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Muscular HSP70 content is higher in elderly compared to young, but is normalized after 12 weeks of strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1689-1699. [PMID: 33677694 PMCID: PMC8144120 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Aging is associated with increased myocellular stress and loss of muscle mass and function. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are upregulated during periods of stress as part of the cells protective system. Exercise can affect both acute HSP regulation and when repeated regularly counteract unhealthy age-related changes in the muscle. Few studies have investigated effects of exercise on HSP content in elderly. The aim of the study was to compare muscular HSP levels in young and elderly and to investigate how training affects HSP content in muscles from aged males and females. Methods Thirty-eight elderly were randomized to 12 weeks of strength training (STG), functional strength training (FTG) or a control group (C). To compare elderly to young, 13 untrained young performed 11 weeks of strength training (Y). Muscle biopsies were collected before and after the intervention and analyzed for HSP27, αB-crystallin and HSP70. Results Baseline HSP70 were 35% higher in elderly than in young, whereas there were no differences between young and elderly in HSP27 or αB-crystallin. After the training intervention, HSP70 were reduced in STG (− 33 ± 32%; P = 0.001) and FTG (− 28 ± 30%; P = 0.012). The decrease in HSP70 was more pronounced in the oldest. In contrast, Y increased HSP27 (134 ± 1%; P < 0.001) and αB-crystallin (84 ± 94%; P = 0.008). Conclusion Twelve weeks of STG or FTG decreased the initial high levels of HSP70 in aged muscles. Thus, regular strength training can normalize some of the increases in cellular stress associated with normal aging, and lead to a healthier cellular environment in aged muscle cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-021-04633-4.
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Jurivich DA, Manocha GD, Trivedi R, Lizakowski M, Rakoczy S, Brown-Borg H. Multifactorial Attenuation of the Murine Heat Shock Response With Age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1846-1852. [PMID: 31612204 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-dependent perturbation of the cellular stress response affects proteostasis and other key functions relevant to cellular action and survival. Central to age-related changes in the stress response is loss of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1)-DNA binding and transactivation properties. This report elucidates how age alters different checkpoints of HSF1 activation related to posttranslational modification and protein interactions. When comparing liver extracts from middle aged (12 M) and old (24 M) mice, significant differences are found in HSF1 phosphorylation and acetylation. HSF1 protein levels and messenger RNA decline with age, but its protein levels are stress-inducible and exempt from age-dependent changes. This surprising adaptive change in the stress response has additional implications for aging and chronic physiological stress that might explain an age-dependent dichotomy of HSF1 protein levels that are low in neurodegeneration and elevated in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Jurivich
- Department of Geriatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Gunjan D Manocha
- Department of Geriatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Rachana Trivedi
- Department of Geriatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Mary Lizakowski
- Department of Geriatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Sharlene Rakoczy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Holly Brown-Borg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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Zareian M, Oskoueian E, Majdinasab M, Forghani B. Production of GABA-enriched idli with ACE inhibitory and antioxidant properties using Aspergillus oryzae: the antihypertensive effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Funct 2020; 11:4304-4313. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02854d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop a fermented food (idli) with enhanced γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory properties using a GABA-producing fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Zareian
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Göteborg
- Sweden
| | - Ehsan Oskoueian
- Mashhad Branch
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII)
- Agricultural Research
- Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO)
- Mashhad
| | - Marjan Majdinasab
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- College of Agriculture
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz
- Iran
| | - Bita Forghani
- Division of Food and Nutrition Sciences
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Göteborg
- Sweden
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Harahap NS, Lelo A, Purba A, Sibuea A, Amelia R, Zulaini Z. The effect of red-fleshed pitaya ( Hylocereus polyrhizus) on heat shock protein 70 and cortisol expression in strenuous exercise induced rats. F1000Res 2019; 8:130. [PMID: 34707862 PMCID: PMC8517728 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17533.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxidative stress from exercise can contribute to damaging cells, increasing heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and suppressing the immune system in the body. This research aimed to determine the antioxidant potential of red-fleshed pitaya extract on HSP70 and cortisol expression in rats which were subjected to strenuous exercise. Methods: The subjects of this research were 32 Sprague Dawley male rats, aged 3 months, with an average weight of 200 g. Red-fleshed pitaya extract was obtained from methanol extraction process; a maceration technique was performed and the extract was concentrated using an air-drying method. Rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 were subjected to strenuous exercise and treated with distilled water only; while Groups 2, 3 and 4 were subjected to strenuous exercise and treated with 100 mg/kg body weight, 200 mg/kg body weight and 300 mg/kg body weight of red-fleshed pitaya extract, respectively. Strenuous exercises in rats was performed by intense swimming of 20 min/day, 3 days a week for 3 weeks. HSP70 expression and cortisol were measured with Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Results: There was a significant reduction of HSP70 (p=0.000) and cortisol expression (p=0.000) between the groups. Also, there was a significant difference in the average decreasing of HSP70 expression between group 4 and either groups 1 or 2 (p=0.000). However, a significant difference between groups 4 and 3 was not observed (p=0.813). Lastly, a significant difference was found in the average decrease of cortisol expression between groups 4 and 1 (p=0.000), 2 (p=0.000), and 3 (p=0.000) respectively. Conclusion: Red-fleshed pitaya is potential to be utilized as antioxidant to decrease the HSP70 and cortisol expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novita Sari Harahap
- Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, North Sumatra, 20221, Indonesia
| | - Aznan Lelo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatra Utara, Medan, North Sumatra, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Ambrosius Purba
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjajaran University, Bandung, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Awaluddin Sibuea
- Surgery Division, Dr. T. Mansyur Tanjung Balai Hospital, Tanjungbalai, North Sumatra, 21312, Indonesia
| | - Rina Amelia
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatra Utara, Medan, North Sumatra, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Zulaini Zulaini
- Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, North Sumatra, 20221, Indonesia
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Pala R, Beyaz F, Tuzcu M, Er B, Sahin N, Cinar V, Sahin K. The effects of coenzyme Q10 on oxidative stress and heat shock proteins in rats subjected to acute and chronic exercise. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2018; 22:14-20. [PMID: 30343554 PMCID: PMC6199489 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2018.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of the study was to determine the effects of dietary CoQ10 on serum biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, and HSP expression in the liver and slow-twitch muscles (soleus and gastronemius deep portion) of exercise-trained rats. [Methods] A total of 42 Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups: 1) Control, 2) Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), 3) Chronic Exercise (CE), 4) CE + CoQ10, 5) Acute Exercise (AE), and 6) AE + CoQ10. The rats were subjected to the running test 5 days a week for 6 weeks after which CoQ10 was administered via the diet. AE (running on the treadmill until the rats were exhausted) was done on the last day [Results] The results showed no significant difference in serum glucose and liver functions in any of the groups. However, CoQ10 and exercise treatment were found to lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Serum and muscle malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were found to be lower in the CE and CE + CoQ10 groups compared to the control group. The highest levels of HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 in liver and muscle were found in the AE group, and the lowest levels were found in CE + CoQ10 group. CoQ10 supplementation reduced HSP expression in both CE-and AE-trained rats (P < 0.05). [Conclusion] The results showed that CoQ10 supplementation could reduce MDA levels, protect against oxidative damage, and regulate HSP expression in CE-and AE-trained rats. CE and CoQ10 were shown to reduce oxidative stress synergistically.
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Lien CY, Jensen BT, Hydock DS, Hayward R. Short-term exercise training attenuates acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 71:669-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Walton RD, Jones SA, Rostron KA, Kayani AC, Close GL, McArdle A, Lancaster MK. Interactions of Short-Term and Chronic Treadmill Training With Aging of the Left Ventricle of the Heart. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:1005-13. [PMID: 26248561 PMCID: PMC4945880 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With aging, there is a decline in cardiac function accompanying increasing risk of arrhythmias. These effects are likely to be mechanistically associated with age-associated changes in calcium regulation within cardiac myocytes. Previous studies suggest that lifelong exercise can potentially reduce age-associated changes in the heart. Although exercise itself is associated with changes in cardiac function, little is known about the interactions of aging and exercise with respect to myocyte calcium regulation. To investigate this, adult (12 months) and old (24 months) C57/Bl6 mice were trained using moderate-intensity treadmill running. In response to 10 weeks’ training, comparable cardiac hypertrophic responses were observed, although aging independently associated with additional cardiac hypertrophy. Old animals also showed increased L- and T-type calcium channels, the sodium–calcium exchange, sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase, and collagen (by 50%, 92%, 66%, 88%, and 113% respectively). Short-term exercise training increased D-type and T-type calcium channels in old animals only, whereas an increase in sodium–calcium exchange was seen only in adult animals. Long-term (12 months) training generally opposed the effects of aging. Significant hypertrophy remained in long-term trained old animals, but levels of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase, sodium–calcium exchange, and collagen were not significantly different from those found in the adult trained animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna C Kayani
- Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool
| | - Graeme L Close
- Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool
| | - Anne McArdle
- Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool
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Kim JH, Lee Y, Kwak HB, Lawler JM. Lifelong wheel running exercise and mild caloric restriction attenuate nuclear EndoG in the aging plantaris muscle. Exp Gerontol 2015; 69:122-8. [PMID: 26055450 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in atrophy and sarcopenia in skeletal muscle. Recent evidence suggests that insufficient heat shock proteins (HSPs) may contribute to apoptosis and muscle wasting. In addition, long-term caloric restriction (CR) and lifelong wheel running exercise (WR) with CR provide significant protection against caspase-dependent apoptosis and sarcopenia. Caspase-independent mediators (endonuclease G: EndoG; apoptosis-inducing factor: AIF) of apoptosis are also linked to muscles wasting with disuse and aging. However, the efficacy of CR and WR with CR to attenuate caspase-independent apoptosis and preserve HSPs in aging skeletal muscle are unknown. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that CR and WR with CR would ameliorate age-induced elevation of EndoG and AIF while protecting HSP27 and HSP70 levels in the plantaris. Male Fischer-344 rats were divided into 4 groups at 11weeks: ad libitum feeding until 6months (YAL); fed ad libitum until 24months old (OAL); 8%CR to 24months (OCR); WR+8%CR to 24months (OExCR). Nuclear EndoG levels were significantly higher in OAL (+153%) than in YAL, while CR (-38%) and WR with CR (-46%) significantly attenuated age-induced increment in nuclear EndoG. HSP27 (-63%) protein content and phosphorylation at Ser82 (-49%) were significantly lower in OAL than in YAL, while HSP27 protein content was significantly higher in OCR (+136%) and OExCR (+155%) and p-HSP27 (+254%) was significantly higher in OExCR compared with OAL, respectively. In contrast, AIF and HSP70 were unaltered by CR or WR with CR in aging muscle. These data indicate that CR and WR with CR attenuate age-associated upregulation of EndoG translocation in the nucleus, potentially involved with HSP27 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hee Kim
- Redox Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, United States; Department of Physical Education, Hanyang University, South Korea
| | - Yang Lee
- Redox Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, United States
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Redox Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, United States; Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, South Korea
| | - John M Lawler
- Redox Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, United States.
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9
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Efficacy of female rat models in translational cardiovascular aging research. J Aging Res 2014; 2014:153127. [PMID: 25610649 PMCID: PMC4294461 DOI: 10.1155/2014/153127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women in the United States. Aging is a primary risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease as well as cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. Aging is a universal process that all humans undergo; however, research in aging is limited by cost and time constraints. Therefore, most research in aging has been done in primates and rodents; however it is unknown how well the effects of aging in rat models translate into humans. To compound the complication of aging gender has also been indicated as a risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases. This review addresses the systemic pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system associated with aging and gender for aging research with regard to the applicability of rat derived data for translational application to human aging.
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Powers SK, Smuder AJ, Kavazis AN, Quindry JC. Mechanisms of exercise-induced cardioprotection. Physiology (Bethesda) 2014; 29:27-38. [PMID: 24382869 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00030.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury can cause ventricular cell death and is a major pathological event leading to morbidity and mortality in those with coronary artery disease. Interestingly, as few as five bouts of exercise on consecutive days can rapidly produce a cardiac phenotype that resists IR-induced myocardial injury. This review summarizes the development of exercise-induced cardioprotection and the mechanisms responsible for this important adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
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11
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Tiss A, Khadir A, Abubaker J, Abu-Farha M, Al-Khairi I, Cherian P, John J, Kavalakatt S, Warsame S, Al-Ghimlas F, Elkum N, Behbehani K, Dermime S, Dehbi M. Immunohistochemical profiling of the heat shock response in obese non-diabetic subjects revealed impaired expression of heat shock proteins in the adipose tissue. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:106. [PMID: 24986468 PMCID: PMC4085713 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammation and altered stress responses in key metabolic tissues. Impairment of heat shock response (HSR) has been already linked to diabetes and insulin resistance as reflected by decrease in heat shock proteins (HSPs) expression. However, the status of HSR in non-diabetic human obese has not yet been elucidated. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether obesity triggers a change in the HSR pattern and the impact of physical exercise on this pattern at protein and mRNA levels. METHODS Two groups of adult non-diabetic human subjects consisting of lean and obese (n = 47 for each group) were enrolled in this study. The expression pattern of HSP-27, DNAJB3/HSP-40, HSP-60, HSC-70, HSP72, HSP-90 and GRP-94 in the adipose tissue was primarily investigated by immunohistochemistry and then complemented by western blot and qRT-PCR in Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). HSPs expression levels were correlated with various physical, clinical and biochemical parameters. We have also explored the effect of a 3-month moderate physical exercise on the HSPs expression pattern in obese subjects. RESULTS Obese subjects displayed increased expression of HSP-60, HSC-70, HSP-72, HSP-90 and GRP-94 and lower expression of DNAJB3/HSP-40 (P < 0.05). No differential expression was observed for HSP-27 between the two groups. Higher levels of HSP-72 and GRP-94 proteins correlated positively with the indices of obesity (body mass index and percent body fat) and circulating levels of IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and RANTES chemokines. This expression pattern was concomitant with increased inflammatory response in the adipose tissue as monitored by increased levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and RANTES (P < 0.05). Physical exercise reduced the expression of various HSPs in obese to normal levels observed in lean subjects with a parallel decrease in the endogenous levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and RANTES. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data indicate that obesity triggers differential regulation of various components of the HSR in non-diabetic subjects and a 3-month physical moderate exercise was sufficient to restore the normal expression of HSPs in the adipose tissue with concomitant attenuation in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohammed Dehbi
- Diabetes Research Centre, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Box: 5825, Doha, Qatar.
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Abstract
There are alarming increases in the incidence of obesity, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The risk of these diseases is significantly reduced by appropriate lifestyle modifications such as increased physical activity. However, the exact mechanisms by which exercise influences the development and progression of cardiovascular disease are unclear. In this paper we review some important exercise-induced changes in cardiac, vascular, and blood tissues and discuss recent clinical trials related to the benefits of exercise. We also discuss the roles of boosting antioxidant levels, consequences of epicardial fat reduction, increases in expression of heat shock proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins, mitochondrial adaptation, and the role of sarcolemmal and mitochondrial potassium channels in the contributing to the cardioprotection offered by exercise. In terms of vascular benefits, the main effects discussed are changes in exercise-induced vascular remodeling and endothelial function. Exercise-induced fibrinolytic and rheological changes also underlie the hematological benefits of exercise.
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Lawler JM, Hindle A. Living in a box or call of the wild? Revisiting lifetime inactivity and sarcopenia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2529-41. [PMID: 21539480 PMCID: PMC3176342 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The accepted effects of aging in mammalian skeletal muscle are progressive atrophy and weakening, or sarcopenia. Canonical hallmarks of aging in skeletal muscle include a reduction in muscle fiber cross-sectional area, a loss in muscle fibers through apoptosis and denervation, and infiltration of connective tissue or fibrosis. Emerging thought suggests that pro-inflammatory signaling and oxidative stress may contribute to sarcopenia. CRITICAL ISSUES Unfortunately, most of the mammalian models used to examine and understand sarcopenia are confounded by the pervasive influence of prolonged physical inactivity. Further, the potential for underlying metabolic disorder and chronic disease (e.g., type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease) may accelerate skeletal muscle wasting. Because physical inactivity may share elevated pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase) and insufficient stress response (insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1], heat-shock protein 25 [HSP25], NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3 [SIRT-3], and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1[PGC-1α]) signaling with aging and chronic disease, it is critical to distinguish true aging from chronic inactivity or underlying disease. Conversely, the efficacy of exercise and caloric restrictive interventions against sarcopenia in aging populations appears highly effective when (a) conducted across the lifespan, or (b) at higher intensities when commenced in middle age or later. RECENT ADVANCES While the prospective mechanisms by which exercise or daily activity provide have not been elucidated, upregulation of HSPs, PGC-1α, and IGF-1 may ameliorate inflammatory signaling, apoptosis, and sarcopenia. Limited data indicate that the aging phenotype exhibited by mammals living in their natural habitat (Weddell seal and shrews) express limited apoptosis and fiber atrophy, whereas significant collagen accumulation remains. In addition, aging shrews displayed a remarkable ability to upregulate antioxidant enzymes (copper, zinc isoform of superoxide dismutase, manganese isoform of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase). FUTURE DIRECTIONS It is possible that in healthy populations requiring daily activity to thrive, fibrosis and weakness, more than atrophy, may be the predominant phenotype of muscle aging until senescence. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which lifetime inactivity contributes to sarcopenia and chronic disease will be critical in managing the quality of life and health costs associated with our aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lawler
- Redox Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843–4243, USA.
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Zhang F, Wu Y, Jia J. Exercise preconditioning and brain ischemic tolerance. Neuroscience 2011; 177:170-6. [PMID: 21241780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that physical exercise can exert neuroprotection both in clinical settings and animal experiments. A series of studies have demonstrated that physical exercise may be a promising preconditioning method to induce brain ischemic tolerance through the promotion of angiogenesis, mediation of the inflammatory response, inhibition of glutamate over-activation, protection of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and inhibition of apoptosis. Through these mechanisms, exercise preconditioning may reduce the neural deficits associated with ischemia and the development of brain infarction and thus provide brain ischemic tolerance. An awareness of the benefits of exercise preconditioning may lead more patients to accept exercise therapy in cases of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gielen
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Strümpellstraße 39, Leipzig, Germany
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Huey KA, Burdette S, Zhong H, Roy RR. Early response of heat shock proteins to functional overload of the soleus and plantaris in rats and mice. Exp Physiol 2010; 95:1145-55. [PMID: 20851858 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2010.054692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are important factors in the response of skeletal muscles to chronic increases or decreases in activation and loading. The purpose of this study was to compare species-, time- and muscle-dependent changes in protein expression of Hsp20, Hsp25, αB-crystallin, Hsp72 and Hsp90 in response to functional overload (FO) in rats and mice. We compared protein levels of Hsp20, Hsp25, αB-crystallin, Hsp72 and Hsp90 in soleus and plantaris in baseline conditions and following 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 7 days (rats) or 3 and 7 days (mice) of FO. Baseline levels of all HSPs were higher in rat soleus than plantaris, whereas only baseline expression of Hsp20 was higher in mouse soleus than plantaris. Levels of Hsp72 and Hsp90 were higher in plantaris and soleus of FO than control mice and rats after 3 and 7 days of FO. Protein levels and phosphorylation of Hsp25 in mouse plantaris and soleus were higher than control levels after 3 and 7 days of FO, except for soleus at 3 days. αB-crystallin levels were higher in plantaris of FO than control mice after 3 and 7 days of FO and in FO than control rats after 7 days of FO. Heat shock protein 20 was the least responsive, increasing only in 7 day FO rat plantaris compared with control rats. Overall, the results demonstrate that levels of both large and small HSPs increase with FO, suggesting a contributory role during the compensatory hypertrophy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Huey
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, 2507 University Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA.
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Thomas MM, Vigna C, Betik AC, Tupling AR, Hepple RT. Initiating treadmill training in late middle age offers modest adaptations in Ca2+ handling but enhances oxidative damage in senescent rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R1269-78. [PMID: 20200131 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00663.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging skeletal muscle shows an increased time to peak force and relaxation and a decreased specific force, all of which could relate to changes in muscle Ca(2+) handling. The purpose of this study was to determine if Ca(2+)-handling protein content and function are decreased in senescent gastrocnemius muscle and if initiating a training program in late middle age (LMA, 29 mo old) could improve function in senescent (34- to 36-mo-old) muscle. LMA male Fischer 344 x Brown-Norway rats underwent 5-7 mo of treadmill training. Aging resulted in a decrease in maximal sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) activity and a decrease in Ca(2+) release rate but no change in Ca(2+) uptake rate. Efficiency of the Ca(2+) pump was increased with age, as was the content of SERCA2a. Training caused a further increase in SERCA2a content. Aging also caused an increase in protein carbonyl and reactive nitrogen species damage accumulation, and both further increased with training. Consistent with the increase in oxidative damage, heat shock protein 70 content was increased with age and further increased with training. Together, these results suggest that while initiating exercise training in LMA augments the age-related increase in expression of heat shock protein 70 and the more efficient SERCA2a isoform, it did not prevent the decrease in SERCA activity and exacerbated oxidative damage in senescent gastrocnemius muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Thomas
- Muscle and Aging Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Liebelt B, Papapetrou P, Ali A, Guo M, Ji X, Peng C, Rogers R, Curry A, Jimenez D, Ding Y. Exercise preconditioning reduces neuronal apoptosis in stroke by up-regulating heat shock protein-70 (heat shock protein-72) and extracellular-signal-regulated-kinase 1/2. Neuroscience 2010; 166:1091-100. [PMID: 20083167 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exercise preconditioning induces neuroprotection after stroke. We investigated the beneficial role of heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) and phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated-kinase 1/2 (pERK 1/2), as they pertain to reducing apoptosis and their influence on Bcl-x(L), Bax, and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in rats subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 30 min of exercise on a treadmill for 1, 2, or 3 weeks. Stroke was induced by a 2-h middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion using an intraluminal filament. Protein levels of HSP-70, pERK 1/2, Bcl-x(L), Bax, and AIF were analyzed using Western blot. Neuroprotection was based on levels of apoptosis (TUNEL) and infarct volume (Nissl staining). Immunocytochemistry was used for cellular expression of HSP-70 and pERK 1/2. Significant (P<0.05) up-regulation of HSP-70 and pERK 1/2 after 3 weeks of exercise coincided with significant (P<0.05) reduction in neuronal apoptosis and brain infarct volume. Inhibition of either one of these two factors showed a significant (P<0.05) reversal in the neuroprotection. Bax and AIF were down-regulated, while levels of Bcl-x(L) were up-regulated in response to stroke after exercise. Inhibiting HSP-70 or pERK 1/2 reversed this resultant increase or decrease. Our results indicate that exercise diminishes neuronal injury in stroke by up-regulating HSP-70 and ERK 1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liebelt
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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19
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Huey KA, Vieira V, Woods JA. Heat Shock Proteins, Exercise, and Aging. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS AND WHOLE BODY PHYSIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3381-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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20
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Hormesis, aging and longevity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1030-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Lindner AB, Demarez A. Protein aggregation as a paradigm of aging. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:980-96. [PMID: 19527771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The process of physiological decline leading to death of the individual is driven by the deteriorating capacity to withstand extrinsic and intrinsic hazards, resulting in damage accumulation with age. The dynamic changes with time of the network governing the outcome of misfolded proteins, exemplifying as intrinsic hazards, is considered here as a paradigm of aging. The main features of the network, namely, the non-linear increase of damage and the presence of amplifying feedback loops within the system are presented through a survey of the different components of the network and related cellular processes in aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel B Lindner
- INSERM U571, Paris Descartes University, Paris, F-75015, France.
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22
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Lawler JM, Kwak HB, Kim JH, Suk MH. Exercise training inducibility of MnSOD protein expression and activity is retained while reducing prooxidant signaling in the heart of senescent rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R1496-502. [PMID: 19297546 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90314.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While the stress response to heat and exercise is limited in the heart with progressive aging, recent data indicate that acute or short-term exercise upregulates the Mn isoform of superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), which may provide protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury and cell death by reducing oxidative stress. Growing evidence indicates that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) contributes to age-induced increases in oxidative stress and risk of heart failure. We postulated that oxidative stress and iNOS levels would be related to the ability of the aging heart to upregulate MnSOD in response to long-term exercise training. Six- and twenty-seven-mo-old Fischer-344 rats had been assigned to young sedentary (YS), young exercise (YE), old sedentary (OS), or old exercise (OE) groups. ET groups ran on a treadmill for 60 min/day, 5 days/wk for a total of 12 wk. MnSOD protein expression in the left ventricle was increased (+43%) by 12 wk of exercise training in the old age group, with no changes in Cu,ZnSOD. Exercise training also increased MnSOD activity in left ventricles from old and young rats. HSP70 was inducible by exercise training in hearts exclusively from the young age group. iNOS protein expression increased markedly with aging (+548%), while exercise training decreased iNOS levels by -73% in OE compared with OS. In addition, 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts in the left ventricle increased by 237% with aging, while 12 wk of exercise training resulted in attenuation (-55%). These data indicate that inducibility of MnSOD is preserved with long-term exercise training in the aging rat heart. Moreover, upregulation of MnSOD in the aging heart was directly associated with attenuated levels of oxidative stress, including iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lawler
- Redox Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA.
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23
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Noble EG, Milne KJ, Melling CWJ. Heat shock proteins and exercise: a primer. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33:1050-65. [PMID: 18923583 DOI: 10.1139/h08-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are, in general, prosurvival molecules within the cellular environment, and the overexpression of even just 1 family of HSPs can lead to protection against and improvements after a variety of stressors. Not surprisingly, a fertile area of study has grown out of efforts to exploit the innate biologic behaviour of HSPs. Exercise, because of the inherent physiologic stresses associated with it, is but 1 stimulus that can result in a robust increase in various HSPs in several tissues, not the least of which happen to be the heart and skeletal muscle. The purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to the major HSP families, the control of their expression, and some of their biologic functions, specifically with respect to the influence of exercise. Moreover, as the first in a series of reviews from a common symposium, we will briefly introduce the concepts presented by the other authors, which include the effects of different exercise paradigms on skeletal muscle HSPs in the adult and aged systems, HSPs as regulators of inflammation, and the ion channel stabilizing effects of HSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl G Noble
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A3K7, Canada.
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24
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Hayes K, Sprague S, Guo M, Davis W, Friedman A, Kumar A, Jimenez DF, Ding Y. Forced, not voluntary, exercise effectively induces neuroprotection in stroke. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 115:289-96. [PMID: 18210137 PMCID: PMC2668645 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous treadmill exercise studies showing neuroprotective effects have raised questions as to whether exercise or the stress related to it may be key etiologic factors. In this study, we examined different exercise regimens (forced and voluntary exercise) and compared them with the effect of stress-only on stroke protection. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 65) were randomly assigned to treatment groups for 3 weeks. These groups included control, treadmill exercise, voluntary running wheel exercise, restraint, and electric shock. Levels of the stress hormone, corticosterone, were measured in the different groups using ELISA. Animals from each group were then subjected to stroke induced by a 2-h middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion followed by 48-h reperfusion. Infarct volume was determined in each group, while changes in gene expression of stress-induced heat shock proteins (Hsp) 27 and 70 were compared using real-time PCR between voluntary and treadmill exercise groups. The level of corticosterone was significantly higher in both stress (P < 0.05) and treadmill exercise (P < 0.05) groups, but not in the voluntary exercise group. Infarct volume was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) following stroke in rats exercised on a treadmill. However, the amelioration of damage was not duplicated in voluntary exercise, even though running distance in the voluntary exercise group was significantly (P < 0.01) longer than that of the forced exercise group (4,828 vs. 900 m). Furthermore, rats in the electric shock group displayed a significantly increased (P < 0.01) infarct volume. Expression of both Hsp 27 and Hsp 70 mRNA was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in the treadmill exercise group as compared with that in the voluntary exercise group. These results suggest that exercise with a stressful component, rather than either voluntary exercise or stress alone, is better able to reduce infarct volume. This exercise-induced neuroprotection may be attributable to up-regulation of stress-induced heat shock proteins 27 and 70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Hayes
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Mail Code 7843, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900 USA
| | - Shane Sprague
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Mail Code 7843, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900 USA
| | - Miao Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Mail Code 7843, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900 USA
| | - William Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Mail Code 7843, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900 USA
| | - Asher Friedman
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Mail Code 7843, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900 USA
| | - Ashwini Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Mail Code 7843, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900 USA
| | - David F. Jimenez
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Mail Code 7843, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900 USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Mail Code 7843, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900 USA
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25
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Hinault MP, Ben-Zvi A, Goloubinoff P. Chaperones and proteases: cellular fold-controlling factors of proteins in neurodegenerative diseases and aging. J Mol Neurosci 2007; 30:249-65. [PMID: 17401151 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:30:3:249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The formation of toxic protein aggregates is a common denominator to many neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Accumulation of toxic, possibly infectious protein aggregates induces a cascade of events, such as excessive inflammation, the production of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis and neuronal loss. A network of highly conserved molecular chaperones and of chaperone-related proteases controls the fold-quality of proteins in the cell. Most molecular chaperones can passively prevent protein aggregation by binding misfolding intermediates. Some molecular chaperones and chaperone-related proteases, such as the proteasome, can also hydrolyse ATP to forcefully convert stable harmful protein aggregates into harmless natively refoldable, or protease-degradable, polypeptides. Molecular chaperones and chaperone-related proteases thus control the delicate balance between natively folded functional proteins and aggregation-prone misfolded proteins, which may form during the lifetime and lead to cell death. Abundant data now point at the molecular chaperones and the proteases as major clearance mechanisms to remove toxic protein aggregates from cells, delaying the onset and the outcome of protein-misfolding diseases. Therapeutic approaches include treatments and drugs that can specifically induce and sustain a strong chaperone and protease activity in cells and tissues prone to toxic protein aggregations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Hinault
- DBMV, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Lawler JM, Kwak HB, Song W, Parker JL. Exercise training reverses downregulation of HSP70 and antioxidant enzymes in porcine skeletal muscle after chronic coronary artery occlusion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R1756-63. [PMID: 16873555 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00271.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with muscle fatigue and weakness in skeletal muscle of ischemic heart disease patients. Recently, it was found that endurance training elevates protective heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidant enzymes in skeletal muscle in healthy subjects and antioxidant enzymes in heart failure patients. However, it is unknown whether coronary ischemia and mild infarct without heart failure contributes to impairment of stress proteins and whether exercise training reverses those effects. We tested the hypothesis that exercise training would reverse alterations in muscle TNF-α, oxidative stress, HSP70, SOD (Mn-SOD, Cu,Zn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) due to chronic coronary occlusion of the left circumflex (CCO). Yucatan swine were divided into three groups ( n = 6 each): sedentary with CCO (SCO); 12 wk of treadmill exercise training following CCO (ECO); and sham surgery controls (sham). Forelimb muscle mass-to-body mass ratio decreased by 27% with SCO but recovered with ECO. Exercise training reduced muscle TNF-α and oxidative stress (4-hydroxynonenal adducts) caused by CCO. HSP70 levels decreased with CCO (−45%), but were higher with exercise training (+348%). Mn-SOD activity, Mn-SOD protein expression, and Cu,Zn-SOD activity levels were higher in ECO than SCO by 72, 82, and 112%, respectively. GPX activity was 177% greater in ECO than in SCO. CAT trended higher ( P = 0.059) in ECO compared with SCO. These data indicate that exercise training following onset of coronary artery occlusion results in recovery of critical stress proteins and reduces oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lawler
- Redox Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA.
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27
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Rinaldi B, Corbi G, Boccuti S, Filippelli W, Rengo G, Leosco D, Rossi F, Filippelli A, Ferrara N. Exercise training affects age-induced changes in SOD and heat shock protein expression in rat heart. Exp Gerontol 2006; 41:764-70. [PMID: 16822632 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the effects of age and chronic exercise training on antioxidant and heat shock protein (Hsp) expression by comparing the hearts of young (Y), sedentary old (SO) and trained old (TO) rats. In SO rats, there were: (a) changes in myocardial structure and function; (b) increased malondialdehyde levels; (c) no changes in superoxide-dismutase (SOD) enzymes; (d) reduced Hsp70 expression; and (e) increased Hsp27 expression. In TO rats, SOD enzymes and Hsp70 expression were increased and Hsp27 was further increased. Malondialdehyde level did not differ between TO and SO rats, which shows that chronic exercise did not affect the peroxidation index. In summary, by increasing Hsp27 and Hs70 levels, prolonged exercise partially counterbalanced the heart age-related effects in the antioxidant system without altering peroxidation levels. These findings suggest that the beneficial effects on aged-related cardiovascular changes could be connected to the "anti-oxidant" effects of prolonged exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rinaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Excellence Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Second University of Naples, Naples 80138, Italy.
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28
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Stroikin Y, Johansson U, Asplund S, Ollinger K. Increased resistance of lipofuscin-loaded prematurely senescent fibroblasts to starvation-induced programmed cell death. Biogerontology 2006; 8:43-53. [PMID: 16850182 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-006-9029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of cellular structures often found in ageing cells is mainly the result of production of reactive oxygen species and a consequence of aerobic life. Both oxidative stress and decreased degradative capacity of lysosomal system cause accumulation of intralysosomal age-related pigment called lipofuscin. To investigate the influence of lipofuscin on cell function, we compared survival of lipofuscin-loaded and control human fibroblasts following complete starvation induced by exposure to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Starving of control fibroblasts resulted in lysosomal alkalinisation, relocation of cathepsin D to the cytosol, caspase-3 activation and, finally, cell death, which became evident 72 h after the start of exposure to PBS. Increase of lysosomal pH was significantly less prominent in lipofuscin-loaded cells than in controls and was accompanied neither by leakage of cathepsin D nor by caspase-3 activation even 96 h after the initiation of starvation. Suppression of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) accelerated cell death, while inhibition of cathepsin D delayed it, implying an important role of autophagy in cell survival during starvation and showing the involvement of lysosomes in starvation-induced cell death. Disturbed apoptotic response found in lipofuscin-loaded cells can be interpreted as an example of hormesis--an adaptation to low doses of otherwise harmful agents, in this case of lipofuscin, which has a protective effect at moderate amounts but becomes toxic at large quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Stroikin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Linköping University, Sweden.
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29
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Guzhova I, Margulis B. Hsp70 Chaperone as a Survival Factor in Cell Pathology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2006; 254:101-49. [PMID: 17147998 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)54003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein Hsp70 is implicated in the mechanism of cell reaction to a variety of cytotoxic factors. The protective function of Hsp70 is related to its ability to promote folding of nascent polypeptides and to remove denatured proteins. Many types of cancer cells contain high amounts of Hsp70, whose protective capacity may pose a problem for therapy in oncology. Hsp70 was shown to be expressed on the surface of cancer cells and to participate in the presentation of tumor antigens to immune cells. Therefore, the chaperone activity of Hsp70 is an important factor that should be taken into consideration in cancer therapy. The protective role of Hsp70 is also evident in neuropathology. Many neurodegenerative processes are associated with the accumulation of insoluble aggregates of misfolded proteins in neural cells. These aggregates hamper intracellular transport, inhibit metabolism, and activate apoptosis through diverse pathways. The increase of Hsp70 content results in the reduction of aggregate size and number and ultimately enhances cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Guzhova
- Laboratory of Cell Protection Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St Petersburg, Russia
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