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Volkert D, Beck AM, Faxén-Irving G, Frühwald T, Hooper L, Keller H, Porter J, Rothenberg E, Suominen M, Wirth R, Chourdakis M. ESPEN guideline on nutrition and hydration in dementia - Update 2024. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1599-1626. [PMID: 38772068 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dementia is accompanied by a variety of changes that result in an increased risk of malnutrition and low-intake dehydration. This guideline update aims to give evidence-based recommendations for nutritional care of persons with dementia in order to prevent and treat these syndromes. METHODS The previous guideline version was reviewed and expanded in accordance with the standard operating procedure for ESPEN guidelines. Based on a systematic search in three databases, strength of evidence of appropriate literature was graded by use of the SIGN system. The original recommendations were reviewed and reformulated, and new recommendations were added, which all then underwent a consensus process. RESULTS 40 recommendations for nutritional care of older persons with dementia were developed and agreed, seven at institutional level and 33 at individual level. As a prerequisite for good nutritional care, organizations caring for persons with dementia are recommended to employ sufficient qualified staff and offer attractive food and drinks with choice in a functional and appealing environment. Nutritional care should be based on a written care concept with standardized operating procedures. At the individual level, routine screening for malnutrition and dehydration, nutritional assessment and close monitoring are unquestionable. Oral nutrition may be supported by eliminating potential causes of malnutrition and dehydration, and adequate social and nursing support (including assistance, utensils, training and oral care). Oral nutritional supplements are recommended to improve nutritional status but not to correct cognitive impairment or prevent cognitive decline. Routine use of dementia-specific ONS, ketogenic diet, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and appetite stimulating agents is not recommended. Enteral and parenteral nutrition and hydration are temporary options in patients with mild or moderate dementia, but not in severe dementia or in the terminal phase of life. In all stages of the disease, supporting food and drink intake and maintaining or improving nutrition and hydration status requires an individualized, comprehensive approach. Due to a lack of appropriate studies, most recommendations are good practice points. CONCLUSION Nutritional care should be an integral part of dementia management. Numerous interventions are available that should be implemented in daily practice. Future high-quality studies are needed to clarify the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Volkert
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - Anne Marie Beck
- Dietetic and Nutritional Research Unit, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Gerd Faxén-Irving
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Frühwald
- Department of Geriatric Acute Care, Hietzing Municipal Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Heather Keller
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada; Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Judi Porter
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Elisabet Rothenberg
- Department of Nursing and Integrated Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Merja Suominen
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Wirth
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Michael Chourdakis
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Broadhurst D, Cooke M, Sriram D, Barber L, Caccialanza R, Danielsen MB, Ebersold SL, Gorski L, Hirsch D, Lynch G, Neo SHS, Roubaud-Baudron C, Gray B. International Consensus Recommendation Guidelines for Subcutaneous Infusions of Hydration and Medication in Adults: An e-Delphi Consensus Study. JOURNAL OF INFUSION NURSING 2023; 46:199-209. [PMID: 37406334 PMCID: PMC10306332 DOI: 10.1097/nan.0000000000000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Infusion of fluids and medications is traditionally performed intravenously. However, venous depletion in patients has led to the quest for vessel health preservation. A safe, effective, acceptable, and efficient alternative is the subcutaneous route. A lack of organizational policies may contribute to the slow uptake of this practice. This modified e-Delphi (electronic) study aimed to derive international consensus on practice recommendations for subcutaneous infusions of fluids and medications. A panel of 11 international clinicians, with expertise in subcutaneous infusion research and/or clinical practice, rated and edited subcutaneous infusion practice recommendations from evidence, clinical practice guidelines, and clinical expertise within an Assessment, Best Practice, and Competency (ABC) domain guideline model. The ABC Model for Subcutaneous Infusion Therapy provides a systematic guideline of 42 practice recommendations for the safe delivery of subcutaneous infusions of fluids and medications in the adult population in all care settings. These consensus recommendations provide a guideline for health care providers, organizations, and policy makers to optimize use of the subcutaneous access route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Broadhurst
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (Mss Broadhurst, Cooke, and Sriram); Infusion Excellence Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Ms Broadhurst); School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia (Ms Cooke); Needle Calm Pty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ms Barber); Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (Mr Caccialanza); Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark [ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5257] (Mr Danielsen); Optum Complex Care Management, Horsham, Pennsylvania (Ms Ebersold); Ascension at Home, Indianapolis, Indiana (Ms Gorski); The Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, Maryland (Mr Hirsch); Centre for Nurse Education, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Ms Lynch); FAMS Institution: Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre, Singapore (Ms Neo); Roubaud CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, Bordeaux, France (Ms Roubaud-Baudron); Clinical Pharmacy Partners, Tampa, Florida (Ms Gray)
| | - Marie Cooke
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (Mss Broadhurst, Cooke, and Sriram); Infusion Excellence Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Ms Broadhurst); School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia (Ms Cooke); Needle Calm Pty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ms Barber); Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (Mr Caccialanza); Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark [ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5257] (Mr Danielsen); Optum Complex Care Management, Horsham, Pennsylvania (Ms Ebersold); Ascension at Home, Indianapolis, Indiana (Ms Gorski); The Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, Maryland (Mr Hirsch); Centre for Nurse Education, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Ms Lynch); FAMS Institution: Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre, Singapore (Ms Neo); Roubaud CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, Bordeaux, France (Ms Roubaud-Baudron); Clinical Pharmacy Partners, Tampa, Florida (Ms Gray)
| | - Deepa Sriram
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (Mss Broadhurst, Cooke, and Sriram); Infusion Excellence Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Ms Broadhurst); School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia (Ms Cooke); Needle Calm Pty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ms Barber); Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (Mr Caccialanza); Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark [ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5257] (Mr Danielsen); Optum Complex Care Management, Horsham, Pennsylvania (Ms Ebersold); Ascension at Home, Indianapolis, Indiana (Ms Gorski); The Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, Maryland (Mr Hirsch); Centre for Nurse Education, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Ms Lynch); FAMS Institution: Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre, Singapore (Ms Neo); Roubaud CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, Bordeaux, France (Ms Roubaud-Baudron); Clinical Pharmacy Partners, Tampa, Florida (Ms Gray)
| | - Lauren Barber
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (Mss Broadhurst, Cooke, and Sriram); Infusion Excellence Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Ms Broadhurst); School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia (Ms Cooke); Needle Calm Pty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ms Barber); Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (Mr Caccialanza); Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark [ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5257] (Mr Danielsen); Optum Complex Care Management, Horsham, Pennsylvania (Ms Ebersold); Ascension at Home, Indianapolis, Indiana (Ms Gorski); The Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, Maryland (Mr Hirsch); Centre for Nurse Education, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Ms Lynch); FAMS Institution: Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre, Singapore (Ms Neo); Roubaud CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, Bordeaux, France (Ms Roubaud-Baudron); Clinical Pharmacy Partners, Tampa, Florida (Ms Gray)
| | - Riccardo Caccialanza
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (Mss Broadhurst, Cooke, and Sriram); Infusion Excellence Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Ms Broadhurst); School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia (Ms Cooke); Needle Calm Pty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ms Barber); Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (Mr Caccialanza); Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark [ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5257] (Mr Danielsen); Optum Complex Care Management, Horsham, Pennsylvania (Ms Ebersold); Ascension at Home, Indianapolis, Indiana (Ms Gorski); The Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, Maryland (Mr Hirsch); Centre for Nurse Education, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Ms Lynch); FAMS Institution: Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre, Singapore (Ms Neo); Roubaud CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, Bordeaux, France (Ms Roubaud-Baudron); Clinical Pharmacy Partners, Tampa, Florida (Ms Gray)
| | - Mathias Brix Danielsen
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (Mss Broadhurst, Cooke, and Sriram); Infusion Excellence Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Ms Broadhurst); School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia (Ms Cooke); Needle Calm Pty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ms Barber); Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (Mr Caccialanza); Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark [ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5257] (Mr Danielsen); Optum Complex Care Management, Horsham, Pennsylvania (Ms Ebersold); Ascension at Home, Indianapolis, Indiana (Ms Gorski); The Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, Maryland (Mr Hirsch); Centre for Nurse Education, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Ms Lynch); FAMS Institution: Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre, Singapore (Ms Neo); Roubaud CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, Bordeaux, France (Ms Roubaud-Baudron); Clinical Pharmacy Partners, Tampa, Florida (Ms Gray)
| | - Stacie Lynne Ebersold
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (Mss Broadhurst, Cooke, and Sriram); Infusion Excellence Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Ms Broadhurst); School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia (Ms Cooke); Needle Calm Pty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ms Barber); Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (Mr Caccialanza); Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark [ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5257] (Mr Danielsen); Optum Complex Care Management, Horsham, Pennsylvania (Ms Ebersold); Ascension at Home, Indianapolis, Indiana (Ms Gorski); The Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, Maryland (Mr Hirsch); Centre for Nurse Education, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Ms Lynch); FAMS Institution: Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre, Singapore (Ms Neo); Roubaud CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, Bordeaux, France (Ms Roubaud-Baudron); Clinical Pharmacy Partners, Tampa, Florida (Ms Gray)
| | - Lisa Gorski
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (Mss Broadhurst, Cooke, and Sriram); Infusion Excellence Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Ms Broadhurst); School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia (Ms Cooke); Needle Calm Pty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ms Barber); Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (Mr Caccialanza); Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark [ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5257] (Mr Danielsen); Optum Complex Care Management, Horsham, Pennsylvania (Ms Ebersold); Ascension at Home, Indianapolis, Indiana (Ms Gorski); The Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, Maryland (Mr Hirsch); Centre for Nurse Education, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Ms Lynch); FAMS Institution: Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre, Singapore (Ms Neo); Roubaud CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, Bordeaux, France (Ms Roubaud-Baudron); Clinical Pharmacy Partners, Tampa, Florida (Ms Gray)
| | - David Hirsch
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (Mss Broadhurst, Cooke, and Sriram); Infusion Excellence Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Ms Broadhurst); School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia (Ms Cooke); Needle Calm Pty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ms Barber); Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (Mr Caccialanza); Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark [ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5257] (Mr Danielsen); Optum Complex Care Management, Horsham, Pennsylvania (Ms Ebersold); Ascension at Home, Indianapolis, Indiana (Ms Gorski); The Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, Maryland (Mr Hirsch); Centre for Nurse Education, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Ms Lynch); FAMS Institution: Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre, Singapore (Ms Neo); Roubaud CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, Bordeaux, France (Ms Roubaud-Baudron); Clinical Pharmacy Partners, Tampa, Florida (Ms Gray)
| | - Gerardine Lynch
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (Mss Broadhurst, Cooke, and Sriram); Infusion Excellence Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Ms Broadhurst); School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia (Ms Cooke); Needle Calm Pty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ms Barber); Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (Mr Caccialanza); Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark [ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5257] (Mr Danielsen); Optum Complex Care Management, Horsham, Pennsylvania (Ms Ebersold); Ascension at Home, Indianapolis, Indiana (Ms Gorski); The Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, Maryland (Mr Hirsch); Centre for Nurse Education, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Ms Lynch); FAMS Institution: Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre, Singapore (Ms Neo); Roubaud CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, Bordeaux, France (Ms Roubaud-Baudron); Clinical Pharmacy Partners, Tampa, Florida (Ms Gray)
| | - Shirlyn Hui-Shan Neo
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (Mss Broadhurst, Cooke, and Sriram); Infusion Excellence Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Ms Broadhurst); School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia (Ms Cooke); Needle Calm Pty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ms Barber); Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (Mr Caccialanza); Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark [ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5257] (Mr Danielsen); Optum Complex Care Management, Horsham, Pennsylvania (Ms Ebersold); Ascension at Home, Indianapolis, Indiana (Ms Gorski); The Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, Maryland (Mr Hirsch); Centre for Nurse Education, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Ms Lynch); FAMS Institution: Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre, Singapore (Ms Neo); Roubaud CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, Bordeaux, France (Ms Roubaud-Baudron); Clinical Pharmacy Partners, Tampa, Florida (Ms Gray)
| | - Claire Roubaud-Baudron
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (Mss Broadhurst, Cooke, and Sriram); Infusion Excellence Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Ms Broadhurst); School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia (Ms Cooke); Needle Calm Pty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ms Barber); Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (Mr Caccialanza); Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark [ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5257] (Mr Danielsen); Optum Complex Care Management, Horsham, Pennsylvania (Ms Ebersold); Ascension at Home, Indianapolis, Indiana (Ms Gorski); The Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, Maryland (Mr Hirsch); Centre for Nurse Education, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Ms Lynch); FAMS Institution: Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre, Singapore (Ms Neo); Roubaud CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, Bordeaux, France (Ms Roubaud-Baudron); Clinical Pharmacy Partners, Tampa, Florida (Ms Gray)
| | - Brenda Gray
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (Mss Broadhurst, Cooke, and Sriram); Infusion Excellence Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Ms Broadhurst); School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia (Ms Cooke); Needle Calm Pty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ms Barber); Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (Mr Caccialanza); Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark [ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5257] (Mr Danielsen); Optum Complex Care Management, Horsham, Pennsylvania (Ms Ebersold); Ascension at Home, Indianapolis, Indiana (Ms Gorski); The Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, Maryland (Mr Hirsch); Centre for Nurse Education, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Ms Lynch); FAMS Institution: Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre, Singapore (Ms Neo); Roubaud CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, Bordeaux, France (Ms Roubaud-Baudron); Clinical Pharmacy Partners, Tampa, Florida (Ms Gray)
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ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:958-989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Broadhurst D, Cooke M, Sriram D, Gray B. Subcutaneous hydration and medications infusions (effectiveness, safety, acceptability): A systematic review of systematic reviews. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237572. [PMID: 32833979 PMCID: PMC7446806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize the current evidence for subcutaneous hydration and medication infusions from systematic reviews and to assess their methodological quality. INTRODUCTION Peripheral intravascular cannula/catheter insertion is a common invasive procedure for administering fluids and medications. Venous depletion is a growing concern for several patient populations. Subcutaneous access for the administration of isotonic solutions and medications is an alternative; however, vascular access assessment and planning guidelines rarely consider this route. METHODS Systematic review of systematic reviews (PROSPERO CRD42018046504). We searched 6 databases published in English language from 1990 to June 2020, identifying subcutaneous infusions an alternate route for fluids or medication. Methodological quality was evaluated using AMSTAR 2 criteria and data for mechanisms of infusion and outcomes related to effectiveness, safety, efficiency and acceptability extracted. The Johanna Briggs Institute's grades of recommendation informed the strength of recommendation. RESULTS The search yielded 1042 potential systematic reviews; 922 were excluded through abstract and duplicate screen. Of the remaining articles, 94 were excluded, and 26 were included. Overall, evidence is strong for recommending subcutaneous hydration infusions for older adults, weak for pediatric patients and inconclusive for palliative patients. There is strong evidence for 10 medications; weak evidence supporting 28 medications; however, there are eight medications with inconclusive evidence to make a recommendation and four medications not appropriate for subcutaneous delivery. CONCLUSION Subcutaneous access should be considered alongside intravenous therapy for hydration in older adults, and several medications. There are additional benefits in terms of ease of use and cost-effectiveness of this mode. Inclusion of subcutaneous access in clinical guidelines may promote uptake of this route to help preserve vessel health of vulnerable patients. Further high-quality research is needed to inform subcutaneous infusion therapy in a variety of populations (including pediatrics and palliative care) and medications and clarifying the mechanism of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Broadhurst
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- Infusion Excellence Consulting, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marie Cooke
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Deepa Sriram
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brenda Gray
- Clinical Pharmacy Partners, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:10-47. [PMID: 30005900 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition and dehydration are widespread in older people, and obesity is an increasing problem. In clinical practice, it is often unclear which strategies are suitable and effective in counteracting these key health threats. AIM To provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical nutrition and hydration in older persons in order to prevent and/or treat malnutrition and dehydration. Further, to address whether weight-reducing interventions are appropriate for overweight or obese older persons. METHODS This guideline was developed according to the standard operating procedure for ESPEN guidelines and consensus papers. A systematic literature search for systematic reviews and primary studies was performed based on 33 clinical questions in PICO format. Existing evidence was graded according to the SIGN grading system. Recommendations were developed and agreed in a multistage consensus process. RESULTS We provide eighty-two evidence-based recommendations for nutritional care in older persons, covering four main topics: Basic questions and general principles, recommendations for older persons with malnutrition or at risk of malnutrition, recommendations for older patients with specific diseases, and recommendations to prevent, identify and treat dehydration. Overall, we recommend that all older persons shall routinely be screened for malnutrition in order to identify an existing risk early. Oral nutrition can be supported by nursing interventions, education, nutritional counseling, food modification and oral nutritional supplements. Enteral nutrition should be initiated if oral, and parenteral if enteral nutrition is insufficient or impossible and the general prognosis is altogether favorable. Dietary restrictions should generally be avoided, and weight-reducing diets shall only be considered in obese older persons with weight-related health problems and combined with physical exercise. All older persons should be considered to be at risk of low-intake dehydration and encouraged to consume adequate amounts of drinks. Generally, interventions shall be individualized, comprehensive and part of a multimodal and multidisciplinary team approach. CONCLUSION A range of effective interventions is available to support adequate nutrition and hydration in older persons in order to maintain or improve nutritional status and improve clinical course and quality of life. These interventions should be implemented in clinical practice and routinely used.
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Caccialanza R, Constans T, Cotogni P, Zaloga GP, Pontes-Arruda A. Subcutaneous Infusion of Fluids for Hydration or Nutrition: A Review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018; 42:296-307. [PMID: 29443395 DOI: 10.1177/0148607116676593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Subcutaneous infusion, or hypodermoclysis, is a technique whereby fluids are infused into the subcutaneous space via small-gauge needles that are typically inserted into the thighs, abdomen, back, or arms. In this review, we provide an overview of the technique, summarize findings from studies that have examined the use of subcutaneous infusion of fluids for hydration or nutrition, and describe the indications, advantages, and disadvantages of subcutaneous infusion. Taken together, the available evidence suggests that, when indicated, subcutaneous infusion can be effective for administering fluids for hydration or nutrition, with minimal complications, and has similar effectiveness and safety to the intravenous route. Of note, subcutaneous infusion offers several advantages over intravenous infusion, including ease of application, low cost, and the lack of potential serious complications, particularly infections. Subcutaneous infusion may be particularly suited for patients with mild to moderate dehydration or malnutrition when oral/enteral intake is insufficient; when placement of an intravenous catheter is not possible, tolerated, or desirable; at risk of dehydration when oral intake is not tolerated; as a bridging technique in case of difficult intravenous access or catheter-related bloodstream infection while infection control treatment is being attempted; and in multiple settings (eg, emergency department, hospital, outpatient clinic, nursing home, long-term care, hospice, and home).
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Caccialanza
- Servizio di Dietetica e Nutrizione Clinica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Thierry Constans
- Service de Médecine Gériatrique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Paolo Cotogni
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, S. Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Cheng KC, Huang PT, Liu CS, Lin WY. Subcutaneous injection-induced cellulites. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2017; 7:14. [PMID: 28612712 PMCID: PMC5479425 DOI: 10.1051/bmdcn/2017070206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the hospice ward where patients are in the terminal stages of cancer, it is common practice to give them a subcutaneous injection of pain relievers to reduce their pain and make them more comfortable. Most of these patients are elderly and have low blood pressure or poor veins, which often makes it difficult to inject them because of the calcification at previous injection sites. Thus, subcutaneous injections are a convenient way to maintain analgesia and patient comfort. Our patient, a 73-year-old aboriginal woman, was diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma and peritoneal carcinomatosis in March, 2004. While she was in the inpatient hospice ward, a subcutaneous injection site became infected and localized cellulitis developed. The patient’s quality of life began to decline and her hospice stay was lengthened due to these complications. This case is offered as a reference case of subcutaneous injection complications encountered by elderly patients in hospice care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kao-Chi Cheng
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Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital Taichung
404 Taiwan
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Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Po-Tsung Huang
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Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Shong Liu
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Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital Taichung
404 Taiwan
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Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuan Lin
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Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital Taichung
404 Taiwan
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Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan. E-mail address: (W.-Y. Lin)
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Cabañero-Martínez MJ, Velasco-Álvarez ML, Ramos-Pichardo JD, Ruiz Miralles ML, Priego Valladares M, Cabrero-García J. Perceptions of health professionals on subcutaneous hydration in palliative care: A qualitative study. Palliat Med 2016; 30:549-57. [PMID: 26607394 DOI: 10.1177/0269216315616763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence indicates that hypodermoclysis is as safe and effective as intravenous rehydration in the treatment of the symptomatology produced by mild to moderate dehydration in patients for whom oral route administration is not possible. However, the knowledge about the use of the subcutaneous hydration and its correlates is still limited. AIM To explore the perceptions, attitudes and opinions of health professionals in palliative care on the administration of subcutaneous hydration. DESIGN This is a qualitative focus group study with health professionals of palliative care. Four focus groups were carried out until data saturation. A qualitative content analysis was performed. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS A total of 37 participants, physicians and nurses, were recruited from different services of palliative care in Spain. RESULTS In all, 856 meaning units were identified, from which 56 categories were extracted and grouped into 22 sub-themes, which were distributed among four themes: 'factors which influence the hydration decision', 'factors related to the choice of the subcutaneous route for hydration', 'the subcutaneous hydration procedure' and 'performance guidelines and/or protocols'. CONCLUSIONS Variables which most often influence the use of subcutaneous route to hydration are those that are linked to the characteristics of the patient, the team and the family, and other like the context and professionals' subjective perceptions about this medical practice.
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Ker K, Tansley G, Beecher D, Perner A, Shakur H, Harris T, Roberts I. Comparison of routes for achieving parenteral access with a focus on the management of patients with Ebola virus disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD011386. [PMID: 25914907 PMCID: PMC4455225 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011386.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dehydration is an important cause of death in patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). Parenteral fluids are often required in patients with fluid requirements in excess of their oral intake. The peripheral intravenous route is the most commonly used method of parenteral access, but inserting and maintaining an intravenous line can be challenging in the context of EVD. Therefore it is important to consider the advantages and disadvantages of different routes for achieving parenteral access (e.g. intravenous, intraosseous, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal). OBJECTIVES To compare the reliability, ease of use and speed of insertion of different parenteral access methods. SEARCH METHODS We ran the search on 17 November 2014. We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group's Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library), Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily, Ovid MEDLINE(R) and Ovid OLDMEDLINE(R), Embase Classic + Embase (OvidSP), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), clinicaltrials.gov and screened reference lists. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing different parenteral routes for the infusion of fluids or medication. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors examined the titles and abstracts of records obtained by searching the electronic databases to determine eligibility. Two review authors extracted data from the included trials and assessed the risk of bias. Outcome measures of interest were success of insertion; time required for insertion; number of insertion attempts; number of dislodgements; time period with functional access; local site reactions; clinicians' perception of ease of administration; needlestick injury to healthcare workers; patients' discomfort; and mortality. For trials involving the administration of fluids we also collected data on the volume of fluid infused, changes in serum electrolytes and markers of renal function. We rated the quality of the evidence as 'high', 'moderate', 'low' or 'very low' according to the GRADE approach for the following outcomes: success of insertion, time required for insertion, number of dislodgements, volume of fluid infused and needlestick injuries. MAIN RESULTS We included 17 trials involving 885 participants. Parenteral access was used to infuse fluids in 11 trials and medications in six trials. None of the trials involved patients with EVD. Intravenous and intraosseous access was compared in four trials; intravenous and subcutaneous access in 11; peripheral intravenous and intraperitoneal access in one; saphenous vein cutdown and intraosseous access in one; and intraperitoneal with subcutaneous access in one. All of the trials assessing the intravenous method involved peripheral intravenous access.We judged few trials to be at low risk of bias for any of the assessed domains.Compared to the intraosseous group, patients in the intravenous group were more likely to experience an insertion failure (risk ratio (RR) 3.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.39 to 6.33; n = 242; GRADE rating: low). We did not pool data for time to insertion but estimates from the trials suggest that inserting intravenous access takes longer (GRADE rating: moderate). Clinicians judged the intravenous route to be easier to insert (RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.61; n = 182). A larger volume of fluids was infused via the intravenous route (GRADE rating: moderate). There was no evidence of a difference between the two routes for any other outcomes, including adverse events.Compared to the subcutaneous group, patients in the intravenous group were more likely to experience an insertion failure (RR 14.79, 95% CI 2.87 to 76.08; n = 238; GRADE rating: moderate) and dislodgement of the device (RR 3.78, 95% CI 1.16 to 12.34; n = 67; GRADE rating: low). Clinicians also judged the intravenous route as being more difficult to insert and patients were more likely to be agitated in the intravenous group. Patients in the intravenous group were more likely to develop a local infection and phlebitis, but were less likely to develop erythema, oedema or swelling than those in the subcutaneous group. A larger volume of fluids was infused into patients via the intravenous route. There was no evidence of a difference between the two routes for any other outcome.There were insufficient data to reliably determine if the risk of insertion failure differed between the saphenous vein cutdown (SVC) and intraosseous method (RR 4.00, 95% CI 0.51 to 31.13; GRADE rating: low). Insertion using SVC took longer than the intraosseous method (MD 219.60 seconds, 95% CI 135.44 to 303.76; GRADE rating: moderate). There were no data and therefore there was no evidence of a difference between the two routes for any other outcome.There were insufficient data to reliably determine the relative effects of intraperitoneal or central intravenous access relative to any other parenteral access method. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There are several different ways of achieving parenteral access in patients who are unable meet their fluid requirements with oral intake alone. The quality of the evidence, as assessed using the GRADE criteria, is somewhat limited because of the lack of adequately powered trials at low risk of bias. However, we believe that there is sufficient evidence to draw the following conclusions: if peripheral intravenous access can be achieved easily, this allows infusion of larger volumes of fluid than other routes; but if this is not possible, the intraosseous and subcutaneous routes are viable alternatives. The subcutaneous route may be suitable for patients who are not severely dehydrated but in whom ongoing fluid losses cannot be met by oral intake.A film to accompany this review can be viewed here (http://youtu.be/ArVPzkf93ng).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Ker
- Cochrane Injuries Group, London School of Hygiene & TropicalMedicine, Room 186, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Duems Noriega O, Ariño Blasco S. [Efficacy of the subcutaneous route compared to intravenous hydration in the elderly hospitalised patient: a randomised controlled study]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2014; 49:103-107. [PMID: 24484688 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The subcutaneous (SC) route has recently emerged as a rehydration method with potential advantages in the geriatric population. Nevertheless, little is known about its application during hospitalization. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the subcutaneous non-inferiority efficacy in hydration against the intravenous (IV) route in elderly patients with dehydration. MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective, randomized and controlled interventional trial of patients 65 years and older admitted to an Acute Geriatric Unit with mild to moderate dehydration and oral intolerance, evaluating the non-inferiority of subcutaneous fluid therapy versus the intravenous route. The intervention consisted of the administration of up to 1.5 l/day/route for 72 hours subcutaneous vs. intravenous, evaluating the variations in biochemical parameters (urea, creatinine, osmolarity), clinical outcome, and route related complications. RESULTS Sixty seven patients completed the study (34 SC, age 86.4 ± 8.5 years, 41% women, vs. 33 IV, 84.3 ± 6.6, 54.5% women, with no significant differences). The amount of fluid administered per day by route was 1.320 ml ± 400 SC vs. 1.480 ml ± 340 IV, P = .092. During follow similar reductions were observed between groups without any statistical significance, with mean differences pre-postintervention of urea (49.6 ± 52.3 SC vs. 50.3 ± 52.3 IV, P=.96); creatinine (0.68 ± 0.66 SC vs. 0.60 ± 0.49 IV, P=.58), and osmolarity (15.6 ± 24.4 SC vs. 21.1 ± 31 IV, P=.43). Fewer catheter extraction episodes were observed in the SC group, which also was the group most prone to peri-clysis edema. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of subcutaneous rehydration in elderly hospitalized patients with mild-moderate dehydration is not inferior to that obtained intravenously, and may even have additional advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Duems Noriega
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital General de Granollers, Granollers, Barcelona, España.
| | - Sergio Ariño Blasco
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital General de Granollers, Granollers, Barcelona, España
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Water-loss dehydration and aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 136-137:50-8. [PMID: 24333321 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review defines water-loss and salt-loss dehydration. For older people serum osmolality appears the most appropriate gold standard for diagnosis of water-loss dehydration, but clear signs of early dehydration have not been developed. In older adults, lower muscle mass, reduced kidney function, physical and cognitive disabilities, blunted thirst, and polypharmacy all increase dehydration risk. Cross-sectional studies suggest a water-loss dehydration prevalence of 20-30% in this population. Water-loss dehydration is associated with higher mortality, morbidity and disability in older people, but evidence is still needed that this relationship is causal. There are a variety of ways we may be able to help older people reduce their risk of dehydration by recognising that they are not drinking enough, and being helped to drink more. Strategies to increase fluid intake in residential care homes include identifying and overcoming individual and institutional barriers to drinking, such as being worried about not reaching the toilet in time, physical inability to make or to reach drinks, and reduced social drinking and drinking pleasure. Research needs are discussed, some of which will be addressed by the FP7-funded NU-AGE (New dietary strategies addressing the specific needs of elderly population for a healthy ageing in Europe) trial.
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Boland E, Johnson M, Boland J. Artificial hydration in the terminally ill patient. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2013; 74:397-401. [DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2013.74.7.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral fluid intake is often reduced in dying patients. This article outlines the clinical assessment of the likely net benefit of artificial hydration, and the evidence relating to its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Boland
- Queen's Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Cottingham
| | | | - Jason Boland
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX; Care Plus Group and St Andrew's Hospice, Grimsby, North East Lincolnshire
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Abstract
Subcutaneous (SC) rehydration therapy (SCRT), originally referred to as "hypodermoclysis," shows promise as an alternative to intravenous (IV) fluid administration for treatment of dehydration. A simple, safe, and effective technique, SCRT is indicated for treatment of mild-to-moderate dehydration. Augmentation of SCRT with administration of a recombinant human formulation of the hyaluronidase enzyme at the infusion site gives rise to SC fluid administration rates up to 5-fold faster than those achieved without the enzyme, making the technique more clinically practical. Unlike older, animal-derived forms of hyaluronidase, recombinant human hyaluronidase has a lower chance of allergic reactions with repeated dosing. Clinical trials have demonstrated that recombinant human hyaluronidase effectively and safely facilitates fluid delivery in adults and children and is well accepted by parents and clinicians. In the emergency department setting, SCRT may be an appropriate alternative to IV fluid administration in certain situations because it is less invasive and generally less painful, while still permitting administration of appropriate volumes of rehydration fluids. Subcutaneous rehydration therapy appears to be particularly useful in patients who present with mild-to-moderate dehydration and have had failed attempts at oral rehydration. The SC route also provides benefits in patients with small, collapsed, or difficult-to-visualize veins or in those who may be agitated or distressed by IV catheterization. Continued research will further clarify the role of recombinant human hyaluronidase-facilitated SCRT in the rehydration treatment algorithm.
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Alternatives to intravenous rehydration in dehydrated pediatric patients with difficult venous access. Pediatr Emerg Care 2010; 26:529-35. [PMID: 20622637 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0b013e3181e5c00e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) catheter placement in the pediatric patient population can be challenging. Many health care providers automatically choose IV fluid administration to treat dehydration, often not considering other routes. This article reviews the available literature on difficulties in obtaining IV access in the pediatric population and discusses alternative methods for fluid replacement, their respective advantages and disadvantages, and place in therapy.
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Abstract
SummarySubcutaneous hydration, or hypodermoclysis (HDC), is a very simple technique that should be practised more often by doctors and nurses who care for older patients. It involves less discomfort, generates less cost and has fewer adverse effects than the intravenous route and may reduce the need for admission to the emergency department. The main indication is the management of mild to moderate dehydration, and prevention of dehydration in patients who are intolerant of oral intake. It should not be administered in situations of severe dehydration, in emergency situations, or in patients with fluid overload. Isotonic or hypotonic solutions must be used with appropriate electrolytes. Certain medicines can be given simultaneously by HDC and this may be especially valuable in palliative care settings. In most cases there is no need to add hyaluronidase.
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Dychter SS, Ebel D, Mead TR, Yocum RC. Comparison of the tolerability of recombinant human hyaluronidase + normal saline and recombinant human hyaluronidase + lactated ringer's solution administered subcutaneously: A phase IV, double-blind, randomized pilot study in healthy volunteers. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2009; 70:421-38. [PMID: 24692835 PMCID: PMC3969977 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant human hyaluronidase (rHuPH20) (150 U) is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to facilitate subcutaneous fluid administration in adults and children. OBJECTIVE This Phase IV, double-blind, randomized pilot study was designed to compare the tolerability, flow rate, and safety profile of subcutaneous infusions of normal saline (NS) and lactated Ringer's (LR) solutions following subcutaneous administration of rHuPH20. METHODS Healthy volunteers received 1 mL rHuPH20 (150 U) in each thigh, followed by simultaneous gravity-driven subcutaneous infusions of 500 mL of LR solution into 1 thigh and NS solution into the contralateral thigh. Subjects rated infusion-site discomfort in each thigh using a 100-mm (0 = no pain to 100 = most severe pain) visual analog scale (VAS) at baseline (ie, after catheter placement/ rHuPH20 injection and just prior to the start of the infusions) and at the following times: after infusion of 250 mL, after infusion of 500 mL (end of infusion), and when thigh circumference returned to within 5% of baseline. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study. The primary tolerability end point was the maximal increase from baseline in infusion-site discomfort on the VAS. Secondary end points included infusion flow rate, change in thigh circumference, subject preference for leftversus right-thigh infusion, and safety profile measures. RESULTS Fifteen subjects (14 women, 1 man; mean age, 41 years [range, 20-60 years]) were included in the study. Mean (SD) maximal increase from baseline VAS pain score was significantly greater with NS solution than with LR solution (20.0 [19.4] vs 9.4 [18.3] mm, respectively; P = 0.005). Mean infusion flow rate was not significantly different between the NS and LR solutions (384.1 [118.1] vs 395.8 [132.8] mL/h). No significant differences between solutions were observed in mean maximal change in thigh circumference (5.2% [1.6%] vs 5.3% [1.5%]). All subjects expressed global preference for LR infusion over NS infusion. All subjects experienced ≥1 AE; the majority of AEs were mild, localized infusion-site reactions. Of all AEs (regardless of their relationship to study drug or procedure), 81% were mild injectionsite reactions that were similar in nature for the NS and LR solutions. Although the types of mild local AEs were similar for the 2 infusions, they were numerically more common with NS infusions (15 subjects [100%]) than with LR infusions (9 subjects [60%]). For the NS and LR solutions, the most frequent infusion-site AEs were pain (67% vs 40%, respectively), erythema (47% vs 13%), and irritation (27% vs 20%). CONCLUSIONS This small pilot study found that the mean maximal increase from baseline in self-assessed pain VAS scores was statistically significantly higher with NS solution than LR solution. In addition, all subjects preferred LR solution to NS solution, and the incidence of some infusion-site AEs was numerically greater with NS solution. Although the VAS score indicated a statistically significant difference in tolerability favoring LR, the modest changes from baseline suggest both solutions were generally well tolerated and support the use of both NS and LR, as appropriate, for rHuPH20-facilitated subcutaneous isotonic fluid infusion in healthy adults. These results need to be confirmed in larger, controlled clinical studies.
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Allen CH, Etzwiler LS, Miller MK, Maher G, Mace S, Hostetler MA, Smith SR, Reinhardt N, Hahn B, Harb G. Recombinant human hyaluronidase-enabled subcutaneous pediatric rehydration. Pediatrics 2009; 124:e858-67. [PMID: 19805455 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Increased Flow Utilizing Subcutaneously-Enabled (INFUSE)-Pediatric Rehydration Study was designed to assess efficacy, safety, and clinical utility of recombinant human hyaluronidase (rHuPH20)-facilitated subcutaneous rehydration in children 2 months to 10 years of age. METHODS Patients with mild/moderate dehydration requiring parenteral treatment in US emergency departments were eligible for this phase IV, multicenter, single-arm study. They received subcutaneous injection of 1 mL rHuPH20 (150 U), followed by subcutaneous infusion of 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid over the first hour. Subcutaneous rehydration was continued as needed for up to 72 hours. Rehydration was deemed successful if it was attributed by the investigator primarily to subcutaneous fluid infusion and the child was discharged without requiring an alternative method of rehydration. RESULTS Efficacy was evaluated in 51 patients (mean age: 1.9 years; mean weight: 11.2 kg). Initial subcutaneous catheter placement was achieved with 1 attempt for 46/51 (90.2%) of patients. Rehydration was successful for 43/51 (84.3%) of patients. Five patients (9.8%) were hospitalized but deemed to be rehydrated primarily through subcutaneous therapy, for a total of 48/51 (94.1%) of patients. No treatment-related systemic adverse events were reported, but 1 serious adverse event occurred (cellulitis at infusion site). Investigators found the procedure easy to perform for 96% of patients (49/51 patients), and 90% of parents (43/48 parents) were satisfied or very satisfied. CONCLUSIONS rHuPH20-facilitated subcutaneous hydration seems to be safe and effective for young children with mild/moderate dehydration. Subcutaneous access is achieved easily, and the procedure is well accepted by clinicians and parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coburn H Allen
- Section of Emergency Medicine,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Hernández Palacios R. [Usefulness of the subcutaneous route in the care of patients with advanced dementia]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2009; 44 Suppl 2:37-42. [PMID: 19765863 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In advanced dementia, the therapeutic goals should be patient comfort, adequate symptom control, and the prevention of suffering due to futile, intrusive or disproportionate procedures. To attain these goals, the subcutaneous route is a useful tool, since it allows fluid administration and the delivery of many drugs. Because it is well tolerated and easy to apply, this route can be safely used in non-hospital settings, allowing patients to stay in their environment and avoiding the risks resulting from hospitalization. Although subcutaneous administration is outside the approved label of many drugs, clinical experience and the medical literature have produced sound evidence that has been incorporated into a number of practice guidelines in palliative care. The recent regulations simplify the implementation of these standards of clinical practice.
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Clinical Update on Nursing Home Medicine: 2009. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009; 10:530-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: central venous catheters (access, care, diagnosis and therapy of complications). Clin Nutr 2009; 28:461-6. [PMID: 19464090 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When planning parenteral nutrition (PN), the proper choice, insertion, and nursing of the venous access are of paramount importance. In hospitalized patients, PN can be delivered through short-term, non-tunneled central venous catheters, through peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC), or - for limited period of time and with limitation in the osmolarity and composition of the solution - through peripheral venous access devices (short cannulas and midline catheters). Home PN usually requires PICCs or - if planned for an extended or unlimited time - long-term venous access devices (tunneled catheters and totally implantable ports). The most appropriate site for central venous access will take into account many factors, including the patient's conditions and the relative risk of infective and non-infective complications associated with each site. Ultrasound-guided venepuncture is strongly recommended for access to all central veins. For parenteral nutrition, the ideal position of the catheter tip is between the lower third of the superior cava vein and the upper third of the right atrium; this should preferably be checked during the procedure. Catheter-related bloodstream infection is an important and still too common complication of parenteral nutrition. The risk of infection can be reduced by adopting cost-effective, evidence-based interventions such as proper education and specific training of the staff, an adequate hand washing policy, proper choices of the type of device and the site of insertion, use of maximal barrier protection during insertion, use of chlorhexidine as antiseptic prior to insertion and for disinfecting the exit site thereafter, appropriate policies for the dressing of the exit site, routine changes of administration sets, and removal of central lines as soon as they are no longer necessary. Most non-infective complications of central venous access devices can also be prevented by appropriate, standardized protocols for line insertion and maintenance. These too depend on appropriate choice of device, skilled implantation and correct positioning of the catheter, adequate stabilization of the device (preferably avoiding stitches), and the use of infusion pumps, as well as adequate policies for flushing and locking lines which are not in use.
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Thomas JR, Yocum RC, Haller MF, von Gunten CF. Assessing the role of human recombinant hyaluronidase in gravity-driven subcutaneous hydration: the INFUSE-LR study. J Palliat Med 2008; 10:1312-20. [PMID: 18095810 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2007.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcutaneous hydration has potential advantages over intravenous. Despite studies supporting the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous hydration it has not been studied extensively to date either with or without hyaluronidase. OBJECTIVES To compare flow rate, tolerability, and safety of gravity-driven subcutaneous fluid administration with and without recombinant human hyaluronidase (rHuPH20) in healthy volunteers. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject trial. SETTING Contract research organization. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-four volunteers. INTERVENTION 24-gauge angiocatheters were placed subcutaneously in both upper arms. Each arm received rHuPH20 (150 U, 750 U, or 1500 U) or equal volume saline placebo. Immediately, 400 mL Lactated Ringer's (LR) solution was gravity-infused from a 100 cm height. In the pilot stage, 5 subjects also received a similar intravenous infusion. MEASUREMENTS Primary outcome was time to infuse 400 mL LR. Secondary outcomes included discomfort assessments, edema, arm circumference, time to recover to baseline arm circumference, subject and investigator global preference, and adverse events. RESULTS rHuPH20 150 U, 750 U, and 1500 U yielded mean flow rates of 383 +/- 119 mL/hr, 518 +/- 154 mL/hr, and 494 +/- 136 mL/hr, respectively, compared to their respective placebo rates of 82 +/- 30 mL/hr, 148 +/- 57 mL/hr, and 124 +/- 50 mL/hr. rHuPH20 was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS In volunteers, clinically relevant fluid volumes can be rapidly delivered subcutaneously with rHuPH20 in a well-tolerated manner without a pump. These findings suggest that this method of hydration could potentially replace intravenous infusions in many clinical settings; further studies with rHuPH20, in patients, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Thomas
- San Diego Hospice & Palliative Care, San Diego, California
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Remington R, Hultman T. Hypodermoclysis to Treat Dehydration: A Review of the Evidence. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55:2051-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dardaine-Giraud V, Lamandé M, Constans T. L'hypodermoclyse : intérêts et indications en gériatrie. Rev Med Interne 2005; 26:643-50. [PMID: 16023267 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Older people are at high risk of dehydration. Oral intakes are often inadequate routinely. Intravenous infusion may be difficult in these patients and harmful. Subcutaneous infusion or hypodermoclysis is a useful technique for the cure of a moderate dehydration in elderly patients and especially for its prevention. Moreover, this technique is of great interest in end-life patients. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS When it is used correctly and when its contraindications are respected (emergency situations), hypodermoclysis is a simple, safe, sure, effective and comfortable technique. It does not need trained supervision and can be used both in an institution and at home, thus avoiding hospitalization of older subjects and reducing health costs. This technique has considerable benefits both psychologically and financially. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS The numerous advantages of hypodermoclysis should encourage its wider use in older patients at home as well as in institutions. Moreover, new indications need to be evaluated. In this way, subcutaneous infusion of therapeutics or prevention of protein-energy malnutrition by hypodermoclysis of amino acids need further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dardaine-Giraud
- Service de soins de suite et réadaptation, hôpital de l'Ermitage, CHU de Tours, 2, allée Gaston-Pagès, 37081 Tours cedex 2, France.
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Martínez-Riquelme A, Rawlings J, Morley S, Kendall J, Hosking D, Allison S. Self-administered subcutaneous fluid infusion at home in the management of fluid depletion and hypomagnesaemia in gastro-intestinal disease. Clin Nutr 2005; 24:158-63. [PMID: 15681114 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2003] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In short bowel fistula and some other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, salt, water and magnesium (Mg) balance may continue negative despite oral treatment, even in patients with adequate nutritional status. This study describes the use of self-administered subcutaneous fluid infusions (HSCF) to treat this problem. PATIENTS & METHODS HSCF was administered to patients with GI failure and adequate macro-nutrient status (BMI) when GI salt, water and magnesium balance continued negative despite optimal diet, drug and supplemental treatment. Mg depletion was confirmed using the Mg load test. Patients were taught to self-administer 0.5-1.0 l 0.9% saline +/-0.5 l 5% dextrose +/-2-4 mmol MgSO4 subcutaneously by gravity drip during 6-12 h overnight, 3-7 days/week. Water and Na balance were assessed (weight, serum creatinine, urea, Na) at baseline and at 1 and 3 months of treatment, but also monitored carefully during the first few days of treatment. Serum Mg was measured at baseline and at 2 and 4 weeks. RESULTS In 10 patients (mean age 65.3+/-13.5 years) Na and water balance was rapidly restored. At baseline, 1 and 3 months, serum biochemical results were: Eight patients received 8-28 mmol MgSO4/week in the infused fluid. Serum Mg [0.7-1.0 mmol] at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks was 0.49+/-0.06, 0.79+/-0.18, 0.83+/-0.10 mmol/l (P=0.002). Tolerance was good; transient oedema developed in 2 patients, resolved by reducing infusion dose. No patient developed hypokalaemia. CONCLUSIONS Subcutaneous self-administered fluid infusion at home (HSCF) is an easily managed, safe and effective method of restoring and maintaining water, salt and Mg balance in patients with large GI fluid losses but adequate macronutrient status, particularly in the frail or elderly in whom home parenteral nutrition may be difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Martínez-Riquelme
- Clinical Nutrition and Investigation Unit, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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Fonzo-Christe C, Vukasovic C, Wasilewski-Rasca AF, Bonnabry P. Subcutaneous administration of drugs in the elderly: survey of practice and systematic literature review. Palliat Med 2005; 19:208-19. [PMID: 15920935 DOI: 10.1191/0269216304pm1006oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND METHOD Survey of subcutaneous drug use and hypodermoclysis with a standardized questionnaire to 27 nursing teams and 52 physicians in a geriatric hospital department (404 beds). Evaluation of license status (CH, F, D and UK) and systematic literature review of 34 drugs used in the geriatric setting. RESULTS Subcutaneous route is used daily with drugs and fluids mostly for patients in palliative care (83%) or who are dehydrated (54%) when oral or IV administration is impossible (73%, 68% respectively). Morphine (98%), haloperidol (90%), furosemide (69%) and hydromorphone (56%) by bolus (36%) or slow injection over 5 min (82%) are the main drugs used and NaCI 0.9% (95%), and glucose 5%/NaCI 0.9% (31 %) are commonly used for rehydration. Among the 34 drugs reviewed, only 13 (38%) are licensed for subcutaneous use in CH, UK, F or D, and only, morphine (14 articles of 68) and rehydration (six articles) are evaluated in high level studies. Haloperidol and furosemide are used off-label and there are no well-designed studies supporting their subcutaneous use. CONCLUSION There is a lack of information on drugs widely used by subcutaneous route in the elderly. In that context, physicians carry responsibility for the prescription.
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Turner T, Cassano AM. Subcutaneous dextrose for rehydration of elderly patients--an evidence-based review. BMC Geriatr 2004; 4:2. [PMID: 15086959 PMCID: PMC416477 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Rehabilitation and Aged Care Services Program at Southern Health in Victoria, saline hypodermoclysis is a relatively common method of rehydration. However, there were questions about the safety and effectiveness of subcutaneous infusion of other fluids and, in particular, dextrose solutions. This review aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of rehydration of elderly patients with subcutaneous 5% dextrose solutions compared with intravenous 5% dextrose solutions. METHODS We searched the Cochrane Library, Medline, IDIS, CINAHL, Current Contents, Premedline, Australasian Medical Index, the Joanna Briggs Institute, the US National Guideline Clearinghouse and bibliographies of retrieved articles. Searching was undertaken in July 2003. Studies selected were primary studies (or systematic reviews of primary studies) providing evidence as to the effectiveness and safety of subcutaneous infusion of dextrose solutions for rehydration of elderly patients. We included articles published in English in the last 10 years. Data were extracted by a single researcher. RESULTS From our search we identified 15 potentially relevant articles. We obtained the full text of these articles to determine their relevance. After application of the inclusion criteria, four articles remained for appraisal including one systematic review, two randomised controlled trials and one cohort study. CONCLUSION The four studies appraised all provide evidence that appropriate volumes of subcutaneous dextrose infusions (in the form of half-normal saline-glucose 5%, 40 g/L dextrose and 30 mmol/L NaCl, or 5% dextrose solution and 4 g/L NaCl, or two-thirds 5% glucose and one-third normal saline) can be used effectively for the treatment of dehydration, with similar rates of adverse effects to intravenous infusion. The evidence in this area is limited, and larger randomised controlled trials using validated outcome measures would be useful to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tari Turner
- Centre for Clinical Effectiveness, Monash Institute of Health Services Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne-Marie Cassano
- Rehabilitation and Aged Care Services, Kingston Centre, Cheltenham, Victoria, Australia
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Arinzon Z, Feldman J, Fidelman Z, Gepstein R, Berner YN. Hypodermoclysis (subcutaneous infusion) effective mode of treatment of dehydration in long-term care patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2004; 38:167-73. [PMID: 14698495 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dehydration is associated with morbidity and mortality in frail elderly patients. Intravenous fluid administration in these patients is sometimes hard, especially in agitated patients. The purpose of this study was to review of 57 long-termed care patients received hypodermoclysis infusion on 118 different occasions during the 9 months. Data collection included: demographic data, functional and mental status, indication hypodermoclysis, duration of the infusion, type of solution, laboratory data, adverse effects, and outcome. The main reasons for initiation of the hypodermoclysis were either dehydration (64%) or febrile illness (21%). The average duration of infusions was 15.9 days and average daily volume was 1161 ml per day. After hydration by hypodermoclysis, in 77% of the patients, clinical improvement occurred manifested as general improvement (88%), cognitive status improvement (84%), and improved oral intake (81%). During the course of the study, failure of the treatment was observed in 12% of the patients, mortality of 11% was observed. Nobody developed signs of fluid overload. Local complications were reported in 12% of patients: local swelling (6/57), complain of local pain at site (3/57) and local inflammation (2/57). Hypodermoclysis is a safe, effective and suitable alternative to intravenous re-hydration in long-term care patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Arinzon
- Frieda Schiff Warburg Geriatric Center, Dora, Netanya, Israel
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Slesak G, Schnürle JW, Kinzel E, Jakob J, Dietz PK. Comparison of subcutaneous and intravenous rehydration in geriatric patients: a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51:155-60. [PMID: 12558710 DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the acceptance, feasibility, and adverse effects of subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV) rehydration in dehydrated geriatric patients and clinical changes exhibited by the patients. DESIGN A prospective, randomized, open clinical trial. SETTING Hospital geriatric wards during a period of 20 months. PARTICIPANTS Ninety-six patients with a mean age +/- standard deviation of 85.3 +/- 6.7 with signs of mild to moderate dehydration needing parenteral fluids. INTERVENTION Geriatric patients were randomly allocated to receive SC or IV infusions of half-normal saline-glucose solutions as long as clinically necessary. MEASUREMENTS A standardized patient record form was used to document the observed adverse effects. Using a Likert-like scale based on the German school marks system with scores ranging from 1 = very good to 6 = very bad, patients were asked to score their discomfort; nurses and doctors scored the feasibility of the intervention. Changes in laboratory and clinical findings (including patients' orientation and activities of daily living using the Barthel Index) and adverse effects were recorded. RESULTS Forty-eight patients were randomized into each group. Median duration of fluid administration was 6 days (SC and IV, P =.33). Median volume was 750 mL/day (SC) and 1,000 mL/day (IV, P =.002). In 13 patients, the therapy had to be changed from SC to IV (SC/IV subgroup): 11 times because of the exigency of an IV drug application and twice because of poor resorption. In 17 patients, there was a change from IV to SC (IV/SC subgroup), mainly because of impossibility of further peripheral IV punctures (8 times) and permanent removal of the IV cannula (5 times). The patients of the IV/SC subgroup scored their discomfort significantly worse (median 5.5 vs all other groups median 2, P =.017). This corresponded with the scoring of feasibility by the nurses (IV/SC: median 4.25 vs all other groups median 2, P =.009) and by the doctors (IV/SC: median 4 vs all other groups: median 2, P =.001). Both methods of rehydration caused only few systemic adverse reactions; acute cardiac failure occurred twice in the SC group versus four times in the IV group (P =.68) and hyponatremia once in the SC group versus twice in the IV group (P = 1.0). Some patients experienced local side effects (SC, n = 29 vs IV, n = 24; P =.41), mainly to a mild extent (SC, n = 25 vs IV, n = 24; P = 1.0). Major local side effects (large edema, phlebitis, cellulitis, erythema and strong pain) occurred in nine SC and eight IV (P = 1.0) patients. The clinical and laboratory changes during therapy were similar in both trial arms. CONCLUSIONS Rehydration by hypodermoclysis is equally well accepted by geriatric patients as the IV therapy and offers a similarly easy feasibility. Additionally, in confused patients and in those in whom IV punctures are difficult to achieve, it represents the far superior method. Both techniques are comparably safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Slesak
- Tropenklinik Paul-Lechler-Krankenhaus, Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
In hospice organizations, continuous subcutaneous infusion (CSI) is a common medication delivery modality for pain management. Nonetheless, little is known regarding the practices of hospice organizations in their utilization of this technique. We surveyed 3,930 hospice organizations to describe indication, diluents, medications, and other variable factors associated with CSI utilization. Of the 3,930 surveys sent, 907 were returned, yielding a response rate of 24%. Seventy-three percent of hospice organizations surveyed indicated they utilized CSI. The average daily census (ADC) of these hospices was 38.6 +/- 61.0. The most common indication for CSI use was palliative management (95%). The most common medication used in CSI was morphine sulfate (97%). These results indicate that CSI utilization may be widespread in hospices and further study regarding this delivery system is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Herndon
- Department of Clinical Affairs, Ortho McNeil Pharmaceutical, Inc., O'Fallon, IL 62269, USA
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Abstract
During 1999 and 2000 the practice development unit of Greater Glasgow Primary Care Trust received an increasing number of requests from community staff for guidance in caring for patients receiving subcutaneous fluids for rehydration. This article describes the process of developing guidelines in order to address the issue. Hypodermoclysis is a relatively safe, simple and cost-effective technique, suitable for use in the community with a range of client groups, e.g. older people or those recovering from recent cardiovascular accidents. Its use in palliative care, however, raises problems in terms of clinical evidence and ethical issues which need to be addressed. Various factors, i.e. products not being licensed for this specific use, staff requests for clinical guidance and the anticipated increasing use of hypodermoclysis for rehydration, all indicated the need for a collaborative approach, address the complexity of issues in the decision-making process and provide clinical guidance with the aim of improving nursing practice and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Moriarty
- Greater Glasgow Primary Care NHS Trust and Nursing and Midwifery School, Glasgow University
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the use of hypodermoclysis in a long-term care setting for chronic fluid supplementation and to compare it to intravenous (IV) fluid in the treatment of acute mild to moderate dehydration. DESIGN A prospective observational study. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-five residents of a long-term care facility treated with fluid therapy during a 5-week period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Efficacy of hydration and adverse effects were obtained from detailed chart review, interviews with healthcare providers, and investigators' observations. RESULTS The study subjects were frail older people. Hypodermoclysis was used for maintenance fluid needs in 24 residents; none of these residents required any additional fluid therapy for dehydration. In addition, 37 residents received fluids for acute dehydration. In these residents, hypodermoclysis was associated with clinical improvement in 57% and no clinical change in 25%. Recipients of IV fluids improved 81% of the time and the remainder were unchanged. Hypodermoclysis was associated with fewer fluid therapy-related complications relative to IV therapy (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Hypodermoclysis is an effective procedure for providing fluids for both chronic maintenance needs and acute situations associated with mild to moderate dehydration in a long-term care setting. Hypodermoclysis appears safer and can avoid transfers to hospital for rehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dasgupta
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Frisoli Junior A, de Paula AP, Feldman D, Nasri F. Subcutaneous hydration by hypodermoclysis. A practical and low cost treatment for elderly patients. Drugs Aging 2000; 16:313-9. [PMID: 10874526 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200016040-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
As the world's population ages, chronic and degenerative diseases are rising. This scenario demands the development of new treatment techniques with lower costs, which are as efficient as the existing ones. Hypodermoclysis is the infusion of fluids into the subcutaneous tissue with a butterfly needle. This technique may be used for isotonic fluid replacement and to administer cytosine arabinoside, clodronate, antibiotics and narcotic analgesics. This review evaluates the evidence supporting the use of hypodermoclysis to treat elderly patients with dehydration and patients with terminal cancer, and discusses its indications, adverse effects and perspectives. A MEDLINE search of the last 30 years was done to recover all available literature. Hypodermoclysis therapy is a safe and effective method to provide fluids and narcotic analgesic therapy in elderly patients that are mild and moderate dehydrated and in patients with cancer. It seems a good option to provide antibiotics, but there is a need for more studies to evaluate this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Frisoli Junior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universida de Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bruera E, Neumann CM, Pituskin E, Calder K, Hanson J. A randomized controlled trial of local injections of hyaluronidase versus placebo in cancer patients receiving subcutaneous hydration. Ann Oncol 1999; 10:1255-8. [PMID: 10586347 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008331727535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most cancer patients develop reduced oral intake or dehydration before death. Subcutaneous hydration (SCH) can be safe and effective. SCH is frequently administered using hyaluronidase to improve fluid absorption. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of hyaluronidase on patient comfort during bolus SCH. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-one cancer patients requiring parenteral hydration were administered a 500 cc bolus of two-thirds dextrose (5%) and one-third normal saline solution subcutaneously at 08:00 and 16:00 hours during day 1 and day 2. On day 1 patients were randomized on a double-blind basis to receive 150 units of hyaluronidase versus placebo as a bolus into the site of infusion immediately before starting each one-hour infusion. During day 2 patients were crossed over to receive the alternate treatment at a new infusion site. Visual analogue scales (0 = best, 100 = worst) for pain and swelling at the infusion site were completed by each patient. In addition, investigators blindly assessed the site of infusion for the presence of edema, rash, and leakage. RESULTS No significant differences were observed for pain, swelling, edema, rash or leakage between the placebo and the hyaluronidase scores. After completion of the two days of the study, patients blindly chose hyaluronidase in 1 (5%) case, placebo in 5 (24%) cases, and no preference in 15 (71%) cases (P < 0.01). There was no treatment or interaction effect for pain, except for a period effect (P = 0.045) for the morning bolus administration. There were no treatment, period, or interaction effects for any of the other variables. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that hyaluronidase is not necessary for routine bolus SCH. It may still be useful for a minority of patients who are not able to tolerate infusion well due to swelling or pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bruera
- University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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Les alternatives à la perfusion veineuse centrale chez le sujet âgé : de la pratique à la réflexion. NUTR CLIN METAB 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0985-0562(99)80019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Neglect and Abuse Associated with Undernutrition in Long-Term Care in North America: Causes and Solutions. J Elder Abuse Negl 1999. [DOI: 10.1300/j084v10n01_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Jain S, Mansfield B, Wilcox MH. Subcutaneous fluid administration--better than the intravenous approach? J Hosp Infect 1999; 41:269-72. [PMID: 10392332 DOI: 10.1053/jhin.1998.0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypodermoclysis is a method of subcutaneous fluid administration particularly useful in elderly patients and in palliative care settings where intravenous access may be difficult. Subcutaneous fluid delivery is an effective method of rehydration and of opioid administration, and can prevent the need for intravenous catheterization and consequently hospitalization. It is a simple procedure to initiate, safe, less distressing to the patient, and does not predispose to intravascular related infections. The reported incidence of infection at the delivery site is extremely low. However, local guidelines should be agreed so that a standardized protocol is operated and risks of localized infection are minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Leeds
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferry
- Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital de Valence, France
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