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Cheng CC, Ke GM, Chu PY, Ke LY. Elucidating the Implications of Norovirus N- and O-Glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and Phosphorylation. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030798. [PMID: 36992506 PMCID: PMC10054809 DOI: 10.3390/v15030798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the most common cause of foodborne gastroenteritis, affecting millions of people worldwide annually. Among the ten genotypes (GI-GX) of norovirus, only GI, GII, GIV, GVIII, and GIX infect humans. Some genotypes reportedly exhibit post-translational modifications (PTMs), including N- and O-glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and phosphorylation, in their viral antigens. PTMs have been linked to increased viral genome replication, viral particle release, and virulence. Owing to breakthroughs in mass spectrometry (MS) technologies, more PTMs have been discovered in recent years and have contributed significantly to preventing and treating infectious diseases. However, the mechanisms by which PTMs act on noroviruses remain poorly understood. In this section, we outline the current knowledge of the three common types of PTM and investigate their impact on norovirus pathogenesis. Moreover, we summarize the strategies and techniques for the identification of PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Chu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
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Du J, Wu G, Chen Q, Yu C, Xu G, Liu A, Wang L. Fingerprinting trimeric SARS-CoV-2 RBD by capillary isoelectric focusing with whole-column imaging detection. Anal Biochem 2023; 663:115034. [PMID: 36586502 PMCID: PMC9794521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.115034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Because the spike (S) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the immunodominant antigen, the S protein and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) are both targets currently to be genetically engineered for designing the broad-spectrum vaccine. In theory, the expressed protein exists as a set of variants that are roughly the same but slightly different, which depends on the protein expression system. The variants can be phenotypically manifested as charge heterogeneity. Here, we attempted to depict the charge heterogeneity of the trimeric SARS-CoV-2 RBD by using capillary isoelectric focusing with whole-column imaging detection (cIEF-WCID). In its nature form, the electropherogram fingerprints of the trimeric RBD were presented under optimized experimental conditions. The peaks of matrix buffers can be fully distinguishable from peaks of trimeric RBD. The isoelectric point (pI) was determined to be within a range of 6.67-9.54 covering the theoretical pI of 9.02. The fingerprints of three batches of trimeric RBDs are completely the same, with the intra-batch and batch-to-batch relative standard deviations (RSDs) of both pI values and area percentage of each peak no more than 1.0%, indicating that the production process is stable and this method can be used to surveillance the batch-to-batch consistency. The fingerprint remained unchanged after incubating at 37 °C for 7 d and oxidizing by 0.015% H2O2. In addition, the fingerprint was destroyed when adjusting the pH value to higher than 10.0 but still stable when the pH was lower than 4.0. In summary, the cIEF-WCID fingerprint can be used for the identification, batch-to-batch consistency evaluation, and stability study of the trimeric SARS-CoV-2 RBD, as part of a quality control strategy during the potential vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Gang Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Quanyao Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China,School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Gangling Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Anhui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Lan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China.
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Bolaños-Martínez OC, Mahendran G, Rosales-Mendoza S, Vimolmangkang S. Current Status and Perspective on the Use of Viral-Based Vectors in Eukaryotic Microalgae. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070434. [PMID: 35877728 PMCID: PMC9318342 DOI: 10.3390/md20070434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, microalgae have attracted increasing interest, both commercially and scientifically. Commercial potential involves utilizing valuable natural compounds, including carotenoids, polysaccharides, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are widely applicable in food, biofuel, and pharmaceutical industries. Conversely, scientific potential focuses on bioreactors for producing recombinant proteins and developing viable technologies to significantly increase the yield and harvest periods. Here, viral-based vectors and transient expression strategies have significantly contributed to improving plant biotechnology. We present an updated outlook covering microalgal biotechnology for pharmaceutical application, transformation techniques for generating recombinant proteins, and genetic engineering tactics for viral-based vector construction. Challenges in industrial application are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayra C. Bolaños-Martínez
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (O.C.B.-M.); (G.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ganesan Mahendran
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (O.C.B.-M.); (G.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico;
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2a Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (O.C.B.-M.); (G.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +662-218-8358
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