1
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Glauber R. Rural depopulation and the rural-urban gap in cognitive functioning among older adults. J Rural Health 2022; 38:696-704. [PMID: 35257439 PMCID: PMC10268026 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As the population ages, the number of people with cognitive impairment will rapidly increase. Although previous research has explored the rural-urban gap in physical health, few studies have analyzed cognitive health. The purpose of this study was to examine rural-urban differences in cognitive health, with a focus on the moderating effect of population decline. METHODS The study used individual-level nationally representative data from the 2000-2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 152,444) merged to county-level contextual characteristics. Hierarchical linear models were used to predict the cognitive functioning of US adults aged 50 and over by rural-urban residence, county depopulation, and their interactions while controlling for individual-level and county-level demographic and contextual factors. FINDINGS Older adults living in rural counties had lower cognitive functioning than urban adults. The interaction between living in a rural and depopulated county was statistically significant (P < .001). The rural penalty in cognitive functioning was 40% larger for those who lived in counties that lost population between 1980 and 2010 compared to those who lived in stable or growing rural counties. These results were independent of race-ethnicity, gender, age, education, income, region, employment status, marital status, physical health, and depression as well as the county's racial-ethnic composition, age structure, economic and educational disadvantage, and health care shortages. CONCLUSIONS The results have important implications for those seeking to reduce health disparities both between rural and urban older adults and among different groups of rural people. Interventions targeting those living in rural depopulating areas are particularly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Glauber
- Department of Sociology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
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2
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Antiaging Effect of 4-N-Furfurylcytosine in Yeast Model Manifests through Enhancement of Mitochondrial Activity and ROS Reduction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050850. [PMID: 35624714 PMCID: PMC9137487 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Small compounds are a large group of chemicals characterized by various biological properties. Some of them also have antiaging potential, which is mainly attributed to their antioxidant activity. In this study, we examined the antiaging effect of 4-N-Furfurylcytosine (FC), a cytosine derivative belonging to a group of small compounds, on budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We chose this yeast model as it is known to contain multiple conserved genes and mechanisms identical to that of humans and has been proven to be successful in aging research. The chronological lifespan assay performed in the study revealed that FC improved the viability of yeast cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, enhanced mitochondrial activity, together with reduced intracellular ROS level, was observed in FC-treated yeast cells. The gene expression analysis confirmed that FC treatment resulted in the restriction of the TORC1 signaling pathway. These results indicate that FC has antiaging properties.
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3
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Liu Q, Chang CE, Wooldredge AC, Fong B, Kennedy BK, Zhou C. Tom70-based transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and aging. eLife 2022; 11:e75658. [PMID: 35234609 PMCID: PMC8926401 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis has two major steps: the transcriptional activation of nuclear genome-encoded mitochondrial proteins and the import of nascent mitochondrial proteins that are synthesized in the cytosol. These nascent mitochondrial proteins are aggregation-prone and can cause cytosolic proteostasis stress. The transcription factor-dependent transcriptional regulations and the TOM-TIM complex-dependent import of nascent mitochondrial proteins have been extensively studied. Yet, little is known regarding how these two steps of mitochondrial biogenesis coordinate with each other to avoid the cytosolic accumulation of these aggregation-prone nascent mitochondrial proteins. Here, we show that in budding yeast, Tom70, a conserved receptor of the TOM complex, moonlights to regulate the transcriptional activity of mitochondrial proteins. Tom70's transcription regulatory role is conserved in Drosophila. The dual roles of Tom70 in both transcription/biogenesis and import of mitochondrial proteins allow the cells to accomplish mitochondrial biogenesis without compromising cytosolic proteostasis. The age-related reduction of Tom70, caused by reduced biogenesis and increased degradation of Tom70, is associated with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, mtDNA, and mitochondrial proteins. While loss of Tom70 accelerates aging and age-related mitochondrial defects, overexpressing TOM70 delays these mitochondrial dysfunctions and extends the replicative lifespan. Our results reveal unexpected roles of Tom70 in mitochondrial biogenesis and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Liu
- Buck Institute for Research on AgingNovatoUnited States
| | | | | | - Benjamin Fong
- Buck Institute for Research on AgingNovatoUnited States
| | - Brian K Kennedy
- Buck Institute for Research on AgingNovatoUnited States
- Healthy Longevity Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health SystemSingaporeSingapore
- Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, A(∗)STARSingaporeSingapore
| | - Chuankai Zhou
- Buck Institute for Research on AgingNovatoUnited States
- USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
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4
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Cao X, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Wang Y, Li B, Tian J. Impacts of konjac glucomannan with different modification of degradation or deacetylation on the stress resistance and fitness in Caenorhabditis elegans. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:397-409. [PMID: 35114273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The impact of modification in molecules or deacetylation of konjac glucomannan (KGM) on the stress resistance in vivo has rarely been studied systematically. This research studied the effects of KGM with different molecular weights and degrees of deacetylation on the stress resistance and physical fitness of Caenorhabditis elegans. After the nematodes were incubated with different modified KGM, the survival rate of nematodes under oxidative and heat stress, as well as the fertility and locomotion were measured. KGM(2-5) can significantly prolong the mean and maximum lifespan of nematodes in the presence of paraquat. Under heat stress, all partially degraded konjac glucomannan (PDKGM) showed the significant extension of survival rates. Da(1-3) improved the survival rates of nematodes under oxidative stress. Furthermore, genes expression showed that KGM(2-5) and Da(1-3) upregulated the expression of sod-3, hsp-16.2, and atf-7. Taken together, molecular weight reduction or deacetylation of KGM have a significant impact on the stress resistance in vivo. PDKGM applied in stress resistance will be suggested not to exceed 200 kDa and deacylation of KGM will be suggested to be below 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueke Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yundi Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yangming Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China; Functional Food Engineering & Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China; Functional Food Engineering & Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
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5
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Bhattacharya S, Oliveira NK, Savitt AG, Silva VKA, Krausert RB, Ghebrehiwet B, Fries BC. Low Glucose Mediated Fluconazole Tolerance in Cryptococcus neoformans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060489. [PMID: 34207384 PMCID: PMC8233753 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic meningoencephalitis is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and is treated in many parts of the world with fluconazole (FLC) monotherapy, which is associated with treatment failure and poor outcome. In the host, C. neoformans propagates predominantly under low glucose growth conditions. We investigated whether low glucose, mimicked by growing in synthetic media (SM) with 0.05% glucose (SMlowglu), affects FLC-resistance. A > 4-fold increase in FLC tolerance was observed in seven C. neoformans strains when minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined in SMlowglu compared to MIC in SM with normal (2%) glucose (SMnlglu). In SMlowglu, C. neoformans cells exhibited upregulation of efflux pump genes AFR1 (8.7-fold) and AFR2 (2.5-fold), as well as decreased accumulation (2.6-fold) of Nile Red, an efflux pump substrate. Elevated intracellular ATP levels (3.2-fold and 3.4-fold), as well as decreased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels (12.8-fold and 17-fold), were found in the presence and absence of FLC, indicating that low glucose altered mitochondrial function. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that mitochondria of C. neoformans grown in SMlowglu were fragmented, whereas normal glucose promoted a reticular network of mitochondria. Although mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was not markedly affected in SMlowglu, it significantly decreased in the presence of FLC (12.5-fold) in SMnlglu, but remained stable in SMlowglu-growing C. neoformans cells. Our data demonstrate that increased FLC tolerance in low glucose-growing C. neoformans is the result of increased efflux pump activities and altered mitochondrial function, which is more preserved in SMlowglu. This mechanism of resistance is different from FLC heteroresistance, which is associated with aneuploidy of chromosome 1 (Chr1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanon Bhattacharya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (S.B.); (V.K.A.S.)
| | - Natalia Kronbauer Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (N.K.O.); (A.G.S.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Anne G. Savitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (N.K.O.); (A.G.S.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Vanessa K. A. Silva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (S.B.); (V.K.A.S.)
| | - Rachel B. Krausert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (N.K.O.); (A.G.S.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Bettina C. Fries
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (S.B.); (V.K.A.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (N.K.O.); (A.G.S.); (R.B.K.)
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Kwon YY, Kim SS, Lee HJ, Sheen SH, Kim KH, Lee CK. Long-Living Budding Yeast Cell Subpopulation Induced by Ethanol/Acetate and Respiration. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1448-1456. [PMID: 31541249 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Budding yeast generate heterogeneous cells that can be separated into two distinctive cell types: short-living low-density and long-living high-density (HD) cells by density gradient centrifugation. We found that ethanol and acetate induce formation of HD cells, and mitochondrial respiration is required. From their transcriptomes and metabolomes, we found upregulated differentially expressed genes in HD cells involved in the RGT2/RGT1 glucose sensing pathway and its downstream genes encoding hexose transporters. For HD cells, we determined an abundance of various carbon sources including glucose, lactate, pyruvate, trehalose, mannitol, mannose, and galactose. Other upregulated differentially expressed genes in HD cells were involved in the TORC1-SCH9 signaling pathway and its downstream genes involved in cytoplasmic translation. We also measured an abundance of free amino acids in HD cells including valine, proline, isoleucine, and glutamine. These characteristics of the HD cell transcriptome and metabolome may be important conditions for maintaining a long-living phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Yon Kwon
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Soo Kim
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Hyeong Sheen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Koo Lee
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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7
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Yalcin G, Lee CK. The Discovery of Druggable Anti-aging Agents. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2021; 24:232-242. [PMID: 33389971 PMCID: PMC7781965 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.20.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to extend the lifespan of many species. Research to identify compounds that imitate the results of CR has shown extensions of both lifespan and healthspan via different mechanisms. For example, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors such as rapamycin, phenols, and flavonoids show antioxidant characteristics, while spermidine induces autophagy. Herein, we summarize research progress and proposed mechanisms for the most well-known compounds showing lifespan-extending potential for anti-aging characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulperi Yalcin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-Koo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Still Living Better through Chemistry: An Update on Caloric Restriction and Caloric Restriction Mimetics as Tools to Promote Health and Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239220. [PMID: 33287232 PMCID: PMC7729921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR), the reduction of caloric intake without inducing malnutrition, is the most reproducible method of extending health and lifespan across numerous organisms, including humans. However, with nearly one-third of the world’s population overweight, it is obvious that caloric restriction approaches are difficult for individuals to achieve. Therefore, identifying compounds that mimic CR is desirable to promote longer, healthier lifespans without the rigors of restricting diet. Many compounds, such as rapamycin (and its derivatives), metformin, or other naturally occurring products in our diets (nutraceuticals), induce CR-like states in laboratory models. An alternative to CR is the removal of specific elements (such as individual amino acids) from the diet. Despite our increasing knowledge of the multitude of CR approaches and CR mimetics, the extent to which these strategies overlap mechanistically remains unclear. Here we provide an update of CR and CR mimetic research, summarizing mechanisms by which these strategies influence genome function required to treat age-related pathologies and identify the molecular fountain of youth.
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9
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Brown SL, Lin IF, Vielee A, Mellencamp KA. Midlife Marital Dissolution and the Onset of Cognitive Impairment. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2020; 61:1085-1094. [PMID: 33245327 PMCID: PMC8437503 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnaa193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Marital dissolution has become more common in midlife with the doubling of the divorce rate among middle-aged adults. Guided by the stress model that stipulates losing economic, social, and psychological resources lowers well-being, we posited that midlife adults who experienced divorce or widowhood were at greater risk of cognitive impairment than the continuously married. Subsequent repartnering was expected to negate the increased risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used data from the 1998-2016 Health and Retirement Study to estimate discrete-time event history models using logistic regression to predict cognitive impairment onset for men and women. RESULTS Roughly 27% of men who experienced spousal death in midlife went on to experience mild cognitive impairment by age 65. For women, experiencing divorce or widowhood was associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment onset although these differentials were accounted for by economic, social, and psychological resources. Men and women who repartnered after marital dissolution did not appreciably differ from their continuously married counterparts in terms of their likelihoods of cognitive impairment onset. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS A stressful life event, midlife marital dissolution can be detrimental to cognitive well-being, placing individuals at increased risk of developing dementia in later life. The growing diversity of partnership experiences during the second half of life points to the continued importance of examining how union dissolution and formation shape health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Brown
- Department of Sociology and Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - I-Fen Lin
- Department of Sociology and Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Alyssa Vielee
- Department of Sociology and Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Kagan A Mellencamp
- Department of Sociology and Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
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10
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Hearn J, Clark J, Wilson PJ, Little TJ. Daphnia magna modifies its gene expression extensively in response to caloric restriction revealing a novel effect on haemoglobin isoform preference. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3261-3276. [PMID: 32687619 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) produces clear phenotypic effects within and between generations of the model crustacean Daphnia magna. We have previously established that micro-RNAs and cytosine methylation change in response to CR in this organism, and we demonstrate here that CR has a dramatic effect on gene expression. Over 6,000 genes were differentially expressed between CR and well-fed D. magna, with a bias towards up-regulation of genes under caloric restriction. We identified a highly expressed haemoglobin gene that responds to CR by changing isoform proportions. Specifically, a transcript containing three haem-binding erythrocruorin domains was strongly down-regulated under CR in favour of transcripts containing fewer or no such domains. This change in the haemoglobin mix is similar to the response to hypoxia in Daphnia, which is mediated through the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1, and ultimately the mTOR signalling pathway. This is the first report of a role for haemoglobin in the response to CR. We also observed high absolute expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in normally fed individuals, which contrasts with observations of high SOD levels under CR in other taxa. However, key differentially expressed genes, like SOD, were not targeted by differentially expressed micro-RNAs. Whether the link between haemoglobin and CR occurs in other organisms, or is related to the aquatic lifestyle, remains to be tested. It suggests that one response to CR may be to simply transport less oxygen and lower respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hearn
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jessica Clark
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Philip J Wilson
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom J Little
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Unnikrishnan A, Kurup K, Salmon AB, Richardson A. Is Rapamycin a Dietary Restriction Mimetic? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:4-13. [PMID: 30854544 PMCID: PMC6909904 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial suggestion that rapamycin, an inhibitor of target of rapamycin (TOR) nutrient signaling, increased lifespan comparable to dietary restriction, investigators have viewed rapamycin as a potential dietary restriction mimetic. Both dietary restriction and rapamycin increase lifespan across a wide range of evolutionarily diverse species (including yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mice) as well as reducing pathology and improving physiological functions that decline with age in mice. The purpose of this article is to review the research comparing the effect of dietary restriction and rapamycin in mice. The current data show that dietary restriction and rapamycin have different effects on many pathways and molecular processes. In addition, these interventions affect the lifespan of many genetically manipulated mouse models differently. In other words, while dietary restriction and rapamycin may have similar effects on some pathways and processes; overall, they affect many pathways/processes quite differently. Therefore, rapamycin is likely not a true dietary restriction mimetic. Rather dietary restriction and rapamycin appear to be increasing lifespan and retarding aging largely through different mechanisms/pathways, suggesting that a combination of dietary restriction and rapamycin will have a greater effect on lifespan than either manipulation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Unnikrishnan
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Kavitha Kurup
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Adam B Salmon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Sam and Ann Barhop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,Geratric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City,Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma,Address correspondence to: Arlan Richardson, PhD, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1372, Oklahoma City, OK 73104. E-mail:
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12
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Maharajan N, Vijayakumar K, Jang CH, Cho GW. Caloric restriction maintains stem cells through niche and regulates stem cell aging. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 98:25-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Zheng Q, Huang J, Wang G. Mitochondria, Telomeres and Telomerase Subunits. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:274. [PMID: 31781563 PMCID: PMC6851022 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial functions and telomere functions have mostly been studied independently. In recent years, it, however, has become clear that there are intimate links between mitochondria, telomeres, and telomerase subunits. Mitochondrial dysfunctions cause telomere attrition, while telomere damage leads to reprogramming of mitochondrial biosynthesis and mitochondrial dysfunctions, which has important implications in aging and diseases. In addition, evidence has accumulated that telomere-independent functions of telomerase also exist and that the protein component of telomerase TERT shuttles between the nucleus and mitochondria under oxidative stress. Our previously published data show that the RNA component of telomerase TERC is also imported into mitochondria, processed, and exported back to the cytosol. These data show a complex regulation network where telomeres, nuclear genome, and mitochondria are co-regulated by multi-localization and multi-function proteins and RNAs. This review summarizes the connections between mitochondria and telomeres, the mitochondrion-related functions of telomerase subunits, and how they play a role in crosstalk between mitochondria and the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinliang Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Geng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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14
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Papadopoli D, Boulay K, Kazak L, Pollak M, Mallette FA, Topisirovic I, Hulea L. mTOR as a central regulator of lifespan and aging. F1000Res 2019; 8:F1000 Faculty Rev-998. [PMID: 31316753 PMCID: PMC6611156 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17196.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key component of cellular metabolism that integrates nutrient sensing with cellular processes that fuel cell growth and proliferation. Although the involvement of the mTOR pathway in regulating life span and aging has been studied extensively in the last decade, the underpinning mechanisms remain elusive. In this review, we highlight the emerging insights that link mTOR to various processes related to aging, such as nutrient sensing, maintenance of proteostasis, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, and decline in stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Papadopoli
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, 5100 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Suite 720, Montréal, QC, H4A 3T2, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Karine Boulay
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, 5415 Assumption Blvd, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Lawrence Kazak
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Michael Pollak
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, 5100 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Suite 720, Montréal, QC, H4A 3T2, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Frédérick A. Mallette
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, 5415 Assumption Blvd, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, 5100 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Suite 720, Montréal, QC, H4A 3T2, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Laura Hulea
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, 5415 Assumption Blvd, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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15
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Anderson RM, Le Couteur DG, de Cabo R. Caloric Restriction Research: New Perspectives on the Biology of Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 73:1-3. [PMID: 29240911 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rozalyn M Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and GRECC, William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Centre for Education and Research on Aging, Charles Perkins Centre and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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16
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Yalcin G, Lee CK. Recent studies on anti-aging compounds with Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OF AGING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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17
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Campos SE, Avelar-Rivas JA, Garay E, Juárez-Reyes A, DeLuna A. Genomewide mechanisms of chronological longevity by dietary restriction in budding yeast. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12749. [PMID: 29575540 PMCID: PMC5946063 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction is arguably the most promising nonpharmacological intervention to extend human life and health span. Yet, only few genetic regulators mediating the cellular response to dietary restriction are known, and the question remains which other regulatory factors are involved. Here, we measured at the genomewide level the chronological lifespan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene deletion strains under two nitrogen source regimens, glutamine (nonrestricted) and γ‐aminobutyric acid (restricted). We identified 473 mutants with diminished or enhanced extension of lifespan. Functional analysis of such dietary restriction genes revealed novel processes underlying longevity by the nitrogen source quality, which also allowed us to generate a prioritized catalogue of transcription factors orchestrating the dietary restriction response. Importantly, deletions of transcription factors Msn2, Msn4, Snf6, Tec1, and Ste12 resulted in diminished lifespan extension and defects in cell cycle arrest upon nutrient starvation, suggesting that regulation of the cell cycle is a major mechanism of chronological longevity. We further show that STE12 overexpression is enough to extend lifespan, linking the pheromone/invasive growth pathway with cell survivorship. Our global picture of the genetic players of longevity by dietary restriction highlights intricate regulatory cross‐talks in aging cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E. Campos
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio); Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN; Irapuato Guanajuato Mexico
| | - J. Abraham Avelar-Rivas
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio); Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN; Irapuato Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Erika Garay
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio); Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN; Irapuato Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Alejandro Juárez-Reyes
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio); Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN; Irapuato Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Alexander DeLuna
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio); Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN; Irapuato Guanajuato Mexico
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18
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Abstract
Ageing leads to dramatic changes in the physiology of many different tissues resulting in a spectrum of pathology. Nonetheless, many lines of evidence suggest that ageing is driven by highly conserved cell intrinsic processes, and a set of unifying hallmarks of ageing has been defined. Here, we survey reports of age-linked changes in basal gene expression across eukaryotes from yeast to human and identify six gene expression hallmarks of cellular ageing: downregulation of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins; downregulation of the protein synthesis machinery; dysregulation of immune system genes; reduced growth factor signalling; constitutive responses to stress and DNA damage; dysregulation of gene expression and mRNA processing. These encompass widely reported features of ageing such as increased senescence and inflammation, reduced electron transport chain activity and reduced ribosome synthesis, but also reveal a surprising lack of gene expression responses to known age-linked cellular stresses. We discuss how the existence of conserved transcriptomic hallmarks relates to genome-wide epigenetic differences underlying ageing clocks, and how the changing transcriptome results in proteomic alterations where data is available and to variations in cell physiology characteristic of ageing. Identification of gene expression events that occur during ageing across distant organisms should be informative as to conserved underlying mechanisms of ageing, and provide additional biomarkers to assess the effects of diet and other environmental factors on the rate of ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Frenk
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
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19
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Targeting of stress response pathways in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:583-602. [PMID: 29339119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hallmarks of tumor tissue are not only genetic aberrations but also the presence of metabolic and oxidative stress as a result of hypoxia and lactic acidosis. The stress activates several prosurvival pathways including metabolic remodeling, autophagy, antioxidant response, mitohormesis, and glutaminolysis, whose upregulation in tumors is associated with a poor survival of patients, while their activation in healthy tissue with statins, metformin, physical activity, and natural compounds prevents carcinogenesis. This review emphasizes the dual role of stress response pathways in cancer and suggests the integrative understanding as a basis for the development of rational therapy targeting the stress response.
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