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Golubev A. Invariances in relations between aging, exposure to external hazards, and mortality reflected in life table aging rate (LAR) patterns examined through the lens of generalized Gompertz-Makeham law. Biogerontology 2024:10.1007/s10522-024-10123-9. [PMID: 39037664 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-024-10123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
According to the Gompertz law, the age-dependent change in the logarithm of mortality (life-table aging rate, LAR) is equal to the population-averaged age-independent biological aging rate (γ), and LAR would be constant if aging were the only cause of mortality increase. However, LAR is influenced by population exposures to the external hazards. If they were constant, according to the Gompertz-Makeham law (GML), LAR would be below γ at lower ages and asymptotically and monotonically approach γ with increasing age. Actually, LAR trajectories derived from data on mortality in different countries and historical periods feature systematic undulations. In the present investigation, mortality-vs.-age trajectories were modeled based on a generalized GML (gGML). Unlike the canonical GML terms, which are population-specific constants, the respective terms of the gGML are represented with some population-specific functions of age. Invariant in gGML are the modes of translation of these functions into the dependency of mortality on age: linear for population exposure to the irresistible external hazards or exponential for population-averaged ability to withstand the resistible external and internal hazards. Modeling suggests that, at earlier ages, LAR undulations are attributable to changes in population exposures to the former hazards. However, only their unrealistically high levels can produce the transient increase in LAR at about 65 to 90 years. This pervasive undulation of LAR-vs.-age trajectory is rather caused by an increment in γ. Reasons to regard gGML as a genuine natural law, which defines relations between mortality, aging and environment, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Golubev
- Department of Carcinogenesis and Oncogerontology, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 68 Leningradskaya ul., Pesochny-2, Saint Petersburg, 197758, Russia.
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Wadhwa A, Moreno-Villanueva M, Crucian B, Wu H. Synergistic interplay between radiation and microgravity in spaceflight-related immunological health risks. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:50. [PMID: 39033285 PMCID: PMC11264846 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00449-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Spaceflight poses a myriad of environmental stressors to astronauts´ physiology including microgravity and radiation. The individual impacts of microgravity and radiation on the immune system have been extensively investigated, though a comprehensive review on their combined effects on immune system outcomes is missing. Therefore, this review aims at understanding the synergistic, additive, and antagonistic interactions between microgravity and radiation and their impact on immune function as observed during spaceflight-analog studies such as rodent hindlimb unloading and cell culture rotating wall vessel models. These mimic some, but not all, of the physiological changes observed in astronauts during spaceflight and provide valuable information that should be considered when planning future missions. We provide guidelines for the design of further spaceflight-analog studies, incorporating influential factors such as age and sex for rodent models and standardizing the longitudinal evaluation of specific immunological alterations for both rodent and cellular models of spaceflight exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wadhwa
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058, USA.
| | | | | | - Honglu Wu
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
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Golubev A. An underappreciated peculiarity of late-life human mortality kinetics assessed through the lens of a generalization of the Gompertz-Makeham law. Biogerontology 2024; 25:479-490. [PMID: 38006538 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Much attention in biogerontology is paid to the deceleration of mortality rate increase with age by the end of a species-specific lifespan, e.g. after ca. 90 years in humans. Being analyzed based on the Gompertz law µ(t)=µ0e^γt with its inbuilt linearity of the dependency of lnµ on t, this is commonly assumed to reflect the heterogeneity of populations where the frailer subjects die out earlier thus increasing the proportions of those whose dying out is slower and leading to decreases in the demographic rates of aging. Using Human Mortality Database data related to France, Sweden and Japan in five periods 1920, 1950, 1980, 2018 and 2020 and to the cohorts born in 1920, it is shown by LOESS smoothing of the lnµ-vs-t plots and constructing the first derivatives of the results that the late-life deceleration of the life-table aging rate (LAR) is preceded by an acceleration. It starts at about 65 years and makes LAR at about 85 years to become 30% higher than it was before the acceleration. Thereafter, LAR decreases and reaches the pre-acceleration level at ca. 90 years. This peculiarity cannot be explained by the predominant dying out of frailer subjects at earlier ages. Its plausible explanation may be the acceleration of the biological aging in humans at ages above 65-70 years, which conspicuously coincide with retirement. The decelerated biological aging may therefore contribute to the subsequent late-life LAR deceleration. The biological implications of these findings are discussed in terms of a generalized Gompertz-Makeham law µ(t) = C(t)+µ0e^f(t).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Golubev
- Department of Carcinogenesis and Oncogerontology, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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Gavrilov LA, Gavrilova NS. Exploring Patterns of Human Mortality and Aging: A Reliability Theory Viewpoint. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:341-355. [PMID: 38622100 PMCID: PMC11090256 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The most important manifestation of aging is an increased risk of death with advancing age, a mortality pattern characterized by empirical regularities known as mortality laws. We highlight three significant ones: the Gompertz law, compensation effect of mortality (CEM), and late-life mortality deceleration and describe new developments in this area. It is predicted that CEM should result in declining relative variability of mortality at older ages. The quiescent phase hypothesis of negligible actuarial aging at younger adult ages is tested and refuted by analyzing mortality of the most recent birth cohorts. To comprehend the aging mechanisms, it is crucial to explain the observed empirical mortality patterns. As an illustrative example of data-directed modeling and the insights it provides, we briefly describe two different reliability models applied to human mortality patterns. The explanation of aging using a reliability theory approach aligns with evolutionary theories of aging, including idea of chronic phenoptosis. This alignment stems from their focus on elucidating the process of organismal deterioration itself, rather than addressing the reasons why organisms are not designed for perpetual existence. This article is a part of a special issue of the journal that commemorates the legacy of the eminent Russian scientist Vladimir Petrovich Skulachev (1935-2023) and his bold ideas about evolution of biological aging and phenoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid A Gavrilov
- NORC at the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Institute for Demographic Research, Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 109028, Russia
| | - Natalia S Gavrilova
- NORC at the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Demographic Research, Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 109028, Russia
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Feraldi A, Zarulli V. Patterns in age and cause of death contribution to the sex gap in life expectancy: a comparison among ten countries. GENUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41118-022-00171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWomen live longer than men and the absolute difference between male and female mortality risk reaches its maximum at old ages. We decomposed the sex gap in life expectancy and investigated the changes over time of the profile of the age–cause specific contributions with indicators of location, magnitude and dispersion in ten countries. Data were retrieved from the Human Cause-of-Death Database. The decomposition analyses revealed that neoplasm, heart diseases and external causes were the main drivers of the gender gap. We also find two main patterns in the development of age-specific contributions. With mortality delay, regarding neoplasm-related mortality and heart disease-related mortality, the shift (i.e., movement of the modal age at contribution towards older ages) and compression (i.e., dispersion concentrated on a shorter age interval) of the survival advantage of women over a narrower age range reveal that men are gradually improving their survival. This might be linked to improvements in survival, diagnosis and access to treatment, at least to those ages no longer affected by the most significant differences.
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Zanotto L, Canudas-Romo V, Mazzuco S. A Mixture-Function Mortality Model: Illustration of the Evolution of Premature Mortality. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2021; 37:1-27. [PMID: 33597834 PMCID: PMC7865056 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-019-09552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Premature mortality is often a neglected component of overall deaths, and the most difficult to identify. However, it is important to estimate its prevalence. Following Pearson's theory about mortality components, a definition of premature deaths and a parametric model to study its transformations are introduced. The model is a mixture of three distributions: a Half Normal for the first part of the death curve and two Skew Normals to fit the remaining pieces. One advantage of the model is the possibility of obtaining an explicit equation to compute life expectancy at birth and to break it down into mortality components. We estimated the mixture model for Sweden, France, East Germany and Czech Republic. In addition, to the well-known reduction in infant deaths, and compression and shifting trend of adult mortality, we were able to study the trend of the central part of the distribution of deaths in detail. In general, a right shift of the modal age at death for young adults is observed; in some cases, it is also accompanied by an increase in the number of deaths at these ages: in particular for France, in the last twenty years, premature mortality increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Zanotto
- Department of Economics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Mazzuco
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Ebeling M, Meyer AC, Modig K. The rise in the number of long-term survivors from different diseases can slow the increase in life expectancy of the total population. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1523. [PMID: 33028250 PMCID: PMC7542716 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent improvements in life expectancy in many countries stem from reduced mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer above the age of 60. This is the combined result of decreased incidence and improved survival among those with disease. The latter has led to a higher proportion in the population of people with a past history of disease. This is a group with higher mortality than the general population. How growing shares of persons with past history of disease and improved survival with disease have affected changes in life expectancy of the total population is the objective of this paper. Methods Using register data for the total Swedish population, we stratified the population based on whether individuals have been diagnosed with myocardial infarction, stroke, hip fracture, colon cancer, or breast cancer. Using a novel decomposition approach, we decomposed the changes in life expectancy at age 60 between 1994 and 2016 into contributions from improved survival with disease and from changes in proportion of people with past history of disease. Results Improvements in survival from disease resulted in gains of life expectancy for the total population. However, while the contributions to life expectancy improvements from myocardial infarction, stroke and breast cancer were substantial, the contributions from the other diseases were minor. These gains were counteracted, to various degrees, by the increasing proportion of people with raised mortality due to a past history of disease. For instance, the impact on life expectancy by improved survival from breast cancer was almost halved by the increasing share of females with a past history of breast cancer. Conclusion Rising numbers of survivors of different diseases can slow the increase in life expectancy. This dynamic may represent the costs associated with successful treatment of diseases, and thus, a potential “failure of success.” This dynamic should be considered when assessing mortality and life expectancy trends. As populations are aging and disease survival continues to improve, this issue is likely to become even more important in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ebeling
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18055, Rostock, Germany. .,University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Anna C Meyer
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Modig
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wrigley-Field E. Multidimensional Mortality Selection: Why Individual Dimensions of Frailty Don't Act Like Frailty. Demography 2020; 57:747-777. [PMID: 32215838 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical models of mortality selection have great utility in explaining otherwise puzzling phenomena. The most famous example may be the Black-White mortality crossover: at old ages, Blacks outlive Whites, presumably because few frail Blacks survive to old ages while some frail Whites do. Yet theoretical models of unidimensional heterogeneity, or frailty, do not speak to the most common empirical situation for mortality researchers: the case in which some important population heterogeneity is observed and some is not. I show that, when one dimension of heterogeneity is observed and another is unobserved, neither the observed nor the unobserved dimension need behave as classic frailty models predict. For example, in a multidimensional model, mortality selection can increase the proportion of survivors who are disadvantaged, or "frail," and can lead Black survivors to be more frail than Whites, along some dimensions of disadvantage. Transferring theoretical results about unidimensional heterogeneity to settings with both observed and unobserved heterogeneity produces misleading inferences about mortality disparities. The unusually flexible behavior of individual dimensions of multidimensional heterogeneity creates previously unrecognized challenges for empirically testing selection models of disparities, such as models of mortality crossovers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Wrigley-Field
- Department of Sociology and Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Oxidative Stress and Nutraceuticals in the Modulation of the Immune Function: Current Knowledge in Animals of Veterinary Interest. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8010028. [PMID: 30669304 PMCID: PMC6356544 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the veterinary sector, many papers deal with the relationships between inflammation and oxidative stress. However, few studies investigate the mechanisms of action of oxidised molecules in the regulation of immune cells. Thus, authors often assume that these events, sometime leading to oxidative stress, are conserved among species. The aim of this review is to draw the state-of-the-art of the current knowledge about the role of oxidised molecules and dietary antioxidant compounds in the regulation of the immune cell functions and suggest some perspectives for future investigations in animals of veterinary interest.
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Adequate life-expectancy reconstruction for adult human mortality data. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198485. [PMID: 29864166 PMCID: PMC5986123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortality information of populations is aggregated in life tables that serve as a basis for calculation of life expectancy and various life disparity measures. Conventional life-table methods address right-censoring inadequately by assuming a constant hazard in the last open-ended age group. As a result, life expectancy can be substantially distorted, especially in the case when the last age group in a life table contains a large proportion of the population. Previous research suggests addressing censoring in a gamma-Gompertz-Makeham model setting as this framework incorporates all major features of adult mortality. In this article, we quantify the difference between gamma-Gompertz-Makeham life expectancy values and those published in the largest publicly available high-quality life-table databases for human populations, drawing attention to populations for which life expectancy values should be reconsidered. We also advocate the use of gamma-Gompertz-Makeham life expectancy for three reasons. First, model-based life-expectancy calculation successfully handles the problem of data quality or availability, resulting in severe censoring due to the unification of a substantial number of deaths in the last open-end age group. Second, model-based life expectancies are preferable in the case of data scarcity, i.e. when data contain numerous age groups with zero death counts: here, we provide an example of hunter-gatherer populations. Third, gamma-Gompertz-Makeham-based life expectancy values are almost identical to the ones provided by the major high-quality human mortality databases that use more complicated procedures. Applying a gamma-Gompertz-Makeham model to adult mortality data can be used to revise life-expectancy trends for historical populations that usually serve as input for mortality forecasts.
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Tai TH, Noymer A. Models for estimating empirical Gompertz mortality: With an application to evolution of the Gompertzian slope. POPUL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-018-0609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Ediev DM. Expectation of life at old age: revisiting Horiuchi-Coale and reconciling with Mitra. GENUS 2018; 74:3. [PMID: 29430059 PMCID: PMC5797569 DOI: 10.1186/s41118-018-0029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Data quality issues at advanced old age, such as incompleteness of registration of vital events and age misreporting, compromise estimates of the death rates and remaining life expectancy at those ages. Following up on Horiuchi and Coale (Population Studies 36: 317-326, 1982), Mitra (Population Studies 38: 313-319, 1984, Population Studies 39: 511-512, 1985), and Coale (Population Studies 39: 507-509, 1985), we examine the conventional approaches to constructing life tables from data deficient at advanced ages and the two adjustment methods by the mentioned authors. Contrary to earlier reports by Horiuchi, Coale, and Mitra, we show that the two methods are consistent and useful in drastically reducing the estimation errors in life expectancy as compared to the conventional approaches, i.e., the classical open age interval model and extrapolation of the death rates. Our results suggest complementing the classical estimates of life expectancy by adjustments using Horiuchi-Coale, Mitra, or other appropriate methods and avoiding the extrapolation method as a tool for estimating the life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalkhat M. Ediev
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, VID/ÖAW, WU), Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
- Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies, North-Caucasian State Humanitarian-Technological Academy, Stavropolskaya 36, Cherkessk, 369000 Russia
- Demography Chair (HSMSS), Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 51, r. 752, Moscow, 119992 Russia
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Kim DI, Lee DH, Hong S, Jo SW, Won YS, Jeon JY. Six weeks of combined aerobic and resistance exercise using outdoor exercise machines improves fitness, insulin resistance, and chemerin in the Korean elderly: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2017; 75:59-64. [PMID: 29190545 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a six-week-long exercise program using outdoor exercise equipment on fitness, insulin resistance and adipocytokines among Korean elderly. METHODS A total of 47 participants were randomized into one of the following three groups; control, resistance exercise or combined exercise (aerobic and resistance exercise). The resistance exercise group completed three resistance types of exercise. The combined exercise group completed five exercises, including three resistance types of exercise and two aerobic types of exercise. Participants' body composition, fitness level, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and adipocytokines were measured at baseline and at the end of six weeks. RESULTS After six weeks of exercise training, participants in the combined exercise group exhibited significant reduction in insulin, HOMA-IR and chemerin levels, while significant reduction was observed in HOMA-IR only in the resistance exercise group compared with the control group. Meanwhile, six weeks of exercise training, whether resistance exercise alone or combined, significantly improved upper body muscular strength/endurance and physical function compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Six weeks of combined exercise using outdoor exercise equipment was effective in improving fitness, HOMA-IR, circulating chemerin levels, and other known risk factors of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Il Kim
- Department of Sport Industry Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Spaulding Hospital Cambridge, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Professional Therapy, Gachon University Graduate School of Professional Therapy, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sunghyun Hong
- Department of Sport Industry Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Won Jo
- Department of Sport Industry Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Shin Won
- Department of Sport Industry Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Justin Y Jeon
- Department of Sport Industry Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Exercise Medicine Center for Diabetes and Cancer Patients, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer Prevention Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Fan J, Ghurye SG, Levine RA. Multicomponent lifetime distributions in the presence of ageing. J Appl Probab 2016. [DOI: 10.1239/jap/1014842555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lifetime distributions for multicomponent systems are developed through the interplay of ageing and stress shocks to the system. The ageing process is explicitly modeled by an exponential function with rate affected by the magnitude of stresses from a compound Poisson process shock model. Applications of these life distributions and associated failure rates towards the study of multicomponent system survival are discussed. In particular, we illustrate the behavior of these survival functions in relevant subsets of the parameter space.
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15
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LARSON SAMM, COLCHERO FERNANDO, JONES OWENR, WILLIAMS LAWRENCE, FERNANDEZ-DUQUE EDUARDO. Age and sex-specific mortality of wild and captive populations of a monogamous pair-bonded primate (Aotus azarae). Am J Primatol 2016; 78:315-25. [PMID: 25866126 PMCID: PMC5611823 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In polygynous primates, a greater reproductive variance in males have been linked to their reduced life expectancy relative to females. The mortality patterns of monogamous pair-bonded primates, however, are less clear. We analyzed the sex differences in mortality within wild (NMales = 70, NFemales = 73) and captive (NMales = 25, NFemales = 29) populations of Azara's owl monkeys (Aotus azarae), a socially and genetically monogamous primate exhibiting biparental care. We used Bayesian Survival Trajectory Analysis (BaSTA) to test age-dependent models of mortality. The wild and captive populations were best fit by the logistic and Gompertz models, respectively, implying greater heterogeneity in the wild environment likely due to harsher conditions. We found that age patterns of mortality were similar between the sexes in both populations. We calculated life expectancy and disparity, the latter a measure of the steepness of senescence, for both sexes in each population. Males and females had similar life expectancies in both populations; the wild population overall having a shorter life expectancy than the captive one. Furthermore, captive females had a reduced life disparity relative to captive males and to both sexes in the wild. We interpret this pattern in light of the hazards associated with reproduction. In captivity, where reproduction is intensely managed, the risks associated with gestation and birth are tempered so that there is a reduction in the likelihood of captive females dying prematurely, decreasing their overall life disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- SAM M. LARSON
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - FERNANDO COLCHERO
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - OWEN R. JONES
- Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - LAWRENCE WILLIAMS
- Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, Bastrop, Texas
| | - EDUARDO FERNANDEZ-DUQUE
- Department of Anthropology, Yale, New Haven, Connecticut
- Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral, Conicet-Argentina, Argentina
- Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Formosa, Argentina
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16
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Koopman JJE, Rozing MP, Kramer A, Abad JM, Finne P, Heaf JG, Hoitsma AJ, De Meester JMJ, Palsson R, Postorino M, Ravani P, Wanner C, Jager KJ, van Bodegom D, Westendorp RGJ. Calculating the Rate of Senescence From Mortality Data: An Analysis of Data From the ERA-EDTA Registry. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:468-74. [PMID: 25887122 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of senescence can be inferred from the acceleration by which mortality rates increase over age. Such a senescence rate is generally estimated from parameters of a mathematical model fitted to these mortality rates. However, such models have limitations and underlying assumptions. Notably, they do not fit mortality rates at young and old ages. Therefore, we developed a method to calculate senescence rates from the acceleration of mortality directly without modeling the mortality rates. We applied the different methods to age group-specific mortality data from the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association Registry, including patients with end-stage renal disease on dialysis, who are known to suffer from increased senescence rates (n = 302,455), and patients with a functioning kidney transplant (n = 74,490). From age 20 to 70, senescence rates were comparable when calculated with or without a model. However, when using non-modeled mortality rates, senescence rates were yielded at young and old ages that remained concealed when using modeled mortality rates. At young ages senescence rates were negative, while senescence rates declined at old ages. In conclusion, the rate of senescence can be calculated directly from non-modeled mortality rates, overcoming the disadvantages of an indirect estimation based on modeled mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J E Koopman
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. Leyden Academy on Vitality and Ageing, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Anneke Kramer
- ERA-EDTA Registry, Department of Medical Informatics, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - José M Abad
- Renal Registry of Aragon, Health Planning Department, Health and Consumers Affairs Department Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Patrik Finne
- Finnish Registry for Kidney Diseases, Helsinki, Finland. Department of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James G Heaf
- Department of Nephrology B, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Andries J Hoitsma
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Johan M J De Meester
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Hypertension, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
| | - Runolfur Palsson
- Division of Nephrology, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland and Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Maurizio Postorino
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Pietro Ravani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Christoph Wanner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kitty J Jager
- ERA-EDTA Registry, Department of Medical Informatics, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David van Bodegom
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. Leyden Academy on Vitality and Ageing, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi G J Westendorp
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Li T, Anderson JJ. The Strehler-Mildvan correlation from the perspective of a two-process vitality model. Population Studies 2015; 69:91-104. [PMID: 25633895 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2014.992358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Strehler and Mildvan (SM) general theory of ageing and mortality provides a mechanism-based explanation of Gompertz's law and predicts a log-linear relationship between the two Gompertz coefficients, known as the SM correlation. While the SM correlation is supported by data from developed countries before the second half of the twentieth century, the recent breakdown of the correlation pattern in these countries has prompted demographers to conclude that SM theory needs to be reassessed. In this paper we use a newly developed two-process vitality model to explain the SM correlation and its breakdown in terms of asynchronous trends in acute (extrinsic) and chronic (intrinsic) mortality factors. We propose that the mortality change in the first half of the twentieth century is largely determined by the elimination of immediate hazards to death, whereas the mortality change in the second half is primarily driven by the slowdown of the deterioration rate of intrinsic survival capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- a Renmin University of China
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Wrigley-Field E. Mortality deceleration and mortality selection: three unexpected implications of a simple model. Demography 2014; 51:51-71. [PMID: 24385199 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-013-0256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Unobserved heterogeneity in mortality risk is pervasive and consequential. Mortality deceleration-the slowing of mortality's rise with age-has been considered an important window into heterogeneity that otherwise might be impossible to explore. In this article, I argue that deceleration patterns may reveal surprisingly little about the heterogeneity that putatively produces them. I show that even in a very simple model-one that is composed of just two subpopulations with Gompertz mortality-(1) aggregate mortality can decelerate even while a majority of the cohort is frail; (2) multiple decelerations are possible; and (3) mortality selection can produce acceleration as well as deceleration. Simulations show that these patterns are plausible in model cohorts that in the aggregate resemble cohorts in the Human Mortality Database. I argue that these results challenge some conventional heuristics for understanding the relationship between selection and deceleration; undermine certain inferences from deceleration timing to patterns of social inequality; and imply that standard parametric models, assumed to plateau at most once, may sometimes badly misestimate deceleration timing-even by decades.
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Immunosenenescence: Role of cytomegalovirus. Exp Gerontol 2014; 54:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Making headlines, a thought-provocative paper by Neff, Ehninger and coworkers claims that rapamycin extends life span but has limited effects on aging. How is that possibly possible? And what is aging if not an increase of the probability of death with age. I discuss that the JCI paper actually shows that rapamycin slows aging and also extends lifespan regardless of its direct anti-cancer activities. Aging is, in part, MTOR-driven: a purposeless continuation of developmental growth. Rapamycin affects the same processes in young and old animals: young animals' traits and phenotypes, which continuations become hyperfunctional, harmful and lethal later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Blagosklonny
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, BLSC, L3-312, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
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Li T, Yang YC, Anderson JJ. Mortality increase in late-middle and early-old age: heterogeneity in death processes as a new explanation. Demography 2013; 50:1563-91. [PMID: 23743628 PMCID: PMC4028711 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-013-0222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Deviations from the Gompertz law of exponential mortality increases in late-middle and early-old age are commonly neglected in overall mortality analyses. In this study, we examined mortality increase patterns between ages 40 and 85 in 16 low-mortality countries and demonstrated sex differences in these patterns, which also changed across period and cohort. These results suggest that the interaction between aging and death is more complicated than what is usually assumed from the Gompertz law and also challenge existing biodemographic hypotheses about the origin and mechanisms of sex differences in mortality. We propose a two-mortality model that explains these patterns as the change in the composition of intrinsic and extrinsic death rates with age. We show that the age pattern of overall mortality and the population heterogeneity therein are possibly generated by multiple dynamics specified by a two-mortality model instead of a uniform process throughout most adult ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Center for Population and Development Studies, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872, China,
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of mortality increase with age among adults is typically used as a measure of the rate of functional decline associated with aging or senescence. While black and white populations differ in the level of mortality, mortality also rises less rapidly with age for blacks than for whites, leading to the well-known black/white mortality “crossover”. OBJECTIVE This paper investigates black/white differences in the rate of mortality increase with age for major causes of death in order to examine the factors responsible for the black/white crossover. METHODS The analysis considers two explanations for the crossover: selective survival and age misreporting. Mortality is modeled using a Gompertz model for 11 causes of death from ages 50–84 among blacks and whites by sex. RESULTS Mortality increases more rapidly with age for whites than for blacks for nearly all causes of death considered. The all-cause mortality rate of mortality increase is nearly two percentage points higher for whites. The analysis finds evidence for both selective survival and age misreporting, although age misreporting is a more prominent explanation among women. CONCLUSIONS The black/white mortality crossover reflects large differences in the rate of age-related mortality increase. Instead of reflecting the impact of specific causes of death, this pattern exists across many disparate disease conditions, indicating the need for a broad explanation.
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Buettner T. Approaches and Experiences in Projecting Mortality Patterns for the Oldest-Old. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10920277.2002.10596053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yashin AI, Wu D, Arbeev KG, Stallard E, Land KC, Ukraintseva SV. How genes influence life span: the biodemography of human survival. Rejuvenation Res 2012; 15:374-80. [PMID: 22607627 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2011.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of human life span, none of the genetic variants has reached the level of genome-wide statistical significance. The roles of such variants in life span regulation remain unclear. DATA AND METHOD A biodemographic analyses was done of genetic regulation of life span using data on low-significance longevity alleles selected in the earlier GWAS of the original Framingham cohort. RESULTS Age-specific survival curves considered as functions of the number of longevity alleles exhibit regularities known in demography as "rectangularization" of survival curves. The presence of such pattern confirms observations from experimental studies that regulation of life span involves genes responsible for stress resistance. CONCLUSION Biodemographic analyses could provide important information about the properties of genes affecting phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy I Yashin
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0408, USA.
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Robine JM, Michel JP, Herrmann FR. Excess male mortality and age-specific mortality trajectories under different mortality conditions: a lesson from the heat wave of summer 2003. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:378-86. [PMID: 22564660 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our objective was to study the impact of an identical additional stress on male and female mortality with a quasi-experimental study design, using natural variations in summer mortality, including the massive heat wave that struck Europe in 2003. MATERIAL AND METHODS The summer daily mortality rates of the population aged 65 and over living in 16 European countries were computed by single age from 1998 to 2003. Using the method of Tukey, we established five categories summarizing the summer daily conditions of mortality (exceptionally high values, minor extremely high values, common values, minor extremely low values, and exceptionally low values). RESULTS Whatever the mortality conditions during the summer months, the mortality trajectories by age are exponential for both sexes: males die twice more than females at the age of 65 and their level of mortality linearly converges around the age of 97 to that of the females. DISCUSSION Being male remains a major risk factor of mortality during heat waves. This issue was missed by previous epidemiological studies because almost all of them focused only on the relative increase in mortality and not on the sex specific mortality rates which implies being able to estimate the population at risk.
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Pawelec G, McElhaney JE, Aiello AE, Derhovanessian E. The impact of CMV infection on survival in older humans. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:507-11. [PMID: 22541724 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated immunity, 'immunosenescence', in the elderly is thought to contribute to their increased susceptibility to infectious disease and to impact on mortality. Accepted hallmarks of human immunosenescence are low numbers and frequencies of naïve T cells and higher numbers and frequencies of memory T cells in the peripheral blood of the elderly compared to the young. The proportion of the population infected with CMV increases with age and markedly influences these parameters. Infection with this persistent β-herpesvirus may therefore indirectly impact on survival in the elderly. Recent evidence pertaining to this controversial proposal is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Pawelec
- Tübingen Ageing and Tumour Immunology Group, Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen Clinical School, Waldhoernlestr. 22, D-72072 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Concepts and Theories of Longevity. THE DEMOGRAPHY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN HEALTH AND AGING 2012. [PMCID: PMC7121036 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1315-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pawelec G, Derhovanessian E. Role of CMV in immune senescence. Virus Res 2011; 157:175-9. [PMID: 20869407 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Koopman JJE, Rozing MP, Kramer A, de Jager DJ, Ansell D, De Meester JMJ, Prütz KG, Finne P, Heaf JG, Palsson R, Kramar R, Jager KJ, Dekker FW, Westendorp RGJ. Senescence rates in patients with end-stage renal disease: a critical appraisal of the Gompertz model. Aging Cell 2011; 10:233-8. [PMID: 21108732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequently used model to describe the exponential increase in mortality rate over age is the Gompertz equation. Logarithmically transformed, the equation conforms to a straight line, of which the slope has been interpreted as the rate of senescence. Earlier, we proposed the derivative function of the Gompertz equation as a superior descriptor of senescence rate. Here, we tested both measures of the rate of senescence in a population of patients with end-stage renal disease. It is clinical dogma that patients on dialysis experience accelerated senescence, whereas those with a functional kidney transplant have mortality rates comparable to the general population. Therefore, we calculated the age-specific mortality rates for European patients on dialysis (n=274 221; follow-up=594 767 person-years), for European patients with a functioning kidney transplant (n=61 286; follow-up=345 024 person-years), and for the general European population. We found higher mortality rates, but a smaller slope of logarithmic mortality curve for patients on dialysis compared with both patients with a functioning kidney transplant and the general population (P<0.001). A classical interpretation of the Gompertz model would imply that the rate of senescence in patients on dialysis is lower than in patients with a functioning transplant and lower than in the general population. In contrast, the derivative function of the Gompertz equation yielded the highest senescence rates for patients on dialysis, whereas the rate was similar in patients with a functioning transplant and the general population. We conclude that the rate of senescence is better described by the derivative function of the Gompertz equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J E Koopman
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Abstract
An age-related decline in immune responses in the elderly results in greater susceptibility to infection and reduced responses to vaccination. This decline in immune function affects both innate and adaptive immune systems. A meeting of experts in immunology and gerontology in Paris, France, in April 2008, considered current understanding of immunosenescence and its clinical consequences. Essential features of immunosenescence include: reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity on a per cell basis; reduced number and function of dendritic cells in blood; decreased pools of naive T and B cells; and increases in the number of memory and effector T and B cells. In particular, an accumulation of late differentiated effector T cells, commonly associated with cytomegalovirus infection, contributes to a decline in the capacity of the adaptive immune system to respond to novel antigens. Consequently, vaccine responsiveness is compromised in the elderly, especially frail patients. Strategies to address the effects of immunosenescence include ensuring that seroprotective antibody levels against preventable infectious diseases are maintained throughout adulthood, and improving diet and exercise to address the effects of frailty. New vaccines are being developed, such as intradermal and high-dose vaccines for influenza, to improve the efficacy of immunization in the elderly. In the future, the development and use of markers of immunosenescence to identify patients who may have impaired responses to vaccination, as well as the use of end-points other than antibody titers to assess vaccine efficacy, may help to reduce morbidity and mortality due to infections in the elderly.
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Kulminski AM, Ukraintseva SV, Kulminskaya IV, Arbeev KG, Land K, Yashin AI. Cumulative deficits better characterize susceptibility to death in elderly people than phenotypic frailty: lessons from the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56:898-903. [PMID: 18363679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare how well frailty measures based on a phenotypic frailty approach proposed in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) and a cumulative deficits approach predict mortality. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING The main cohort of the CHS. PARTICIPANTS Four thousand seven hundred twenty-one individuals. MEASUREMENTS A phenotypic frailty index (PFI) was defined in the same way as proposed in the CHS: assessing weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, slowness, and poor grip strength. A cumulative deficit index (DI) was defined based on 48 elderly deficits (signs, symptoms, impairments, diseases) included in the index, with equal weights. RESULTS Of the 1,073 frailest individuals with the lowest survival, the PFI, categorized as proposed in the CHS into robust, prefrail, and frail categories, underestimated the risk of death for 720 persons, whereas the DI categorized into the same three frailty categories underestimated the mortality risk for 134 persons. The higher power of the DI for discriminating frail individuals in their susceptibility to death also followed from comparison of quasi-instantaneous values of both indices. The three-level DI identified 219 individuals as frail of 361 individuals identified as frail according to the three-level PFI. CONCLUSION The DI can more precisely evaluate chances of death because it assesses a broader spectrum of disorders than the PFI. Both indices appear to be frailty related. Integration of both approaches is highly promising for increasing the precision of discrimination of the risk of death and especially for identification of the most vulnerable elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Kulminski
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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Vasto S, Colonna-Romano G, Larbi A, Wikby A, Caruso C, Pawelec G. Role of persistent CMV infection in configuring T cell immunity in the elderly. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2007; 4:2. [PMID: 17376222 PMCID: PMC1831794 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with declines in many physiological parameters, including multiple immune system functions. The rate of acceleration of the frequency of death due to cardiovascular disease or cancer seems to increase with age from middle age up to around 80 years, plateauing thereafter. Mortality due to infectious disease, however, does not plateau, but continues to accelerate indefinitely. The elderly commonly possess oligoclonal expansions of T cells, especially of CD8 cells, which, surprisingly, are often associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity. This in turn is associated with many of the same phenotypic and functional alterations to T cell immunity that have been suggested as biomarkers of immune system aging. Thus, the manner in which CMV and the host immune system interact is critical in determining the "age" of specific immunity. We may therefore consider immunosenescence in some respects as an infectious state. This implies that interventions aimed at the pathogen may improve the organ system affected. Hence, CMV-directed anti-virals or vaccination may have beneficial effects on immunity in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Vasto
- Gruppo di Studio sull'Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metedologie Biomediche, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Colonna-Romano
- Gruppo di Studio sull'Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metedologie Biomediche, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Anis Larbi
- University of Tübingen Medical School, Center for Medical Research, ZMF, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anders Wikby
- Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Box 1026, 551 11 Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Gruppo di Studio sull'Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metedologie Biomediche, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Graham Pawelec
- University of Tübingen Medical School, Center for Medical Research, ZMF, Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
The rate of ageing is a genetically influenced feature of an individual's life history that responds to selection on lifespan. Various costs presumably constrain the evolution of prolonged life, but these have not been well characterized and their general nature is unclear. The analyses presented here demonstrate a correlation among birds and mammals between rates of embryonic growth and ageing-related mortality, which are quantified by the exponents of fitted power functions. This relationship suggests that rapid early development leads to accelerated ageing, presumably by influencing some aspect of the quality of the adult individual. Although the mechanisms linking embryo growth rate and ageing are not known, a simple model of life-history optimization shows that the benefits of longer life can be balanced by connected costs of extended development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St Louis, MO 63121-4499, USA.
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36
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Frank SA. A multistage theory of age-specific acceleration in human mortality. BMC Biol 2004; 2:16. [PMID: 15242520 PMCID: PMC471577 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-2-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Humans die at an increasing rate until late in life, when mortality rates level off. The causes of the late-life mortality plateau have been debated extensively over the past few years. Here, I examine mortality patterns separately for each of the leading causes of death. The different causes of death show distinct mortality patterns, providing some clues about the varying acceleration of mortality at different ages. Results I examine mortality patterns by first plotting the data of mortality rate versus age on a log-log scale. The slope of the age-specific mortality rate at each age is the age-specific acceleration of mortality. About one-half of total deaths have causes with similar shapes for the age-specific acceleration of mortality: a steady rise in acceleration from midlife until a well-defined peak at 80 years, followed by a nearly linear decline in acceleration. This first group of causes includes heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and accidental deaths. A second group, accounting for about one-third of all deaths, follows a different pattern of age-specific acceleration. These diseases show an approximately linear rise in acceleration to a peak at 35–45 years of age, followed by a steep and steady decline in acceleration for the remainder of life. This second group includes cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and liver disease. I develop a multistage model of disease progression to explain the observed patterns of mortality acceleration. Conclusions A multistage model of disease progression can explain both the early-life increase and late-life decrease in mortality acceleration. An early-life rise in acceleration may be caused by increasing rates of transition between stages as individuals grow older. The late-life decline in acceleration may be caused by progression through earlier stages, leaving only a few stages remaining for older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Frank
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525 USA.
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Horiuchi S, Finch CE, Meslé F, Vallin J. Differential patterns of age-related mortality increase in middle age and old age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58:495-507. [PMID: 12807920 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/58.6.b495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often assumed that aging is a uniform process throughout adulthood because of the approximately linear increase of logarithmic mortality. We explored this assumption by analyzing cause-specific mortality increases in France (1979-1994). Rising rapidly at ages 30-54 years ("middle age") are death rates from malignant neoplasms at various sites, acute myocardial infarction, hypertensive disease, and liver cirrhosis. Steeply increasing at 65-89 years ("old age") are death rates from certain infectious diseases, particularly of the respiratory system; certain types of accidents; nonalcoholic mental disorders (probably due mainly to Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia); heart failure; cerebrovascular disease; and some "vague" categories. The processes at work may be fundamentally different in these two life history stages, such that the mortality rise in middle age reflects specific chronic diseases that develop prematurely in some high-risk individuals, whereas the mortality increase in old age is dominated by senescent processes that eventually raise the vulnerability of almost all individuals to multiple pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Populations, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Bodkin NL, Alexander TM, Ortmeyer HK, Johnson E, Hansen BC. Mortality and morbidity in laboratory-maintained Rhesus monkeys and effects of long-term dietary restriction. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58:212-9. [PMID: 12634286 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/58.3.b212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality and morbidity were examined in 117 laboratory-maintained rhesus monkeys studied over approximately 25 years (8 dietary-restricted [DR] and 109 ad libitum-fed [AL] monkeys). During the study, 49 AL monkeys and 3 DR monkeys died. Compared with the DR monkeys, the AL monkeys had a 2.6-fold increased risk of death. Hyperinsulinemia led to a 3.7-fold increased risk of death (p <.05); concordantly, the risk of death decreased by 7%, per unit increase in insulin sensitivity (M). There was significant organ pathology in the AL at death. The age at median survival in the AL was approximately 25 years compared with 32 years in the DR. The oldest monkey was a diabetic female (AL) that lived to be 40 years of age. These results suggest that dietary restriction leads to an increased average age of death in primates, associated with the prevention of hyperinsulinemia and the mitigation of age-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noni L Bodkin
- Obesity and Diabetes Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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Pawelec G, Ouyang Q, Wagner W, Biol D, Wikby A. Pathways to a robust immune response in the elderly. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2003; 23:1-13. [PMID: 12645875 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(02)00075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Circumstantial evidence suggests that infectious disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, and immune-system dysfunction may contribute to this finding. Because innate and humoral immunity seem to be relatively unaffected by aging and because the T-cell compartment shows marked age-associated alterations, this article focuses on the association between T cells and aging. Longitudinal studies suggest that immune parameters, which predominantly are related to T cells, can be clustered to yield an IRP that is predictive of mortality in the elderly. Determining the IRP also may be helpful in younger individuals, particularly those under chronic antigenic stress (eg, patients with cancer or chronic infections) who experience premature aging of the immune system. Some changes in T cells can be modeled in clonal cultures in vitro to discover new biomarkers of immune aging. These biomarkers, which need to be validated in vivo, could be used to refine IRP. Interventions to selectively target changes that are identified as part of IRP may improve the health and quality of life of the elderly, reduce healthcare costs, and avoid potential unwanted side effects of global intervention approaches, such as triggering or exacerbating autoimmunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Pawelec
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen Medical School, Waldhörnlestr. 22, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Ricklefs RE, Scheuerlein A. Biological implications of the Weibull and Gompertz models of aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002; 57:B69-76. [PMID: 11818426 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/57.2.b69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gompertz and Weibull functions imply contrasting biological causes of demographic aging. The terms describing increasing mortality with age are multiplicative and additive, respectively, which could result from an increase in the vulnerability of individuals to extrinsic causes in the Gompertz model and the predominance of intrinsic causes at older ages in the Weibull model. Experiments that manipulate extrinsic mortality can distinguish these biological models. To facilitate analyses of experimental data, we defined a single index for the rate of aging (omega) for the Weibull and Gompertz functions. Each function described the increase in aging-related mortality in simulated ages at death reasonably well. However, in contrast to the Weibull omega(W), the Gompertz omega(G) was sensitive to variation in the initial mortality rate independently of aging-related mortality. Comparisons between wild and captive populations appear to support the intrinsic-causes model for birds, but give mixed support for both models in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis 63121-4499, USA.
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Promislow, Tatar, Pletcher, Carey. Below‐threshold mortality: implications for studies in evolution, ecology and demography. J Evol Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Promislow
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602–7223, USA
| | - Tatar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Box G‐W, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Pletcher
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behaviour, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108–6097, USA
| | - Carey
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
In the visible world, heterogeneity typically refers to the differences that exist among individuals in a defined population. These differences can arise from a variety of sources--biological, behavioral and social. Ever since Darwin, scientists have argued over the biological significance of differences observed at the individual, morphological, physiological, genetic, molecular and structural levels. A general consensus has been reached. Heterogeneity is ubiquitous, it is important, and it increases as observations are made at finer levels of biological resolution. Debates over the significance of heterogeneity have emerged once again as biologists and demographers work together in order to create the emerging field of biodemography. For these scientists, the debates center around the relative impact that individual heterogeneity has on population level statistics. It is argued here that in a world where the mortality barriers to long life for individuals have been dramatically weakened, the population consequences of heterogeneity are already visible and will grow in importance as biomedical technologies continue to usher progressively more people into the post-reproductive period of the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Carnes
- Center on Aging/NORC, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Pawelec G, Rehbein A, Haehnel K, Merl A, Adibzadeh M. Human T-cell clones in long-term culture as a model of immunosenescence. Immunol Rev 1997; 160:31-42. [PMID: 9476663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb01025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have consistently observed that like other normal somatic tissue cells, human T lymphocytes manifest a finite proliferative capacity in culture in vitro. When measured in population doublings (PD), this averages about 35 PD for T-cell clones (TCC) derived from mature peripheral T cells of young adults and about 20 PD more for TCC derived from T-cell precursors in their bone marrow. We believe that alterations in surface marker phenotypes and corresponding functional changes observed in these human TCC as they progress through their finite lifespans in vitro can provide valuable information on processes of T-cell immunosenescence in vivo. They may also provide a model system for studying ways of modulating the ageing process to delay or prevent immunosenescence in the elderly and the chronically infected or possibly to accelerate immunosenescence in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pawelec
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tübingen Medical School, Germany.
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