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Zawilla NH, Taha FM, Kishk NA, Farahat SA, Farghaly M, Hussein M. Occupational exposure to aluminum and its amyloidogenic link with cognitive functions. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 139:57-64. [PMID: 24973993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As many other metals, aluminum is a widely recognized neurotoxicant and its link with neurodegenerative disorders has been the subject of scientific debate. One proposal focuses on amyloid β deposition (amyloidogenesis) as the key player in triggering neuronal dysfunction the so-called amyloid cascade hypothesis. We undertook this study first to investigate the cognition status of workers exposed to Al dust in an Al factory in Southern Cairo, second, to evaluate serum amyloid precursor protein (APP) and cathepsin D (CD) enzyme activity to study the possible role of Al in amyloidogenesis, and finally to explore the relation between these potential biomarkers and cognitive functions. The study was conducted on 54 exposed workers and 51 matched controls. They were subjected to questionnaire, neurological examination and a cognitive test battery, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination - Revised (ACE-R). Serum Al, APP and CD enzyme activity were measured. A significant increase of serum Al was found in the exposed workers with an associated increase in serum APP and decrement in CD activity. The exposed workers displayed poor performance on the ACE-R test. No significant correlation was detected between ACE-R test total score and either APP or CD activity. We concluded that occupational exposure to Al is associated with cognitive impairment. The effect of occupational Al exposure on the serum levels of APP and CD activity may be regarded as a possible mechanism of Al in amyloidogenesis. However, our findings do not support the utility of serum APP and CD activity as screening markers for early or preclinical cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Zawilla
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - F M Taha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - N A Kishk
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - S A Farahat
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - M Farghaly
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - M Hussein
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bani-suef University, Egypt
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Mo C, Peng Q, Sui J, Wang J, Deng Y, Xie L, Li T, He Y, Qin X, Li S. Lack of association between cathepsin D C224T polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease risk: an update meta-analysis. BMC Neurol 2014; 14:13. [PMID: 24423188 PMCID: PMC3901763 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-14-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin D C224T polymorphism has been reported to associate with AD susceptibility. But the results were inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the relationship between C224T polymorphism and AD risk. METHODS The relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Wan fang electronic databases updated on July 2013. The relationship between Cathepsin D C224T polymorphism and AD risk was evaluated by ORs and 95% CIs. RESULTS A total of 25 case-control studies including 5,602 cases and 11,049 controls were included in the meta-analysis. There was no association between C224T polymorphism and AD risk with all the studies were pooled in the meta-analysis (CT vs. CC: OR = 1.125, 95% CI = 0.974-1.299, P = 0.109; CT + TT vs. CC: OR = 1.136, 95% CI = 0.978-1.320, P = 0.094). Furthermore, when stratified by ethnicity, age of onset and APOEϵ4 status, significant association did not found in all subgroups. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis suggested that the Cathepsin D C224T polymorphism was not associated with AD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xue Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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Thomas MA, Joshi PP, Klaper RD. Gene-class analysis of expression patterns induced by psychoactive pharmaceutical exposure in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) indicates induction of neuronal systems. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:109-20. [PMID: 21684349 PMCID: PMC3219835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychoactive pharmaceuticals are among the most frequently prescribed drugs, contributing to persistent measurable concentrations in aquatic systems. Typically, it is assumed that such contaminants have no human health implications because they exist in extremely low concentrations. We exposed juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to three pharmaceuticals, fluoxetine, venlafaxine and carbamazepine, individually and in a mixture, and measured their effect on the induction of gene expression in fish brains using microarray analysis. Gene expression changes were accompanied by behavioral changes and validated by qPCR analysis. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was used to perform gene-class analysis of gene expression, testing for enrichment of gene sets known to be involved in human neuronal development, regulation and growth. We found significant enrichment of gene sets for each of the treatments, with the largest induction of expression by the mixture treatment. These results suggest that the psychoactive pharmaceuticals are able to alter expression of fish genes associated with development, regulation and differentiation of synapses, neurons and neurotransmitters. The results provide a new perspective for the consideration of potential consequence for human health due to environmental exposure to unmetabolized psychoactive pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Stop 8007, 921 S 8th Ave, Pocatello, ID 83209-8007, USA.
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Kölsch H, Lehmann DJ, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Combarros O, van Duijn CM, Hammond N, Belbin O, Cortina-Borja M, Lehmann MG, Aulchenko YS, Schuur M, Breteler M, Wilcock GK, Brown K, Kehoe PG, Barber R, Coto E, Alvarez V, Deloukas P, Mateo I, Maier W, Morgan K, Warden DR, Smith AD, Heun R. Interaction of insulin and PPAR-α genes in Alzheimer's disease: the Epistasis Project. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:473-9. [PMID: 22065208 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Altered glucose metabolism has been described in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We re-investigated the interaction of the insulin (INS) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) genes in AD risk in the Epistasis Project, including 1,757 AD cases and 6,294 controls. Allele frequencies of both SNPs (PPARA L162V, INS intron 0 A/T) differed between Northern Europeans and Northern Spanish. The PPARA 162LL genotype increased AD risk in Northern Europeans (p = 0.04), but not in Northern Spanish (p = 0.2). There was no association of the INS intron 0 TT genotype with AD. We observed an interaction on AD risk between PPARA 162LL and INS intron 0 TT genotypes in Northern Europeans (Synergy factor 2.5, p = 0.016), but not in Northern Spanish. We suggest that dysregulation of glucose metabolism contributes to the development of AD and might be due in part to genetic variations in INS and PPARA and their interaction especially in Northern Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Kölsch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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The dopamine β-hydroxylase -1021C/T polymorphism is associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease in the Epistasis Project. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:162. [PMID: 21070631 PMCID: PMC2994840 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The loss of noradrenergic neurones of the locus coeruleus is a major feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) catalyses the conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline. Interactions have been reported between the low-activity -1021T allele (rs1611115) of DBH and polymorphisms of the pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, IL1A and IL6, contributing to the risk of AD. We therefore examined the associations with AD of the DBH -1021T allele and of the above interactions in the Epistasis Project, with 1757 cases of AD and 6294 elderly controls. Methods We genotyped eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the three genes, DBH, IL1A and IL6. We used logistic regression models and synergy factor analysis to examine potential interactions and associations with AD. Results We found that the presence of the -1021T allele was associated with AD: odds ratio = 1.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.4, p = 0.005). This association was nearly restricted to men < 75 years old: odds ratio = 2.2 (1.4-3.3, 0.0004). We also found an interaction between the presence of DBH -1021T and the -889TT genotype (rs1800587) of IL1A: synergy factor = 1.9 (1.2-3.1, 0.005). All these results were consistent between North Europe and North Spain. Conclusions Extensive, previous evidence (reviewed here) indicates an important role for noradrenaline in the control of inflammation in the brain. Thus, the -1021T allele with presumed low activity may be associated with misregulation of inflammation, which could contribute to the onset of AD. We suggest that such misregulation is the predominant mechanism of the association we report here.
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Lehmann DJ, Schuur M, Warden DR, Hammond N, Belbin O, Kölsch H, Lehmann MG, Wilcock GK, Brown K, Kehoe PG, Morris CM, Barker R, Coto E, Alvarez V, Deloukas P, Mateo I, Gwilliam R, Combarros O, Arias-Vásquez A, Aulchenko YS, Ikram MA, Breteler MM, van Duijn CM, Oulhaj A, Heun R, Cortina-Borja M, Morgan K, Robson K, Smith AD. Transferrin and HFE genes interact in Alzheimer's disease risk: the Epistasis Project. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:202.e1-13. [PMID: 20817350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload may contribute to the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the Epistasis Project, with 1757 cases of AD and 6295 controls, we studied 4 variants in 2 genes of iron metabolism: hemochromatosis (HFE) C282Y and H63D, and transferrin (TF) C2 and -2G/A. We replicated the reported interaction between HFE 282Y and TF C2 in the risk of AD: synergy factor, 1.75 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.8, p = 0.02) in Northern Europeans. The synergy factor was 3.1 (1.4-6.9; 0.007) in subjects with the APOEε4 allele. We found another interaction, between HFE 63HH and TF -2AA, markedly modified by age. Both interactions were found mainly or only in Northern Europeans. The interaction between HFE 282Y and TF C2 has now been replicated twice, in altogether 2313 cases of AD and 7065 controls, and has also been associated with increased iron load. We therefore suggest that iron overload may be a causative factor in the development of AD. Treatment for iron overload might thus be protective in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Lehmann
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing, University Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, UK.
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Albayrak O, Tirniceriu A, Riemenschneider M, Kurz A, Scherag A, Egensperger R. The cathepsin D (224C/T) polymorphism confers an increased risk to develop Alzheimer's disease in men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65:219-24. [PMID: 20083556 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glp209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal protease cathepsin D is likely involved in beta-amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is evidence for a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs17571) of the cathepsin D gene to be associated with increased AD risk. However, little is known about gender-specific differences. Therefore, we performed a genetic association study focusing on gender-specific differences in 434 participants (219 AD and 215 controls). Screening of the rs17571 shows a significantly higher proportion of T-allele carriers among male Alzheimer patients (28.5%) when compared with male controls (13.8%, p = .013, p(corr) = .039). The odds ratio was 2.48 (95% confidence interval: 1.14-5.58). There was no significant difference in the T-allele distribution in women. Including APOE4 status and age did not have an additional effect on the morbidity risk. Thus, our results support the idea that rs17571 confers an increased risk for AD in men but not in women. Further investigation should substantiate the role of gender for AD risk of rs17571.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Albayrak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LVR Klinikum Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
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Cathepsin D (C224T) Polymorphism in Sporadic and Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2010; 24:104-7. [DOI: 10.1097/wad.0b013e3181ad378c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schuur M, Ikram MA, van Swieten JC, Isaacs A, Vergeer-Drop JM, Hofman A, Oostra BA, Breteler MMB, van Duijn CM. Cathepsin D gene and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a population-based study and meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:1607-14. [PMID: 19926167 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CTSD) is a gene involved in amyloid precursor protein processing and is considered a candidate for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of the current study was to examine if variation in CTSD increases the risk of AD. We performed a candidate-gene analysis in a population-based cohort study (N=7983), and estimated the effect of CTSD on the risk of AD. Additionally, a large meta-analysis was performed incorporating our data and previously published data. The T-allele of CTSD rs17571 was associated with an increased risk of AD (p-value 0.007) in the Rotterdam Study. This association was predominantly found in APOE ε4 noncarriers. A meta-analysis of previously published data showed a significantly increased risk of AD in carriers of the T-allele of rs17571 (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.03-1.44), irrespective of APOE ε4 carrier status. This study adds to the evidence that CTSD increases the risk of AD, although the effect size is moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schuur
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit of the Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Seripa D, Panza F, Franceschi M, D'Onofrio G, Solfrizzi V, Dallapiccola B, Pilotto A. Non-apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein E genetics of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2009; 8:214-36. [PMID: 19496238 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The genetic epidemiology of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) remains a very active area of research,making it one of the most prolifically published areas in medicine and biology. Numerous putative candidate genes have been proposed. However, with the exception of apolipoprotein E (APOE), the only confirmed genetic risk factor for SAD, all the other data appear to be not consistent. Nevertheless, the genetic risk for SAD attributable to the APOE gene in the general population is 20-0%, providing a strong evidence for the existence of additional genetic risk factors. The first part of the present article was dedicated to non-APOE genetics of SAD, reviewing chromosomes-by-chromosomes the available data concerning the major candidate genes. The second part of this article focused on some recently discovered aspects of the APOE polymorphism and their implications for SAD. An attempt to identify the future directions for non-APOE genetic research in SAD was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Seripa
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
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Bishop MT, Kovacs GG, Sanchez-Juan P, Knight RSG. Cathepsin D SNP associated with increased risk of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:31. [PMID: 18426579 PMCID: PMC2374769 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) originally resulted from the consumption of foodstuffs contaminated by bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) material, with 163 confirmed cases in the UK to date. Many thousands are likely to have been exposed to dietary infection and so it is important (for surveillance, epidemic modelling, public health and understanding pathogenesis) to identify genetic factors that may affect individual susceptibility to infection. This study looked at a polymorphism in the cathepsin D gene (refSNP ID: rs17571) previously examined in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Blood samples taken from 110 vCJD patients were tested for the C-T base change, and genotype data were compared with published frequencies for a control population using multiple logistic regression. Results There was a significant excess of the cathepsin D polymorphism TT genotype in the vCJD cohort compared to controls. The TT genotype was found to have a 9.75 fold increase in risk of vCJD compared to the CT genotype and a 10.92 fold increase compared to the CC genotype. Conclusion This mutation event has been observed to alter the protease activity of the cathepsin D protein and has been linked to an increase in amyloid beta plaque formation in AD. vCJD neuropathology is characterised by the presence of amyloid plaques, formed from the prion protein, and therefore alterations in the amyloid processing activity of cathepsin D may affect the neuropathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Bishop
- National CJD Surveillance Unit, Bryan Matthews Building, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
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Capurso C, Solfrizzi V, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Capurso SA, Bifaro L, Menga R, Santamato A, Seripa D, Pilotto A, Capurso A, Panza F. Short arm of chromosome 11 and sporadic Alzheimer's disease: catalase and cathepsin D gene polymorphisms. Neurosci Lett 2007; 432:237-42. [PMID: 18248894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Catalase (CAT) -262 C/T promoter (rs1001179), cathepsin D (CTSD) exon 2 (rs17571), and apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms were studied in 242 patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 421 unrelated age-, sex-, and ethnically matched control subjects from Apulia (Southern Italy). No statistically significant differences in CAT rs1001179 and CTSD rs17571 genotype and allele distribution between AD cases and healthy controls were observed for the whole AD sample, and when AD group was categorized by age at onset in early- and late-onset AD subsets. Furthermore, we did not find any statistically significant differences in rates between CAT rs1001179 and CTSD rs17571 genotypes and AD controlling for APOE e4 allele status. Our data, at present, do not support a role of two gene polymorphisms of the short arm of the chromosome 11, the CAT rs1001179 and CTSD rs17571, as a possible susceptibility factors for sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Capurso
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Foggia, Ospedali Riuniti, Viale L. Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
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