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Dehghani A, Pourjafari F, Koohkan F, Haghpanh T, Pourjafari F, Sheibani V, Afarinesh MR. L-carnitine attenuates acoustic startle reflex dysfunction in adult male rats exposed to mancozeb. Toxicol Ind Health 2023; 39:115-126. [PMID: 36650049 DOI: 10.1177/07482337231151739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The fungicide mancozeb increases oxygen-free radicals in the central nervous system. As an antioxidant, L-carnitine protects DNA and cell membranes from damage caused by oxygen-free radicals. The present study investigated how L-carnitine affected the acoustic startle response (ASR) in rats exposed to mancozeb. In this experimental study, male Wistar rats were gavaged orally with mancozeb (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg), L-carnitine (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), or L-carnitine (200 mg/kg) + mancozeb (500 mg/kg) three times in 1 week. In the sham group, saline (0.9%, 10 mL/kg) was gavaged at a volume equivalent to that of the drugs. The control group did not receive any treatment. The results showed that locomotor activity and the percentage of prepulse inhibition in the mancozeb groups decreased compared to the sham group while these parameters increased in the L-carnitine group (200 mg/kg) compared to sham rats. In conclusion, mancozeb may increase the risk factor for cognitive diseases such as schizophrenia in people exposed to it while pretreatment with L-carnitine can attenuate the toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dehghani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 48503Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farimah Pourjafari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, 196469University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran
| | - Faeze Koohkan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tahereh Haghpanh
- Anatomical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, 48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Pourjafari
- Anatomical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, 48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Afarinesh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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John R, Abolaji AO, Adedara AO, Ajayi AM, Aderibigbe AO, Umukoro S. Jobelyn® extends the life span and improves motor function in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to lipopolysaccharide via augmentation of antioxidant status. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1031-1040. [PMID: 35156155 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Jobelyn® (JB), a dietary supplement, derived from polyphenol-rich leaf sheath of Sorghum bicolor, has been reported to attenuate sensorimotor deficits and oxidative stress evoked by complete Freund-adjuvant in mice. This present study evaluated its effects on the life span, motor function and changes in oxidative stress parameters as well as acetylcholinesterase activity in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The flies (50 per vial), in 5 replicates were fed with LPS (250 μg/kg diet) alone or in combination with JB (0.25-1.0 mg/kg diet) daily for 7 days. The mortality rate and motor function were evaluated on day 7. The flies were afterwards processed for determination of oxidative stress parameters and acetylcholinesterase activity. The effects of JB (0.25-1.0 mg/g diet) on the longevity of Drosophila was also investigated wherein the flies were monitored daily for mortality throughout their lifespan. The flies exposed to LPS (250 μg/kg diet) had reduced life span and elevated oxidative stress when compared with control. However, JB (0.25 and 1.0 mg/kg diet) improved the motor function and also reduced the mortality rate of the flies exposed to LPS. It also restored the cellular antioxidant status and reduced acetylcholinesterase activity, accumulation of hydrogen peroxide as well as nitric oxide in Drosophila fed with LPS. JB also extended the longevity of the flies relative to control. The findings that JB improves motor function and extended the lifespan of Drosophila flies by boosting the antioxidant status and cholinergic function, suggest it might be helpful in delaying the onset of neuropsychiatric illnesses associated with the aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth John
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Sango-Ojo Road, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Amos Olalekan Abolaji
- Drosophila Laboratory, Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adeola Oluwatosin Adedara
- Drosophila Laboratory, Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Sango-Ojo Road, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adegbuyi Oladele Aderibigbe
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Sango-Ojo Road, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Umukoro
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Sango-Ojo Road, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
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Sibomana I, Rohan JG, Mattie DR. 21-Day dermal exposure to aircraft engine oils: effects on esterase activities in brain and liver tissues, blood, plasma, and clinical chemistry parameters for Sprague Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:357-388. [PMID: 33380269 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1867680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This dermal study tested the potential toxicity of grade 3 (G3) and 4 (G4) organophosphate-containing aircraft engine oils in both new (G3-N, G4-N) and used states (G3-U, G4-U) to alter esterase activities in blood, brain and liver tissues, clinical chemistry parameters, and electrophysiology of hippocampal neurons. A 300 µl volume of undiluted oil was applied in Hill Top Chamber Systems®, then attached to fur-free test sites on backs of male and female Sprague Dawley rats for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 21 days. Recovery rats received similar treatments and kept for 14 days post-exposure to screen for reversibility, persistence, or delayed occurrence of toxicity. In brain, both versions of G3 and G4 significantly decreased (32-41%) female acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity while in males only G3-N and G4-N reduced (33%) AChE activity. Oils did not markedly affect AChE in liver, regardless of gender. In whole blood, G3-U decreased female AChE (29%) which persisted during recovery (32%). G4-N significantly lowered (29%) butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in male plasma, but this effect was resolved during recovery. For clinical chemistry indices, only globulin levels in female plasma significantly increased following G3-N or G4-N exposure. Preliminary electrophysiology data suggested that effects of both versions of G3 and G4 on hippocampal function may be gender dependent. Aircraft maintenance workers may be at risk if precautions are not taken to minimize long-term aircraft oil exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaie Sibomana
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - Joyce G Rohan
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton (NAMRU-D), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - David R Mattie
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
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Oyebode OT, Abolaji AO, Oluwadare JO, Adedara AO, Olorunsogo OO. Apigenin ameliorates D-galactose-induced lifespan shortening effects via antioxidative activity and inhibition of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Keller J, Ringseis R, Priebe S, Guthke R, Kluge H, Eder K. Effect of L-carnitine on the hepatic transcript profile in piglets as animal model. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8:76. [PMID: 22040461 PMCID: PMC3216248 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Carnitine has attracted scientific interest due to several health-related effects, like protection against neurodegeneration, mitochondrial decay, and oxidative stress as well as improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. The mechanisms underlying most of the health-related effects of carnitine are largely unknown. Methods To gain insight into mechanisms through which carnitine exerts its beneficial metabolic effects, we fed piglets either a control or a carnitine supplemented diet, and analysed the transcriptome in the liver. Results Transcript profiling revealed 563 genes to be differentially expressed in liver by carnitine supplementation. Clustering analysis of the identified genes revealed that most of the top-ranked annotation term clusters were dealing with metabolic processes. Representative genes of these clusters which were significantly up-regulated by carnitine were involved in cellular fatty acid uptake, fatty acid activation, fatty acid β-oxidation, glucose uptake, and glycolysis. In contrast, genes involved in gluconeogenesis were down-regulated by carnitine. Moreover, clustering analysis identified genes involved in the insulin signaling cascade to be significantly associated with carnitine supplementation. Furthermore, clustering analysis revealed that biological processes dealing with posttranscriptional RNA processing were significantly associated with carnitine supplementation. Conclusion The data suggest that carnitine supplementation has beneficial effects on lipid and glucose homeostasis by inducing genes involved in fatty acid catabolism and glycolysis and repressing genes involved in gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Keller
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany.
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Keller J, Ringseis R, Priebe S, Guthke R, Kluge H, Eder K. Dietary L-carnitine alters gene expression in skeletal muscle of piglets. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 55:419-29. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Franken J, Bauer FF. Carnitine supplementation has protective and detrimental effects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are genetically mediated. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 10:270-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Elinos-Calderón D, Robledo-Arratia Y, Pérez-De La Cruz V, Pedraza-Chaverrí J, Ali SF, Santamaría A. Early nerve ending rescue from oxidative damage and energy failure by l-carnitine as post-treatment in two neurotoxic models in rat: recovery of antioxidant and reductive capacities. Exp Brain Res 2009; 197:287-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Alves E, Binienda Z, Carvalho F, Alves CJ, Fernandes E, de Lourdes Bastos M, Tavares MA, Summavielle T. Acetyl-L-carnitine provides effective in vivo neuroprotection over 3,4-methylenedioximethamphetamine-induced mitochondrial neurotoxicity in the adolescent rat brain. Neuroscience 2008; 158:514-23. [PMID: 19015003 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioximethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is a worldwide abused stimulant drug, with persistent neurotoxic effects and high prevalence among adolescents. The massive release of 5-HT from pre-synaptic storage vesicles induced by MDMA followed by monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) metabolism, significantly increases oxidative stress at the mitochondrial level. l-Carnitine and its ester, acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC), facilitate the transport of long chain free fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane enhancing neuronal anti-oxidative defense. Here, we show the potential of ALC against the neurotoxic effects of MDMA exposure. Adolescent male Wistar rats were assigned to four groups: control saline solution, isovolumetric to the MDMA solution, administered i.p.; MDMA (4x10 mg/kg MDMA, i.p.); ALC/MDMA (100 mg/kg 30 min of ALC prior to MDMA, i.p.) and ALC (100 mg/kg, i.p.). Rats were killed 2 weeks after exposure and brains were analyzed for lipid peroxidation, carbonyl formation, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion and altered expression of the DNA-encoded subunits of the mitochondrial complexes I (NADH dehydrogenase, NDII) and IV (cytochrome c oxidase, COXI) from the respiratory chain. Levels of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were also assessed. The present work is the first to successfully demonstrate that pretreatment with ALC exerts effective neuroprotection against the MDMA-induced neurotoxicity at the mitochondrial level, reducing carbonyl formation, decreasing mtDNA deletion, improving the expression of the respiratory chain components and preventing the decrease of 5-HT levels in several regions of the rat brain. These results indicate potential benefits of ALC application in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alves
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroprotection Laboratory, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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Rigault C, Le Borgne F, Demarquoy J. Genomic structure, alternative maturation and tissue expression of the human BBOX1 gene. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:1469-81. [PMID: 17110165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX1) is the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of l-carnitine, a key molecule of fatty acid metabolism. This cytosolic dimeric protein belongs to the dioxygenase family. In human, enzyme activity has been detected in kidney, liver and brain. The human gene encoding gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase is located on chromosome 11. Although the protein structure and activity have been extensively described, little information is available concerning BBOX1 structure and expression. In this study, the organization of the human gene was determined. The structure and functions of the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of the human BBOX1 mRNA were characterized in kidney, liver and brain. Our experiments revealed that the transcription initiation of the human BBOX1 gene might occur at 3 different exons, and that the expression level of each type of transcript is organ-specific. We showed that the use of 3 different promoters is responsible for the 5'-end heterogeneity. Investigations on BBOX1 mRNA maturation highlighted an alternative polyadenylation mechanism that generates two 3'-untranslated regions differing by their length. This alternative polyadenylation exhibited a tissue specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rigault
- Inserm - CRI-Dijon, University of Dijon, UFR Sciences Vie, 6 Blvd. Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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Shen ZX. Brain cholinesterases: III. Future perspectives of AD research and clinical practice. Med Hypotheses 2005; 63:298-307. [PMID: 15236794 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is initially and primarily associated with the degeneration and alteration in the metabolism of cholinesterases (ChEs). The use of ChEs inhibitors to treat Alzheimer's condition, on the basis of the cholinergic hypothesis of the disease, is, therefore, without grounds. Most disturbing is the fact that the currently available anti-ChEs are designed to inhibit normal ChEs in the brain and throughout the body, but not the abnormal ones. Based on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) deficiency theory, treatment should be designed to protect the cranial ChEs system from alteration and/or to help that system fight against degeneration through restoring its homeostatic action for brain structure and function instead. The overlap in the clinical, biochemical, molecular-cellular, and pathological alterations seen in patients with AD and individuals with many other brain disorders, which has bewildered many investigators, may now be explained by the shared underlying mismetabolism of brain ChEs. The abnormal metabolism of ChEs existing in asymptomatic subjects may indicate that the system is "at risk" and deserves serious attention. Future perspectives of ChEs research in vivo and in vitro in connection with AD and clinical diagnosis, prevention and treatment are proposed. Several potentially useful therapeutic and preventive means and pharmacological agents in this regard are identified and discussed, such as physical and intellectual stimulation, and a class of drugs including vitamin E, R-(-)-deprenyl (deprenyl, selegiline), acetyl L-carnitine, cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), centrophenoxine, L-phenylalanine, naloxone, galactose, and lithium, that have been proven to be able to stimulate AChE activity. Their working mechanisms may be through directly changing the configuration of AChE molecules and/or correcting micro- and overall environmental biological conditions for ChEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-X Shen
- 2436 Rhode Island Ave. N. #3, Golden Valley, MN 55427-5011, USA.
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