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Melrose J. Keratan sulfate, an electrosensory neurosentient bioresponsive cell instructive glycosaminoglycan. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae014. [PMID: 38376199 PMCID: PMC10987296 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The roles of keratan sulfate (KS) as a proton detection glycosaminoglycan in neurosensory processes in the central and peripheral nervous systems is reviewed. The functional properties of the KS-proteoglycans aggrecan, phosphacan, podocalyxcin as components of perineuronal nets in neurosensory processes in neuronal plasticity, cognitive learning and memory are also discussed. KS-glycoconjugate neurosensory gels used in electrolocation in elasmobranch fish species and KS substituted mucin like conjugates in some tissue contexts in mammals need to be considered in sensory signalling. Parallels are drawn between KS's roles in elasmobranch fish neurosensory processes and its roles in mammalian electro mechanical transduction of acoustic liquid displacement signals in the cochlea by the tectorial membrane and stereocilia of sensory inner and outer hair cells into neural signals for sound interpretation. The sophisticated structural and functional proteins which maintain the unique high precision physical properties of stereocilia in the detection, transmittance and interpretation of acoustic signals in the hearing process are important. The maintenance of the material properties of stereocilia are essential in sound transmission processes. Specific, emerging roles for low sulfation KS in sensory bioregulation are contrasted with the properties of high charge density KS isoforms. Some speculations are made on how the molecular and electrical properties of KS may be of potential application in futuristic nanoelectronic, memristor technology in advanced ultrafast computing devices with low energy requirements in nanomachines, nanobots or molecular switches which could be potentially useful in artificial synapse development. Application of KS in such innovative areas in bioregulation are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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Angolkar M, Paramshetti S, Gahtani RM, Al Shahrani M, Hani U, Talath S, Osmani RAM, Spandana A, Gangadharappa HV, Gundawar R. Pioneering a paradigm shift in tissue engineering and regeneration with polysaccharides and proteins-based scaffolds: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130643. [PMID: 38467225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of modern medicine, tissue engineering and regeneration stands as a beacon of hope, offering the promise of restoring form and function to damaged or diseased organs and tissues. Central to this revolutionary field are biological macromolecules-nature's own blueprints for regeneration. The growing interest in bio-derived macromolecules and their composites is driven by their environmentally friendly qualities, renewable nature, minimal carbon footprint, and widespread availability in our ecosystem. Capitalizing on these unique attributes, specific composites can be tailored and enhanced for potential utilization in the realm of tissue engineering (TE). This review predominantly concentrates on the present research trends involving TE scaffolds constructed from polysaccharides, proteins and glycosaminoglycans. It provides an overview of the prerequisites, production methods, and TE applications associated with a range of biological macromolecules. Furthermore, it tackles the challenges and opportunities arising from the adoption of these biomaterials in the field of TE. This review also presents a novel perspective on the development of functional biomaterials with broad applicability across various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Angolkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharanya Paramshetti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Reem M Gahtani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mesfer Al Shahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sirajunisa Talath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, RAK College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Riyaz Ali M Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Asha Spandana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | | | - Ravi Gundawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Lee K, Perry K, Xu M, Veillard I, Kumar R, Rao TD, Rueda BR, Spriggs DR, Yeku OO. Structural basis for antibody recognition of the proximal MUC16 ectodomain. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:41. [PMID: 38374055 PMCID: PMC10875768 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucin 16 (MUC16) overexpression is linked with cancer progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance in high grade serous ovarian cancer and other malignancies. The cleavage of MUC16 forms independent bimodular fragments, the shed tandem repeat sequence which circulates as a protein bearing the ovarian cancer biomarker (CA125) and a proximal membrane-bound component which is critical in MUC16 oncogenic behavior. A humanized, high affinity antibody targeting the proximal ectodomain represents a potential therapeutic agent against MUC16 with lower antigenic potential and restricted human tissue expression. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate the potential therapeutic versatility of the humanized antibody as a monoclonal antibody, antibody drug conjugate, and chimeric antigen receptor. We report the crystal structures of 4H11-scFv, derived from an antibody specifically targeting the MUC16 C-terminal region, alone and in complex with a 26-amino acid MUC16 segment resolved at 2.36 Å and 2.47 Å resolution, respectively. The scFv forms a robust interaction with an epitope consisting of two consecutive β-turns and a β-hairpin stabilized by 2 hydrogen bonds. The VH-VL interface within the 4H11-scFv is stabilized through an intricate network of 11 hydrogen bonds and a cation-π interaction. CONCLUSIONS Together, our studies offer insight into antibody-MUC16 ectodomain interaction and advance our ability to design agents with potentially improved therapeutic properties over anti-CA125 moiety antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangkook Lee
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kay Perry
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, NE-CAT, Cornell University, Building 436E, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Mengyao Xu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irva Veillard
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raj Kumar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thapi Dharma Rao
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Bo R Rueda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - David R Spriggs
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oladapo O Yeku
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Carpenter J, Kesimer M. Imaging of Mucin Networks with Atomic Force Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2763:361-371. [PMID: 38347426 PMCID: PMC11127370 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3670-1_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Mucin networks serve as the structural scaffold of mucus and play a significant role in determining its biophysical properties. Thus, characterizing the organization, macromolecular structure, and interactions within these networks is a key step in understanding the parameters that govern mucus functionality in both health and disease. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is uniquely suited to study mucin networks; AFM can clearly resolve nanometer-sized features, does not require fixation or metallization, and can be performed in air or aqueous solutions. In this chapter we describe protocols to image mucin networks using AFM. First, we describe two protocols to enrich and isolate mucin samples in preparation for AFM imaging. Next, we detail a protocol to deposit the samples onto a mica substrate. Finally, we give general tips to optimize and troubleshoot AFM imaging of mucin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Carpenter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Mehmet Kesimer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Carpenter J, Kesimer M. Isolation of Membrane Bound Mucins from Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2763:51-59. [PMID: 38347399 PMCID: PMC11149713 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3670-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Membrane-bound mucins constitute a large portion of the periciliary layer of lung epithelial surfaces, and thus play an important role in many aspects of innate defense. The biophysical and biochemical properties of the membrane-bound mucins have important implications for mucociliary clearance, viral penetration, and potential therapeutics delivered to the airway surface. Hence, isolating them and determining these properties is important in understanding airways disease and ultimately in developing treatments. Here, we describe a method using isopycnic centrifugation to enrich and isolate shed membrane-bound mucins from the washings of human bronchial epithelial cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Carpenter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Mehmet Kesimer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Lee RE, Reidel B, Nelson MR, Macdonald JK, Kesimer M, Randell SH. Air-Liquid interface cultures to model drug delivery through the mucociliary epithelial barrier. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114866. [PMID: 37196698 PMCID: PMC10336980 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells from mucociliary portions of the airways can be readily grown and expanded in vitro. When grown on a porous membrane at an air-liquid interface (ALI) the cells form a confluent, electrically resistive barrier separating the apical and basolateral compartments. ALI cultures replicate key morphological, molecular and functional features of the in vivo epithelium, including mucus secretion and mucociliary transport. Apical secretions contain secreted gel-forming mucins, shed cell-associated tethered mucins, and hundreds of additional molecules involved in host defense and homeostasis. The respiratory epithelial cell ALI model is a time-proven workhorse that has been employed in various studies elucidating the structure and function of the mucociliary apparatus and disease pathogenesis. It serves as a critical milestone test for small molecule and genetic therapies targeting airway diseases. To fully exploit the potential of this important tool, numerous technical variables must be thoughtfully considered and carefully executed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianna E Lee
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, United States
| | - Boris Reidel
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Mark R Nelson
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, United States
| | - Jade K Macdonald
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, United States
| | - Mehmet Kesimer
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, United States.
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Sodhi H, Panitch A. Glycosaminoglycans in Tissue Engineering: A Review. Biomolecules 2020; 11:E29. [PMID: 33383795 PMCID: PMC7823287 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are native components of the extracellular matrix that drive cell behavior and control the microenvironment surrounding cells, making them promising therapeutic targets for a myriad of diseases. Recent studies have shown that recapitulation of cell interactions with the extracellular matrix are key in tissue engineering, where the aim is to mimic and regenerate endogenous tissues. Because of this, incorporation of glycosaminoglycans to drive stem cell fate and promote cell proliferation in engineered tissues has gained increasing attention. This review summarizes the role glycosaminoglycans can play in tissue engineering and the recent advances in their use in these constructs. We also evaluate the general trend of research in this niche and provide insight into its future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harkanwalpreet Sodhi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Alyssa Panitch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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