1
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Is the Glycoprotein Responsible for the Differences in Dispersal Rates between Lettuce Necrotic Yellows Virus Subgroups? Viruses 2022; 14:v14071574. [PMID: 35891554 PMCID: PMC9316239 DOI: 10.3390/v14071574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lettuce necrotic yellows virus is a type of species in the Cytorhabdovirus genus and appears to be endemic to Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). The population of lettuce necrotic yellows virus (LNYV) is made up of two subgroups, SI and SII. Previous studies demonstrated that SII appears to be outcompeting SI and suggested that SII may have greater vector transmission efficiency and/or higher replication rate in its host plant or insect vector. Rhabdovirus glycoproteins are important for virus–insect interactions. Here, we present an analysis of LNYV glycoprotein sequences to identify key features and variations that may cause SII to interact with its aphid vector with greater efficiency than SI. Phylogenetic analysis of glycoprotein sequences from NZ isolates confirmed the existence of two subgroups within the NZ LNYV population, while predicted 3D structures revealed the LNYV glycoproteins have domain architectures similar to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV). Importantly, changing amino acids at positions 244 and 247 of the post-fusion form of the LNYV glycoprotein altered the predicted structure of Domain III, glycosylation at N248 and the overall stability of the protein. These data support the glycoprotein as having a role in the population differences of LNYV observed between Australia and New Zealand.
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2
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Khalifa ME, Unterholzner L, Munir M. Structural and Evolutionary Insights Into the Binding of Host Receptors by the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:736114. [PMID: 34708003 PMCID: PMC8542875 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.736114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies represents a typical model for spillover of zoonotic viral diseases among multiple hosts. Understanding the success of rabies virus (RV) in switching hosts requires the analysis of viral evolution and host interactions. In this study, we have investigated the structural and sequence analysis of host receptors among different RV susceptible host species. Our extensive bioinformatic analysis revealed the absence of the integrin plexin domain in the integrin β1 (ITGB1) receptor of the black fruit bats in the current annotation of the genome. Interestingly, the nicotinic acetyl choline receptor (nAChR) interaction site with the glycoprotein (G) of RV was conserved among different species. To study the interaction dynamics between RV-G protein and the RV receptors, we constructed and analyzed structures of RV receptors and G proteins using homology modeling. The molecular docking of protein-protein interaction between RV-G protein and different host receptors highlighted the variability of interacting residues between RV receptors of different species. These in silico structural analysis and interaction mapping of viral protein and host receptors establish the foundation to understand complex entry mechanisms of RV entry, which may facilitate the understanding of receptor mediated spillover events in RV infections and guide the development of novel vaccines to contain the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar E Khalifa
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.,Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Leonie Unterholzner
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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3
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Jalal PJ, Urbanowicz RA, Horncastle E, Pathak M, Goddard C, Saeed A, Mason CP, Ball JK, Irving WL, McClure CP, King BJ, Tarr AW. Expression of human ficolin-2 in hepatocytes confers resistance to infection by diverse hepatotropic viruses. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:642-648. [PMID: 30747617 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver-expressed pattern recognition receptors mannose-binding lectin (MBL), ficolin-2 and ficolin-3 contribute to the innate immune response by activating complement. Binding of soluble ficolin-2 to viral pathogens can directly neutralize virus entry. We observed that the human hepatoma cell line HuH7.5, which is routinely used for the study of hepatotropic viruses, is deficient in expression of MBL, ficolin-2 and ficolin-3. We generated a cell line that expressed and secreted ficolin-2. This cell line (HuH7.5 [FCN2]) was more resistant to infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), ebolavirus and vesicular stomatitis virus, but surprisingly was more susceptible to infection with rabies virus. Cell-to-cell spread of HCV was also inhibited in ficolin-2 expressing cells. This illustrates that ficolin-2 expression in hepatocytes contributes to innate resistance to virus infection, but some viruses might utilize ficolin-2 to facilitate entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paywast J Jalal
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Richard A Urbanowicz
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emma Horncastle
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Monika Pathak
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chun Goddard
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amanj Saeed
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Christopher P Mason
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan K Ball
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - William L Irving
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - C Patrick McClure
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Barnabas J King
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alexander W Tarr
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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4
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Ortega V, Stone JA, Contreras EM, Iorio RM, Aguilar HC. Addicted to sugar: roles of glycans in the order Mononegavirales. Glycobiology 2019; 29:2-21. [PMID: 29878112 PMCID: PMC6291800 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a biologically important protein modification process by which a carbohydrate chain is enzymatically added to a protein at a specific amino acid residue. This process plays roles in many cellular functions, including intracellular trafficking, cell-cell signaling, protein folding and receptor binding. While glycosylation is a common host cell process, it is utilized by many pathogens as well. Protein glycosylation is widely employed by viruses for both host invasion and evasion of host immune responses. Thus better understanding of viral glycosylation functions has potential applications for improved antiviral therapeutic and vaccine development. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on the broad biological functions of glycans for the Mononegavirales, an order of enveloped negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses of high medical importance that includes Ebola, rabies, measles and Nipah viruses. We discuss glycobiological findings by genera in alphabetical order within each of eight Mononegavirales families, namely, the bornaviruses, filoviruses, mymonaviruses, nyamiviruses, paramyxoviruses, pneumoviruses, rhabdoviruses and sunviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ortega
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A Stone
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Erik M Contreras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ronald M Iorio
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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5
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Oswald M, Geissler S, Goepferich A. Targeting the Central Nervous System (CNS): A Review of Rabies Virus-Targeting Strategies. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2177-2196. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Oswald
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Geissler
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department for Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 94030 Regensburg, Germany
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6
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Wang B, Wang Y, Frabutt DA, Zhang X, Yao X, Hu D, Zhang Z, Liu C, Zheng S, Xiang SH, Zheng YH. Mechanistic understanding of N-glycosylation in Ebola virus glycoprotein maturation and function. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5860-5870. [PMID: 28196864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.768168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) trimeric envelope glycoprotein (GP) precursors are cleaved into the receptor-binding GP1 and the fusion-mediating GP2 subunits and incorporated into virions to initiate infection. GP1 and GP2 form heterodimers that have 15 or two N-glycosylation sites (NGSs), respectively. Here we investigated the mechanism of how N-glycosylation contributes to GP expression, maturation, and function. As reported before, we found that, although GP1 NGSs are not critical, the two GP2 NGSs, Asn563 and Asn618, are essential for GP function. Further analysis uncovered that Asn563 and Asn618 regulate GP processing, demannosylation, oligomerization, and conformation. Consequently, these two NGSs are required for GP incorporation into EBOV-like particles and HIV type 1 (HIV-1) pseudovirions and determine viral transduction efficiency. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we knocked out the two classical endoplasmic reticulum chaperones calnexin (CNX) and/or calreticulin (CRT) and found that both CNX and CRT increase GP expression. Nevertheless, NGSs are not required for the GP interaction with CNX or CRT. Together, we conclude that, although Asn563 and Asn618 are not required for EBOV GP expression, they synergistically regulate its maturation, which determines its functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- From the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150059, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- From the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150059, China
| | - Dylan A Frabutt
- the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Xihe Zhang
- the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Xiaoyu Yao
- From the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150059, China
| | - Dan Hu
- From the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150059, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- From the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150059, China
| | - Chaonan Liu
- the College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shimin Zheng
- the College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- the Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, and
| | - Yong-Hui Zheng
- From the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150059, China, .,the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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7
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Rabies vaccine development by expression of recombinant viral glycoprotein. Arch Virol 2016; 162:323-332. [PMID: 27796547 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The rabies virus envelope glycoprotein (RVGP) is the main antigen of rabies virus and is the only viral component present in all new rabies vaccines being proposed. Many approaches have been taken since DNA recombinant technology became available to express an immunogenic recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rRVGP). These attempts are reviewed here, and the relevant results are discussed with respect to the general characteristics of the rRVGP, the expression system used, the expression levels achieved, the similarity of the rRVGP to the native glycoprotein, and the immunogenicity of the vaccine preparation. The most recent studies of rabies vaccine development have concentrated on in vivo expression of rRVGP by viral vector transduction, serving as the biotechnological basis for a new generation of rabies vaccines.
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8
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N-Glycans on the Rift Valley Fever Virus Envelope Glycoproteins Gn and Gc Redundantly Support Viral Infection via DC-SIGN. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050149. [PMID: 27223297 PMCID: PMC4885104 DOI: 10.3390/v8050149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever is a mosquito-transmitted, zoonotic disease that infects humans and ruminants. Dendritic cell specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3) grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) acts as a receptor for members of the phlebovirus genus. The Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) glycoproteins (Gn/Gc) encode five putative N-glycan sequons (asparagine (N)–any amino acid (X)–serine (S)/threonine (T)) at positions: N438 (Gn), and N794, N829, N1035, and N1077 (Gc). The N-glycosylation profile and significance in viral infection via DC-SIGN have not been elucidated. Gc N-glycosylation was first evaluated by using Gc asparagine (N) to glutamine (Q) mutants. Subsequently, we generated a series of recombinant RVFV MP-12 strain mutants, which encode N-to-Q mutations, and the infectivity of each mutant in Jurkat cells stably expressing DC-SIGN was evaluated. Results showed that Gc N794, N1035, and N1077 were N-glycosylated but N829 was not. Gc N1077 was heterogeneously N-glycosylated. RVFV Gc made two distinct N-glycoforms: “Gc-large” and “Gc-small”, and N1077 was responsible for “Gc-large” band. RVFV showed increased infection of cells expressing DC-SIGN compared to cells lacking DC-SIGN. Infection via DC-SIGN was increased in the presence of either Gn N438 or Gc N1077. Our study showed that N-glycans on the Gc and Gn surface glycoproteins redundantly support RVFV infection via DC-SIGN.
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9
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Benjathummarak S, Fa-ngoen C, Pipattanaboon C, Boonha K, Ramasoota P, Pitaksajjakul P. Molecular genetic characterization of rabies virus glycoprotein gene sequences from rabid dogs in Bangkok and neighboring provinces in Thailand, 2013–2014. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1261-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Sigoillot-Claude C, Battaglio M, Fiorucci M, Gillet D, Vimort AS, Giraud Y, Laurent S, Vaganay A, Poulet H. A versatile in vitro ELISA test for quantification and quality testing of infectious, inactivated and formulated rabies virus used in veterinary monovalent or combination vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:3843-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Hamamoto N, Uda A, Tobiume M, Park CH, Noguchi A, Kaku Y, Okutani A, Morikawa S, Inoue S. Association between RABV G Proteins Transported from the Perinuclear Space to the Cell Surface Membrane and N-Glycosylation of the Sequon Asn(204). Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 68:387-93. [PMID: 25766612 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, G proteins of the rabies virus (RABV) Kyoto strain were detected in the cytoplasm but not distributed at the cell membrane of mouse neuroblastoma (MNA) cells. G proteins of CVS-26 were detected in both the cell membrane and perinuclear space of MNA cells. We found that N-glycosylation of street RABV G protein by the insertion of the sequon Asn(204) induced the transfer of RABV G proteins to the cell surface membrane. Fixed RABV budding from the plasma membrane has been found to depend not only on G protein but also on other structural proteins such as M protein. However, the differing N-glycosylation of G protein could be associated with the distinct budding and antigenic features of RABV in street and fixed viruses. Our study of the association of N-glycan of G protein at Asn(204) with the transport of RABV G protein to the cell surface membrane contributes to the understanding of the evolution of fixed virus from street virus, which in turn would help for determine the mechanism underlying RABV budding and enhanced host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hamamoto
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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12
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Ding Y, Uchida K, Aizawa SI, Murphy K, Berezuk A, Khursigara CM, Chong JPJ, Jarrell KF. Effects of N-glycosylation site removal in archaellins on the assembly and function of archaella in Methanococcus maripaludis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116402. [PMID: 25700084 PMCID: PMC4336324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Methanococcus maripaludis S2, the swimming organelle, the archaellum, is composed of three archaellins, FlaB1S2, FlaB2S2 and FlaB3S2. All three are modified with an N-linked tetrasaccharide at multiple sites. Disruption of the N-linked glycosylation pathway is known to cause defects in archaella assembly or function. Here, we explored the potential requirement of N-glycosylation of archaellins on archaellation by investigating the effects of eliminating the 4 N-glycosylation sites in the wildtype FlaB2S2 protein in all possible combinations either by Asn to Glu (N to Q) substitution or Asn to Asp (N to D) substitutions of the N-glycosylation sequon asparagine. The ability of these mutant derivatives to complement a non-archaellated ΔflaB2S2 strain was examined by electron microscopy (for archaella assembly) and swarm plates (for analysis of swimming). Western blot results showed that all mutated FlaB2S2 proteins were expressed and of smaller apparent molecular mass compared to wildtype FlaB2S2, consistent with the loss of glycosylation sites. In the 8 single-site mutant complements, archaella were observed on the surface of Q2, D2 and D4 (numbers after N or Q refer to the 1st to 4th glycosylation site). Of the 6 double-site mutation complementations all were archaellated except D1,3. Of the 4 triple-site mutation complements, only D2,3,4 was archaellated. Elimination of all 4 N-glycosylation sites resulted in non-archaellated cells, indicating some minimum amount of archaellin glycosylation was necessary for their incorporation into stable archaella. All complementations that led to a return of archaella also resulted in motile cells with the exception of the D4 version. In addition, a series of FlaB2S2 scanning deletions each missing 10 amino acids was also generated and tested for their ability to complement the ΔflaB2S2 strain. While most variants were expressed, none of them restored archaellation, although FlaB2S2 harbouring a smaller 3-amino acid deletion was able to partially restore archaellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaoru Uchida
- Department of Life Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Aizawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kathleen Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison Berezuk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cezar M. Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - James P. J. Chong
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ken F. Jarrell
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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13
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Characterization of a virulent dog-originated rabies virus affecting more than twenty fallow deer (Dama dama) in Inner Mongolia, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 31:127-34. [PMID: 25614955 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rabies has emerged as a serious problem in the most recent years in northern China. A rabies virus (RABV) isolate, IMDRV-13, was recovered from brain samples of dog-bitten rabid fallow deer (Dama dama) in a farm in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. We tested the susceptibility of mouse neuroblastoma (MNA) cells and BSR cells as well as that of adult mice to IMDRV-13. The isolate was found to be a virulent isolate with an equivalent pathogenicity index (0.12) and a slight lower neurotropism index (1.07) compared with those of challenge virus standard, CVS-24, which was 0.13 and 1.23, respectively. The complete genome of IMDRV-13 was determined subsequently and found to be 11,924 nucleotides (nt) in length with the same genomic organization as other RABVs. Phylogenetic tree based on complete genome sequences of 43 RABV isolates and strains indicated that IMDRV-13, along with other two isolates in Inner Mongolia, CNM1101C and CNM1104D, clustered within the dog-associated China I clade, which is also the dominant lineage in the current rabies epidemic in China. In addition, sequence analysis of the glycoprotein G identified an amino acid substitution (I338→T338) unique to the IMDRV-13 within antigenic sites III (330-338), this mutation also leads to an additional potential N-glycosylation site (N336), which may represent a useful model to study relationship of N-glycosylation in G protein and specific properties such as pathogenicity or host adaption of RABV.
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14
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Tohma K, Saito M, Kamigaki T, Tuason LT, Demetria CS, Orbina JRC, Manalo DL, Miranda ME, Noguchi A, Inoue S, Suzuki A, Quiambao BP, Oshitani H. Phylogeographic analysis of rabies viruses in the Philippines. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 23:86-94. [PMID: 24512808 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Rabies still remains a public health threat in the Philippines. A significant number of human rabies cases, about 200-300 cases annually, have been reported, and the country needs an effective strategy for rabies control. To develop an effective control strategy, it is important to understand the transmission patterns of the rabies viruses. We conducted phylogenetic analyses by considering the temporal and spatial evolution of rabies viruses to reveal the transmission dynamics in the Philippines. After evaluating the molecular clock and phylogeographic analysis, we estimated that the Philippine strains were introduced from China around the beginning of 20th century. Upon this introduction, the rabies viruses evolved within the Philippines to form three major clades, and there was no indication of introduction of other rabies viruses from any other country. However, within the Philippines, island-to-island migrations were observed. Since then, the rabies viruses have diffused and only evolved within each island group. The evolutionary pattern of these viruses was strongly shaped by geographical boundaries. The association index statistics demonstrated a strong spatial structure within the island group, indicating that the seas were a significant geographical barrier for viral dispersal. Strong spatial structure was also observed even at a regional level, and most of the viral migrations (79.7% of the total median number) in Luzon were observed between neighboring regions. Rabies viruses were genetically clustered at a regional level, and this strong spatial structure suggests a geographical clustering of transmission chains and the potential effectiveness of rabies control that targets geographical clustering. Dog vaccination campaigns have been conducted independently by local governments in the Philippines, but it could be more effective to implement a coordinated vaccination campaign among neighboring areas to eliminate geographically-clustered rabies transmission chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tohma
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Mariko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Tohoku-RITM Collaborative Research Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Taro Kamigaki
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Tohoku-RITM Collaborative Research Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Laarni T Tuason
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Catalino S Demetria
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Jun Ryan C Orbina
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Daria L Manalo
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Mary E Miranda
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Akira Noguchi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Tohoku-RITM Collaborative Research Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Beatriz P Quiambao
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Tohoku-RITM Collaborative Research Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
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15
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Qian W, Aguilar F, Wang T, Qiu B. Secretion of truncated recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein with preserved antigenic properties using a co-expression system in Hansenula polymorpha. J Microbiol 2013; 51:234-40. [PMID: 23625226 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus infection remains a serious public health threat in the developing world, where cost-concerns make wide-scale public health interventions impractical. The development of novel and inexpensive ELISA diagnostic antigens is critical in early detection and prevention of complications. The transmembrane glycoprotein (G) of rabies virus (RV) contains an external domain capable of inducing the synthesis of anti-rabies, virus-neutralizing antibodies, in infected or immunized hosts. In our study, the external G domain was synthesized and fused in-frame with a polyhistidine-tag coding sequence present in the expression plasmid. Soluble truncated recombinant G was secreted in Hansenula polymorpha (H. polymorpha) using H. polymorpha-derived calnexin (HpCNE1) overproduction and found to be correctly N-glycosylated. The truncated recombinant G was purified from cell culture supernatant by Ni-agarose affinity chromatography and when compared with the full-length glycoprotein, found to be similarly immunogenic in vaccinated rabbits. These results subsequently led us to explore the potential of truncated recombinant G as a diagnostic antigen in ELISA. Our results show that the truncated recombinant G can detect antibodies directed to both whole virion and native glycoprotein. More sophisticated applications of truncated recombinant G would profit from the correctly N-glycosylated and soluble monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Qian
- Life Science and Engineering School, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
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16
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Rao RSP, Buus OT, Wollenweber B. Distribution of N-glycosylation sequons in proteins: How apart are they? Comput Biol Chem 2011; 35:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Das PB, Vu HLX, Dinh PX, Cooney JL, Kwon B, Osorio FA, Pattnaik AK. Glycosylation of minor envelope glycoproteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in infectious virus recovery, receptor interaction, and immune response. Virology 2011; 410:385-94. [PMID: 21195444 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of N-glycosylation of the three minor envelope glycoproteins (GP2, GP3, and GP4) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) on infectious virus production, interactions with the receptor CD163, and neutralizing antibody production in infected pigs was examined. By mutation of the glycosylation sites in these proteins, the studies show that glycan addition at N184 of GP2, N42, N50 and N131 of GP3 is necessary for infectious virus production. Although single-site mutants of GP4 led to infectious virus production, mutation of any two sites in GP4 was lethal. Furthermore, the glycosylation of GP2 and GP4 was important for efficient interaction with CD163. Unlike PRRSVs encoding hypoglycosylated form of GP5 that induced significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies in infected piglets, PRRSVs encoding hypoglycosylated forms of GP2, GP3 or GP4 did not. These studies reveal the importance of glycosylation of these minor GPs in the biology of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phani B Das
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and the Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0900, USA
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18
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Rao RSP, Wollenweber B. Subtle evolutionary changes in the distribution of N-glycosylation sequons in the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 120. Int J Biol Sci 2010; 6:407-18. [PMID: 20714439 PMCID: PMC2920574 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses are known to undergo rapid evolutionary changes under selective pressures. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) shows extreme selection for NXS/T sequons, the potential sites of N-glycosylation. Although the average number of sequons in gp120 appears to be relatively stable in the recent past, even slight changes in the distribution of sequons may potentially play crucial roles in protein interaction and viral infection. This study tracked the prevalence and distribution of NXS/T sequons in gp120 over a period of 29 years (from 1981 to 2009). The gp120 showed location specific distribution of sequons with higher density in the outer domain of the molecule. The NXT sequon density decreased in the outer domain (despite the increase in the sequon specific amino acid threonine), but increased in the inner domain. By contrast, the NXS sequon density increased specifically in the outer domain. Related changes were also seen in the distribution probabilities of sequons in two domains. The results indicate that the gp120, chiefly in subtype B, is redistributing NXS/T sequons within the molecule with specific selection for NXS sequons. The subtle evolution of sequons in gp120 may have implications in viral resistance and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shyama Prasad Rao
- Aarhus University, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Slagelse 4200, Denmark.
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19
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Rao RSP, Buus OT, Wollenweber B. Evolutionary Pattern of N-Glycosylation Sequon Numbers in Eukaryotic ABC Protein Superfamilies. Bioinform Biol Insights 2010; 4:9-17. [PMID: 20213012 PMCID: PMC2832299 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s4337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many proteins contain a large number of NXS/T sequences (where X is any amino acid except proline) which are the potential sites of asparagine (N) linked glycosylation. However, the patterns of occurrence of these N-glycosylation sequons in related proteins or groups of proteins and their underlying causes have largely been unexplored. We computed the actual and probabilistic occurrence of NXS/T sequons in ABC protein superfamilies from eight diverse eukaryotic organisms. The ABC proteins contained significantly higher NXS/T sequon numbers compared to respective genome-wide average, but the sequon density was significantly lower owing to the increase in protein size and decrease in sequon specific amino acids. However, mammalian ABC proteins have significantly higher sequon density, and both serine and threonine containing sequons (NXS and NXT) have been positively selected—against the recent findings of only threonine specific Darwinian selection of sequons in proteins. The occurrence of sequons was positively correlated with the frequency of sequon specific amino acids and negatively correlated with proline and the NPS/T sequences. Further, the NPS/T sequences were significantly higher than expected in plant ABC proteins which have the lowest number of NXS/T sequons. Accordingly, compared to overall proteins, N-glycosylation sequons in ABC protein superfamilies have a distinct pattern of occurrence, and the results are discussed in an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shyama Prasad Rao
- Aarhus University, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse 4200, Denmark.
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20
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Gil GC, Velander WH, Van Cott KE. N-glycosylation microheterogeneity and site occupancy of an Asn-X-Cys sequon in plasma-derived and recombinant protein C. Proteomics 2009; 9:2555-67. [PMID: 19343721 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human protein C (hPC) is glycosylated at three Asn-X-Ser/Thr and one atypical Asn-X-Cys sequons. We have characterized the micro- and macro-heterogeneity of plasma-derived hPC and compared the glycosylation features with recombinant protein C (tg-PC) produced in a transgenic pig bioreactor from two animals having approximately tenfold different expression levels. The N-glycans of hPC are complex di- and tri-sialylated structures, and we measured 78% site occupancy at Asn-329 (the Asn-X-Cys sequon). The N-glycans of tg-PC are complex sialylated structures, but less branched and partially sialylated. The porcine mammary epithelial cells glycosylate the Asn-X-Cys sequon with a similar efficiency as human hepatocytes even at these high expression levels, and site occupancy at this sequon was not affected by expression level. A distinct bias for particular structures was present at each of the four glycosylation sites for both hPC and tg-PC. Interestingly, glycans with GalNAc in the antennae were predominant at the Asn-329 site. The N-glycan structures found for tg-PC are very similar to those reported for a recombinant Factor IX produced in transgenic pig milk, and similar to the endogenous milk protein lactoferrin, which may indicate that N-glycan processing in the porcine mammary epithelial cells is more uniform than in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Cheol Gil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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21
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Belair M, Dovat M, Foley B, Mayerat C, Pantaleo G, Graziosi C. The polymorphic nature of HIV type 1 env V4 affects the patterns of potential N-glycosylation sites in proviral DNA at the intrahost level. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:199-206. [PMID: 19239359 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that env V4 from HIV-1 plasma RNA is highly heterogeneous within a single patient, due to indel-associated polymorphism. In this study, we have analyzed the variability of V4 in proviral DNA from unfractionated PBMC and sorted T and non-T cell populations within individual patients. Our data show that the degree of sequence variability and length polymorphism in V4 from HIV provirus is even higher than we previously reported in plasma. The data also show that the sequence of V4 depends largely on the experimental approach chosen. We could observe no clear trend for compartmentalization of V4 variants in specific cell types. Of interest is the fact that some variants that had been found to be predominant in plasma were not detected in any of the cell subsets analyzed. Consistently with our observations in plasma, V3 was found to be relatively conserved at both interpatient and intrapatient level. Our data show that V4 polymorphism involving insertions and deletions in addition to point mutations results in changes in the patterns of sequons in HIV-1 proviral DNA as well as in plasma RNA. These rearrangements may result in the coexistence, within the same individual, of a swarm of different V4 regions, each characterized by a different carbohydrate surface shield. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism responsible for the variability observed in V4 and its role in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magali Dovat
- Institut Universitaire de Médecine Légale, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brian Foley
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544
| | - Claude Mayerat
- Laboratory of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Cecilia Graziosi
- Laboratory of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Meng SL, Yan JX, Xu GL, Nadin-Davis SA, Ming PG, Liu SY, Wu J, Ming HT, Zhu FC, Zhou DJ, Xiao QY, Dong GM, Yang XM. A molecular epidemiological study targeting the glycoprotein gene of rabies virus isolates from China. Virus Res 2006; 124:125-38. [PMID: 17129631 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A group of 31 rabies viruses (RABVs), recovered primarily from dogs, one deer and one human case, were collected from various areas in China between 1989 and 2006. Complete G gene sequences determined for these isolates indicated identities of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of >or=87% and 93.8%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of these and some additional Chinese isolates clearly supported the placement of all Chinese viruses in Lyssavirus genotype 1 and divided all Chinese isolates between four distinct groups (I-IV). Several variants identified within the most commonly encountered group I were distributed according to their geographical origins. A comparison of representative Chinese viruses with other isolates retrieved world-wide indicated a close evolutionary relationship between China group I and II viruses and those of Indonesia while China group III viruses formed an outlying branch to variants from Malaysia and Thailand. China group IV viruses were closely related to several vaccine strains. The predicted glycoprotein sequences of these RABVs variants are presented and discussed with respect to the utility of the anti-rabies biologicals currently employed in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan 430060, China
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