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Ward PS, Cash EI, Ferger K, Escalona M, Sahasrabudhe R, Miller C, Toffelmier E, Fairbairn C, Seligmann W, Shaffer HB, Tsutsui ND. Reference genome of the bicolored carpenter ant, Camponotus vicinus. J Hered 2024; 115:120-129. [PMID: 37751380 PMCID: PMC10838126 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carpenter ants in the genus Camponotus are large, conspicuous ants that are abundant and ecologically influential in many terrestrial ecosystems. The bicolored carpenter ant, Camponotus vicinus Mayr, is distributed across a wide range of elevations and latitudes in western North America, where it is a prominent scavenger and predator. Here, we present a high-quality genome assembly of C. vicinus from a sample collected in Sonoma County, California, near the type locality of the species. This genome assembly consists of 38 scaffolds spanning 302.74 Mb, with contig N50 of 15.9 Mb, scaffold N50 of 19.9 Mb, and BUSCO completeness of 99.2%. This genome sequence will be a valuable resource for exploring the evolutionary ecology of C. vicinus and carpenter ants generally. It also provides an important tool for clarifying cryptic diversity within the C. vicinus species complex, a genetically diverse set of populations, some of which are quite localized and of conservation interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Ward
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Elizabeth I Cash
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Kailey Ferger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Merly Escalona
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
| | - Ruta Sahasrabudhe
- DNA Technologies and Expression Analysis Cores, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Courtney Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Erin Toffelmier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Colin Fairbairn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
| | - William Seligmann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
| | - H Bradley Shaffer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Neil D Tsutsui
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
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2
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Chen J, Mu X, Liu H, Yong Q, Ouyang X, Liu Y, Zheng L, Chen H, Zhai Y, Ma J, Meng L, Liu S, Zheng H. Rotenone impairs brain glial energetics and locomotor behavior in bumblebees. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167870. [PMID: 37865240 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Bumblebees are essential pollinators of both wildflowers and crops and face multiple anthropogenic stressors, particularly the utilization of pesticides. Rotenone is an extensively applied neurotoxic pesticide that possesses insecticidal activities against a wide range of pests. However, whether environmentally realistic exposure levels of rotenone can damage neurons in bumblebee brains is still uncertain. Using single-cell RNA-seq, we revealed that rotenone induced cell-specific responses in bumblebee brains, emphasizing the disruption of energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in glial cells. Correspondingly, the gene regulatory network associated with neurotransmission was also suppressed. Notably, rotenone could specially reduce the number of dopaminergic neurons, impairing bumblebee's ability to fly and crawl. We also found impaired intestinal motility in rotenone-treated bumblebees. Finally, we demonstrated that many differentially expressed genes in our snRNA-seq data overlapped with rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease risk genes, especially in glial cells. Although rotenone is widely used owing to its hypotoxicity, we found that environmentally realistic exposure levels of rotenone induced disturbed glial energetics and locomotor dysfunction in bumblebees, which may lead to an indirect decline in this essential pollinator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieteng Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaohuan Mu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiyao Yong
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoman Ouyang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yifan Zhai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jie Ma
- BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | | | | | - Hao Zheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
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3
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Papa Y, Wellenreuther M, Morrison MA, Ritchie PA. Genome assembly and isoform analysis of a highly heterozygous New Zealand fisheries species, the tarakihi (Nemadactylus macropterus). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 13:6883520. [PMID: 36477875 PMCID: PMC9911067 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although being some of the most valuable and heavily exploited wild organisms, few fisheries species have been studied at the whole-genome level. This is especially the case in New Zealand, where genomics resources are urgently needed to assist fisheries management. Here, we generated 55 Gb of short Illumina reads (92× coverage) and 73 Gb of long Nanopore reads (122×) to produce the first genome assembly of the marine teleost tarakihi [Nemadactylus macropterus (Forster, 1801)], a highly valuable fisheries species in New Zealand. An additional 300 Mb of Iso-Seq reads were obtained to assist in gene annotation. The final genome assembly was 568 Mb long with an N50 of 3.37 Mb. The genome completeness was high, with 97.8% of complete Actinopterygii Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs. Heterozygosity values estimated through k-mer counting (1.00%) and bi-allelic SNPs (0.64%) were high compared with the same values reported for other fishes. Iso-Seq analysis recovered 91,313 unique transcripts from 15,515 genes (mean ratio of 5.89 transcripts per gene), and the most common alternative splicing event was intron retention. This highly contiguous genome assembly and the isoform-resolved transcriptome will provide a useful resource to assist the study of population genomics and comparative eco-evolutionary studies in teleosts and related organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Papa
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Maren Wellenreuther
- Seafood Production Group, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nelson 7010, New Zealand,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Mark A Morrison
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Peter A Ritchie
- Corresponding author: Te Toki A Rata, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
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4
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Li Q, Wang M, Zhang P, Liu Y, Guo Q, Zhu Y, Wen T, Dai X, Zhang X, Nagel M, Dethlefsen BH, Xie N, Zhao J, Jiang W, Han L, Wu L, Zhong W, Wang Z, Wei X, Dai W, Liu L, Xu X, Lu H, Yang H, Wang J, Boomsma JJ, Liu C, Zhang G, Liu W. A single-cell transcriptomic atlas tracking the neural basis of division of labour in an ant superorganism. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1191-1204. [PMID: 35711063 PMCID: PMC9349048 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ant colonies with permanent division of labour between castes and highly distinct roles of the sexes have been conceptualized to be superorganisms, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate caste/sex-specific behavioural specialization have remained obscure. Here we characterized the brain cell repertoire of queens, gynes (virgin queens), workers and males of Monomorium pharaonis by obtaining 206,367 single-nucleus transcriptomes. In contrast to Drosophila, the mushroom body Kenyon cells are abundant in ants and display a high diversity with most subtypes being enriched in worker brains, the evolutionarily derived caste. Male brains are as specialized as worker brains but with opposite trends in cell composition with higher abundances of all optic lobe neuronal subtypes, while the composition of gyne and queen brains remained generalized, reminiscent of solitary ancestors. Role differentiation from virgin gynes to inseminated queens induces abundance changes in roughly 35% of cell types, indicating active neurogenesis and/or programmed cell death during this transition. We also identified insemination-induced cell changes probably associated with the longevity and fecundity of the reproductive caste, including increases of ensheathing glia and a population of dopamine-regulated Dh31-expressing neurons. We conclude that permanent caste differentiation and extreme sex-differentiation induced major changes in the neural circuitry of ants. Using single-cell transcriptomics, the authors generate a brain cell atlas for the pharaoh ant including individuals of different sexes and castes and show changes in cell composition underlying division of labour and reproductive specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiye Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Qunfei Guo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Xueqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiafang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Manuel Nagel
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Hamberg Dethlefsen
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nianxia Xie
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | | | - Lei Han
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | | | | | - Wei Dai
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Longqi Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haorong Lu
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jacobus J Boomsma
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Guojie Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. .,Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. .,Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Weiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
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5
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Walsh AT, Triant DA, Le Tourneau JJ, Shamimuzzaman M, Elsik CG. Hymenoptera Genome Database: new genomes and annotation datasets for improved go enrichment and orthologue analyses. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 50:D1032-D1039. [PMID: 34747465 PMCID: PMC8728238 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an update of the Hymenoptera Genome Database (HGD; http://HymenopteraGenome.org), a genomic database of hymenopteran insect species. The number of species represented in HGD has nearly tripled, with fifty-eight hymenopteran species, including twenty bees, twenty-three ants, eleven wasps and four sawflies. With a reorganized website, HGD continues to provide the HymenopteraMine genomic data mining warehouse and JBrowse/Apollo genome browsers integrated with BLAST. We have computed Gene Ontology (GO) annotations for all species, greatly enhancing the GO annotation data gathered from UniProt with more than a ten-fold increase in the number of GO-annotated genes. We have also generated orthology datasets that encompass all HGD species and provide orthologue clusters for fourteen taxonomic groups. The new GO annotation and orthology data are available for searching in HymenopteraMine, and as bulk file downloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T Walsh
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Deborah A Triant
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Md Shamimuzzaman
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Christine G Elsik
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Division of Plant Science & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,MU Institute for Data Science & Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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6
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Errbii M, Keilwagen J, Hoff KJ, Steffen R, Altmüller J, Oettler J, Schrader L. Transposable elements and introgression introduce genetic variation in the invasive ant Cardiocondyla obscurior. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6211-6228. [PMID: 34324751 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduced populations of invasive organisms have to cope with novel environmental challenges, while having reduced genetic variation caused by founder effects. The mechanisms associated with this "genetic paradox of invasive species" has received considerable attention, yet few studies have examined the genomic architecture of invasive species. Populations of the heart node ant Cardiocondyla obscurior belong to two distinct lineages, a New World lineage so far only found in Latin America and a more globally distributed Old World lineage. In the present study, we use population genomic approaches to compare populations of the two lineages with apparent divergent invasive potential. We find that the strong genetic differentiation of the two lineages began at least 40,000 generations ago and that activity of transposable elements (TEs) has contributed significantly to the divergence of both lineages, possibly linked to the very unusual genomic distribution of TEs in this species. Furthermore, we show that introgression from the Old World lineage is a dominant source of genetic diversity in the New World lineage, despite the lineages' strong genetic differentiation. Our study uncovers mechanisms underlying novel genetic variation in introduced populations of C. obscurior that could contribute to the species' adaptive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Errbii
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Keilwagen
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Katharina J Hoff
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Raphael Steffen
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Facility Genomics, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Oettler
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie/Evolutionsbiologie, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Schrader
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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7
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Gao Q, Xiong Z, Larsen RS, Zhou L, Zhao J, Ding G, Zhao R, Liu C, Ran H, Zhang G. High-quality chromosome-level genome assembly and full-length transcriptome analysis of the pharaoh ant Monomorium pharaonis. Gigascience 2020; 9:6034789. [PMID: 33319913 PMCID: PMC7736795 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ants with complex societies have fascinated scientists for centuries. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses across ant species and castes have revealed important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ant caste differentiation. However, most current ant genomes and transcriptomes are highly fragmented and incomplete, which hinders our understanding of the molecular basis for complex ant societies. Findings By hybridizing Illumina, Pacific Biosciences, and Hi-C sequencing technologies, we de novo assembled a chromosome-level genome for Monomorium pharaonis, with a scaffold N50 of 27.2 Mb. Our new assembly provides better resolution for the discovery of genome rearrangement events at the chromosome level. Analysis of full-length isoform sequencing (ISO-seq) suggested that ∼15 Gb of ISO-seq data were sufficient to cover most expressed genes, but the number of transcript isoforms steadily increased with sequencing data coverage. Our high-depth ISO-seq data greatly improved the quality of gene annotation and enabled the accurate detection of alternative splicing isoforms in different castes of M. pharaonis. Comparative transcriptome analysis across castes based on the ISO-seq data revealed an unprecedented number of transcript isoforms, including many caste-specific isoforms. We also identified a number of conserved long non-coding RNAs that evolved specifically in ant lineages and several that were conserved across insect lineages. Conclusions We produced a high-quality chromosome-level genome for M. pharaonis, which significantly improved previous short-read assemblies. Together with full-length transcriptomes for all castes, we generated a highly accurate annotation for this ant species. These long-read sequencing results provide a useful resource for future functional studies on the genetic mechanisms underlying the evolution of social behaviors and organization in ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qionghua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Zijun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Rasmus Stenbak Larsen
- Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Long Zhou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Guo Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Ruoping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Hao Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming 650223, China
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