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Sun M, Wang D, Li Y, Niu M, Liu C, Liu L, Wang J, Li J. Genome-wide identification and expression pattern analysis of MIKC-Type MADS-box genes in Chionanthus retusus, an androdioecy plant. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:662. [PMID: 38956488 PMCID: PMC11220994 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MADS-box gene family is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, and its members typically encoding transcription factors to regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. In particular, the MIKC-type MADS-box genes play a crucial role in the determination of floral organ development and identity recognition. As a type of androdioecy plant, Chionanthus retusus have unique gender differentiation. Manifested as male individuals with only male flowers and female individuals with only bisexual flowers. However, due to the lack of reference genome information, the characteristics of MIKC-type MADS-box genes in C. retusus and its role in gender differentiation of C. retusus remain largely unknown. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and characterize the MADS-box gene family within the genome of the C. retusus. RESULTS In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification and analysis of MIKC-type MADS-box genes in C. retusus (2n = 2x = 46), utilizing the latest reference genome, and studied its expression pattern in individuals of different genders. As a result, we identified a total of 61 MIKC-type MADS-box genes in C. retusus. 61 MIKC-type MADS-box genes can be divided into 12 subfamilies and distributed on 18 chromosomes. Genome collinearity analysis revealed their conservation in evolution, while gene structure, domains and motif analysis indicated their conservation in structure. Finally, based on their expression patterns in floral organs of different sexes, we have identified that CrMADS45 and CrMADS60 may potentially be involved in the gender differentiation of C. retusus. CONCLUSIONS Our studies have provided a general understanding of the conservation and characteristics of the MIKC-type MADS-box genes family in C. retusus. And it has been demonstrated that members of the AG subfamily, CrMADS45 and CrMADS60, may play important roles in the gender differentiation of C. retusus. This provides a reference for future breeding efforts to improve flower types in C. retusus and further investigate the role of MIKC-type MADS-box genes in gender differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maotong Sun
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
- Mountain Tai Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Dongyue Wang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
- Mountain Tai Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
- Mountain Tai Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Muge Niu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
- Mountain Tai Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Cuishuang Liu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
- Mountain Tai Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Laishuo Liu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
- Mountain Tai Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Jinnan Wang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
- Mountain Tai Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
| | - Jihong Li
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
- Mountain Tai Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
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Chae T, Harkess A, Moore RC. Sex-linked gene expression and the emergence of hermaphrodites in Carica papaya. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1029-1041. [PMID: 34156700 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE One evolutionary path from hermaphroditism to dioecy is via a gynodioecious intermediate. The evolution of dioecy may also coincide with the formation of sex chromosomes that possess sex-determining loci that are physically linked in a region of suppressed recombination. Dioecious papaya (Carica papaya) has an XY chromosome system, where the presence of a Y chromosome determines maleness. However, in cultivation, papaya is gynodioecious, due to the conversion of the male Y chromosome to a hermaphroditic Yh chromosome during its domestication. METHODS We investigated gene expression linked to the X, Y, and Yh chromosomes at different floral developmental stages to identify differentially expressed genes that may be involved in the sexual transition of males to hermaphrodites. RESULTS We identified 309 sex-biased genes found on the sex chromosomes, most of which are found in the pseudoautosomal regions. Female (XX) expression in the sex-determining region was almost double that of X-linked expression in males (XY) and hermaphrodites (XYh ), which rules out dosage compensation for most sex-linked genes; although, an analysis of hemizygous X-linked loci found evidence of partial dosage compensation. Furthermore, we identified a candidate gene associated with sex determination and the transition to hermaphroditism, a homolog of the MADS-box protein SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE. CONCLUSIONS We identified a pattern of partial dosage compensation for hemizygous genes located in the papaya sex-determining region. Furthermore, we propose that loss-of-expression of the Y-linked SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE homolog facilitated the transition from males to hermaphrodites in papaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Chae
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
| | - Alex Harkess
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL
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Zhao P, Xin G, Yan F, Wang H, Ren X, Woeste K, Liu W. The de novo genome assembly of Tapiscia sinensis and the transcriptomic and developmental bases of androdioecy. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:191. [PMID: 33328438 PMCID: PMC7705024 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tapiscia sinensis (Tapisciaceae) possesses an unusual androdioecious breeding system that has attracted considerable interest from evolutionary biologists. Key aspects of T. sinensis biology, including its biogeography, genomics, and sex-linked genes, are unknown. Here, we report the first de novo assembly of the genome of T. sinensis. The genome size was 410 Mb, with 22,251 predicted genes. Based on whole-genome resequencing of 55 trees from 10 locations, an analysis of population genetic structure indicated that T. sinensis has fragmented into five lineages, with low intrapopulation genetic diversity and little gene flow among populations. By comparing whole-genome scans of male versus hermaphroditic pools, we identified 303 candidate sex-linked genes, 79 of which (25.9%) were located on scaffold 25. A 24-kb region was absent in hermaphroditic individuals, and five genes in that region, TsF-box4, TsF-box10, TsF-box13, TsSUT1, and TsSUT4, showed expression differences between mature male and hermaphroditic flowers. The results of this study shed light on the breeding system evolution and conservation genetics of the Tapisciaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Guiliang Xin
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Xiaolong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Keith Woeste
- USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center (HTIRC), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Wenzhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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Beaudry FE, Rifkin JL, Barrett SC, Wright SI. Evolutionary Genomics of Plant Gametophytic Selection. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100115. [PMID: 33367268 PMCID: PMC7748008 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that natural selection during the haploid gametophytic phase of the plant life cycle may have widespread importance for rates of evolution and the maintenance of genetic variation. Recent theoretical advances have further highlighted the significance of gametophytic selection for diverse evolutionary processes. Genomic approaches offer exciting opportunities to address key questions about the extent and effects of gametophytic selection on plant evolution and adaptation. Here, we review the progress and prospects for integrating functional and evolutionary genomics to test theoretical predictions, and to examine the importance of gametophytic selection on genetic diversity and rates of evolution. There is growing evidence that selection during the gametophyte phase of the plant life cycle has important effects on both gene and genome evolution and is likely to have important pleiotropic effects on the sporophyte. We discuss the opportunities to integrate comparative population genomics, genome-wide association studies, and experimental approaches to further distinguish how differential selection in the two phases of the plant life cycle contributes to genetic diversity and adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix E.G. Beaudry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Joanna L. Rifkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Spencer C.H. Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Stephen I. Wright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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Ren X, Xin G, Du X, Ni X, Jia G, Liu H, Hao N, Liu W. Abnormal tapetum development in hermaphrodites of an androdioecious tree, Tapiscia sinensis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:108-118. [PMID: 31340033 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tapiscia sinensis Oliv. (Tapisciaceae) has been proven to be a functional androdioecious species with both male and hermaphroditic individuals, and the pollen viability of males is far higher than that of hermaphrodites. To better understand the causes of the low pollen viability in hermaphroditic flowers, different stages of anther development were observed. We found that hermaphroditic flowers exhibit abnormal tapetum development, resulting in low pollen viability. To clarify the underlying molecular mechanism of abnormal tapetum development in hermaphrodites, quantitative real-time PCR analyses were performed. The results revealed that the expression levels of an important transcription factor for tapetum development and function, T. sinensis DYSFUNCTIONAL TAPETUM1 (TsDYT1), and its potential downstream regulatory genes T. sinensis DEFECTIVE in TAPETAL DEVELOPMENT and FUNCTION1 (TsTDF1), T. sinensis ABORTED MICROSPORE (TsAMS) and T. sinensis MALE STERILITY 1 (TsMS1) were all significantly downregulated in hermaphrodites compared with males at some key stages of anther development. The amino acid sequence similarity, expression pattern, gene structure and subcellular localization of these genes were analyzed, and the results indicated functional conservation between T. sinensis and homologues in Arabidopsis thaliana. Next, rapid amplification of cDNA end and thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR were employed to clone the full-length cDNA and promoter sequences of these genes, respectively. In addition, results of yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that TsDYT1 can form heterodimers with TsAMS, and yeast one-hybrid analysis demonstrated that TsDYT1 directly binds to the promoter regions of TsTDF1 and TsMS1. TsTDF1 can directly regulate expression of TsAMS, suggesting that a functionally conserved pathway exists between A. thaliana and T. sinensis to regulate tapetum development. In conclusion, the results suggest that abnormal expression of core transcription factors for tapetum development, including TsDYT1, TsTDF1, TsAMS and TsMS1, plays an important role in the abnormal development of the tapetum in T. sinensis hermaphrodites. Furthermore, a hermaphroditic tapetum with abnormal function causes the low pollen viability of hermaphroditic trees. Our results provide new insight into our understanding of the underlying mechanism of why pollen viability is much higher in males than hermaphrodites of the androdioecious tree T. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Guiliang Xin
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaomin Du
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xilu Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Seedling Bioengineering, Ningxia Forestry Institute, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Guolun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Huidong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Nan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wenzhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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Hobza R, Hudzieczek V, Kubat Z, Cegan R, Vyskot B, Kejnovsky E, Janousek B. Sex and the flower - developmental aspects of sex chromosome evolution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:1085-1101. [PMID: 30032185 PMCID: PMC6324748 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The evolution of dioecious plants is occasionally accompanied by the establishment of sex chromosomes: both XY and ZW systems have been found in plants. Structural studies of sex chromosomes are now being followed up by functional studies that are gradually shedding light on the specific genetic and epigenetic processes that shape the development of separate sexes in plants. Scope This review describes sex determination diversity in plants and the genetic background of dioecy, summarizes recent progress in the investigation of both classical and emerging model dioecious plants and discusses novel findings. The advantages of interspecies hybrids in studies focused on sex determination and the role of epigenetic processes in sexual development are also overviewed. Conclusions We integrate the genic, genomic and epigenetic levels of sex determination and stress the impact of sex chromosome evolution on structural and functional aspects of plant sexual development. We also discuss the impact of dioecy and sex chromosomes on genome structure and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Hobza
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Hudzieczek
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kubat
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Cegan
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Vyskot
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Kejnovsky
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Janousek
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska, Brno, Czech Republic
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Yang K, Zhou X, Wang Y, Feng H, Ren X, Liu H, Liu W. Carbohydrate metabolism and gene regulation during anther development in an androdioecious tree, Tapiscia sinensis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:967-977. [PMID: 28961748 PMCID: PMC5710524 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tapiscia sinensis (Tapisciaceae) is a functional androdioecious species with both male and hermaphroditic individuals, and fruit ripening overlaps with flowering in the hermaphroditic individuals. Pollen vitality was lower in the hermaphrodites than in the males. Anther development requires nutrients, and carbohydrates are the basic nutrients; abnormal carbohydrate metabolism will result in pollen abortion. The aim of this research was to gain insight into the relationship between carbohydrate metabolism and the weakening of the male function of hermaphroditic flowers in T. sinensis. METHODS Observation of morphology and microscopic and sub-microscopic structures was carried out. Sugar measurements and quantitative real-time PCR analysis were performed for the genes related to sugar metabolism and transport in the development of anthers in both males and hermaphrodites. The expression pattern of Cell wall invertase 2 (CWI2) and Sucrose transporter 2 (ST2) was explored by in situ hybridization. KEY RESULTS At the vacuolate microspore (VM) stage, polysaccharides accumulated in the connective tissue of the hermaphroditic anthers, and the levels of total soluble sugar, sucrose and starch in the hermaphroditic anthers were significantly lower than in the male anthers. Most of the hermaphroditic pollen grains were empty, with degradation of the cytoplasm, absence of an intine layer and defective exines. There was a significant differential expression between male and hermaphroditic flowers of several key genes that are involved in sugar metabolism, transport and intine development. CWI2 and ST2 were expressed in the tapetum and microspores. The expression of CWI2 was significantly lower in hermaphrodites than in the males. CONCLUSIONS Fruit ripening overlaps with flowering, leading to a severe reproductive burden on the hermaphroditic individuals. The hermaphroditic flowers regulating carbohydrate metabolism and transport to affect resources are biased towards the female function to ensure reproduction, causing a deficiency in resources for the development of pollen; thus, the pollen viability is lower. This makes it easier for males to invade the hermaphroditic population and form a functional androdioecious breeding system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- School of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hualing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaolong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Huidong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenzhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Goldberg EE, Otto SP, Vamosi JC, Mayrose I, Sabath N, Ming R, Ashman TL. Macroevolutionary synthesis of flowering plant sexual systems. Evolution 2017; 71:898-912. [PMID: 28085192 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sexual system is a key determinant of genetic variation and reproductive success, affecting evolution within populations and within clades. Much research in plants has focused on evolutionary transitions away from the most common state of hermaphroditism and toward the rare state of dioecy (separate sexes). Rather than transitions predominantly toward greater sexual differentiation, however, evolution may proceed in the direction of lesser sexual differentiation. We analyzed the macroevolutionary dynamics of sexual system in angiosperm genera that contain both dioecious and nondioecious species. Our phylogenetic analyses encompass a total of 2145 species from 40 genera. Overall, we found little evidence that rates of sexual system transitions are greater in any direction. Counting the number of inferred state changes revealed a mild prevalence of transitions away from hermaphroditism and away from dioecy, toward states of intermediate sexual differentiation. We identify genera in which future studies of sexual system evolution might be especially productive, and we discuss how integrating genetic or population-level studies of sexual system could improve the power of phylogenetic comparative analyses. Our work adds to the evidence that different selective pressures and constraints act in different groups, helping maintain the variety of sexual systems observed among plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Goldberg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108
| | - Sarah P Otto
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6J 3S7, Canada
| | - Jana C Vamosi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Itay Mayrose
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Niv Sabath
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ray Ming
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260
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Chen Y, Wang T, Fang L, Li X, Yin T. Confirmation of Single-Locus Sex Determination and Female Heterogamety in Willow Based on Linkage Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147671. [PMID: 26828940 PMCID: PMC4734660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we constructed high-density genetic maps of Salix suchowensis and mapped the gender locus with an F1 pedigree. Genetic maps were separately constructed for the maternal and paternal parents by using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and the pseudo-testcross strategy. The maternal map consisted of 20 linkage groups that spanned a genetic distance of 2333.3 cM; whereas the paternal map contained 21 linkage groups that covered 2260 cM. Based on the established genetic maps, it was found that the gender of willow was determined by a single locus on linkage group LG_03, and the female was the heterogametic gender. Aligned with mapped SSR markers, linkage group LG_03 was found to be associated with chromosome XV in willow. It is noteworthy that marker density in the vicinity of the gender locus was significantly higher than that expected by chance alone, which indicates severe recombination suppression around the gender locus. In conclusion, this study confirmed the findings on the single-locus sex determination and female heterogamety in willow. It also provided additional evidence that validated the previous studies, which found that different autosomes evolved into sex chromosomes between the sister genera of Salix (willow) and Populus (poplar).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Forestry Research Institute of Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lecheng Fang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongming Yin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Abstract
Dioecy (separate male and female individuals) ensures outcrossing and is more prevalent in animals than in plants. Although it is common in bryophytes and gymnosperms, only 5% of angiosperms are dioecious. In dioecious higher plants, flowers borne on male and female individuals are, respectively deficient in functional gynoecium and androecium. Dioecy is inherited via three sex chromosome systems: XX/XY, XX/X0 and WZ/ZZ, such that XX or WZ is female and XY, X0 or ZZ are males. The XX/XY system generates the rarer XX/X0 and WZ/ZZ systems. An autosome pair begets XY chromosomes. A recessive loss-of-androecium mutation (ana) creates X chromosome and a dominant gynoecium-suppressing (GYS) mutation creates Y chromosome. The ana/ANA and gys/GYS loci are in the sex-determining region (SDR) of the XY pair. Accumulation of inversions, deleterious mutations and repeat elements, especially transposons, in the SDR of Y suppresses recombination between X and Y in SDR, making Y labile and increasingly degenerate and heteromorphic from X. Continued recombination between X and Y in their pseudoautosomal region located at the ends of chromosomal arms allows survival of the degenerated Y and of the species. Dioecy is presumably a component of the evolutionary cycle for the origin of new species. Inbred hermaphrodite species assume dioecy. Later they suffer degenerate-Y-led population regression. Cross-hybridization between such extinguishing species and heterologous species, followed by genome duplication of segregants from hybrids, give rise to new species.
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11
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Tedder A, Helling M, Pannell JR, Shimizu-Inatsugi R, Kawagoe T, van Campen J, Sese J, Shimizu KK. Female sterility associated with increased clonal propagation suggests a unique combination of androdioecy and asexual reproduction in populations of Cardamine amara (Brassicaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:763-76. [PMID: 25776435 PMCID: PMC4373288 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The coexistence of hermaphrodites and female-sterile individuals, or androdioecy, has been documented in only a handful of plants and animals. This study reports its existence in the plant species Cardamine amara (Brassicaceae), in which female-sterile individuals have shorter pistils than seed-producing hermaphrodites. METHODS Morphological analysis, in situ manual pollination, microsatellite genotyping and differential gene expression analysis using Arabidopsis microarrays were used to delimit variation between female-sterile individuals and hermaphrodites. KEY RESULTS Female sterility in C. amara appears to be caused by disrupted ovule development. It was associated with a 2.4- to 2.9-fold increase in clonal propagation. This made the pollen number of female-sterile genets more than double that of hermaphrodite genets, which fulfils a condition of co-existence predicted by simple androdioecy theories. When female-sterile individuals were observed in wild androdioecious populations, their ramet frequencies ranged from 5 to 54 %; however, their genet frequencies ranged from 11 to 29 %, which is consistent with the theoretically predicted upper limit of 50 %. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that a combination of sexual reproduction and increased asexual proliferation by female-sterile individuals probably explains the invasion and maintenance of female sterility in otherwise hermaphroditic populations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the coexistence of female sterility and hermaphrodites in the Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tedder
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Matthias Helling
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - John R Pannell
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Rie Shimizu-Inatsugi
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Kawagoe
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Julia van Campen
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Jun Sese
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kentaro K Shimizu
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
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Ramos MJN, Coito JL, Silva HG, Cunha J, Costa MMR, Rocheta M. Flower development and sex specification in wild grapevine. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1095. [PMID: 25495781 PMCID: PMC4363350 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild plants of Vitis closely related to the cultivated grapevine (V. v. vinifera) are believed to have been first domesticated 10,000 years BC around the Caspian Sea. V. v. vinifera is hermaphrodite whereas V. v. sylvestris is a dioecious species. Male flowers show a reduced pistil without style or stigma and female flowers present reflexed stamens with infertile pollen. V. vinifera produce perfect flowers with all functional structures. The mechanism for flower sex determination and specification in grapevine is still unknown. RESULTS To understand which genes are involved during the establishment of male, female and complete flowers, we analysed and compared the transcription profiles of four developmental stages of the three genders. We showed that sex determination is a late event during flower development and that the expression of genes from the ABCDE model is not directly correlated with the establishment of sexual dimorphism. We propose a temporal comprehensive model in which two mutations in two linked genes could be players in sex determination and indirectly establish the Vitis domestication process. Additionally, we also found clusters of genes differentially expressed between genders and between developmental stages that suggest a role involved in sex differentiation. Also, the detection of differentially transcribed regions that extended existing gene models (intergenic regions) between sexes suggests that they may account for some of the variation between the subspecies. CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence of differences of expression levels in genes from the ABCDE model that could explain the shift from hermaphroditism to dioecy. We propose that sex specification occurs after floral organ identity has been established and therefore, sex determination genes might be having an effect downstream of the ABCDE model genes.For the first time a full transcriptomic analysis was performed in different flower developmental stages in the same individual. Our experimental approach enabled us to create a comprehensive catalogue of transcribed genes across developmental stages and genders that will contribute for future work in sex determination in seed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Jesus Nunes Ramos
- />Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, CBAA, Tapada da Ajuda, 1359-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Lucas Coito
- />Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, CBAA, Tapada da Ajuda, 1359-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Gomes Silva
- />Center for Biodiversity Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge Cunha
- />Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta d’Almoinha, Dois Portos, Portugal
- />ITQB, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Ribeiro Costa
- />Center for Biodiversity Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Margarida Rocheta
- />Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, CBAA, Tapada da Ajuda, 1359-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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Choudhury BI, Khan ML, Dayanandan S. Functional androdioecy in critically endangered Gymnocladus assamicus (Leguminosae) in the Eastern Himalayan Region of Northeast India. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87287. [PMID: 24586267 PMCID: PMC3938411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnocladus assamicus is a critically endangered tree species endemic to Northeast India, and shows sexual dimorphism with male and hermaphrodite flowers on separate trees. We studied phenology, reproductive biology and mating system of the species. The flowers are small, tubular, odorless and last for about 96 hours. Pollen grains in both morphs were viable and capable of fertilization leading to fruit and seed set. Scanning electron micrographs revealed morphologically similar pollen in both male and hermaphrodite flowers. The fruit set in open pollinated flowers was 43.61 percent, while controlled autogamous and geitonogamous pollinations yielded 76.81 and 65.58 percent fruit set respectively. Xenogamous pollinations between male and hermaphrodite flowers resulted in 56.85 percent fruit set and pollinations between hermaphrodite flowers yielded 67.90 percent fruit set. This indicates a functionally androdioecious mating system and pollination limited fruit set in G. assamicus. Phylogenetic analyses of Gymnocladus and the sister genus Gleditsia are needed to assess if the androdioecious mating system in G. assamicus evolved from dioecy as a result of selection for hermaphrodites for reproductive assurance during colonization of pollination limited high altitude ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baharul Islam Choudhury
- Forest and Evolutionary Genomics Laboratory, and Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Biology Department, Concordia University, Quebec, Canada
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science & Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammed Latif Khan
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science & Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Selvadurai Dayanandan
- Forest and Evolutionary Genomics Laboratory, and Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Biology Department, Concordia University, Quebec, Canada
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Oguri E, Sugawara T, Peng CI, Yang TYA, Murakami N. Geographical origin and sexual-system evolution of the androdioecious plant Gynochthodes boninensis (Rubiaceae), endemic to the Bonin Islands, Japan. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 68:699-708. [PMID: 23639296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gynochthodes boninensis is a woody climber endemic to the Bonin Islands, Japan. It is characterized by an androdioecious sexual system, which is rare in angiosperms. We conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 29 taxa including 61 samples from the tribe Morindeae to elucidate the geographical origin of G. boninensis by determining its progenitor species. We also investigated evolutionary transitions among different sexual systems within this plant group. The combined ETS, ITS, and trnT-F sequence data showed that G. boninensis formed a monophyletic group, but it did not form a clade with G. umbellata, which was treated as the same species, whereas it formed a clade with G. parvifolia, which is distributed in southeastern Asia. This suggests that G. boninensis evolved independently from G. umbellata, and probably originated from a progenitor native to southeastern Asia. In the clade composed of the three species of G. boninensis, G. parvifolia, and G. umbellata, only G. boninensis is androdioecious, whereas the others are dioecious. Thus, the androdioecious sexual system of G. boninensis may have evolved from dioecy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Oguri
- Makino Herbarium, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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15
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Varga S, Kytöviita MM. Sex ratio and spatial distribution of male and female Antennaria dioica (Asteraceae) plants. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Sex chromosomes in land plants can evolve as a consequence of close linkage between the two sex determination genes with complementary dominance required to establish stable dioecious populations, and they are found in at least 48 species across 20 families. The sex chromosomes in hepatics, mosses, and gymnosperms are morphologically heteromorphic. In angiosperms, heteromorphic sex chromosomes are found in at least 19 species from 4 families, while homomorphic sex chromosomes occur in 20 species from 13 families. The prevalence of the XY system found in 44 out of 48 species may reflect the predominance of the evolutionary pathway from gynodioecy towards dioecy. All dioecious species have the potential to evolve sex chromosomes, and reversions back from dioecy to various forms of monoecy, gynodioecy, or androdioecy have also occurred. Such reversals may occur especially during the early stages of sex chromosome evolution before the lethality of the YY (or WW) genotype is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA.
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17
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Dorken ME, Pannell JR. Density-dependent regulation of the sex ratio in an annual plant. Am Nat 2008; 171:824-30. [PMID: 18429672 DOI: 10.1086/587524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sex ratios are subject to strong frequency-dependent selection regulated by the mating system and the relative male versus female investment. In androdioecious plant populations, where males co-occur with hermaphrodites, the sex ratio depends on the rate of self-fertilization by hermaphrodites and on the relative pollen production of males versus hermaphrodites. Here, we report evolutionary changes in the sex ratio from experimental mating arrays of the androdioecious plant Mercurialis annua. We found that the progeny sex ratio depended strongly on density, with fewer males in the progeny of plants grown under low density. This occurred in part because of a plastic adjustment in pollen production by hermaphrodites, which produced more pollen when grown at low density than at high density. Our results provide support for the prediction that environmental conditions govern sex ratios through their effects on the relative fertility of unisexual versus hermaphrodite individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel E Dorken
- Department of Plant Sciences, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom.
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18
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19
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Consequences of inbreeding depression due to sex-linked loci for the maintenance of males and outcrossing in branchiopod crustaceans. Genet Res (Camb) 2008; 90:73-84. [DOI: 10.1017/s0016672307008981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryAndrodioecy, where males co-occur with hermaphrodites, is a rare sexual system in plants and animals. It has a scattered phylogenetic distribution, but it is common and has persisted for long periods of evolutionary time in branchiopod crustaceans. An earlier model of the maintenance of males with hermaphrodites in this group, by Ottoet al.(1993), considered the importance of male–hermaphrodite encounter rates, sperm limitation, male versus hermaphrodite viability and inbreeding depression suffered by selfed progeny. Here I advance this model in two ways: (1) by exploring the conditions that would allow the invasion of hermaphrodites into a dioecious population and that of females into an androdioecious population; and (2) by incorporating a term that accounts for the potential effects of genetic load linked to a dominant hermaphrodite-determining allele in androdioecious populations. The new model makes plausible sense of observations made in populations of the speciesEulimnadia texana, one of a number of related species whose common ancestor evolved hermaphroditism (and androdioecy) from dioecy. In particular, it offers an explanation for the long evolutionary persistence of androdioecy in branchiopods and suggests reasons for why dioecy has not re-evolved in the clade. Finally, it provides a rather unusual illustration of the implications of the degeneration of loci linked to a sex-determining locus.
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20
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Shannon RK, Holsinger KE. The genetics of sex determination in stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00497-006-0041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Zhang LB, Simmons MP, Kocyan A, Renner SS. Phylogeny of the Cucurbitales based on DNA sequences of nine loci from three genomes: Implications for morphological and sexual system evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006; 39:305-22. [PMID: 16293423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Cucurbitales are a clade of rosids with a worldwide distribution and a striking heterogeneity in species diversity among its seven family members: the Anisophylleaceae (29-40 species), Begoniaceae (1400 spp.), Coriariaceae (15 spp.), Corynocarpaceae (6 spp.), Cucurbitaceae (800 spp.), Datiscaceae (2 spp.), and Tetramelaceae (2 spp.). Most Cucurbitales have unisexual flowers, and species are monoecious, dioecious, andromonoecious, or androdioecious. To resolve interfamilial relationships within the order and to polarize morphological character evolution, especially of flower sexual systems, we sequenced nine plastids (atpB, matK, ndhF, rbcL, the trnL-F region, and the rpl20-rps12 spacer), nuclear (18S and 26S rDNA), and mitochondrial (nad1 b/c intron) genes (together approximately 12,000 bp) of 26 representatives of the seven families plus eight outgroup taxa from six other orders of the Eurosids I. Cucurbitales are strongly supported as monophyletic and are closest to Fagales, albeit with moderate support; both together are sister to Rosales. The deepest split in the Cucurbitales is that between the Anisophylleaceae and the remaining families; next is a clade of Corynocarpaceae and Coriariaceae, followed by Cucurbitaceae, which are sister to a clade of Begoniaceae, Datiscaceae, and Tetramelaceae. Based on this topology, stipulate leaves, inferior ovaries, parietal placentation, and one-seeded fruits are inferred as ancestral in Cucurbitales; exstipulate leaves, superior ovaries, apical placentation, and many-seeded fruits evolved within the order. Bisexual flowers are reconstructed as ancestral, but dioecy appears to have evolved already in the common ancestor of Begoniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Datiscaceae, and Tetramelaceae, and then to have been lost repeatedly in Begoniaceae and Cucurbitaceae. Both instances of androdioecy (Datisca glomerata and Schizopepon bryoniifolius) evolved from dioecious ancestors, corroborating recent hypotheses about androdioecy often evolving from dioecy.
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MESH Headings
- Begoniaceae/anatomy & histology
- Begoniaceae/classification
- Begoniaceae/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Cucurbitaceae/anatomy & histology
- Cucurbitaceae/classification
- Cucurbitaceae/genetics
- DNA, Chloroplast/chemistry
- DNA, Chloroplast/genetics
- DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genome, Plant
- Magnoliopsida/anatomy & histology
- Magnoliopsida/classification
- Magnoliopsida/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Reproduction/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bing Zhang
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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22
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Delph LF, Wolf DE. Evolutionary consequences of gender plasticity in genetically dimorphic breeding systems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 166:119-128. [PMID: 15760356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A functional view of gender helps evolutionary biologists evaluate the mechanisms underlying breeding-system evolution. Evolutionary pathways from hermaphroditism to dioecy include the intermediate breeding systems of gynodioecy and androdioecy. These pathways start with the invasion of unisexual mutants, females or males, respectively, followed by alteration of the hermaphrodites to allocate more to the sexual function that the unisexuals lack. Eventually, hermaphrodites become unisexual and dioecy has evolved. Some species evolving along these pathways stop short of completing this second step, or even revert back from dioecy. We evaluate the hypothesis that gender plasticity is involved in these transitions to and from dioecy. Evidence from studies of subdioecious species that have evolved along the gynodioecy pathway suggests that gender plasticity occurs and stabilizes subdioecy by lowering the cost of producing seed. Factors influencing species evolving toward androdioecy, or reverting to androdioecy from dioecy, appear to be more varied and include reproductive assurance, herbivory and gender plasticity. In general, gender specialization appears to be favored in resource-poor environments regardless of which pathway is taken to dioecy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda F Delph
- Department of Biology, 1001 East Third Street, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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23
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Jamsari A, Nitz I, Reamon-Büttner SM, Jung C. BAC-derived diagnostic markers for sex determination in asparagus. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2004; 108:1140-1146. [PMID: 15067401 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A HindIII BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) library of asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L.) was established from a single male plant homozygous for the male flowering gene ( MM). The library represents approximately 5.5 haploid genome equivalents with an average insert size of 82 kb. A subset of the library (2.6 haploid genome equivalents) was arranged into DNA pools. Using nine sex-linked amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and two sequence-tagged site (STS) markers, 13 different BAC clones were identified from this part of the library. The BACs were arranged into a first-generation physical map around the sex locus. Four PCR-derived markers were developed from the BAC ends, one of which could be scored in a co-dominant way. Using a mapping population of 802 plants we mapped the BAC-derived markers to the same position close to the M gene as the corresponding AFLP and STS markers. The markers are useful for further chromosome walking studies and as diagnostic markers for selecting male plants homozygous for the M gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jamsari
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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24
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Wolf DE, Takebayashi N. Pollen limitation and the evolution of androdioecy from dioecy. Am Nat 2004; 163:122-37. [PMID: 14767842 DOI: 10.1086/380493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2002] [Accepted: 07/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Androdioecy is an unusual breeding system in which populations consist of separate male and hermaphrodite individuals. The evolution of androdioecy is still poorly understood; however, there is evidence from several androdioecious species that the breeding system may have evolved from dioecy (males and females). This article presents a simple deterministic model showing that androdioecy can evolve from dioecy under a broad range of realistic conditions. For the evolution of androdioecy from dioecy, hermaphrodites must be able to invade the dioecious population. Then, males must be maintained, while females are eliminated. Hermaphrodite invasion is favored when females are pollen limited and hermaphrodites have high overall fertility and are self-fertile. Male maintenance is favored when hermaphrodites resemble females, having high seed production and low pollen fitness, and when the selfing rate is not too high. These conditions were satisfied over a broad and realistic range of parameter values, suggesting that the evolution of androdioecy from dioecy is highly plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana E Wolf
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Pannell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom;
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Abstract
Charles Darwin recognized that flowering plants have an unrivalled diversity of sexual systems. Determining the ecological and genetic factors that govern sexual diversification in plants is today a central problem in evolutionary biology. The integration of phylogenetic, ecological and population-genetic studies have provided new insights into the selective mechanisms that are responsible for major evolutionary transitions between reproductive modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2.
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