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Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Meta-Analysis of the Frequency of ACE I/D Polymorphisms in Centenarians and Other Long-Lived Individuals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043411. [PMID: 36834822 PMCID: PMC9966830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Current research on the angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) gene has yielded controversial results on whether different ACE polymorphisms are linked with human longevity. ACE polymorphisms are a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and age-onset diseases that may contribute to the mortality of older people. Our goal is to consolidate existing studies, using artificial intelligence-assisted software to come to a more precise understanding of the role of the ACE gene in human longevity. The I (insertion) and D (deletion) polymorphisms in the intron are correlated with the levels of circulating ACE; homozygous D (DD) is high, and homozygous I (II) is low. Here, we performed a detailed meta-analysis of the I and D polymorphisms using centenarians (100+ years old), long-lived subjects (85+ years old), and control groups. ACE genotype distribution was analyzed across a total of 2054 centenarians and 12,074 controls, as well as 1367 long-lived subjects between the ages of 85-99, using the inverse variance and random effects methods. The ACE DD genotype was found to be favored in centenarians (OR: 1.41 (95% CI: 1.19-1.67), p < 0.0001) with a heterogeneity of 32%, and the II genotype slightly favored the control groups (OR: 0.81 (95% CI: 0.66-0.98), p = 0.03) with a heterogeneity of 28%, corroborating results from previous meta-analyses. Novel to our meta-analysis, the ID genotype was found to be favored in control groups (OR: 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76-0.97), p = 0.01) with a heterogeneity of 0%. The long-lived group showed a similar positive association between the DD genotype and longevity (OR: 1.34 (95% CI: 1.21-1.48), p < 0.0001) and a negative association between the II genotype and longevity (OR: 0.79 (95% CI: 0.70-0.88), p < 0.0001). The long-lived ID genotype did not show significant findings (OR: 0.93 (95% CI: 0.84-1.02), p = 0.79). In conclusion, the results suggest a significant positive association of the DD genotype with human longevity. However, despite the previous study, the results do not confirm a positive association of the ID genotype with human longevity. We suggest a few important paradoxical implications: (1) inhibition of ACE can increase longevity in model systems from nematodes to mammals, seemingly opposite to the finding in humans; (2) exceptional longevity associated with homozygous DD is also associated with age-related diseases with higher mortality risks in homozygous DD. We discuss ACE, longevity, and age-related diseases.
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Yoo SY, Han A, Park S, Lee JY. Incidence and Cognitive Decline of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementia by Apolipoprotein ε4 Allele Presence: A Community-Based Cohort Study in Korean Elderly. Psychiatry Investig 2022; 19:190-196. [PMID: 35232006 PMCID: PMC8958210 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2021.0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele to the incidence of dementia and cognitive decline in a cohort of a Korean community. METHODS From a community-based dementia-free cohort, 357 participants were genotyped. Participants underwent 2 cognitive assessments separated by a hiatus between 6 to 7 years and were diagnosed as healthy control (n=297), Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n=44), and other dementia (n=16) at the second assessment. Incidence risk and onset age of disease according to APOE ε4 presence were analyzed in AD and other dementia. Differences in cognitive decline rate depending on APOE ε4 were also examined across all groups. RESULTS The relative risks and onset age of dementia were not different by the presence of the APOE ε4 allele. Cognitive decline was more prominent in the presence of APOE ε4 allele (score change=7.4) than non-presence (score change=3.1), and this interaction was significant only in the AD group (F=10.51, p=0.003). CONCLUSION The APOE ε4 alleles can be a critical factor in predicting cognitive change for AD in the Korean community population but not in predicting AD incidence. This finding suggest that clinicians consider the presence of APOE ε4 allele examining patients with rapid declining dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Yoo
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander Han
- Department of BioSciences & Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Soowon Park
- Division of Teacher Education, College of General Education for Truth, Sincerity and Love, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee JS, Ko KH, Oh JH, Kim JG, Kang CH, Song SK, Kang SY, Kang JH, Park JH, Koh MJ, Lee HK, Choi JC. Apolipoprotein E ε4 Is Associated With the Development of Incident Dementia in Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy Patients With p.Arg544Cys Mutation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:591879. [PMID: 33328970 PMCID: PMC7714778 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.591879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose To identify clinical, laboratory, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features in predicting incident stroke and dementia in Korean patients with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Materials and Methods We enrolled 87 Korean CADASIL patients who had undergone baseline clinical, laboratory, and MRI examinations between March 2012 and February 2015. The primary outcome of this study is the occurrence of stroke and dementia during the study period. The occurrence of incident stroke was confirmed by neuroimaging study, and dementia was defined by the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, criteria. Results Of the 87 patients, 57.5% were men, and the mean age was 63 ± 13 years (range 34–90 years), and 82 patients (94.3%) had p.Arg544Cys mutation. During an average follow-up of 67 months (interquartile range: 53–69 months), incident stroke occurred in 14 of 87 patients (16.1%) and incident dementia in 7 of 70 non-demented patients (10.0%). In adjusted analysis, increased systolic blood pressure was associated with increased risk of incident stroke [for every 10-mmHg increase; hazard ratio, 1.44 (1.02–2.03)]. Apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype was associated with an increased risk of incident dementia [hazard ratio, 10.70 (1.27–89.88)]. Conclusion In this study, apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype was associated with the development of incident dementia, and higher blood pressure was associated with increased risk of incident stroke in CADASIL patients with predominant p.Arg544Cys mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Seok Lee
- Department of Neurology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Keun Hyuk Ko
- Department of Neurology, Hankook Hospital, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Oh
- Department of Neurology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Joong-Goo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Chul-Hoo Kang
- Department of Neurology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Sook-Keun Song
- Department of Neurology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Sa-Yoon Kang
- Department of Neurology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kang
- Department of Neurology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Joon Hyuk Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Myeong Ju Koh
- Department of Radiology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Ho Kyu Lee
- Department of Radiology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Jay Chol Choi
- Department of Neurology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
- Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jay Chol Choi,
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Oscanoa TJ, Cieza EC, Lizaraso-Soto FA, Guevara ML, Fujita RM, Romero-Ortuño R. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) genetic variation and longevity in Peruvian older people: a cross-sectional study. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:309-312. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1748227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro J. Oscanoa
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, ESSALUD, Lima, Perú
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Edwin C. Cieza
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, ESSALUD, Lima, Perú
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Frank A. Lizaraso-Soto
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú
| | - María L. Guevara
- Centro de Investigación de Genética y Biología Molecular, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, FMH-USMP, Lima, Perú
| | - Ricardo M. Fujita
- Centro de Investigación de Genética y Biología Molecular, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, FMH-USMP, Lima, Perú
| | - Román Romero-Ortuño
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, Mercer’s Institute for Successful Ageing, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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The Genetic Variability of APOE in Different Human Populations and Its Implications for Longevity. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030222. [PMID: 30884759 PMCID: PMC6471373 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human longevity is a complex phenotype resulting from the combinations of context-dependent gene-environment interactions that require analysis as a dynamic process in a cohesive ecological and evolutionary framework. Genome-wide association (GWAS) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies on centenarians pointed toward the inclusion of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms ε2 and ε4, as implicated in the attainment of extreme longevity, which refers to their effect in age-related Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this case, the available literature on APOE and its involvement in longevity is described according to an anthropological and population genetics perspective. This aims to highlight the evolutionary history of this gene, how its participation in several biological pathways relates to human longevity, and which evolutionary dynamics may have shaped the distribution of APOE haplotypes across the globe. Its potential adaptive role will be described along with implications for the study of longevity in different human groups. This review also presents an updated overview of the worldwide distribution of APOE alleles based on modern day data from public databases and ancient DNA samples retrieved from literature in the attempt to understand the spatial and temporal frame in which present-day patterns of APOE variation evolved.
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Sebastiani P, Gurinovich A, Nygaard M, Sasaki T, Sweigart B, Bae H, Andersen SL, Villa F, Atzmon G, Christensen K, Arai Y, Barzilai N, Puca A, Christiansen L, Hirose N, Perls TT. APOE Alleles and Extreme Human Longevity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 74:44-51. [PMID: 30060062 PMCID: PMC6298189 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We assembled a collection of 28,297 participants from seven studies of longevity and healthy aging comprising New England Centenarian, Long Life Family, Longevity Gene Population, Southern Italian Centenarian, Japanese Centenarian, the Danish Longevity, and the Health and Retirement Studies to investigate the association between the APOE alleles ε2ε3 and ε4 and extreme human longevity and age at death. By using three different genetic models and two definitions of extreme longevity based on either a threshold model or age at death, we show that ε4 is associated with a substantially decreased odds for extreme longevity, and increased risk for death that persists even beyond ages reached by less than 1% of the population. We also show that carrying the ε2ε2 or ε2ε3 genotype is associated with significantly increased odds to reach extreme longevity, with decreased risk for death compared with carrying the genotype ε3ε3 but with only a modest reduction in risk for death beyond an age reached by less than 1% of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sebastiani
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anastasia Gurinovich
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Massachusetts
| | - Marianne Nygaard
- The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Center for Supercentenarian Research, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Benjamin Sweigart
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Harold Bae
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Stacy L Andersen
- Geriatric Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francesco Villa
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Israel
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yasumichi Arai
- Center for Supercentenarian Research, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Annibale Puca
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Lene Christiansen
- The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nobuyoshi Hirose
- Center for Supercentenarian Research, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas T Perls
- Geriatric Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Reaching 100 in the Countryside: Health Profile and Living Circumstances of Portuguese Centenarians from the Beira Interior Region. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2018; 2018:8450468. [PMID: 30008746 PMCID: PMC6020501 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8450468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in studying a specific population of centenarians who lives in the country's interior region (PT100-BI) emerged during the first Portuguese systematic study about centenarians (PT100 Oporto Centenarian Study). This region of Portugal is predominantly rural and is one of the regions with the largest number of aged people. The aim of this study is to provide information on the centenarians who live in the Beira Interior region, specifically in terms of their health status and the health services they use. A total of 101 centenarians (mean age: 101.1 years; SD = 1.5 years), 14 males and 87 females, were considered. Most centenarians lived in the community, and 47.6% lived in nursing homes. Nearly half (47.5%) presented cognitive functioning without deficits. A noteworthy percentage presented conditioned mobility and sensory problems. The most common self-reported diseases include urinary incontinence (31.7%), high blood pressure (23.8%), and heart conditions (19.8%). Despite these health and functional characteristics, formal support services and technical assistance were found to be scarcely used. Further research is needed to understand how the role of contextual variables and the countryside environment contribute to the centenarians' adaptation to advanced longevity.
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Revelas M, Thalamuthu A, Oldmeadow C, Evans TJ, Armstrong NJ, Kwok JB, Brodaty H, Schofield PR, Scott RJ, Sachdev PS, Attia JR, Mather KA. Review and meta-analysis of genetic polymorphisms associated with exceptional human longevity. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 175:24-34. [PMID: 29890178 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many factors contribute to exceptional longevity, with genetics playing a significant role. However, to date, genetic studies examining exceptional longevity have been inconclusive. This comprehensive review seeks to determine the genetic variants associated with exceptional longevity by undertaking meta-analyses. METHODS Meta-analyses of genetic polymorphisms previously associated with exceptional longevity (85+) were undertaken. For each variant, meta-analyses were performed if there were data from at least three independent studies available, including two unpublished additional cohorts. RESULTS Five polymorphisms, ACE rs4340, APOE ε2/3/4, FOXO3A rs2802292, KLOTHO KL-VS and IL6 rs1800795 were significantly associated with exceptional longevity, with the pooled effect sizes (odds ratios) ranging from 0.42 (APOE ε4) to 1.45 (FOXO3A males). CONCLUSION In general, the observed modest effect sizes of the significant variants suggest many genes of small influence play a role in exceptional longevity, which is consistent with results for other polygenic traits. Our results also suggest that genes related to cardiovascular health may be implicated in exceptional longevity. Future studies should examine the roles of gender and ethnicity and carefully consider study design, including the selection of appropriate controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Revelas
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - John B Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle NSW, Australia; Hunter Area Pathology Service, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Area Pathology Service, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Sebastiani P, Bae H, Gurinovich A, Soerensen M, Puca A, Perls TT. Limitations and risks of meta-analyses of longevity studies. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 165:139-146. [PMID: 28143747 PMCID: PMC5533653 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Searching for genetic determinants of human longevity has been challenged by the rarity of data sets with large numbers of individuals who have reached extreme old age, inconsistent definitions of the phenotype, and the difficulty of defining appropriate controls. Meta-analysis - a statistical method to summarize results from different studies - has become a common tool in genetic epidemiology to accrue large sample sizes for powerful genetic association studies. In conducting a meta-analysis of studies of human longevity however, particular attention must be made to the definition of cases and controls (including their health status) and on the effect of possible confounders such as sex and ethnicity upon the genetic effect to be estimated. We will show examples of how a meta-analysis can inflate the false negative rates of genetic association studies or it can bias estimates of the association between a genetic variant and extreme longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sebastiani
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
| | - Harold Bae
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, 151 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR, United States.
| | - Anastasia Gurinovich
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Mette Soerensen
- The Danish Aging Research Center, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloews Vej 9 B, St., 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Annibale Puca
- IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan (Mi), Italy; University of Salerno, Department of Medicine and Surgery, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | - Thomas T Perls
- Geriatrics Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, 88 E Newton St., Boston, MA 02118, United States.
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Cognitive status in the oldest old and centenarians: a condition crucial for quality of life methodologically difficult to assess. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 165:185-194. [PMID: 28286214 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human life expectancy and the number of the oldest old are rapidly increasing worldwide. Advanced age is the main risk factor for dementia, representing one of the major causes of disability/dependency among older people with a strong impact on their families/caregivers. Centenarians have reached the extreme limits of human life escaping or delaying the major age-related diseases. Thus, these extraordinary individuals embody the best model to answer the crucial question if cognitive decline and dementia are progressive and unavoidable occurrences of increasing age. Despite a growing amount of data underlines the importance of cognitive function for quality of life and survival in old age, studies on centenarians have paid more attention to their physical condition rather than the assessment of their actual cognitive abilities. Accordingly, this work aims to summarize available data on the prevalence of dementia in centenarians and to critically address topics which can have a relevant impact on the cognitive assessment/status of the oldest old: (i) lack of standardized tools for cognitive assessment; (ii) criteria and threshold to establish the presence of dementia; (iii) influence of birth cohort and education; (iv) role of depression or positive attitude towards life; (v) gender differences.
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Ishioka YL, Gondo Y, Fuku N, Inagaki H, Masui Y, Takayama M, Abe Y, Arai Y, Hirose N. Effects of the APOE ε4 allele and education on cognitive function in Japanese centenarians. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:495-503. [PMID: 27558117 PMCID: PMC5266218 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele and education have been reported to affect the cognitive function in young-old adults. However, the effects and interactions of the ε4 allele and education on cognitive function in very old age, particularly in centenarians, are not well known. We studied 542 Japanese centenarians. Using the data in total of 452 participants (74 men and 378 women, mean age 103.6 ± 3.2 years) who were genotyped and assessed cognitive function with the Mini-Mental States Examination (MMSE), we examined the effects and interactions of the ε4 allele and education on the MMSE score. First, we coded education as three levels: low, middle, and high based on the formal educational levels (analysis 1). Second, to clarify the modifying effect of education, we adopted a new coding for education into two levels, considering a periodical background (around 1900) of gender differences in educational attainments (analysis 2). In analysis 1, the main effects of the ε4 allele and education on the MMSE score were significant after adjusting for age. Further, there was a significant three-way interaction effect between the ε4 allele, education, and gender on the MMSE. Analysis 2 showed that the modifying effect of the ε4 allele by education was observed only in women with the ε4 allele. These findings suggest that both the APOE ε4 allele and education appear to be associated with cognitive function even in centenarians, but the interaction between the ε4 allele and education might depend on gender in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Lily Ishioka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaemachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Gondo
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai-shi, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inagaki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaemachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yukie Masui
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaemachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Michiyo Takayama
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yukiko Abe
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Arai
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hirose
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Santos-Lozano A, Santamarina A, Pareja-Galeano H, Sanchis-Gomar F, Fiuza-Luces C, Cristi-Montero C, Bernal-Pino A, Lucia A, Garatachea N. The genetics of exceptional longevity: Insights from centenarians. Maturitas 2016; 90:49-57. [PMID: 27282794 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As the world population ages, so the prevalence increases of individuals aged 100 years or more, known as centenarians. Reaching this age has been described as exceptional longevity (EL) and is attributed to both genetic and environmental factors. Many genetic variations known to affect life expectancy exist in centenarians. This review of studies conducted on centenarians and supercentenarians (older than 110 years) updates knowledge of the impacts on longevity of the twenty most widely investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; GIDFYS, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Cristi-Montero
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Lucia
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Garatachea
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
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Garatachea N, Marín PJ, Santos-Lozano A, Sanchis-Gomar F, Emanuele E, Lucia A. The ApoE gene is related with exceptional longevity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 18:3-13. [PMID: 25385258 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2014.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine the association of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene with exceptional longevity (EL) (i.e., reaching 100+ years) by identifying possible unequal distribution of alleles/genotypes in the common variants ε2, ε3, and ε4 among centenarians and younger population. The association of ApoE with EL was analyzed in a total of 2776 centenarians (cases) and 11,941 younger controls (from 13 case-control studies) using the chi-squared test with the Yates correction. We conducted combined and separate analyses for all ethnic groups studied in the literature (Caucasian and Asian). The main result for all ethnic groups combined was that the likelihood of reaching EL was negatively associated with ε4 allele carriage [pooled odds ratio (OR)=0.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36, 0.50; p<0.001] and with ε4/ε4 (OR=0.18; 95% CI 0.08, 0.39; p<0.001), ε3/ε4 (OR=0.44; 95% CI 0.37, 0.53; p<0.001) and ε2/ε4 genotypes (OR=0.48; 95% CI 0.31, 0.74; p<0.001). In contrast, the ε2/ε3 genotype was positively associated with EL (OR=1.35; 95% CI 1.06, 1.72; p=0.017). When compared with the ε3 allele, the ε2 allele was not associated with increased odds of EL (OR=1.08; 95% CI 0.77, 1.50, p=0.660). The present meta-analysis confirms that, besides its previously documented influence on Alzheimer's and cardiovascular disease risk, the ApoE gene is associated with the likelihood of reaching EL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Garatachea
- 1 Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Zaragoza , Huesca, Spain
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Martin P, Jazwinski SM, Davey A, Green R, MacDonald M, Margrett JA, Siegler IC, Arnold J, Woodard J, Johnson MA, Kim S, Dai J, Li L, Batzer MA, Poon LW, For The Georgia Centenarian Study. APOE ϵ4, rated life experiences, and affect among centenarians. Aging Ment Health 2014; 18:240-7. [PMID: 23998924 PMCID: PMC3946882 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2013.827624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between apolipoprotein E (APOE), life events and engagement, and subjective well-being (as measured by positive and negative affect) among centenarians. Based on the life stress paradigm, we predicted that higher levels of stress would allow APOE to influence positive and negative affect. METHOD 196 centenarians and near-centenarians (98 years and older) of the Georgia Centenarian Study participated in this research. The APOE, positive and negative affect, the number of recent (last 2 years) and lifelong (more than 20 years prior to testing) events, as well as a number of life engagement tasks were assessed. RESULTS Results suggested that centenarians carrying the APOE ϵ4 allele rated lower in positive affect, the number of lifelong events, and in engaged lifestyle, when compared to centenarians without the APOE ϵ4 allele (t = 3.43, p < .01; t = 3.19, p < .01; and t = 2.33, p < .05, respectively). Blockwise multiple regressions indicated that the APOE ϵ4 predicted positive but not negative affect after controlling for demographics. Gene-environment interactions were obtained for the APOE ϵ4 and lifelong events, suggesting that carriers of the APOE ϵ4 allele had higher scores of negative affect after having experienced more events, whereas noncarriers had reduced negative affect levels after having experienced more events. CONCLUSION APOE ϵ4 is directly related to positive affect and is related to negative affect in interaction with life events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert Green
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Li
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
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Shin MH, Choi JS, Rhee JA, Lee YH, Nam HS, Jeong SK, Park KS, Kim HY, Ryu SY, Choi SW, Kim HN, Song HR, Cauley JA, Kweon SS. APOE polymorphism and carotid atherosclerosis in Korean population: the Dong-gu Study and the Namwon Study. Atherosclerosis 2013; 232:180-5. [PMID: 24401234 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association between APOE polymorphism and carotid atherosclerosis in two large independent cohorts from South Korea. METHODS The datasets were from the Dong-gu Study (N = 9056) and the Namwon Study (N = 10,158). Carotid ultrasonography was performed to measure carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and the presence of carotid plaques. The APOE polymorphism was determined by PCR-RFLP. We performed combined and separate analyses for the two datasets. RESULTS In the combined analysis, individuals with E2E2 or E2E3 genotype had a lower common carotid IMT compared with individuals with E3E3 genotype (0.684 mm vs. 0.736 mm, p = 0.007; 0.718 mm vs. 0.736 mm, p < 0.001, respectively). This association was very slightly attenuated but remained statistically significant after adjustment for blood lipids (0.690 mm vs. 0.736 mm, p = 0.033; 0.725 mm vs. 0.736 mm, p = 0.005, respectively). Compared with individuals with E3E3 genotype, individuals with E2E3 genotype had lower risk for carotid plaque (odds ratio (OR) = 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75-0.93), while individuals with E3E4 genotype had a higher risk for carotid plaque (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.00-1.20). After adjustment for blood lipids, ORs of E2E3 genotype for carotid plaque was slightly attenuated but remained significant (OR = 0.87 95% CI = 0.78-0.97), while OR of E3E4 genotype were slightly attenuated and not significant (OR = 1.08, 95% CI, 0.99-1.18). CONCLUSIONS We found that APOE polymorphism is associated with carotid atherosclerosis and this association was partly mediated through blood lipid. Our results suggest that APOE polymorphism may influence atherosclerosis through non-lipid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Jin-Su Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ae Rhee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Sung Nam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam National University Medical School, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Jeong
- Department of Neurology & Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Soo Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Ryu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woo Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Nam Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Sun-Seog Kweon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Jeonnam Regional Cancer Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun, Hwasun Hospital, Republic of Korea.
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Garatachea N, Marín PJ, Lucia A. The ACE DD genotype and D-allele are associated with exceptional longevity: a meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:1079-87. [PMID: 23623925 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ACE I/D polymorphism has been associated with longevity, although not consistently. The objective of this study was to detect the possible unequal distribution of the alleles and genotypes of this polymorphism among centenarians and younger segments of the population. Relevant data were extracted from studies in the literature, comparing genotype and allele frequencies between centenarians and younger controls. The association of ACE I/D polymorphism with exceptional longevity was analyzed in a total of 1803 centenarians and 10,484 controls using the chi-square test with the Yates correction. We conducted combined analyses for all ethnic groups studied in the literature (Caucasian, Chinese and Korean) as well as for Caucasians only. The DD genotype (odds ratio (OR): 1.25 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.54), P=0.032) and the D-allele were more frequent in Caucasian centenarians compared with their younger controls (OR: 1.16 (95% CI: 1.05-1.28), P<0.001). Similar findings were obtained when all ethnic origin groups were included in the analyses, with no evidence of publication bias or heterogeneity (P>0.05). The present meta-analysis indicates that the ACE D-allele and the DD genotype might confer a modest, albeit significant advantage to reach exceptional longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Garatachea
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.
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18
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Kolovou G, Kolovou V, Vasiliadis I, Giannakopoulou V, Mihas C, Bilianou H, Kollia A, Papadopoulou E, Marvaki A, Goumas G, Kalogeropoulos P, Limperi S, Katsiki N, Mavrogeni S. The frequency of 4 common gene polymorphisms in nonagenarians, centenarians, and average life span individuals. Angiology 2013; 65:210-5. [PMID: 23389097 DOI: 10.1177/0003319712475075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) such as rs1799752, nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) such as rs28362491 and cholesteryl ester transport protein (CETP) such as rs708272 (TaqB1) and rs5882 (I405V) were evaluated in nonagenarians, centenarians, and average life span individuals (controls). The study population (n = 307; 190 nonagenarians, 12 centenarians and 105 middle-aged controls) was genotyped for ACE, NFkB, and CETP genetic variants. The age of nonagenarian and centenarian group ranged between 90 and 111 years; centenarians and controls age ranged from 99 to 111, and from 18 to 80 years, respectively. The I carriers of ACE I/D gene were fewer in nonagenarians compared to centenarians (37.6% vs 62.5%, P = .016). The I carriers of ACE gene were more frequent in centenarians compared to controls (62% vs 41%, P = .045). No differences in frequency of common NFkB and CETP genotypes between patients with exceptional longevity and middle-aged patients were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa Kolovou
- 1Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens, Greece
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Feng J, Xiang L, Wan G, Qi K, Sun L, Huang Z, Zheng C, Lv Z, Hu C, Yang Z. Is APOE ε3 a favourable factor for the longevity: an association study in Chinese population. J Genet 2012; 90:343-7. [PMID: 21869487 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-011-0075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Li ZH, Pan XM, Han BW, Han HB, Zhang Z, Gao LB. No association between ACE polymorphism and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 13:210-5. [PMID: 22064901 DOI: 10.1177/1470320311426168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has shown that angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) plays pivotal roles not only in the regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis but also in the process of tumorigenesis. A common ACE I/D polymorphism has been found to be functional, with the D allele displaying a higher plasma ACE level and ACE activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the ACE I/D polymorphism was related to the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The study included 175 patients with NPC and 279 age- and sex-matched control subjects. The ACE I/D polymorphism was identified by a polymerase chain reaction analysis. No association was found between the ACE I/D polymorphism and risk of NPC (ID vs. II: odds ratio [OR] = 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51-1.17; DD vs. II: OR = 0.98, 95%CI 0.56-1.72, respectively). This finding indicates that the ACE I/D polymorphism may not play a role in susceptibility to NPC. Further studies are warranted to confirm this finding, especially in ethnically disparate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hui Li
- Secondary Department of General Surgery, Luo Yang Central Hospital, PR China
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Fiuza-Luces C, Ruiz JR, Rodríguez-Romo G, Santiago C, Gómez-Gallego F, Cano-Nieto A, Garatachea N, Rodríguez-Moreno I, Morán M, Lucia A. Is the ACE I/D polymorphism associated with extreme longevity? A study on a Spanish cohort. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 12:202-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320310391505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 287 bp Ins(I)/Del(D) polymorphism [rs1799752] in intron 16 of the angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE) gene has been associated with extreme longevity (≥ 100 years) in some Caucasian and Asian cohorts, but this finding was not corroborated in other reports. We compared the allelic/genotypic frequency of the ACE I/D polymorphism among centenarians ( N = 64, 100—108 years, 89.1% female) and nonagenarians ( N = 47, 90—97 years, 76.6% female), and a control group of healthy young adults ( n = 434, age 20—40 years, 50% female). All participants were of the same Caucasian (Spanish) descent. The ACE I/D genotype met Hardy—Weinberg expectations in all the cohorts. Allelic and genotypic frequencies did not differ by sex in any of the study groups (all p > 0.2). There were no differences in allelic or genotypic frequencies between groups, for example the frequency of the D allele was 62.3% in controls vs. 65.3% in the elderly (64.8% in centenarians). In summary, the ACE I/D polymorphism is not significantly associated with extreme longevity in the Spanish population. Further research is, however, necessary using other approaches. It also remains to be determined if the interaction of ACE genotypes with some other genetic variants exerts a potential effect on longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Nuria Garatachea
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | | | - María Morán
- Centro de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
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Park JW, Ji YI, Choi YH, Kang MY, Jung E, Cho SY, Cho HY, Kang BK, Joung YS, Kim DH, Park SC, Park J. Candidate gene polymorphisms for diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancer are associated with longevity in Koreans. Exp Mol Med 2010; 41:772-81. [PMID: 19641380 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lived people may have a unique genetic makeup that makes them more resistant than the general population to prevalent age-related diseases; however, not much is known about genes involved in the longevity. To identify susceptibility variants controlling longevity, we performed a high-throughput candidate gene study using 137 Koreans over 90 yr old and 213 young healthy Koreans. We evaluated 463 informative markers located in 176 candidate genes mostly for diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancer under five genetic models. We estimated the odds ratios for each allele, genotype, haplotype, and gene-gene interaction using logistic regression analysis. Associations between 13 genes and longevity were detected at a P-value less than 0.01. Particularly, the rs671 (A) allele of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family (mitochondrial) (ALDH2) gene was associated with longevity only in men (OR 2.11, P =0.008). Four genes, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1, P=0.008), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, P=0.003), paired box 4 (PAX4, P=0.008), and V-yes-1 Yamaguchi sarcoma viral related oncogene homolog (LYN, P=0.002) consistently yielded statistical evidence for association with longevity. The findings of the current study may provide a starting point for future studies to unravel genetic factors controlling longevity in Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wan Park
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
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Wiwanitkit V. Apolipoprotein epsilon4 allele and psoriasis severity. Arch Dermatol Res 2009; 302:153. [PMID: 20035429 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-009-1016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yang JK, Gong YY, Liang Xie, Lian SG, Juan Yang, Xu LY, Gao SJ, Zhang YP. Lack of genetic association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and longevity in a Han Chinese population. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2009; 10:115-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320309104873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been reported to associate with human longevity. However, little information is available in a Han Chinese longevity population.Therefore, we investigated the association of the ACE gene insertion/ deletion polymorphism with longevity in a Han Chinese population. Materials and methods. We compared the distribution of ACE insertion/deletion genotype and allele frequencies in two groups: a longevity group (399 subjects) aged over 90 years and a control group (302 subjects) aged less than 60 years. Results. No difference in genotype and allele frequencies of the ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism was observed between the longevity group and the control group.When adjusting for gender, the difference between the longevity group and the control group was also not significant regarding the frequencies of the genotypes (male, p=0.994 and female, p=0.797) as well as allele frequencies (male, p=0.969 and female, p=0.884). Conclusions. No association of the ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with longevity was observed in our Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Kang Yang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan-Ying Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Liang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Gang Lian
- People's Hospital of Dujiang Weirs City, Dujiang Weirs City, China
| | - Juan Yang
- People's Hospital of Dujiang Weirs City, Dujiang Weirs City, China
| | - Liang-You Xu
- Dujiangyan Longevity Research Centre, Dujiangyan, China
| | - Shou-Jun Gao
- Dujiangyan Longevity Research Centre, Dujiangyan, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China, zhangyp1@263. net.cn, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Liu H, Liu M, Li W, Wu B, Zhang SH, Fang Y, Wang Y. Association of ACE I/D gene polymorphism with vascular dementia: a meta-analysis. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2009; 22:10-22. [PMID: 19073835 DOI: 10.1177/0891988708328221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular dementia is the second common cause of dementia, only second to Alzheimer's disease in later life, and has a greater mortality risk than Alzheimer's disease among the elderly population group. The angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism as a risk factor in vascular dementia has been suggested, but direct evidence from genetic association studies remain inconclusive. We performed a meta-analysis pooling data from all relevant studies in order to determine the effect of the insertion/deletion polymorphism on the vascular dementia. METHODS We applied a random-effects model or fixed-effects model to combine odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. Q statistic was used to evaluate the homogeneity, and Egger's test and Funnel plot were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS A total of 10 studies were included worldwide. Publication bias was not observed. There was no evidence of the association of angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism with the vascular dementia in general or in the Asian populations or in the Caucasian populations. CONCLUSIONS The angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism might be neutral to vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, PR China
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Crescenti A, Gassó P, Mas S, Abellana R, Deulofeu R, Parellada E, Bernardo M, Lafuente A. Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is associated with schizophrenia in a Spanish population. Psychiatry Res 2009; 165:175-80. [PMID: 18986708 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of factors make the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) a candidate gene for psychiatric disorders, including its action on neurotransmitters such as dopamine. An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in an ACE gene intron is associated with ACE levels. Here we examine whether the ACE I/D polymorphism is a risk factor for schizophrenia. Participants comprised 243 subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia and related disorders, and 291 hospital-based controls. The D allele of the ACE gene was identified as a protective factor, significantly reducing the risk of developing schizophrenia and related disorders (by 40%) and of developing schizophrenia (by 50%). This protection is explained by the additive genotype risk model, in which the protection increases with the number of D alleles. Our results indicate that the ACE D allele is involved in the development of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Crescenti
- Anatomía Patológica, Farmacología y Microbiología, Universidad de Barcelona. IDIBAPS. Casanova 143, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, aging research has expanded to include not only age-related disease models, and conversely, longevity and disease-free models, but also focuses on biological mechanisms related to the aging process. By viewing aging on multiple research frontiers, we are rapidly expanding knowledge as a whole and mapping connections between biological processes and particular age-related diseases that emerge. This is perhaps most true in the field of genetics, where variation across individuals has improved our understanding of aging mechanisms, etiology of age-related disease, and prediction of therapeutic responses. A close partnership between gerontologists, epidemiologists, and geneticists is needed to take full advantage of emerging genome information and technology and bring about a new age for biological aging research. Here we review current genetic findings for aging across both disease-specific and aging process domains. We then highlight the limitations of most work to date in terms of study design, genomic information, and trait modeling and focus on emerging technology and future directions that can partner genetic epidemiology and aging research fields to best take advantage of the rapid discoveries in each.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daniele Fallin
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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28
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Apolipoprotein E, an important player in longevity and age-related diseases. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:615-622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Panza F, D'introno A, Capurso C, Colacicco AM, Seripa D, Pilotto A, Santamato A, Capurso A, Solfrizzi V. Lipoproteins, vascular-related genetic factors, and human longevity. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 10:441-58. [PMID: 17990970 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2007.0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships among lipoprotein metabolism, genetic vascular factors, vascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease suggest that the examination of centenarian populations in relation to certain genes or lipoprotein metabolism provide insights into human longevity. The findings on the higher frequency of the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele in middle-aged subjects than in centenarians were substantially confirmed. On the contrary, recent findings did not confirm previous data on increased prevalence of the high-risk angiotensin I converting enzyme D allele in French centenarians. The variability in the strength of association between angiotensin I converting enzyme polymorphism and longevity could be related to regional differences in angiotensin I converting enzyme D allele frequency in Europe recently showed, as also recently reported for apolipoprotein Eepsilon2 and epsilon4 allele in centenarians. Indeed some studies of lipoprotein profiles in centenarians have also had contradictory outcomes, with evidence of lower serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, with higher high-density lipoprotein 2 cholesterol subfraction, larger high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein particle sizes, and higher lipoprotein(a) concentration in centenarians, which is apparently disadvantageous for human longevity. Elevated lipoprotein(a) serum levels, increasing the risk for cerebrovascular disease, may play a role in determining clinical Alzheimer's disease, but lipoprotein(a) elevation in centenarians, in the absence of other coronary artery disease risk factors, appears as a positive survival factor. In different populations, there are significant trends in the reduction of serum apolipoprotein E levels from apolipoprotein E epsilon2- to epsilon4-carriers and significant differences in serum apolipoprotein E levels with respect to age in epsilon4-carriers but only after adjustment for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. While further studies are needed to confirm the possible role of apolipoprotein E concentration as putative longevity factor this paper provides an overview of many of the investigated vascular factors with respect to longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panza
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Bari, Italy.
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Nacmias B, Bagnoli S, Tedde A, Cellini E, Bessi V, Guarnieri B, Ortensi L, Piacentini S, Bracco L, Sorbi S. Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease and longevity. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2007; 45:201-6. [PMID: 17182125 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2006.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A recent, large meta-analysis has reproposed the role of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). To further investigate the proposed association and to better clarify the role of ACE as a risk factor for AD, we analyzed the genotype and allele frequency distribution of ACE I/D and apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms in 235 Italian patients with sporadic AD, 153 with familial AD (FAD), 192 healthy controls and 111 centenarians. Patients with AD were consecutively gathered from among the outpatients from the Neurology Department at the University of Florence. All 691 subjects were genotyped for ACE and APOE polymorphisms. There were no significant differences in ACE genotypes or allele frequencies in all the studied groups, even after stratification for APOE epsilon4 carrier status. Centenarians show the highest allele D frequency, although the value is not significant, thus suggesting a possible implication of the D allele as an epistatic allele that has pleiotropic age-dependent effects. In conclusion, our data suggest that the ACE allelic variant is not a susceptibility factor in sporadic and familial AD (FAD), nor does it mitigate the effect of the APOE epsilon4 allele in the risk of developing AD. Moreover, our data do not suggest a possible involvement of the D allele in longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Florence, Florence and Centro di Ricerca, Trasferimento e Alta Formazione DENOTHE, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 85, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
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Hsieh YY, Lee CC, Chang CC, Wang YK, Yeh LS, Lin CS. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme insertion-related genotypes and allele are associated with higher susceptibility of endometriosis and leiomyoma. Mol Reprod Dev 2007; 74:808-14. [PMID: 17186537 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis and leiomyoma display features similar to malignancy, requiring neovascularization to proliferation and growth. Altered vascular-related genes might be related to the development of endometriosis and leiomyoma. Polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) genes have been linked with some vascular diseases. This study investigates whether ACE I/D gene polymorphisms could be used as markers of susceptibility in endometriosis and leiomyoma. Women were divided into three groups: (1) endometriosis (n = 125); (2) leiomyoma (n = 120); (3) normal controls (n = 128). Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral leukocyte. ACE I/D gene polymorphisms in intron 16 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) Genotypes and allelic frequencies in both groups were compared. We observed the genotype distribution and allele frequency of ACE I/D gene polymorphisms in both groups were significantly different. Proportions of ACE*I homozygote/heterozygote/D homozygote in both groups were: (1) 50.4/24/25.6%; (2) 25/23.33/51.67%; (3) 10.2/29.7/60.1%. Proportions of I/D alleles in each group were: (1) 62.4/37.6%; (2) 36.7/63.3%; (3) 25/75%. We concluded that ACE*I/D gene polymorphisms are associated with endometriosis and leiomyoma susceptibilities. ACE*I-related genotypes and allele are strongly related to the occurrence of endometriosis and moderately related to the occurrence of leiomyoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Kim KI, Na JE, Kang SY, Cho YS, Choi DJ, Kim CH, Kim HS, Oh BH, Choi YH, Kwon IS, Park SC. Impact of NAD(P)H oxidase p22 phox gene polymorphism on vascular aging in Korean centenarian and nonagenarian. Int J Cardiol 2007; 123:18-22. [PMID: 17307262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, the imbalance between production and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is implicated in the process of cardiovascular aging. Membrane-associated NAD(P)H oxidase system is the most important source of ROS in vascular cells. p22(phox), a critical component of the NAD(P)H oxidase, has a polymorphic site on exon 4, associated with variable enzyme activity. The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of the p22(phox) C242T polymorphism on cardiovascular aging. METHODS We investigated, in a cross-sectional study, the distribution of the p22(phox) genotypes and its impact on vascular aging in elderly Korean subjects (N=123, mean age+/-SD: 97.0+/-5.0). p22(phox) C242T polymorphism was determined by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The p22(phox) genotype and allele frequencies were also compared with younger Korean subjects (N=363, mean age+/-SD: 49.0+/-10.3). RESULTS No significant difference was identified in p22(phox) genotype frequency according to the subject's age. However, the prevalence of CT+TT genotype was significantly less frequent in normotensive extremely elderly compared with younger subjects. Furthermore, the prevalence of the CT+TT genotype was significantly more frequent in hypertensive subjects (21.9%) than in the normotensive group (6.0%, P=0.016) in extremely elderly subject. The association was more significant in systolic hypertension rather than diastolic hypertension. Mean systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were also significantly higher in subjects with CT+TT genotype. In contrast, there was no significant association between p22(phox) genotype and hypertension in younger-aged group. CONCLUSION These results suggest an association between the p22(phox) C242T polymorphism and vascular aging, which might be mediated by the increase of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Forero DA, Pinzón J, Arboleda GH, Yunis JJ, Alvarez C, Cataño N, Arboleda H. Analysis of common polymorphisms in angiotensin-converting enzyme and apolipoprotein e genes and human longevity in Colombia. Arch Med Res 2006; 37:890-4. [PMID: 16971231 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic analysis of human longevity may be useful for the understanding of molecular mechanisms implicated in age-related diseases. The molecular genetics of human longevity is largely unexplored in Latin American populations and other developing countries. METHODS To explore the possibility of an association of common polymorphisms in two candidate genes and longevity in Colombia, we analyzed two polymorphisms in apolipoprotein E (APOE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genes in a sample of 538 Colombian subjects (18-106 years), using previously validated PCR-based methodologies. RESULTS We found a significant decrease in ACE DD genotype (24 vs. 16%) between young and old subject groups (mean age: 45 vs. 77 years) (p = 0.03). The ACE DD genotype and D allele decrease was significant only in women. There were no differences for APOE polymorphism between young and old subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our results are compatible with the expected age-related decrease of ACE DD genotype. Future studies examining functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ACE gene and its correlation with serum ACE activity in the older subjects and their younger relatives in this sample are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Forero
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina e Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Ahn Jo S, Ahn K, Kim JH, Kang BH, Kim E, Jo I, Kim DK. ApoE-ε 4-dependent association of the choline acetyltransferase gene polymorphisms (2384G>A and 1882G>A) with Alzheimer's disease. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 368:179-82. [PMID: 16480703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 12/27/2005] [Accepted: 12/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the characteristic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the degeneration of the cholinergic system. The gene encoding choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), a key enzyme in cholinergic function, is a candidate gene conferring risk for AD. But the genetic association of the enzyme with AD has been controversial. We analyzed 2 ChAT single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 2384G>A (rs3810950; Ala120Thr) and 1882G>A (rs1880676; Asp7Asn) and the ApoE polymorphisms in Korean population. METHODS The samples from 316 AD patients and 264 age-matched healthy controls were analyzed. The differences in genotype frequencies were assessed. RESULTS The 2 ChAT SNPs were almost completely linked with each other (r2=0.99, |D'|=1.0). No significant difference in the ChAT genotype distribution was observed between the patients and the controls. However, in non-ApoE-epsilon4 allele carriers, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that both the GA and the GA/AA genotypes were associated with AD (OR=1.639, 95% CI, 1.050-2.559, p=0.0297 for GA; OR=1.630, 95% CI, 1.049-2.532, p=0.0297 for GA/AA), suggesting a dominant effect of A allele. CONCLUSION There is considerable effect of the ChAT polymorphisms on AD in Korean population and this effect is dependent on ApoE genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmee Ahn Jo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, 5 Nokbun-dong, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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Atzmon G, Rincon M, Rabizadeh P, Barzilai N. Biological evidence for inheritance of exceptional longevity. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:341-5. [PMID: 15621216 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2004.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Subjects with exceptional longevity have a lower incidence and/or significant delay in the onset of age-related disease, and their family members may inherit biological factors that modulate aging processes and disease susceptibility. In a case control study, we aim to determine phenotype and genotype of exceptional longevity in a genetically homogenous population (Ashkenazi Jews), and their offspring, while an age-matched control group of Ashkenazi Jews was used as control groups. We demonstrated that exceptional longevity and healthy aging in humans is an inherited phenotype across three generations. Moreover, we demonstrated that subjects with exceptional longevity and their offspring have significantly larger high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and particle sizes and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels that reflect on their health and cognitive function performance. This phenotype have led us to study candidate genes involved in lipoprotein metabolism, and to the implication of homozygosity for the 405 valine (V) allele of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). A markedly higher frequency of a functional CETP variant that led to increased particle sizes of HDL and LDL and thus a better health performance is the first example of a phenotype and an associated genotype in humans with exceptional longevity. Hopefully, this line of research will lead us to establish which genotype is necessary (although not necessary sufficient) for a prolonged disease-free aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Atzmon
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Diabetes Research and Training Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Shin MH, Kim HN, Cui LH, Kweon SS, Park KS, Heo H, Nam HS, Jeong SK, Chung EK, Choi JS. The effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on lipid levels in Korean adults. J Korean Med Sci 2005; 20:361-6. [PMID: 15953853 PMCID: PMC2782187 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2005.20.3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) on lipid levels in Korean adults and to investigate the interactions between these polymorphisms and environmental factors in determining lipid levels. We performed a cross-sectional study of 1,900 subjects (668 men and 1,232 women; 45-74 yr old) in Namwon, Korea, in 2004. APOE polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis. Carriers of the APOE*E2 (E2) allele had significantly lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations than did carriers of the APOE*E3 (E3) or APOE*E4 (E4) alleles, regardless of gender. The APOE allele type had significant effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride levels in women, but not in men. The effect of APOE allele type on HDL-C levels was modified by age in women. In addition, in men, the effect of APOE allele type on triglyceride levels was modified by smoking. These findings highlight the important effect of gene-environment interactions on lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Korea
| | - Hee Nam Kim
- Genomic Research Center of Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Lian-Hua Cui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanbian, China
| | - Sun-Seog Kweon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Soo Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Korea
| | - Heon Heo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sung Nam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Chung
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University College of Medicine, Chonnam National University Research Center of Medical Sciences, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jin-Su Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University College of Medicine, Chonnam National University Research Center of Medical Sciences, Gwangju, Korea
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Ordovas JM, Mooser V. Genes, lipids and aging: is it all accounted for by cardiovascular disease risk?: editorial review. Curr Opin Lipidol 2005; 16:121-6. [PMID: 15767851 DOI: 10.1097/01.mol.0000162316.01431.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hsieh YY, Chang CC, Tsai FJ, Hsu CM, Lin CC, Tsai CH. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme ACE 2350*G and ACE-240*T-related genotypes and alleles are associated with higher susceptibility to endometriosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:11-4. [PMID: 15531592 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gah131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis displays features similar to malignancy, ranging from neovascularization to local invasion and aggressive spread to distant organs. The altered vascular-related genes might be related to the development of endometriosis. This study investigates whether angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) *A2350G and A-240T gene polymorphisms could be used as markers of susceptibility in endometriosis. Women were divided into two groups: (1) endometriosis group (n=150) and (2) non-endometriosis group (n=159). Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral leukocytes. ACE A2350G and A-240T gene polymorphisms were amplified by PCR and detected after restriction enzyme digestion with BstUI and XbaI. Genotypes and allelic frequencies in both groups were compared. We observed that genotype distribution and allele frequency of ACE 2350 and ACE-240 gene polymorphisms in both groups were significantly different. Proportions of ACE 2350*A homozygote/heterozygote/G homozygote in both groups were: (1) 66.7/29.3/4% and (2) 96.2/3.1/0.7%. Proportions of ACE-240*A homozygote/heterozygote/T homozygote in both groups were: (1) 43.3/46/10.7% and (2) 62.9/35.8/1.3%. We concluded that ACE 2350*G and ACE-240*T-related genotypes and alleles are associated with higher susceptibility to endometriosis. ACE A2350G and A-240T gene polymorphisms might be associated with endometriosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Panza F, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Capurso C, Palasciano R, Capurso S, Gadaleta A, Capurso A, Kehoe PG, Solfrizzi V. Molecular Determinants of Human Longevity. Adv Clin Chem 2005; 39:185-210. [PMID: 16013672 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(04)39007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panza
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for the Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, 11-70124, Bari, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University, VA Medical Center, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., M238, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Panza F, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Capurso C, Capurso S, Kehoe PG, Capurso A, Solfrizzi V. Vascular genetic factors and human longevity. Mech Ageing Dev 2004; 125:169-78. [PMID: 15013661 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Revised: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 12/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complex inter-relationships between age-associated illnesses, such as vascular disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggest that biological and genetic pathways may be worthy of examination in centenarian populations to provide insights into human longevity. This is also borne out by the involvement of lipoprotein metabolism and a number of vascular genetic risk factors. Repeated findings of a higher frequency of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele in middle-aged subjects compared with centenarians were reported. Furthermore, we have also shown how in different populations there is a significant trend in reduction of serum APOE levels from APOE epsilon2- to epsilon4-carrier as well as significant differences in serum APOE levels respect to age in epsilon4-carriers but only after adjustment for HDL cholesterol. In contrast, findings of increased prevalence of the angiotensin I converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) D allele in French centenarians have not been replicated, suggesting the possibility that regional differences may occur in ACE1(*)D frequency within Europe in centenarians, as has been recently reported for APOE epsilon2 and epsilon4 alleles. A number of studies have examined the potential role in longevity of other genes involved in vascular risk, haemostasis, and blood pressure regulation [methyltetrahydrofolatereductase (MTHFR), apolipoprotein A1 (APOA-I), apolipoprotein C3 (APOC-III), apolipoprotein A4 (APOA-IV), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1)], with contrasting results. While further studies are needed to confirm the possible role of APOE concentration as putative longevity factor, this paper provides an overview of genetic vascular factors potentially involved in human longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panza
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11-70124 Bari, Italy.
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Abstract
According to developmental genetics theories, aging is a genetically programmed and controlled continuum of development and maturation. Being dynamic and malleable processes, development and aging are controlled not only by genes but also by environmental and epigenetic influences that predominate in the second half of life. Genetic mutations affect many phenotypes in flies, worms, rodents, and humans which share several diseases or their equivalents, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and infectious disorders as well as their susceptibility to them. Life span and stress resistance are closely linked. Oxidative stress actually constitutes a defined hypothesis of aging in that macromolecule oxidative damage accumulates with age and tends to be associated with life expectancy. DNA methylation, a force in the regulation of gene expression, is also one of the biomarkers of genetic damage. The mitotic clock of aging is marked, if not guided, by telomeres, essential genetic elements stabilizing natural chromosomic ends. The dream of humans to live longer, healthy lives is being tested by attempts to modify longevity in animal models, frequently by dietary manipulation. The quest continues to understand the mechanisms of healthy aging, one of the most compelling areas of research in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Hamet
- Centre de recherche, CHUM-Hôtel-Dieu, Université Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Current awareness in geriatric psychiatry. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18:761-8. [PMID: 12931721 DOI: 10.1002/gps.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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