald
- Forest Ecology, Department for Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
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Adamo M, Mammola S, Noble V, Mucciarelli M. Integrating Multiple Lines of Evidence to Explore Intraspecific Variability in a Rare Endemic Alpine Plant and Implications for Its Conservation. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1160. [PMID: 32911798 PMCID: PMC7569986 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We studied the ecology, distribution, and phylogeography of Tephroseris balbisiana, a rare plant whose range is centered to the South-Western Alps. Our aim was to assess the extent of intraspecific variability within the nominal species and the conservation status of isolated populations. We studied genetic diversity across the whole species range. We analyzed leaf traits, which are distinctive morphological characters within the Tephroseris genus. A clear pattern of genetic variation was found among populations of T. balbisiana, which clustered according to their geographic position. On the contrary, there was a strong overlap in the morphological space of individuals across the species' range, with few peripheral populations diverging in their leaf morphology. Studying habitat suitability by means of species distribution models, we observed that T. balbisiana range is primarily explained by solar radiation and precipitation seasonality. Environmental requirements could explain the genetic and morphological uniformity of T. balbisiana in its core distribution area and justify genetic, morphological, and ecological divergences found among the isolated populations of the Apennines. Our findings emphasize the need to account for the whole diversity of a species, comprising peripheral populations, in order to better estimate its status and to prioritize areas for its conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Adamo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Stefano Mammola
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Corso Tonolli, 50, 28922 Verbania, Italy;
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virgile Noble
- Conservatoire Botanique National Méditerranéen, Avenue Gambetta 34, 83400 Hyères-les-palmiers, France;
| | - Marco Mucciarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy;
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Olaranont Y, Stewart AB, Traiperm P. Effects of crude oil on plant growth and leaf anatomical structures in a common coastal plant. Int J Phytoremediation 2020; 23:162-170. [PMID: 32755387 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2020.1803203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is one mechanism that allows organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions, and is especially important for plants since they are generally immobile. Recent anthropogenic disturbances such as oil spills have expanded the types of stressors that plants must cope with, and more work is needed to understand the extent to which plants can adapt. This study examined the physiological and anatomical responses of Ipomoea pes-caprae to crude oil, and determined its plasticity in response to crude oil. Four concentrations of crude oil (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% v/w) were applied to experimental plants and then compared with control plants over the next 120 days. Crude oil meaningfully impacted 4 out of 5 physiological characters (survival time, leaf length, leaf width, and chlorophyll content) and 4 out of 19 anatomical characters (leaf blade thickness, leaf spongy layer height, leaf adaxial cutin thickness, and leaf abaxial cutin thickness). These results demonstrate that I. pes-caprae exhibits low anatomical plasticity in response to crude oil, resulting in reduced survival and physiological performance. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding how anthropogenic actions affect relatively immobile plants, which are not always able to cope with such stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanisa Olaranont
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alyssa B Stewart
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paweena Traiperm
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Weaver WN, Ng J, Laport RG. LeafMachine: Using machine learning to automate leaf trait extraction from digitized herbarium specimens. Appl Plant Sci 2020; 8:e11367. [PMID: 32626609 PMCID: PMC7328653 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Obtaining phenotypic data from herbarium specimens can provide important insights into plant evolution and ecology but requires significant manual effort and time. Here, we present LeafMachine, an application designed to autonomously measure leaves from digitized herbarium specimens or leaf images using an ensemble of machine learning algorithms. METHODS AND RESULTS We trained LeafMachine on 2685 randomly sampled specimens from 138 herbaria and evaluated its performance on specimens spanning 20 diverse families and varying widely in resolution, quality, and layout. LeafMachine successfully extracted at least one leaf measurement from 82.0% and 60.8% of high- and low-resolution images, respectively. Of the unmeasured specimens, only 0.9% and 2.1% of high- and low-resolution images, respectively, were visually judged to have measurable leaves. CONCLUSIONS This flexible autonomous tool has the potential to vastly increase available trait information from herbarium specimens, and inform a multitude of evolutionary and ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N. Weaver
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColorado80309USA
- Present address:
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | - Julienne Ng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColorado80309USA
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Shiklomanov AN, Cowdery EM, Bahn M, Byun C, Jansen S, Kramer K, Minden V, Niinemets Ü, Onoda Y, Soudzilovskaia NA, Dietze MC. Does the leaf economic spectrum hold within plant functional types? A Bayesian multivariate trait meta-analysis. Ecol Appl 2020; 30:e02064. [PMID: 31872519 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The leaf economic spectrum is a widely studied axis of plant trait variability that defines a trade-off between leaf longevity and productivity. While this has been investigated at the global scale, where it is robust, and at local scales, where deviations from it are common, it has received less attention at the intermediate scale of plant functional types (PFTs). We investigated whether global leaf economic relationships are also present within the scale of plant functional types (PFTs) commonly used by Earth System models, and the extent to which this global-PFT hierarchy can be used to constrain trait estimates. We developed a hierarchical multivariate Bayesian model that assumes separate means and covariance structures within and across PFTs and fit this model to seven leaf traits from the TRY database related to leaf longevity, morphology, biochemistry, and photosynthetic metabolism. Although patterns of trait covariation were generally consistent with the leaf economic spectrum, we found three approximate tiers to this consistency. Relationships among morphological and biochemical traits (specific leaf area [SLA], N, P) were the most robust within and across PFTs, suggesting that covariation in these traits is driven by universal leaf construction trade-offs and stoichiometry. Relationships among metabolic traits (dark respiration [Rd ], maximum RuBisCo carboxylation rate [Vc,max ], maximum electron transport rate [Jmax ]) were slightly less consistent, reflecting in part their much sparser sampling (especially for high-latitude PFTs), but also pointing to more flexible plasticity in plant metabolistm. Finally, relationships involving leaf lifespan were the least consistent, indicating that leaf economic relationships related to leaf lifespan are dominated by across-PFT differences and that within-PFT variation in leaf lifespan is more complex and idiosyncratic. Across all traits, this covariance was an important source of information, as evidenced by the improved imputation accuracy and reduced predictive uncertainty in multivariate models compared to univariate models. Ultimately, our study reaffirms the value of studying not just individual traits but the multivariate trait space and the utility of hierarchical modeling for studying the scale dependence of trait relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey N Shiklomanov
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Cowdery
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Chaeho Byun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Koen Kramer
- Department of Vegetation, Forest, and Landscape Ecology, Wageningen Environmental Research and Wageningen University, P.O. Box 6708, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Minden
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky-University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, Oldenburg, 26129, Germany
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 605-8503, Japan
| | - Nadejda A Soudzilovskaia
- Conservation Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Rapenburg 70, 2311, EZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael C Dietze
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
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Magaña Ugarte R, Escudero A, Sánchez Mata D, Gavilán RG. Changes in Foliar Functional Traits of S. pyrenaicus subsp. carpetanus under the Ongoing Climate Change: A Retrospective Survey. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E395. [PMID: 32210120 PMCID: PMC7154879 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of stomatal behavior and patterning (i.e., distribution, density, size) to environmental stimuli, renders them crucial for defining the physiological performance of leaves. Thus, assessing long-term modifications in stomatal traits in conserved specimens arises as a valuable eco-physiological approach to predict how the rising trend of warmer, drier summers could affect plant fitness; particularly in mountain areas already experiencing climate aggravation and lacking the related monitoring schemes like Mediterranean high-mountains. Variations in foliar and stomatal traits were studied in conserved specimens of Senecio pyrenaicus subsp. carpetanus from Sierra de Guadarrama over the past 71 years. Our findings revealed decreasing trends in leaf width, stomatal size, and increasing tendency in stomatal density, all correlated with the recent 30-year climate exacerbation in these mountains. This evidenced a positive selection favoring traits that allow safeguarding plant performance under drier, hotter weather conditions. The significant relation between stomatal traits and climatic variables upholds the role of stomatal patterning in sensing environmental cues in this species, feasibly optimizing physiological responses involved in the growth-water loss trade-off. The transition to smaller, densely packed stomata observed in recent decades could indicate local-adaptive plasticity in this species, enhancing stomatal response, as coarser environmental conditions take place in Sierra de Guadarrama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina Magaña Ugarte
- Unidad de Botánica, Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.S.M.); (R.G.G.)
| | - Adrián Escudero
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain;
| | - Daniel Sánchez Mata
- Unidad de Botánica, Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.S.M.); (R.G.G.)
| | - Rosario G. Gavilán
- Unidad de Botánica, Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.S.M.); (R.G.G.)
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