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Syn G, Lee YQ, Lim ZY, Chan GC. Galectin-3: action and clinical utility in chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 2024; 56:3535-3543. [PMID: 38861106 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-024-04107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, Galectin-3 has been put forward as a potential biomarker of chronic kidney disease progression. This review aims to assess the clinical utility of Galectin-3 in various pathological processes leading up to chronic kidney disease such as diabetes and lupus nephritis. We conducted a systematic search on PubMed from inception to September 2023, using the search term ("Galectin-3" OR "gal-3") AND ("renal" OR "kidney"). Galectin-3 has been shown to be both pro-fibrotic and protective against renal fibrosis through various mechanisms such as apoptotic body clearance and modulation of the Wnt pathway. Studies have found associations between raised Galectin-3, incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease. In lupus nephritis, Galectin-3 may serve as a biomarker for lupus nephritis activity. Although Galectin-3 inhibits cystogenesis, there is no correlation between total kidney volume and Galectin-3 in polycystic kidney disease. The role of Galectin-3 in staging and prognostication of renal cell carcinoma is yet to be determined. Galectin-3 has potential in predicting chronic kidney disease progression, in combination with other biomarkers. However, more trials are required given that present studies demonstrate conflicting results on the relationship between Galectin-3 and clinical outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients of varying aetiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth Syn
- SingHealth Polyclinics, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Qin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhen Yu Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gek Cher Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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Kulow VA, Labes R, Czopek CS, Rosenberger C, Fähling M. Galectin-3 protects distal convoluted tubules in rhabdomyolysis-induced kidney injury. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1571-1585. [PMID: 39042141 PMCID: PMC11381487 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) contribute to cellular damage of various pathologies, including kidney diseases. Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a syndrome seldom characterized by a single, distinct pathophysiological cause. Rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (RIAKI) constitutes roughly 15% of AKI cases, yet its underlying pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Using a murine model of RIAKI induced by muscular glycerol injection, we observed elevated levels of AGEs and the AGE receptor galectin-3 (LGALS3) in the kidney. Immunofluorescence localized LGALS3 to distal nephron segments. According to transcriptomic profiling via next-generation sequencing, RIAKI led to profound changes in kidney metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Cellular stress was evident in both proximal and distal tubules, as shown by kidney injury markers KIM-1 and NGAL. However, only proximal tubules exhibited overt damage and apoptosis, as detected by routine morphology, active Caspase-3, and TUNEL assay, respectively. In vitro, distal convoluted tubule (DCT) cells challenged with AGEs underwent apoptosis, which was markedly enhanced by Lgals3 siRNA treatment. Thus, in RIAKI, the upregulation of LGALS3 may protect the distal nephron from AGE-mediated damage, while proximal tubules lacking LGALS3 stay at risk. Thus, stimulating LGALS3 in the proximal nephron, if achievable, may attenuate RIAKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A Kulow
- Institut für Translationale Physiologie (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Labes
- Institut für Translationale Physiologie (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia S Czopek
- Institut für Translationale Physiologie (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Rosenberger
- Medizinische Klinik m.S. Nephrologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fähling
- Institut für Translationale Physiologie (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Purić E, Nilsson UJ, Anderluh M. Galectin-8 inhibition and functions in immune response and tumor biology. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:2236-2265. [PMID: 38613488 DOI: 10.1002/med.22041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Galectins are among organisms' most abundantly expressed lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins) that specifically bind β-galactosides. They act not only outside the cell, where they bind to extracellular matrix glycans, but also inside the cell, where they have a significant impact on signaling pathways. Galectin-8 is a galectin family protein encoded by the LGALS8 gene. Its role is evident in both T- and B-cell immunity and in the innate immune response, where it acts directly on dendritic cells and induces some pro-inflammatory cytokines. Galectin-8 also plays an important role in the defense against bacterial and viral infections. It is known to promote antibacterial autophagy by recognizing and binding glycans present on the vacuolar membrane, thus acting as a danger receptor. The most important role of galectin-8 is the regulation of cancer growth, metastasis, tumor progression, and tumor cell survival. Importantly, the expression of galectins is typically higher in tumor tissues than in noncancerous tissues. In this review article, we focus on galectin-8 and its function in immune response, microbial infections, and cancer. Given all of these functions of galectin-8, we emphasize the importance of developing new and selective galectin-8 inhibitors and report the current status of their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Purić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ulf J Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marko Anderluh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Memet O, Cao C, Hu H, Dun Y, Bao X, Liu F, Zhang L, Zhou J, Shen J. Galectin-3 inhibition ameliorates alveolar epithelial cell pyroptosis in phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111965. [PMID: 38583242 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Phosgene is a type of poisonous gas that can cause acute lung injury (ALI) upon accidental exposure. Casualties still occur due to phosgene-induced acute lung injury (P-ALI) from accidents resulting from improper operations. The pathological mechanisms of P-ALI are still understudied. Thus, we performed scRNA-seq on cells isolated from all subpopulations of the BALF in P-ALI and found that Gal3 expression was significantly higher in the gas group than in the control group. Further analysis revealed a ligand-receptor correspondence between alveolar macrophages (AMs) and alveolar epithelial cells (AEC), with Gal3 playing a key role in this interaction. To confirm and elaborate on this discovery, we selected four time points during the previous week: sham (day 0), day 1, day 3, and day 7 in the P-ALI mouse model and found that Gal3 expression was significantly elevated in P-ALI, most abundantly expressed in AM cells. This was further confirmed with the use of a Gal3 inhibitor. The inhibition of Gal3 and elimination of AMs in mice both attenuated epithelial cell pyroptosis, as confirmed in in vitro experiments, and revealed the Gal3/caspase-8/GSDMD signaling pathway. These findings suggest that Galectin-3 inhibition can ameliorate AEC pyroptosis by inhibiting the Gal3/caspase-8/GSDMD signaling pathway, thus reducing alveolar damage in mice with P-ALI. This finding provides novel insights for improving treatment efficacy for P-ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obulkasim Memet
- Center of Emergency and Critical Medicine in Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Research Center for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, Shanghai 201508, China.
| | - Chao Cao
- Center of Emergency and Critical Medicine in Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Research Center for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Hanbing Hu
- Center of Emergency and Critical Medicine in Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Research Center for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yu Dun
- Center of Emergency and Critical Medicine in Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Research Center for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Xuanrong Bao
- Center of Emergency and Critical Medicine in Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Research Center for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Fuli Liu
- Center of Emergency and Critical Medicine in Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Research Center for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Center of Emergency and Critical Medicine in Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Research Center for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Center of Emergency and Critical Medicine in Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Research Center for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, Shanghai 201508, China.
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5
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Zhou Z, Feng Z, Sun X, Wang Y, Dou G. The Role of Galectin-3 in Retinal Degeneration and Other Ocular Diseases: A Potential Novel Biomarker and Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15516. [PMID: 37958500 PMCID: PMC10649114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is the most studied member of the Galectin family, with a large range of mediation in biological activities such as cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, cell adhesion, and tissue repair, as well as in pathological processes such as inflammation, tissue fibrosis, and angiogenesis. As is known to all, inflammation, aberrant cell apoptosis, and neovascularization are the main pathophysiological processes in retinal degeneration and many ocular diseases. Therefore, the review aims to conclude the role of Gal3 in the retinal degeneration of various diseases as well as the occurrence and development of the diseases and discuss its molecular mechanisms according to research in systemic diseases. At the same time, we summarized the predictive role of Gal3 as a biomarker and the clinical application of its inhibitors to discuss the possibility of Gal3 as a novel target for the treatment of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yusheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
| | - Guorui Dou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
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Liu H, Zhang L, Liu Z, Lin J, He X, Wu S, Qin Y, Zhao C, Guo Y, Lin F. Galectin-3 as TREM2 upstream factor contributes to lung ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating macrophage polarization. iScience 2023; 26:107496. [PMID: 37636061 PMCID: PMC10448077 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) is a complex "aseptic" inflammatory response, macrophage play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of LIRI. Galectin-3 (Gal3), a lectin implicated inflammation, has received limited attention in LIRI. Studies have reported Gal3 as a ligand for triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) in macrophages in Alzheimer's disease. Hence, we established LIRI C57BL/6 mice model and hypoxia/glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) model to investigate the relationship among Gal3, TREM2, and macrophage polarization. Our result demonstrated inhibition of Gal3 significantly reduced M1-type macrophage polarization while markedly increased M2-type in LIRI. In addition, we observed colocalization of Gal3 and TREM2 in macrophages, inhibition of Gal3 could recover the downregulation of TREM2 induced by LIRI while promoting TREM2 expression could attenuate lung injury in LIRI. In summary, our findings suggest Gal3 as an upstream factor of TREM2, play a crucial role in LIRI by regulating macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology(GK AD22035214), Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Tissue & Organ Injury and Repair Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology(GK AD22035214), Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Tissue & Organ Injury and Repair Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology(GK AD22035214), Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Tissue & Organ Injury and Repair Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jinyuan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology(GK AD22035214), Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Tissue & Organ Injury and Repair Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaojing He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology(GK AD22035214), Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Tissue & Organ Injury and Repair Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Siyi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology(GK AD22035214), Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Tissue & Organ Injury and Repair Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology(GK AD22035214), Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Tissue & Organ Injury and Repair Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology(GK AD22035214), Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Tissue & Organ Injury and Repair Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Youyuan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology(GK AD22035214), Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Tissue & Organ Injury and Repair Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Fei Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology(GK AD22035214), Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Tissue & Organ Injury and Repair Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Disfunction, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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Făgărășan A, Săsăran M, Gozar L, Crauciuc A, Bănescu C. The Role of Galectin-3 in Predicting Congenital Heart Disease Outcome: A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10511. [PMID: 37445687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a novel pro-fibrotic biomarker that can predict both right and left cardiac dysfunction caused by various cardiovascular conditions. Its expression seems to be progressively altered with evolving cardiac remodeling processes, even before the onset of heart failure. Hence, Gal-3 has been found to be an individual predictor of acute and chronic heart failure or to serve as part of an integrated biomarker panel that can foresee adverse cardiac outcomes. In congenital heart disease (CHD), Gal-3 correlates with cardiac mortality and complications in both children and adults and is proposed as a therapeutic target in order to reverse the activation of pro-fibrosis pathways that lead to heart failure. Positive associations between serum Gal-3 levels, post-operatory hospitalization rates, complications and ventricular dysfunction have also been reported within studies conducted on patients with CHD who underwent corrective surgery. Thus, this review tried to address the potential utility of Gal-3 in patients with CHD and particularly in those who undergo corrective surgery. The heterogeneity of the literature data and the lack of validation of the results obtained by the current studies on larger cohorts cannot be neglected, though. Further longitudinal research is required to establish how Gal-3 can relate to long-term outcomes in pediatric CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Făgărășan
- Department of Pediatrics III, Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Maria Săsăran
- Department of Pediatrics III, Faculty of Medicine in English, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Liliana Gozar
- Department of Pediatrics III, Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Andrei Crauciuc
- Department of Medical Genetics, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Claudia Bănescu
- Genetics Department, Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mures, Romania
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8
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Yu X, Qian J, Ding L, Yin S, Zhou L, Zheng S. Galectin-1: A Traditionally Immunosuppressive Protein Displays Context-Dependent Capacities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076501. [PMID: 37047471 PMCID: PMC10095249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin–Carbohydrate interactions are indispensable to pathogen recognition and immune response. Galectin-1, a ubiquitously expressed 14-kDa protein with an evolutionarily conserved β-galactoside binding site, translates glycoconjugate recognition into function. That galectin-1 is demonstrated to induce T cell apoptosis has led to substantial attention to the immunosuppressive properties of this protein, such as inducing naive immune cells to suppressive phenotypes, promoting recruitment of immunosuppressing cells as well as impairing functions of cytotoxic leukocytes. However, only in recent years have studies shown that galectin-1 appears to perform a pro-inflammatory role in certain diseases. In this review, we describe the anti-inflammatory function of galectin-1 and its possible mechanisms and summarize the existing therapies and preclinical efficacy relating to these agents. In the meantime, we also discuss the potential causal factors by which galectin-1 promotes the progression of inflammation.
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9
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Ezhilarasan D. Unraveling the pathophysiologic role of galectin-3 in chronically injured liver. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:673-686. [PMID: 36745560 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) previously referred to as S-type lectins, is a soluble protein that specifically binds to β-galactoside carbohydrates with high specificity. Gal-3 plays a pivotal role in a variety of pathophysiological processes such as cell proliferation, inflammation, differentiation, angiogenesis, transformation and apoptosis, pre-mRNA splicing, metabolic syndromes, fibrosis, and host defense. The role of Gal-3 has also been implicated in liver diseases. Gal-3 is activated upon a hepatotoxic insult to the liver and its level has been shown to be upregulated in fatty liver diseases, inflammation, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cholangitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Gal-3 directly interacts with the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3, and activates the inflammasome in macrophages of the liver. In the chronically injured liver, Gal-3 secreted by injured hepatocytes and immune cells, activates hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in a paracrine fashion to acquire a myofibroblast like collagen-producing phenotype. Activated HSCs in the fibrotic liver secrete Gal-3 which acts via autocrine signaling to exacerbate extracellular matrix synthesis and fibrogenesis. In the stromal microenvironment, Gal-3 activates cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and metastasis. Clinically, increased serum levels and Gal-3 expression were observed in the liver tissue of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrotic/cirrhotic, and HCC patients. The pathological role of Gal-3 has been experimentally and clinically reported in the progression of chronic liver disease. Therefore, this review discusses the pathological role of Gal-3 in the progression of chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Medicine and Toxicology Lab, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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10
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Souza DS, Macheroni C, Pereira GJS, Vicente CM, Porto CS. Molecular regulation of prostate cancer by Galectin-3 and estrogen receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1124111. [PMID: 36936148 PMCID: PMC10020622 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1124111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the most prevalent cancer among men worldwide. This cancer is hormone-dependent; therefore, androgen, estrogen, and their receptors play an important role in development and progression of this disease, and in emergence of the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Galectins are a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins which are frequently altered (upregulated or downregulated) in a wide range of tumors, participating in different stages of tumor development and progression, but the molecular mechanisms which regulate its expression are still poorly understood. This review provides an overview of the current and emerging knowledge on Galectin-3 in cancer biology with focus on prostate cancer and the interplay with estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathways, present in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. We suggest a molecular mechanism where ER, Galectin-3 and β-catenin can modulate nuclear transcriptional events, such as, proliferation, migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Despite a number of achievements in targeted therapy for prostate cancer, CRPC may eventually develop, therefore new effective drug targets need urgently to be found. Further understanding of the role of Galectin-3 and ER in prostate cancer will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer development and the future treatment of this disease.
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Multicomponent reaction derived small di- and tri-carbohydrate-based glycomimetics as tools for probing lectin specificity. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:587-597. [PMID: 36001188 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Lectins, carbohydrate-binding proteins, play important functions in all forms of life from bacteria and viruses to plants, animals, and humans, participating in cell-cell communication and pathogen binding. In an attempt to modify lectin functions, artificial lectin ligands were made usually as big dendrimeric or cluster multivalent glycomimetic structures. Here we synthesized a novel set of glycomimetic ligands through protection/deprotection multicomponent reactions (MCR) approach. Multivalent di-and tri-carbohydrate glycomimetics containing D-fructose, D-galactose, and D-allose moieties were prepared in 63-96% yield. MCR glycomimetics demonstrated different binding abilities for plant lectins Con A and UEA I, and human galectin-3. Information gained about the influence of molecule structure, multivalency and optical purity on the lectin binding ability can be used in lectin detection and sensitivity measurements to further facilitate understanding of carbohydrate recognition process.
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Mohammed NBB, Antonopoulos A, Dell A, Haslam SM, Dimitroff CJ. The pleiotropic role of galectin-3 in melanoma progression: Unraveling the enigma. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 157:157-193. [PMID: 36725108 PMCID: PMC9895887 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer with poor outcomes associated with distant metastasis. Intrinsic properties of melanoma cells alongside the crosstalk between melanoma cells and surrounding microenvironment determine the tumor behavior. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a ß-galactoside-binding lectin, has emerged as a major effector in cancer progression, including melanoma behavior. Data from melanoma models and patient studies reveal that Gal-3 expression is dysregulated, both intracellularly and extracellularly, throughout the stages of melanoma progression. This review summarizes the most recent data and hypotheses on Gal-3 and its tumor-modulating functions, highlighting its role in driving melanoma growth, invasion, and metastatic colonization. It also provides insight into potential Gal-3-targeted strategies for melanoma diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan B B Mohammed
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU (TGIF), Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | | | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J Dimitroff
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU (TGIF), Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.
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13
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Boutin L, Dépret F, Gayat E, Legrand M, Chadjichristos CE. Galectin-3 in Kidney Diseases: From an Old Protein to a New Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063124. [PMID: 35328545 PMCID: PMC8952808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a 30KDa lectin implicated in multiple pathophysiology pathways including renal damage and fibrosis. Gal-3 binds β-galactoside through its carbohydrate-recognition domain. From intra-cellular to extra-cellular localization, Gal-3 has multiple roles including transduction signal pathway, cell-to-cell adhesion, cell to extracellular matrix adhesion, and immunological chemoattractant protein. Moreover, Gal-3 has also been linked to kidney disease in both preclinical models and clinical studies. Gal-3 inhibition appears to improve renal disease in several pathological conditions, thus justifying the development of multiple drug inhibitors. This review aims to summarize the latest literature regarding Gal-3 in renal pathophysiology, from its role as a biomarker to its potential as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boutin
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France; (L.B.); (F.D.); (E.G.)
- INSERM, UMR 942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Marker in Stress Condition, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - François Dépret
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France; (L.B.); (F.D.); (E.G.)
- INSERM, UMR 942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Marker in Stress Condition, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Etienne Gayat
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France; (L.B.); (F.D.); (E.G.)
- INSERM, UMR 942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Marker in Stress Condition, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Matthieu Legrand
- INSERM, UMR 942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Marker in Stress Condition, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France;
- Department of Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California—UCSF Medical Center, 500 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- INI-CRCT Network, 54500 Nancy, France
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Tiraboschi C, Gentilini L, Velazquez C, Corapi E, Jaworski FM, Garcia Garcia JD, Rondón Y, Chauchereau A, Laderach DJ, Compagno D. Combining inhibition of galectin-3 with and before a therapeutic vaccination is critical for the prostate-tumor-free outcome. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001535. [PMID: 33293356 PMCID: PMC7725099 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major health problem worldwide. Taxol derivatives-based chemotherapies or immunotherapies are usually proposed depending on the symptomatic status of the patient. In the case of immunotherapy, tumors develop robust immune escape mechanisms that abolish any protective response, and to date why prostate cancer is one of the most resistant diseases remains unresolved. METHODS By using a combination of clinical data to study the transcriptome of metastasis samples from patients with castration-refractory prostate cancer, and state of the art cellular and molecular biology assays in samples from tumor-bearing mice that have been submitted to surgical resection of the tumor before receiving a vaccination, we answered several essential questions in the field of immunotherapy for prostate cancer. We also used two different methods to inhibit the expression of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in tumor cells: a stable RNA interference method to control the expression of this galectin efficiently only in tumor cells, and low and non-cytotoxic doses of docetaxel to easily transfer our findings to clinical settings. RESULTS Herein, we show for the first time that Gal-3 expressed by prostate tumor cells is the main immune checkpoint responsible for the failure of vaccine-based immunotherapy. Our results show that low and non-cytotoxic doses of docetaxel lead to the inhibition of Gal-3 expression in PCa cells as well as in clinical samples of patients with metastatic and castration-resistant PCa promoting a Th1 response. We thus optimized a prostate cancer animal model that undergoes surgical resection of the tumor to mimic prostatectomy usually performed in patients. Importantly, using Gal-3-knocked down-PCa cells or low and non-cytotoxic doses of taxane before vaccination, we were able to highly control tumor recurrence through a direct impact on the proliferation and infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T. CONCLUSIONS Thus, Gal-3 expression by PCa cells is a crucial inhibitor for the success of immunotherapy, and low doses of docetaxel with non-cytotoxic effect on leukocyte survival could be used before immunotherapy for all patients with PCa to reduce the expression of this critical negative immune checkpoint, pre-conditioning the tumor-microenvironment to activate an antitumor immune response and promote tumor-free outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Tiraboschi
- Quimica biologica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Gentilini
- Quimica biologica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Velazquez
- Quimica biologica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Enrique Corapi
- Quimica biologica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Yorfer Rondón
- Quimica biologica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Diego José Laderach
- Quimica biologica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Lujan, Lujan, Argentina
| | - Daniel Compagno
- Quimica biologica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Vargas THM, Barra CN, Pulz LH, Huete GC, Cadrobbi KG, Nishiya AT, Kleeb SR, Xavier JG, Catão-Dias JL, Strefezzi RF. Galectin-3 immunolabelling correlates with BCL2 expression in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:169-174. [PMID: 34111022 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumour (MCT) is the most frequent skin neoplasm in dogs. These tumours are characterised by variable behaviour and clinical presentation that make prognosis an important and challenging task in the veterinary practice. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is known to influence several biological processes that are important in the cancer context and has been described as a prognostic marker for several human cancers. The aim of the present work was to characterise Gal-3 immunolabelling in canine cutaneous MCTs and to investigate its value as a prognostic marker for the disease. Thirty-four random cases of canine cutaneous MCT that were surgically treated with wide margins were included in this study. Gal-3 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and the results were compared with the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, Ki67 index, histopathological grades, mortality due to the disease and post-surgical survival. The majority of the MCTs (65.8%) were positive for Gal-3. Gal-3 immunolabelling was variable among the samples (2.7%-86.8% of the neoplastic cells). The protein was located in the cytoplasm or in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Gal-3 positivity was correlated with BCL2 expression (P < 0.001; r = 0.604), but not with Ki67 and BAX. No significant differences were detected between histological grades or in the survival analysis. Gal-3 expression correlates with BCL2 expression in MCTs. Although an efficient marker for several human neoplasms, the results presented herein suggest that Gal-3 immunolabelling is not an independent prognostic indicator for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Henrique M. Vargas
- 1Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jd. Elite, Pirassununga, CEP 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila N. Barra
- 1Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jd. Elite, Pirassununga, CEP 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
- 2Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lidia H. Pulz
- 1Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jd. Elite, Pirassununga, CEP 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
- 2Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Greice C. Huete
- 1Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jd. Elite, Pirassununga, CEP 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karine G. Cadrobbi
- 1Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jd. Elite, Pirassununga, CEP 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- 2Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo F. Strefezzi
- 1Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jd. Elite, Pirassununga, CEP 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tan Y, Zheng Y, Xu D, Sun Z, Yang H, Yin Q. Galectin-3: a key player in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:78. [PMID: 33906678 PMCID: PMC8077955 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is characterized by the deposition of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ), the formation of intraneuronal tau neurofibrillary tangles and microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation. One of the key molecules involved in microglial activation is galectin-3 (Gal-3). In recent years, extensive studies have dissected the mechanisms by which Gal-3 modulates microglial activation, impacting Aβ deposition, in both animal models and human studies. In this review article, we focus on the emerging role of Gal-3 in biology and pathobiology, including its origin, its functions in regulating microglial activation and neuroinflammation, and its emergence as a biomarker in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. These aspects are important to elucidate the involvement of Gal-3 in AD pathogenesis and may provide novel insights into the use of Gal-3 for AD diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yanqun Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Dongshan Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, 276017, Shandong, China
| | - Daiwen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The People Hospital of Huaiyin Jinan, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhanfang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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17
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Srejovic IM, Lukic ML. Galectin-3 in T cell-mediated immunopathology and autoimmunity. Immunol Lett 2021; 233:57-67. [PMID: 33753135 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is the only member of galectin family able to form pentamers and heterodimers with chemokines. Its presence in various cells and tissues suggests variety of regulatory functions in physiological conditions, but increasing body of evidence indicates involvement of Gal-3 in pathological cascades of many diseases. Gal-3 exerts different, sometimes opposite, effects in various disorders or in different phases of the same disease. These differences in action of Gal-3 are related to the localization of Gal-3 in the cell, types of receptors through which it acts, or the types of cells that secrete it. As a regulator of immune response and T-cell activity, Gal-3 appears to have important role in development of autoimmunity mediated by T cells. Absence of Gal-3 in C57Bl6 mice favors Th2 mediated inflammatory myocarditis but attenuate fibrosis. Recent data also indicate Gal-3 involvement in development atherosclerosis. In pathogenesis of diabetes type 1 and autoimmune components of diabetes type 2 Gal-3 may have detrimental or protective role depending on its intracellular or extracellular localization. Gal-3 mediates autoimmune hepatic damage through activation of T-cells or natural killer T cells. Gal-3 is an important mediator in neurodevelopment, neuropathology and behavior due to its expression both in neurons and glial cells. All together, assessing the role of Gal-3 in immunopathology and autoimmunity it could be concluded that it is an important participant in pathogenesis, as well as promising monitoring marker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Srejovic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia; University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Kim SJ, Chun KH. Non-classical role of Galectin-3 in cancer progression: translocation to nucleus by carbohydrate-recognition independent manner. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 32172730 PMCID: PMC7196190 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.4.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding protein and regulates diverse functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, mRNA splicing, apoptosis induction, immune surveillance and inflammation, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and cancer-cell metastasis. Galectin-3 is also recommended as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker of various diseases, including heart disease, kidney disease, and cancer. Galectin-3 exists as a cytosol, is secreted in extracellular spaces on cells, and is also detected in nuclei. It has been found that galectin-3 has different functions in cellular localization: (i) Extracellular galectin-3 mediates cell attachment and detachment. (ii) cytosolic galectin-3 regulates cell survival by blocking the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and (iii) nuclear galectin-3 supports the ability of the transcriptional factor for target gene expression. In this review, we focused on the role of galectin-3 on translocation from cytosol to nucleus, because it happens in a way independent of carbohydrate recognition and accelerates cancer progression. We also suggested here that intracellular galecin-3 could be a potent therapeutic target in cancer therapy. [BMB Reports 2020; 53(4): 173-180].
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University; Department of Life Science & Brain Korea 21 Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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19
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Evaluation of Serum Levels and Expression of Galectin-4 in Cervical Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/6756723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-4 has been reported to be altered in different cancer types. Its expression changes have been associated with early recurrence and metastasis. In cervical cancer (CC), galectin-4 has not been studied. The aim of the study was to determine the expression level and subcellular localization of galectin-4 in CC tissue and the concentration in the serum of patients with CC. For the analysis of serum levels of galectin-4, an ELISA assay was performed. To assess the expression in cervical tissue, immunohistochemical staining was performed. The results showed that the concentration of galectin-4 in the serum of patients with CC was higher (647.9 pg/ml) than that in the serum of women with normal cytology (382.1 pg/ml). The immunohistochemical analysis of CC samples showed a higher expression in keratinizing tumor than nonkeratinizing tumors and a trend of increased expression in tumors from patients with advanced clinical stage. In normal cervical tissue, galectin-4 was detected in the cytoplasm, and in tumor cells, the presence of galectin-4 was also detected in the nucleus, in both adenocarcinoma and squamous cervical cancer. The increase in serum concentration and different localization in the tumor cells suggest a possible role of galectin-4 in CC development.
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High-sensitivity Troponin I Predicts Galectin-3 in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2020; 52:533-540. [PMID: 32008204 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plasma galectin-3 (pG3) regulates inflammation. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), high-sensitivity Troponin I (hsTnI), and pG3 concentrations are elevated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The associations of pG3 with hsTnI/BNP are unclear. We explored the relationship of hsTnI and BNP with pG3 in Asian CKD patients and healthy controls. METHODS We retrieved prospectively collected frozen plasma samples from 163 stable CKD patients and 105 healthy controls. BNP, hsTnI and pG3 were assayed. pG3 was assessed for associations with age, gender, ethnicity, blood pressures; height, weight, body mass index (BMI), previously diagnosed CKD, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); C-reactive protein, beta-trace protein, 24 h urine protein, serum albumin, uric acid and cystatin C. We created two models predicting pG3 using multiple linear regression. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used for comparison. Significance was taken at P < 0.05. RESULTS CKD versus healthy participants: mean BMI (28.2 vs. 24.9 kg/m2), median serum creatinine (159 vs. 69 µmol/L; 1.8 vs. 0.78 mg/dL), median eGFR (49 vs. 104 mL/min/1.73m2), median pG3 (29.4 vs. 15.4 ng/mL), median BNP (136 vs. 23 pg/mL), and median hsTnI (12.5 vs. 2.6 pg/mL). By univariate analysis, all variables are associated with pG3 except weight, gender and diagnosis of cerebrovascular or peripheral vascular diseases. A parsimonious model selected for hsTnI, BMI, serum albumin, cystatin C and eGFR (AIC = 77.6). CONCLUSION BNP and hsTnI are associated with pG3 in Asian CKD patients. hsTnI is a better predictor of pG3.
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21
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Li Y, Chen X, Zeng X, Chen S, Yang X, Zhang L. Galectin-3 mediates pulmonary vascular endothelial cell dynamics via TRPC1/4 under acute hypoxia. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22463. [PMID: 32003113 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has been implicated in various biological functions, yet little is known about its role in regulating the dynamics of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. Gal-3 was shown to be increased in hypoxic model rats by sequencing analysis. We exposed pulmonary vessel endothelial cells (PVECs) to hypoxia or Gal-3 stimulation, following which cell apoptosis and autophagy were measured with the relevant methods. The results demonstrated that hypoxia elevated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity and Gal-3 expression. Gla-3 decreased the expression of Bcl-2, Alix, Beclin-1, Atg5, and LC3A/B. The messenger RNA and protein levels of transient receptor potential channel 1/4 (TRPC1/4) and calpain were reduced after Gal-3 treatment. Gal-3 also activated protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3 β/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways in PVECs. These results suggest that a hypoxia-mediated increase in Gal-3 promotes apoptosis and inhibits autophagy by inhibiting the TRPC1/4 pathway and activating the protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3 β/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in PVECs. Furthermore, these results may provide us with a new direction to explore the pathogenesis of pulmonary artery hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Fujian Province University on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Toxicology, Fujian Center for Evaluation of New Drug, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinghe Chen
- Department of Pediatrics Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xixi Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Fujian Province University on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaokun Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Fujian Province University on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Toxicology, Fujian Center for Evaluation of New Drug, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Fujian Province University on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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22
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Erriah M, Pabreja K, Fricker M, Baines KJ, Donnelly LE, Bylund J, Karlsson A, Simpson JL. Galectin-3 enhances monocyte-derived macrophage efferocytosis of apoptotic granulocytes in asthma. Respir Res 2019; 20:1. [PMID: 30606211 PMCID: PMC6318889 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 is a 32 kDa protein secreted by macrophages involved in processes such as cell activation, chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Galectin-3 has previously been shown to improve the ability of airway macrophages to ingest apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and may be of interest in non-eosinophilic asthma (NEA) which is also characterised by impaired efferocytosis. It was hypothesised that the addition of exogenous galectin-3 to monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) derived from donors with NEA would enhance their ability to engulf apoptotic granulocytes. METHODS Eligible non-smoking adults with asthma (n = 19), including 7 with NEA and healthy controls (n = 10) underwent a clinical assessment, venepuncture and sputum induction. MDMs were co-cultured with apoptotic granulocytes isolated from healthy donors with or without exogenous recombinant galectin-3 (50 μg/mL) and efferocytosis was assessed by flow cytometry. Galectin-3 expression and localisation in MDMs was visualised by immunofluorescence staining and fluorescence microscopy. Galectin-3, interleukin (IL)-6 and CXCL8 secretion were measured in cell culture supernatants by ELISA and cytometric bead array. RESULTS Baseline efferocytosis (mean (±standard deviation)) was lower in participants with asthma (33.2 (±17.7)%) compared with healthy controls (45.3 (±15.9)%; p = 0.081). Efferocytosis did not differ between the participants with eosinophilic asthma (EA) (31.4 (±19.2)%) and NEA (28.7 (±21.5)%; p = 0.748). Addition of galectin-3 significantly improved efferocytosis in asthma, particularly in NEA (37.8 (±18.1)%) compared with baseline (30.4 (±19.7)%; p = 0.012). Efferocytosis was not associated with any of the clinical outcomes but was negatively correlated with sputum macrophage numbers (Spearman r = - 0.671; p = 0.017). Galectin-3 was diffusely distributed in most MDMs but formed punctate structures in 5% of MDMs. MDM galectin-3 secretion was lower in asthma (9.99 (2.67, 15.48) ng/mL) compared with the healthy controls (20.72 (11.28, 27.89) ng/mL; p = 0.044) while IL-6 and CXCL8 levels were similar. CONCLUSIONS Galectin-3 modulates macrophage function in asthma, indicating a potential role for galectin-3 to reverse impaired efferocytosis in NEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Erriah
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kavita Pabreja
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Fricker
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine J Baines
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Louise E Donnelly
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Karlsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jodie L Simpson
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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Gao X, Liu J, Liu X, Li L, Zheng J. Cleavage and phosphorylation: important post-translational modifications of galectin-3. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 36:367-374. [PMID: 28378189 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As the unique chimeric member of the β-galactoside-binding protein family, galectin-3 is a multivalent and multifunctional oncogenic protein involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes, including cell growth, cell differentiation, cell adhesion, RNA splicing, cell apoptosis, and malignant transformation. Post-translational modifications can effectively increase a protein's functional diversity, either by degradation or adding chemical modifications, thus regulating activity, localization, and ligand interaction. In order to clearly understand the functional mechanisms of galectin-3 involved in normal cell biology and pathogenesis, here, we have summarized the previously reported post-translational modifications of galectin-3, including cleavage and phosphorylation. Cleavage of galectin-3 by MMPs, PSA, and proteases from parasites generated intact carbohydrate-recognition domain and N-terminal peptides of varying lengths that retained lectin binding activity but lost multivalence. Serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of galectin-3 by c-Abl, CKI, and GSK-3β could regulate its localization and associated signal transduction. Accordingly, cleavage and phosphorylation play an important role in regulating galectin-3 function via altering its multivalence, localization, and ligand interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Gao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjie Liu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangye Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Liantao Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221002, People's Republic of China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221002, People's Republic of China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221002, People's Republic of China. .,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221002, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221002, People's Republic of China.
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Andisheh-Tadbir A, Mardani M, Malekzadeh M, Amirbeigi Tafti T, Khademi B. Galectin-3 Serum Levels Could Help Clinicians Screen for Salivary Gland Tumor Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:689-692. [PMID: 29580041 PMCID: PMC5980842 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify serum levels of galectin-3 in salivary gland cancer and healthy populations; a prospective analysis was performed on serum specimens from 105 patients with salivary gland cancer and 56 healthy persons. Methods: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure levels of galectin-3 (GAL-3). Serum levels were compared between patients with salivary gland tumors and healthy control. A total of 105 patients were enrolled in the study (55 men, 50 women). Result: Mean age was 45.5 years. Thirty-nine patients with malignant and 66 cases with benign tumors were compared with 56 healthy participants with a mean age of 51.7. No statistically significant differences were observed when comparing GAL-3 serum levels between malignant and benign salivary gland tumor patients, but a statistically significant difference was found between case and control patients with p-values of 0.02. Serum levels of galectin-3 protein were elevated in patients with salivary gland cancer compared with the healthy population. Conclusion: The difference between benign and malignant tumor patients was significant, but revealed no clinic pathological characteristics in malignant tumors. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time a study suggests that GAL-3 serum levels could help clinicians screen for salivary gland cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Andisheh-Tadbir
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Abstract
Abstract
Heart failure is nowadays a common condition associated with high mortality and increased healthcare-related costs. Over the years, the research on heart failure management has been extensive in order to better diagnose and treat the condition. Since the progression of left ventricular dysfunction is a consequence of myocardial inflammation, apopotosis, and fibrosis leading to myocardium remodelling, several molecules that are involved in the inflammation pathways have been explored as possible biomarkers for the condition. The study of biomarkers and their key roles in inflammation could allow early identification of patients with heart failure, improve prognostic assessment, and provide a target for future therapies. Among currently studied biomarkers, extensive research has been conducted on galectin-3, a galactoside-binding lectin, which is synthetised and secreted when cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts are submitted to mechanical stress. Accordingly, it has been hypothesised that galectin-3 could be a promoter of left ventricular dysfunction. Galectin-3 has been shown to mediate inflammation by several different pathways which are further detailed in the current review. Also, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of existing evidence on the utility of galectin-3 in clinical settings associated with heart failure.
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Morgante A, Ulivieri A, Magi F, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Salehi LB, Ricci A. Galectin-3: One Molecule for an Alphabet of Diseases, from A to Z. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020379. [PMID: 29373564 PMCID: PMC5855601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates basic cellular functions such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. It is not surprising, therefore, that this protein is involved in the pathogenesis of many relevant human diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, chronic inflammation and scarring affecting many different tissues. The papers published in the literature have progressively increased in number during the last decades, testifying the great interest given to this protein by numerous researchers involved in many different clinical contexts. Considering the crucial role exerted by Gal-3 in many different clinical conditions, Gal-3 is emerging as a new diagnostic, prognostic biomarker and as a new promising therapeutic target. The current review aims to extensively examine the studies published so far on the role of Gal-3 in all the clinical conditions and diseases, listed in alphabetical order, where it was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Morgante
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Shimura T, Kofunato Y, Okada R, Yashima R, Koyama Y, Araki K, Kuwano H, Takenoshita S. Intranuclear accumulation of galectin-3 is an independent prognostic factor for patients with distal cholangiocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:819-829. [PMID: 28693238 PMCID: PMC5494714 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 has been reported to be associated with the prognosis of patients with various malignancies; however, it has not yet been investigated in patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC). Expression of galectin-3 was retrospectively examined in 58 patients with EHCC: 21 with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma and 37 with distal cholangiocarcinoma (DCC). The Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify independent prognostic factors. Intranuclear accumulation of galectin-3 (gal-3-INA) was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) in all patients (P=0.003), as well as in patients with DCC (P=0.004). Patients with gal-3-INA also exhibited a poorer disease-free survival (DFS) than those without gal-3-INA in all patients with EHCC (P<0.001), and in patients with DCC (P<0.001). Gal-3-INA was an independent prognostic factor of OS and DFS in all patients [OS: Hazard ratio (HR), 4.470; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.759–11.357; P=0.002; and DFS: HR, 5.116; 95% CI, 2.025–12.925; P=0.001]. Gal-3-INA was also an independent prognostic factor in patients with DCC (OS: HR, 2.979; 95% CI, 1.035–8.570; P=0.043; and DFS: HR, 6.773; 95% CI, 1.558–29.439; P=0.011). In the analysis of patients with DCC, the number of patients with high galectin-3 expression (P=0.038), recurrence (P<0.001), distant metastases (P<0.001), R0 status (P=0.029) or microscopic vascular invasion (P=0.019) was significantly higher in the gal-3-INA-positive group than in the gal-3-INA-negative group. In conclusion, gal-3-INA was identified as a strong prognostic factor for OS and DFS in patients with DCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Shimura
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Kofunato
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Ryo Okada
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Rei Yashima
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Koyama
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Araki
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kuwano
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Seiichi Takenoshita
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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Role of Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis of Nasal Polyps Based Upon Galectin-3 Expression. J Craniofac Surg 2017; 28:280-284. [PMID: 27922968 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000003174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors aimed to investigate the antiapoptotic mechanisms in nasal polyps that occur after glandular hyperplasia. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective histopathological analyses of patients with nasal polyps. METHODS The study comprised 54 patients (19 females; 35 males). Group-1 patients with a diagnosis of nasal polyposis; group-2 patients with a diagnosis of antrochoanal polyps; group-3 with a diagnosis of deviation of the nasal septum as a control group. Tissues were taken during their surgery and fixed in paraffin blocks, stained to detect galectin-3, and evaluated under a light microscope. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes on the surface epithelium, glandular epithelium, and connective tissue were divided into groups according to the intensity of galectin-3 staining: "mild," "moderate," and "strong." The percentage of stained tissue was also graded: <10%, 10% to 50%, 51% to 80%, and >80%. Hence, the extent of expression of galectin-3 and percentage of stained tissue was calculated. RESULTS Significant differences in the staining intensity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes for galectin-3 were observed between the 3 groups (P <0.01). Staining intensity in control group was significantly lower than that in group I and group II (P = 0.001; P <0.01). However, there was no significant difference between group I and group II (P >0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that galectin-3 has a role in the formation of nasal polyps.
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He J, Li X, Luo H, Li T, Zhao L, Qi Q, Liu Y, Yu Z. Galectin-3 mediates the pulmonary arterial hypertension-induced right ventricular remodeling through interacting with NADPH oxidase 4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 11:275-289.e2. [PMID: 28431936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disorder that affects both pulmonary vasculature and the heart. The response of the right ventricle (RV) to the increased afterload is an important determinant of the PAH final outcome. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a novel biomarker in left cardiac remodeling, takes part in multiple pathophysiological processes including the inflammation, fibrosis, immunity, and oxidative stress. The levels of Gal-3 are elevated in PAH patients, although the exact mechanisms underlie the PAH-induced right ventricular structural changes remain unclear. Our results showed that the serum Gal-3 and NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) levels were significantly elevated and correlated in 26 human PAH patients when compared with 14 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. In the monocrotaline-induced PAH rat models of right ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis, the Gal-3 and Nox4 expressions were both significantly upregulated compared with the controls. Moreover, the Gal-3 positive areas were co-localized with the collagen III-specific staining and the Gal-3 and Nox4 were partly co-localized in the intercellular area. The exogenous Gal-3 recombinant protein stimulated the proliferation, differentiation, collagen deposition, and Nox4 expression of cardiac fibroblasts. These simulations were blocked by the Gal-3 knockdown. The profibrotic effects of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on the cardiac fibroblasts were partially mediated by the Gal-3. Subsequently, our results showed that Gal-3 mediated the TGF-β1-induced cardiac fibrotic process through interacting with the Nox4 and Nox4-derived oxidative stress. Therefore, Gal-3 plays an important role in the PAH-induced right ventricular remodeling through interacting with the Nox4 and Nox4-derived oxidative stress. Gal-3 may become a RV-specific diagnostic and therapeutic target for clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingni He
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Tangzhiming Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Qiangqiang Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Zaixin Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China.
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Yang H, Yin J, Ficarrotta K, Hsu SH, Zhang W, Cheng C. Aberrant expression and hormonal regulation of Galectin-3 in endometriosis women with infertility. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:785-91. [PMID: 26886939 PMCID: PMC4906070 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role and potential molecular mechanism of Galectin-3 (Gal-3) in the etiology of endometriosis-associated infertility. METHODS We detected Gal-3 expression in eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis-associated infertility and healthy women without endometriosis or infertility. We then evaluated Gal-3 expression in endometrial glandular epithelial cells (EECs) and endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and investigated its response to hormone stimulation in EECs and ESCs from both groups of women. RESULTS Results of real-time PCR and western blot analysis showed Gal-3 expression in both proliferative and secretory stages of the menstrual cycle decreased significantly in women with endometriosis-associated infertility compared to healthy women. The changes in expression of Gal-3 were more dramatic in EECs than ESCs. Moreover, estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) induced Gal-3 expression in EECs of healthy groups, and P4 was more significant than E2 and combined E2 and P4 (E2P4). However, in the endometriosis group, P4 failed to induce a similar increase in Gal-3 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that aberrant expression of Gal-3 might contribute to infertility in patients with endometriosis due to progesterone resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Yang
- />Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 413 Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - J. Yin
- />Department of Gynecology, Chongqing Ninth People’s Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - K. Ficarrotta
- />Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - S. H. Hsu
- />Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - W. Zhang
- />Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 413 Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - C. Cheng
- />Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH USA
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Shimura T, Shibata M, Gonda K, Nakajima T, Chida S, Noda M, Suzuki S, Nakamura I, Ohki S, Takenoshita S. Association between circulating galectin-3 levels and the immunological, inflammatory and nutritional parameters in patients with colorectal cancer. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:203-207. [PMID: 27446542 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3, a β-galactoside-binding lectin, exhibits pleiotropic biological functions and has a role as one of the immunological modulators. However, the associations between circulating galectin-3 and immunological, inflammatory and nutritional parameters have not yet been fully elucidated. The serum concentration of galectin-3 was examined in association with interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-12 and IL17 production, lymphocyte stimulation, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), white blood cell count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP) and rapid turnover proteins, including retinol-binding protein (RBP), prealbumin (PA) and transferrin (TF) in 50 patients with untreated colorectal cancers. Significant increases (P<0.05) were observed in the serum galectin-3 levels in patients with untreated colorectal cancer (9.6±4.5 ng/ml) compared with the normal controls (3.2±1.6 ng/ml). Higher serum galectin-3 concentrations were observed in patients with colon cancer (11.5±4.4 ng/ml) compared to in patients with rectal cancer (8.0±4.0 ng/ml) (P=0.005). The levels of circulating galectin-3 inversely correlated with the production of IL-10 (r=-0.59, P<0.001), and IL-12 (r=-0.69, P<0.001). Galectin-3 concentration also inversely correlated with the lymphocyte stimulation assay stimulation index (r=-0.42, P=0.021). However, the level of serum galectin-3 correlated with IL-17 production (r=0.67, P<0.001). Serum galectin-3 levels exhibited significant correlations with NLR (r=0.41, P=0.009), WBC (r=0.32, P=0.035), and CRP (r=0.63, P<0.001), and statistically significant inverse correlations with RBP (r=-0.45, P=0.002), PA (r=-0.46, P=0.001) and TF (r=-0.72, P<0.001). Galectin-3 may be one of the key factors in the regulation of immunological, inflammatory and nutritional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Shimura
- Department of Cancer Biology and Electronics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masahiko Shibata
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1298, Japan
| | - Kenji Gonda
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1298, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakajima
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shun Chida
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masaru Noda
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Izumi Nakamura
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shinji Ohki
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Seiichi Takenoshita
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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Cardoso ACF, Andrade LNDS, Bustos SO, Chammas R. Galectin-3 Determines Tumor Cell Adaptive Strategies in Stressed Tumor Microenvironments. Front Oncol 2016; 6:127. [PMID: 27242966 PMCID: PMC4876484 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a member of the β-galactoside-binding lectin family, whose expression is often dysregulated in cancers. While galectin-3 is usually an intracellular protein found in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, under certain conditions, galectin-3 can be secreted by an yet unknown mechanism. Under stressing conditions (e.g., hypoxia and nutrient deprivation) galectin-3 is upregulated, through the activity of transcription factors, such as HIF-1α and NF-κB. Here, we review evidence that indicates a positive role for galectin-3 in MAPK family signal transduction, leading to cell proliferation and cell survival. Galectin-3 serves as a scaffold protein, which favors the spatial organization of signaling proteins as K-RAS. Upon secretion, extracellular galectin-3 interacts with a variety of cell surface glycoproteins, such as growth factor receptors, integrins, cadherins, and members of the Notch family, among other glycoproteins, besides different extracellular matrix molecules. Through its ability to oligomerize, galectin-3 forms lectin lattices that act as scaffolds that sustain the spatial organization of signaling receptors on the cell surface, dictating its maintenance on the plasma membrane or their endocytosis. Galectin-3 induces tumor cell, endothelial cell, and leukocyte migration, favoring either the exit of tumor cells from a stressed microenvironment or the entry of endothelial cells and leukocytes, such as monocytes/macrophages into the tumor organoid. Therefore, galectin-3 plays homeostatic roles in tumors, as (i) it favors tumor cell adaptation for survival in stressed conditions; (ii) upon secretion, galectin-3 induces tumor cell detachment and migration; and (iii) it attracts monocyte/macrophage and endothelial cells to the tumor mass, inducing both directly and indirectly the process of angiogenesis. The two latter activities are potentially targetable, and specific interventions may be designed to counteract the protumoral role of extracellular galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Ferreira Cardoso
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Luciana Nogueira de Sousa Andrade
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Silvina Odete Bustos
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brasil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brasil
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Chen SC, Kuo PL. The Role of Galectin-3 in the Kidneys. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:565. [PMID: 27089335 PMCID: PMC4849021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a 32- to 35-kDa member of the galectin family of b-galactoside-binding lectins, which is characterized by a carbohydrate recognition domain. Through its carbohydrate-binding function, it regulates cell growth, differentiation, and inflammation. It also plays a complex, context-dependent role in the kidneys. During development, it promotes nephrogenesis and is strongly expressed in the ureteric bud and its derivatives. An increase in the concentration of galectin-3 has been reported to be associated with fibrosis of the kidneys. Elevated levels of plasma galectin-3 are also associated with increased risks of rapid renal function decline, incident chronic kidney disease, and progressive renal impairment, and also with cardiovascular end points, infection, and all-cause mortality in patients with renal function impairment. This review discusses a general survey on galectin-3 expressions in nephrogenesis, kidney injury animal models, clinical renal diseases, renal transplantation and the potential role of galectin-3 for treatment in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Chia Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
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Lambropoulou M, Deftereou TE, Kynigopoulos S, Patsias A, Anagnostopoulos C, Alexiadis G, Kotini A, Tsaroucha A, Nikolaidou C, Kiziridou A, Papadopoulos N, Chatzaki E. Co-expression of galectin-3 and CRIP-1 in endometrial cancer: prognostic value and patient survival. Med Oncol 2015; 33:8. [PMID: 26708131 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the sixth most common cancer in women. Galectin-3 (GAL-3) and CRIP-1 are multifunctional proteins which seem to be involved in many neoplasias. This study aims to point out correlations between clinicopathological findings and endometrial cancer patient survival to GAL-3 and CRIP-1 expression in order to enfold their diagnostic/prognostic potential. Tissues from 46 patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer were studied by immunohistochemistry, using monoclonal antibodies for GAL-3 and CRIP-1, and expression levels were correlated with clinicopathological findings and survival. Analysis was performed at single protein level or as co-expression. High expression of GAL-3 and CRIP-1 was independently associated with tumor depth and histological grade, respectively. Also, there was a significant correlation between high co-expression of the two proteins and the histological grade (aOR 2.66), the tumor depth (aOR 0.32) and the histological type (aOR 1.32), but not with the patients' age. Moreover, high expression of both proteins was observed in patients with shorter survival times. Interestingly, the co-expression of the two proteins exhibited some degree of monotony (Spearman's ρ = 0.768), indicating a common molecular pathway. This study provides evidence for a prognostic clinical potential of the combined study of GAL-3 and CRIP-1 in endometrial cancer. These factors are poorly studied in endometrium, and their role in the carcinogenetic process and on effective therapy awaits further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lambropoulou
- Laboratories of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68 100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Theodora-Eleftheria Deftereou
- Laboratories of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68 100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Sryridon Kynigopoulos
- Laboratories of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68 100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Anargyros Patsias
- Laboratories of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68 100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Constantinos Anagnostopoulos
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68 100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgios Alexiadis
- Private Radiodiagnostic Center of Alexandroupolis, Theagenio Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasia Kotini
- Laboratories of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68 100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Alexandra Tsaroucha
- Laboratories of Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68 100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christina Nikolaidou
- Laboratories of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68 100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Laboratories of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68 100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Chatzaki
- Laboratories of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68 100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Sun W, Li L, Yang Q, Shan W, Zhang Z, Huang Y. G3-C12 Peptide Reverses Galectin-3 from Foe to Friend for Active Targeting Cancer Treatment. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4124-36. [PMID: 26393405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is overexpressed by numerous carcinomas and is a potential target for active tumor treatments. On the other hand, galectin-3 also plays a key role in cancer progression and prevents cells from undergoing apoptosis, thereby offsetting the benefits of active targeting drugs. However, the relative contribution of the protective antiapoptotic effects of galectin-3 and the proapoptotic effects of galectin-3-targeted therapies has remained yet unrevealed. Here, we show that a galectin-3-binding peptide G3-C12 could reverse galectin-3 from foe to friend for active targeting delivery system. Results showed G3-C12 modified N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer doxorubicin conjugates (G3-C12-HPMA-Dox) could internalize into galectin-3 overexpressed PC-3 cells via a highly specific ligand-receptor pathway (2.2 times higher cellular internalization than HPMA-Dox). The internalized Dox stimulated the translocation of galectin-3 to the mitochondria to prevent from apoptosis. In turn, this caused G3-C12-HPMA-Dox to concentrate into the mitochondria after binding to galectin-3 intracellularly. Initially, mitochondrial galectin-3 weakened Dox-induced mitochondrial damage; however, as time progressed, G3-C12 active-mediation allowed increasing amounts of Dox to be delivered to the mitochondria, which eventually induced higher level of apoptosis than nontargeted copolymers. In addition, G3-C12 downregulates galectin-3 expression, 0.43 times lower than control cells, which could possibly be responsible for the suppressed cell migration. Thus, G3-C12 peptide exerts sequential targeting to both cell membrane and mitochondria via regulating galectin-3, and eventually reverses and overcomes the protective effects of galectin-3; therefore, it could be a promising agent for the treatment of galectin-3-overexpressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lian Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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Mori Y, Akita K, Yashiro M, Sawada T, Hirakawa K, Murata T, Nakada H. Binding of Galectin-3, a β-Galactoside-binding Lectin, to MUC1 Protein Enhances Phosphorylation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt, Promoting Tumor Cell Malignancy. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26125-40. [PMID: 26342075 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.651489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Both mucin 1 (MUC1) and galectin-3 are known to be overexpressed in various malignant tumors and associated with a poor prognosis. It has been extensively reported that MUC1 is involved in potentiation of growth factor-dependent signal transduction. Because some carbohydrate moieties carried on MUC1 change to preferable ones for binding of galectin-3 in cancer cells, we speculated that MUC1-mediated signaling may occur through direct binding of galectin-3. Immunochemical studies showed that the distribution of galectin-3 coincided with that of MUC1 in various human tumor tissues but not in human nonmalignant tissues, and the level of galectin-3 retained on the surface of various cancer cells paralleled that of MUC1. Treatment of MUC1-expressing cells with galectin-3 induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt following enhanced phosphorylation of MUC1 C-terminal domain, consistently promoting tumor cell malignancy. It is also noted that this enhanced phosphorylation occurred independently of EGF receptor-mediated signaling in both EGF receptor- and MUC1-expressing cells, and multivalency of galectin-3 was important for initiation of MUC1-mediated signaling. Expectedly, both silencing of endogenous galectin-3 and treatment with galectin-3 antagonists down-regulated cell proliferation of MUC1-expressing cells. These results suggest that the binding of galectin-3 to MUC1 plays a key role in MUC1-mediated signaling. Thus, constitutive activation of MUC1-mediated signaling in an autocrine/paracrine manner caused by ligation of galectin-3 promotes uncontrolled tumor cell malignancy. This signaling may be another MUC1-mediated pathway and function in parallel with a growth factor-dependent MUC1-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Mori
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Kaoru Akita
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- the Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan, the Oncology Institute of Geriatrics and Medical Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan, and
| | - Tetsuji Sawada
- the Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- the Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takeomi Murata
- the Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakada
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan,
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Abstract
A large number of observations on the nuclear versus cytoplasmic distribution of galectin-3 have been reported, correlating the presence or absence of the protein in a particular compartment of the cell to various parameters such as source of the cells under study, specific cell type, culture conditions, proliferation status of the cell/culture, or neoplastic transformation. In fact, galectin-3 exhibits the phenomenon of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, defined as the repeated bidirectional movement of a protein across the nuclear pore complex. Nevertheless, the finding that galectin-3 can show a predominantly nuclear localization under one set of conditions and a prominent cytoplasmic localization under other conditions suggests specific and regulated mechanisms of balance between cytoplasmic anchorage, nuclear import, nuclear retention, and nuclear export. One key consideration in the understanding of these processes is the definition of the signals and receptors that mediate the transport. In this chapter, we describe the experimental procedures that have allowed us to document the phenomenon of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and the identification of the nuclear localization signal as well as the nuclear export signal.
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Funasaka T, Raz A, Nangia-Makker P. Nuclear transport of galectin-3 and its therapeutic implications. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:30-8. [PMID: 24657939 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3, a member of β-galactoside-binding gene family is a multi-functional protein, which regulates pleiotropic biological functions such as cell growth, cell adhesion, cell-cell interactions, apoptosis, angiogenesis and mRNA processing. Its unique structure enables it to interact with a plethora of ligands in a carbohydrate dependent or independent manner. Galectin-3 is mainly a cytosolic protein, but can easily traverse the intracellular and plasma membranes to translocate into the nucleus, mitochondria or get externalized. Depending on the cell type, specific experimental conditions in vitro, cancer type and stage, galectin-3 has been reported to be exclusively cytoplasmic, predominantly nuclear or distributed between the two compartments. In this review we have summarized the dynamics of galectin-3 shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, the nuclear transport mechanisms of galectin-3, how its specific interactions with the members of β-catenin signaling pathways affect tumor progression, and its implications as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, United States
| | - Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, United States; John D. Dingell V.A. Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
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Machado CML, Andrade LNS, Teixeira VR, Costa FF, Melo CM, dos Santos SN, Nonogaki S, Liu FT, Bernardes ES, Camargo AA, Chammas R. Galectin-3 disruption impaired tumoral angiogenesis by reducing VEGF secretion from TGFβ1-induced macrophages. Cancer Med 2014; 3:201-14. [PMID: 24421272 PMCID: PMC3987071 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the role of galectin-3 in tumor angiogenesis associated with tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and tumor parenchyma, the galectin-3 expression was reconstituted in Tm1 melanoma cell line that lacks this protein. Galectin-3-expressing cells (Tm1G3) and mock-vector transfected cells (Tm1N3) were injected into wild-type (WT) and galectin-3 knockout (KO) C57Bl/6 mice. Tumors originated from Tm1G3 were larger in tumor volume with enlarged functional vessels, decreased necrotic areas, and increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels. Galectin-3-nonexpressing-cells injected into WT and KO showed increased levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) and, in WT animals this feature was also accompanied by increased VEGFR2 expression and its phosphorylation. In KO animals, tumors derived from galectin-3-expressing cells were infiltrated by CD68(+)-cells, whereas in tumors derived from galectin-3-nonexpressing-cells, CD68(+) cells failed to infiltrate tumors and accumulated in the periphery of the tumor mass. In vitro studies showed that Tm1G3 secreted more VEGF than Tm1N3 cells. In the latter case, TGFβ1 induced VEGF production. Basal secretion of VEGF was higher in WT-bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) than in KO-BMDM. TGFβ1 induced secretion of VEGF only in WT-BMDM. Tm1G3-induced tumors had the Arginase I mRNA increased, which upregulated alternative macrophage (M2)/TAM induction. M2 stimuli, such as interleukin-4 (IL4) and TGFβ1, increased Arginase I protein levels and galectin-3 expression in WT- BMDM, but not in cells from KO mice. Hence, we report that galectin-3 disruption in tumor stroma and parenchyma decreases angiogenesis through interfering with the responses of macrophages to the interdependent VEGF and TGFβ1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Maria Longo Machado
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental-LIM24, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Depto. de Radiologia e Oncologia, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Investigação Médica Radioisotopos-LIM/43, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Warda M, Kim HK, Kim N, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. A matter of life, death and diseases: mitochondria from a proteomic perspective. Expert Rev Proteomics 2013; 10:97-111. [PMID: 23414362 DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly ordered, integrated organelles that energize cellular activities and contribute to programmed death by initiating disciplined apoptotic cascades. This review seeks to clarify our understanding of mitochondrial structural-functional integrity beyond the resolved nuclear genome by unraveling the dynamic mitochondrial proteome and elucidating proteome/genome interplay. The roles of mechanochemical coupling between mitoskeleton and cytoskeleton and crosstalk with other organelles in orchestrating cellular outcomes are explained. The authors also review the modulation of mitochondrial-related oxidative stress on apoptosis and cancer development and the context is applied to interpret pathogenetic events in neurodegenerative disorders and cardiovascular diseases. The accumulated proteomics evidence is used to describe the integral role that mitochondria play and how they influence other intracellular organelles. Possible mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic interventions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Warda
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Chemistry of Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Balan V, Wang Y, Nangia-Makker P, Kho D, Bajaj M, Smith D, Heilbrun L, Raz A, Heath E. Galectin-3: a possible complementary marker to the PSA blood test. Oncotarget 2013; 4:542-9. [PMID: 23625538 PMCID: PMC3720602 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test has served as a blood marker of prostate cancer (PCa), and for monitoring recurrence/metastasis in patients after therapeutic intervention. However, the applicability/reliability of the PSA test was recently questioned as it is not without challenges, in particular in men who have PCa without an elevated PSA (false negative), or in men who are disease-free with elevated levels of PSA (false positive). Galectin-3 is a tumor-associated protein; present in the seminal fluid and is a substrate for the PSA enzyme e.g., a chymotrypsin-like serine protease. We hypothesized that the cleavage status and level of galectin-3 in the prostate tissue and sera are associated with PCa. Thus, we compared galectin-3 levels obtained from sera of non-cancer urology patients to those of metastatic PCa patients. The data were confirmed by analyzing PCa tissue arrays. Here, we report that galectin-3 levels in the sera of patients with metastatic PCa were uniformly higher as compared to the non-cancer patient controls. The data suggest that galectin-3 serum level may be a useful serum complementary marker to the PSA blood test to be used for initial and follow-up PSA complimentary diagnostic/prognostic tool for recurrence in PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Balan
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit
| | - Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit
| | - Dhonghyo Kho
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit
| | - Madhuri Bajaj
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit
| | - Daryn Smith
- Department of Biostatistics Core, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Lance Heilbrun
- Department of Biostatistics Core, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit
| | - Elisabeth Heath
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit
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Voss PG, Haudek KC, Patterson RJ, Wang JL. Inhibition of Cell-Free Splicing by Saccharides That Bind Galectins and SR Proteins. J Carbohydr Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2012.666688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G. Voss
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , 48824 , USA
| | - Kevin C. Haudek
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , 48824 , USA
| | - Ronald J. Patterson
- b Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , 48824 , USA
| | - John L. Wang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , 48824 , USA
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Galectins and their ligands: negative regulators of anti-tumor immunity. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:619-25. [PMID: 22544342 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells are major players of anti-tumor immune responses, as their functional activity can limit tumor growth and progression. Data show that cytotoxic T cells efficiently control the proliferation of tumor cells through major histocompatibility complex class I-mediated mechanisms; nevertheless, the presence of tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells in lesional tissue does not always correlate with better prognosis and increased survival of cancer patients. Similarly, adoptive transfer of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells has only shown marginal improvement in life spans of patients with metastatic disease. In this report, we discuss experimental evidence showing that expression of tumor-derived galectins, galectin (Gal)-1, Gal-3 and Gal-9, and concomitant presence of their ligands on the surface of anti-tumor immunocytes directly compromise anti-tumor CD8(+) T cell immune responses and, perhaps, undermine the promise of adoptive CD8(+) T cell immunotherapy. Furthermore, we describe novel strategies designed to counteract Gal-1-, Gal-3- and Gal-9-mediated effects and highlight their targeting potential for creating more effective anti-tumor immune responses. We believe that Gal and their ligands represent an efficacious targeted molecular paradigm that warrants clinical evaluation.
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Fukuda MN, Hatakeyama S, Sugihara K. Carbohydrate Mimetic Peptides as Research Reagent and Therapeutic. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:1626-32. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko N. Fukuda
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute
| | - Shingo Hatakeyama
- Department of Advanced Transplant and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University
| | - Kazuhiro Sugihara
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Hamamatsu University
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Modified apple polysaccharide prevents against tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer: role of galectin-3 and apoptosis in cancer prevention. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:107-17. [PMID: 21516492 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and preventable cancers. Regular consumption of apples is conducive to reduction in CRC risk. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate effects of modified apple polysaccharide (MAP) on tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer. METHODS One hundred male ICR mice were administered with 1, 2-dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Forty mice were given no further treatment, the rest were fed basal diet blended with three different doses of MAP; 2.5, 5, and 10% (20 mice in each group). RESULTS MAP significantly protected ICR mice against DMH/DSS-induced tumorigenesis. The incidence of tumor development was 90% (18/20) in the mice treated with DMH/DSS, but that was reduced to 25% (5/20), 15% (3/20), and 5% (1/20), respectively, in the mice treated with basal diets plus 2.5, 5, and 10% of MAP. Study of apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells revealed that MAP moderately increased apoptosis, suggesting that the anti-tumor potency of MAP was probably attributed to its ability to induce apoptosis. Western blot analysis demonstrated that carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-3 changed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm during the process from colitis to colon cancer in the model. And MAP could inhibit the binding of galectin-3 to its ligand: this is, at least in part, the possible mechanism of MAP by enhancing apoptosis and preventing tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that MAP has a potential role in clinical prevention and treatment for colon cancer.
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Kolatsi-Joannou M, Price KL, Winyard PJ, Long DA. Modified citrus pectin reduces galectin-3 expression and disease severity in experimental acute kidney injury. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18683. [PMID: 21494626 PMCID: PMC3072992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside binding lectin with roles in diverse processes including proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation and fibrosis which are dependent on different domains of the molecule and subcellular distribution. Although galectin-3 is known to be upregulated in acute kidney injury, the relative importance of its different domains and functions are poorly understood in the underlying pathogenesis. Therefore we experimentally modulated galectin-3 in folic acid (FA)-induced acute kidney injury utilising modified citrus pectin (MCP), a derivative of pectin which can bind to the galectin-3 carbohydrate recognition domain thereby predominantly antagonising functions linked to this role. Mice were pre-treated with normal or 1% MCP-supplemented drinking water one week before FA injection. During the initial injury phase, all FA-treated mice lost weight whilst their kidneys enlarged secondary to the renal insult; these gross changes were significantly lessened in the MCP group but this was not associated with significant changes in galectin-3 expression. At a histological level, MCP clearly reduced renal cell proliferation but did not affect apoptosis. Later, during the recovery phase at two weeks, MCP-treated mice demonstrated reduced galectin-3 in association with decreased renal fibrosis, macrophages, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and apoptosis. Other renal galectins, galectin-1 and -9, were unchanged. Our data indicates that MCP is protective in experimental nephropathy with modulation of early proliferation and later galectin-3 expression, apoptosis and fibrosis. This raises the possibility that MCP may be a novel strategy to reduce renal injury in the long term, perhaps via carbohydrate binding-related functions of galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen L. Price
- Nephro-Urology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Winyard
- Nephro-Urology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Long
- Nephro-Urology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Kim MK, Sung CO, Do IG, Jeon HK, Song TJ, Park HS, Lee YY, Kim BG, Lee JW, Bae DS. Overexpression of Galectin-3 and its clinical significance in ovarian carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol 2011; 16:352-8. [PMID: 21327452 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-011-0190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin involved in regulating cell growth, angiogenesis, and tumor progression. We investigated the clinical significance of Gal-3 expression including its possible use as a prognostic marker or therapeutic target in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). METHODS Gal-3 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 71 patients with 54 serous, 13 endometrioid, and 4 mucinous ovarian carcinomas. We assessed the correlation of Gal-3 expression with clinical characteristics including histology, optimal debulking, chemosensitivity, and survival. In vitro, Gal-3 was inhibited using siRNA to evaluate its role in cell growth and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents in ovarian carcinoma cell lines. RESULTS Gal-3 protein, which was mainly cytoplasmic in location, was observed in a majority (63/71, 88.7%) of the EOCs but not in normal ovarian tissues (P < 0.001). High Gal-3 expression in EOCs correlated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS) of patients (P = 0.039; 43.1 and 49.5 months, respectively). Moreover, cotreatment with Gal-3 siRNA and paclitaxel showed an enhanced cytotoxic effect compared with control siRNA in SKOV3 cells. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Gal-3 expression can be a prognostic factor for PFS and may be involved in regulating the response to paclitaxel-based chemotherapy in the treatment of EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyu Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea
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Novel Concepts About the Role of Lectins in the Plant Cell. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 705:271-94. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7877-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Buljan M, Šitum M, Tomas D, Milošević M, Krušlin B. Prognostic value of galectin-3 in primary cutaneous melanoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 25:1174-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Okamura DM, Pasichnyk K, Lopez-Guisa JM, Collins S, Hsu DK, Liu FT, Eddy AA. Galectin-3 preserves renal tubules and modulates extracellular matrix remodeling in progressive fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 300:F245-53. [PMID: 20962111 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00326.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular cell apoptosis is a critical detrimental event that leads to chronic kidney injury in association with renal fibrosis. The present study was designed to investigate the role of galectin-3 (Gal-3), an important regulator of multiple apoptotic pathways, in chronic kidney disease induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). After UUO, Gal-3 expression significantly increased compared with basal levels reaching a peak increase of 95-fold by day 7. Upregulated Gal-3 is predominantly tubular at early time points after UUO but shifts to interstitial cells as the injury progresses. On day 14, there was a significant increase in TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells (129%) and cytochrome c release (29%), and a decrease in BrdU-positive cells (62%) in Gal-3-deficient compared with wild-type mice. The degree of renal damage was more extensive in Gal-3-deficient mice at days 14 and 21, 35 and 21% increase in total collagen, respectively. Despite more severe fibrosis, myofibroblasts were significantly decreased by 58% on day 14 in the Gal-3-deficient compared with wild-type mice. There was also a corresponding 80% decrease in extracellular matrix synthesis in Gal-3-deficient compared with wild-type mice. Endo180 is a recently recognized receptor for intracellular collagen degradation that is expressed by interstitial cells during renal fibrogenesis. Endo180 expression was significantly decreased by greater than 50% in Gal-3-deficient compared with wild-type mice. Taken together, these results suggested that Gal-3 not only protects renal tubules from chronic injury by limiting apoptosis but that it may lead to enhanced matrix remodeling and fibrosis attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl M Okamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Division of Nephrology, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, A7931, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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